ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6563-7617
Current Organisation
University of Sydney
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Biological Psychology (Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, Physiological Psychology) | Psychology | Medical and Health Sciences not elsewhere classified | Medical Biochemistry: Carbohydrates
Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Medical and Health Sciences | Behaviour and Health |
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 15-07-2019
DOI: 10.1101/703181
Abstract: Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here we introduce ARRIVE 2019. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise the items and split the guidelines into two sets, the ARRIVE Essential 10, which constitute the minimum requirement, and the Recommended Set, which describes the research context. This ision facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers to verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document that serves 1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, 2) to clarify key concepts and 3) to provide illustrative ex les. We aim through these changes to help ensure that researchers, reviewers and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2011
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2011.96
Abstract: Obesity now represents one of the major health care issues of the 21st century. Its prevalence has increased exponentially in both the developed and developing world during the last couple of decades. Such a rapid rise can therefore not be explained by a change in genotype, but must result from environmental factors and their interaction with our genes. There is clear evidence to show that current environmental factors such as current diet and level of physical activity can influence our risk of obesity. However, there is growing evidence to suggest that factors acting during very early life can influence long-term energy balance. One such factor that is emerging as an important player is maternal obesity and/or over-nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. Early life may therefore represent a critical period during which intervention strategies could be developed to reduce the prevalence of obesity.
Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
Date: 04-2022
Abstract: Aim: To report the experience of chronic pain participants after a well-formulated ketogenic diet (WFKD) or whole-food diet (WFD). The quantitative outcomes for this trial have been published separately (clinical trial registration number ACTRN12620000946910). Patients & methods: The experience of 24 participants was evaluated after 12 and 24 weeks of dietary intervention using survey responses and open questions. Results & conclusion: Retention rates for the WFKD and WFD groups were 93 and 89%, respectively. Average adherence to the WFKD was 82% and to the WFD was 87%. The WFKD enjoyment was rated at 66 and 81% for the WFD group. The ease of adhering to the diet varied more widely for the WFKD group. Barriers included knowledge integration, time management, navigating social food environments and emotional attachment to eliminated foods. Facilitators included structured support and coaching, and comprehensive learning materials. The WFKD was shown to be a feasible and effective treatment option for chronic pain.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2014.09.001
Abstract: Our pilot study in a young adult Australian cohort aimed to investigate potential associations between CD36 polymorphisms (rs1527479 and rs1984112), fat oxidation and cardiovascular disease risk. CD36 genotype was associated with fat oxidation during sub-maximal exercise, resting heart rate and blood pressure, indicating increased chronic disease risk in this otherwise healthy cohort.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2013.07.031
Abstract: The major psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) accumulates in fat tissue from where it slowly diffuses back into blood. THC pre-treated rats can show elevated plasma cannabinoid levels when subjected to conditions that promote fat utilization, such as fasting. Here we examine whether fasting and exercise increase plasma THC concentrations in regular cannabis users. Fourteen regular cannabis users completed 35 min of exercise on a stationary bicycle in either a fed or overnight fasted state. Plasma cannabinoid levels were assessed prior to exercise, immediately post-exercise and 2h post-exercise. Plasma s les were also analyzed for indices of lipolysis (free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol). Exercise induced a small, statistically significant increase in plasma THC levels accompanied by increased plasma FFA and glycerol levels. Exercise-induced increases in plasma THC concentrations were positively correlated with body mass index. Fasting induced a significant increase in plasma FFA levels, and a lowering of blood glucose, but did not significantly alter plasma cannabinoid levels. Here we demonstrate that exercise enhances plasma THC levels in regular cannabis users. The lack of a fasting effect may reflect the modest duration of fasting used which was associated with only a modest increase in fat utilization relative to exercise. Overall, these results suggest that exercise may elevate blood THC levels by releasing dormant THC from fat stores. These data suggest the interpretation of blood THC levels in roadside and workplace tests might be complicated by recent exercise.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-10-2012
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2014
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Date: 30-08-2002
DOI: 10.1042/CS1030391
Abstract: Muscle blood flow can be reduced in insulin-resistant states. The present study examined the importance of body fatness and insulin sensitivity as variables that may be associated with muscle oxygen supply. We studied 38 adolescents (22 males, 16 females age 15.3–18.6 years body mass index 17.7–34.7kg/m2) and used near-IR spectroscopy to measure the muscle re-oxygenation rate after ischaemic finger flexion exercise. Total body fat content was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by homoeostasis model assessment. Regional lipid compartments were also assessed for potential associations with muscle oxygen supply. Abdominal adiposity (visceral and subcutaneous) was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, and soleus intramyocellular lipid levels were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Total body fat content (r = 0.67, P& .001), abdominal subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.78, P& .001), abdominal visceral fat area (r = 0.54, P& .001) and intramyocellular lipid levels (r = 0.68, P& .001) were significantly related to forearm re-oxygenation half-time. After adjusting for insulin sensitivity, both total body fat content (r = 0.395, P = 0.02) and abdominal subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.543, P = 0.001) remained positively associated with relatively reduced muscle oxygen supply in adolescent subjects. After adjusting for body fat content, abdominal subcutaneous fat area (r = 0. 511, P = 0.002) was significantly associated with muscle oxygen supply. Thus muscle oxygen supply is associated with body fat content, and certain fat compartments may be more influential than others.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2016
Abstract: CD36 is known to be an orosensory receptor for dietary long-chain fatty acids, as well as being involved in the chemosensory mechanisms within the human gut. Recent data have demonstrated an association between CD36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and lipid consumption behaviours in humans. This study aimed to test for associations between CD36 SNPs and response to a high-fat meal in a young healthy Australian cohort. Secondary associations were tested between CD36 gene variants and fasting lipid parameters, body composition, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and measures of oral fat preference. Two SNPs (rs1527479 and rs1984112) were assessed for associations with response to a 75 g saturated fat oral fat tolerance test (OFTT), whole-body substrate oxidation, fasting plasma lipids, CVD risk factors and self-reported habitual diet questionnaires. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cross-sectional data were collected on 56 in iduals (28 m, 28 f 24.9±3.3 years), with 42 completing participation in a high-fat OFTT. No genotypic associations were evident in anthropometric data or self-reported fat preference measures. AA SNP carriers at rs1984112 exhibited significantly elevated fasting triglyceride when compared with non-carriers (P=0.024). This group also tended to have an elevated response to a high-fat meal (P=0.078). Although these data show the potential pleiotropic influence of CD36 SNP rs1984112 on lipoprotein accumulation in a young healthy cohort, further assessment in a larger cohort is warranted.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1080/14763140902745019
Abstract: Successful kayak paddling requires a powerful and skilful paddler with an appropriately designed kayak and blade to effectively maximize power to provide forward propulsion and minimize negative drag forces. With a greater understanding of the biomechanical properties and design characteristics of kayaking, coaches and athletes can work towards successful paddling performances. Examination of what is occurring biomechanically under the stress of competition is an important step in improving race times. Since the introduction of kayaking as a sport, an increase in the understanding and research behind the biomechanics of flatwater kayaking has, in part, contributed to improved race times. This information may aid coaches in the development of more specific training programmes for their athletes. It is the purpose of this paper to review previous literature regarding the biomechanical principles of flatwater kayaking and certain design modifications in the context of its application to improving paddling performance.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-05-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15092191
Abstract: Background: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) forms the primary source of added sugar intake and can increase the risk of metabolic disease. Evidence from studies in humans and rodents also indicates that consumption of SSBs can impair performance on cognitive tests, but that removing SSB access can ameliorate these effects. Methods: The present study used an unblinded 3-group parallel design to assess the effects of a 12-week intervention in which young healthy adults (mean age = 22.85, SD = 3.89 mean BMI: 23.2, SD = 3.6) who regularly consumed SSBs were instructed to replace SSB intake with artificially-sweetened beverages (n = 28) or water (n = 25), or (c) to continue SSB intake (n = 27). Results: No significant group differences were observed in short-term verbal memory on the Logical Memory test or the ratio of waist circumference to height (primary outcomes), nor in secondary measures of effect, impulsivity, adiposity, or glucose tolerance. One notable change was a significant reduction in liking for strong sucrose solutions in participants who switched to water. Switching from SSBs to ‘diet’ drinks or water had no detectable impact on cognitive or metabolic health over the relatively short time frame studied here. This study was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12615001004550 Universal Trial Number: U1111-1170-4543).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-09-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511004673
Abstract: Lactate is increasingly recognised to be more than a simple end product of anaerobic glycolysis. Skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue are considered to be the main sites of lactate production and release. Recent studies have demonstrated that there is a specific G-protein coupled receptor for lactate, GPR81, which is expressed primarily in adipose tissue, and also in muscle. Lactate inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue by mediating, through GPR81, the anti-lipolytic action of insulin. A high proportion (50 % or more) of the glucose utilised by white adipose tissue is converted to lactate and lactate production by the tissue increases markedly in obesity this is likely to reflect a switch towards anaerobic metabolism with the development of hypoxia in the tissue. During exercise, there is a shift in fuel utilisation by muscle from lipid to carbohydrate, but this does not appear to be a result of the inhibition of lipolysis in the main adipose tissue depots by muscle-derived lactate. It is suggested instead that a putative autocrine lactate loop in myocytes may regulate fuel utilisation by muscle during exercise, operating via a muscle GPR81 receptor. In addition to being an important substrate, lactate is a key signal in metabolic regulation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-07-2020
DOI: 10.1113/JP280389
Abstract: Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and ide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the ‘ARRIVE Essential 10,’ which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the ‘Recommended Set,’ which describes the research context. This ision facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative ex les. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
Publisher: Portico
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 07-05-2010
Abstract: The present study compared the physiological characteristics of flat-water kayaking utilising two seat conditions, the traditional fixed seat and novel swivel seat on an air-braked kayak simulator. The testing protocol included a submaximal warm up and one maximal ergometer paddling test. Ten elite kayakers (age 25+/-6 years, body mass 84.9+/-5.8 kg) were randomised to perform the testing protocol twice, once on each seat. During the testing protocol, expired air, heart rate (HR) and power output (PO) were continuously measured and gross efficiency (GE (kayak)) was calculated. Lactate (La) was recorded at the conclusion of each test. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that paddling with the swivel seat generated significantly greater mean PO over the two-minute race duration compared to the fixed seat (299.1+/-24.9W and 279.8+/-19.2W respectively p<0.05). This equated to a 6.5% increase in PO. A similar (6.9%) but non-significant difference in efficiency was generated as there was no significant difference recorded in the metabolic load over the two-minute ergometer test. No significant differences were present in any other variable measured. This greater PO generated with a swivel seat may be a significant advantage during on-water competition if the results from present ergometer test transfer.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2019.112696
Abstract: Little is known about possible effects of maternal non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption on the metabolic health of a child. Animal models of maternal NNS consumption during pregnancy or weaning have yielded widely varying results, and there appears to be no clear consensus on the consequences for offspring body weight, glycaemic control or sweet preference choices. Moreover, heterogeneity in study design has h ered a clear focus for future research relevant to human health. In an effort to bring clarity, we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (protocol no: CRD42018109509) in animal models (rat or mouse) of maternal NNS feeding (compared to water or basal diet) during pre-gestation, pregnancy or lactation. Four databases were searched from inception to 15th September 2018: PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science. We present maternal and offspring data from 24 included studies, which have been quantitatively analysed after study quality assessment, to identify relationships between maternal diet and offspring body weight (BW), feeding behaviour and glycaemic control. In 11 data sets, exposure to NNS reduced maternal BW during pregnancy, with no effect on litter outcomes. Meta-analyses on offspring BW during weaning (1123 offspring) and adulthood (646 offspring) identified small decreases in BW for both sexes. Subgroup analyses revealed reductions in BW of rat, but not mouse models. High dosage appears to be a potential factor for reduced palatability that could influence BW results however, a lack of reported data limited our ability to confirm. Despite this, and the fact many papers were predisposed to bias, the balance of evidence suggests a maternal NNS diet during pregnancy or lactation did not increase the body weight in offspring.
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_17
Abstract: The therapeutic effect of exercise in promoting mental health is well known, and there is a growing body of evidence for incorporating physical activity-based interventions in the management of substance use disorders (SUD). A particular challenge in this area is a lack of standardized testing protocols between studies and clear descriptive statistics on the capacity of the SUD patient to perform exercise. Therefore, an essential starting point for new studies that seek to incorporate exercise into usual care therapy for SUD is an appropriate suite of baseline fitness assessments that include measures of aerobic capacity as well as muscular strength and/or endurance. We present here the methods and notes of our recent experiences in implementing baseline fitness testing of a patient population undergoing in-patient treatment for SUD. The tests described here have been adapted from freely available standardized tests that were developed for implementation with the general population. It is hoped that these experiences aid in the development of patient-specific physical activity programs that assist in the management of SUD.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2015.06.008
Abstract: Interoception is the ability to perceive internal bodily states. This involves the detection and awareness of static and changing afferent signals from the viscera, motivational states, affective reactions, and associated cognitions. We examined whether there are in idual differences in any or all of these aspects of ingestion-related interoception and their possible causes. In idual variation in almost all aspects of interoception was documented for hunger, fullness and thirst - including how participants use, prioritise and integrate visceral, motivational, affective and cognitive information. In idual differences may arise from multiple causes, including genetic influences, developmental changes hypothesised to result from child feeding practices, and from conditions such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders and certain subtypes of obesity. A nutritionally poor diet, and dietary restraint, may also affect ingestion-related interoception. Finally, certain forms of brain injury, notably to the medial temporal lobes are associated with impaired ingestion-related interoception. We conclude by examining the practical and theoretical consequences of these in idual differences.
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_16
Abstract: As the development of point of care testing devices improves, the uptake of capillary blood s ling from the fingertip across consumer groups and health professionals is increasing. The method promises to be a relatively safe and efficient method for monitoring patient health and obtaining research data. However, if not performed well, this simple technique can result in unreliable data and unsafe practices with a biological hazard. In this chapter, notes from the experiences of training undergraduate coursework and postgraduate research students in the method of capillary blood s ling from the fingertip are described to inform those considering the implementation of this method in teaching or research environments.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 03-2013
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1159/000068908
Abstract: i Aims: /i In this study, it was investigated whether the glucose homeostasis is affected by dietary creatine supplementation. For this purpose, the plasma glucose concentration and the plasma insulin response to an oral glucose load were measured in creatine-supplemented vegetarians. i Methods: /i The subjects were supplemented with either 5 g of creatine monohydrate (creatine-treated group, CREAT) or 5 g of maltodextrin (control group, CON) per day for 42 days. On days 0 and 43, blood s les were collected before as well as 10, 20, and 30 min following an oral glucose load and analyzed for plasma creatine, insulin, and glucose levels. i Results: /i Creatine supplementation resulted in an increase in plasma creatine (CREAT 92.7 ± 14.6 µ i M /i vs. CON 31.2 ± 3.2 µ i M /i p = 0.001). There was a trend (p = 0.07) towards elevated fasting plasma glucose levels following creatine supplementation, while the plasma glucose response to the glucose load was enhanced (CREAT 168.2 ± 5.3 m i M /i · min vs. CON 129.6 ± 14.7 m i M /i ·min p = 0.05). There was no difference observed in the plasma insulin response to the glucose load between the groups. i Conclusion: /i This study shows that creatine supplementation may result in abnormalities in glucose homeostasis in the absence of changes in insulin secretion.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2015.09.003
Abstract: There is increasing evidence that physical activity (PA) positively affects cognitive function (CF). Existing research has focussed on this association in children and the elderly, with less research available in young to middle-aged adults who constitute a substantial proportion of the population. A systematic review investigating the relationship between habitual PA (≥12 months) and CF in young to middle-aged adults (18-50 years). A search was conducted using AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, AUSPORT MED and SPORTDiscus databases. Eligible studies had to report descriptive statistics for CF and PA levels in healthy participants 18-50 years. Effect sizes (ES) (Hedges g) were calculated where possible. The initial search netted 26,988 potentially relevant manuscripts, with four more identified through hand searching. Fourteen were included for review. A range of validated platforms assessed CF across three domains: executive function (12 studies), memory (four studies) and processing speed (seven studies). Habitual PA was assessed via questionnaire/self-report methods (n=13, 8 validated) or accelerometers (n=1). In studies of executive function, five found a significant ES in favour of higher PA, ranging from small to large. Although three of four studies in the memory domain reported a significant benefit of higher PA, there was only one significant ES, which favoured low PA. Only one study examining processing speed had a significant ES, favouring higher PA. A limited body of evidence supports a positive effect of PA on CF in young to middle-aged adults. Further research into this relationship at this age stage is warranted.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-05-2014
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2014.82
Abstract: Although iron deficiency is common in women especially during dieting, weight management trials rarely examine the longitudinal impact of genetics on iron. This study examined the associations between the TMPRSS6 rs855791 polymorphism and iron indices at baseline and after a 12-month trial comparing two weight loss diets (higher-protein, higher-haem iron (HPHI) vs lower-protein, lower-haem iron (LPLI)). A total of 76 young overweight women (18-25y BMI⩾27.5 kg/m(2)) were included at baseline, with 27 (HPHI: n=15 LPLI: n=12) completing the 12-month trial. At baseline, C allele homozygotes exhibited higher serum iron (P=0.047) and lower hepcidin (P=0.023) compared with T allele carriers. After 12 months, no genotypic differences were observed for ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor, although C homozygotes on HPHI showed higher serum iron and transferrin saturation (P<0.05). Results indicate that rs855791 can influence iron metabolism to some extent, but its impact on storage and functional iron status is small relative to dietary protein/iron manipulation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2011
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2010.149
Abstract: The mechanistic link between obese parents and obese offspring and the relative role of genes, and a shared environment is not completely understood. Animal models help us to differentiate between genetic and environmental factors, and the interaction between the two. However, the willingness of researchers to blend results from multiple models makes it difficult for clear mechanisms to be identified for specific hypothesis-driven research. As such we conducted a systematic review of animal models of maternal high fat feeding in an effort to identify the affect on the offspring glycaemic control. Maternal and offspring outcomes are reported in an effort to identify possible relationships to facilitate and focus on future research. We present here data from 11 studies investigating glycaemic control in offspring exposed to a high fat diet (HFD) during maternal gestation only or gestation and lactation. Studies in this review identify a real risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity in male offspring exposed to a maternal HFD. Poor glycaemic control in the offspring appears to be independent of maternal obesity, birth weight or post-weaning macronutrient intake. Inconsistencies between studies however, limit our capacity to identify mechanisms for the developmental origin of these diseases in animal models of overnutrition.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.2466/25.30.PMS.121C13X4
Abstract: The speed-accuracy trade-off in throwing has been well described, but its cause is poorly understood. The popular impulse-variability hypothesis lacks relevance to throwing, while the launch window hypothesis has explanatory potential but has not been empirically tested. The current study therefore aimed to quantify the speed-accuracy trade-off and launch window during a throwing task at two different speeds. Nine elite junior baseball players (M age = 19.6 yr. M height = 1.80 m M weight = 75.5 kg) threw 10 fastballs at 80 and 100% of maximal throwing speed (MTS) toward a 7 cm target from a distance of 20 m. A 3D motion analysis system measured ball speed and trajectory. A speed-accuracy trade-off occurred, mediated by increased vertical error. This can be attributed to the launch window, which was significantly smaller, particularly its vertical component, during 100% MTS. Maximal throwing speed correlated negatively with launch window size. The launch window hypothesis explained the observed speed-accuracy trade-off, providing a framework within which aspects of technique can be identified and altered to improve performance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-07-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12917-020-02451-Y
Abstract: Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and ide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the “ARRIVE Essential 10,” which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the “Recommended Set,” which describes the research context. This ision facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative ex les. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2014.02.011
Abstract: In the context of the well-documented metabolic and behavioural effects of supplementing rats' diets with access to a sucrose solution, the aim of this study was to compare the impact of 10% sucrose with that of an isoenergetic (10.4%) solution of hydrolysed starch, maltodextrin. This polysaccharide is metabolised at least as rapidly as sucrose and is also very palatable to rats, but does not contain fructose. Each of three experiments contained three groups: one given a sucrose solution, one given a maltodextrin solution and a control group maintained on standard chow and water alone. In Experiment 1 the sucrose and maltodextrin groups were given their supplementary drinks for 2 h each day, while in Experiments 2 and 3 these groups had 24-h access to their supplements. Ad libitum access to maltodextrin produced at least as rapid weight gain as sucrose and in Experiment 2 retroperitoneal fat mass was greater in the two carbohydrate groups than in the control group. Moreover, in Experiment 3, impaired performance on a location recognition task was also found in both carbohydrate groups after only 17 days on the diets. These results indicate that the harmful effects of excess sucrose consumption can also be produced by another rapidly absorbed carbohydrate that does not contain fructose.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-01-2013
DOI: 10.1111/DOM.12056
Abstract: Clinical research on weight management in young women is limited. This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of two iso-energetically restricted (5600 kJ) diets [higher protein (HP): 32% protein, 41% carbohydrate, 25% fat or higher carbohydrate (HC): 20, 58, 21%, respectively] in 71 (HP: n = 36 HC: n = 35) young healthy women (18-25 years body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) for weight (kg percent weight loss), body composition, metabolic and iron changes assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. mean (95% CI). In HP completers at 6 months, percent weight loss was higher [HP: 9.3 (5.6-13.1) HC: 5.1 (2.3-7.9)% p = 0.06] although, this did not reach statistical significance. Absolute weight [HP: 8.9 (5.3-12.5) HC: 4.6 (2.2-7.0) kg p = 0.034] and fat loss [HP: 8.0 (4.4-11.5) HC: 3.4 (1.3-5.6) kg p = 0.022] were significantly greater. No significant between-diet differences were observed at 12 months. Biochemistry remained within normal ranges with HP showing superior preservation of ferritin at 6 months [HP: 53 (40-66) HC: 46 (30-61) µg/l p = 0.029]. Both diets supported clinically meaningful weight loss with HP tending to be more effective in the medium-term.
Publisher: Clinical Exercise Physiology Association
Date: 12-2021
DOI: 10.31189/2165-6193-10.4.142
Abstract: It is known that exercise is beneficial to people with substance use disorder, however little evidence exists regarding their exercise capacity. This pilot study investigates the exercise capacity of patients with substance use disorder and effects of an acute bout of exercise on affect. Twenty-nine participants admitted to a withdrawal management facility were recruited to complete a health and exercise assessment (18 females, 11 males 41 ± 11 years old). Mood was measured before and after exercise assessments using the subjective experience to exercise scale. Data was grouped by sex, and descriptive analyses were performed against age-matched normative data. Within group, before and after subjective experience to exercise scale measures were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA with sex as a between subject factor. Participants ranged from having 2 to 6 modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Participants performed below average compared to age-matched and sex-matched normative data for the 6-minute walk test (females: 539 ± 54 m, males: 606 ± 89 m) and push-up test (females: 22% good, males: 36% good). Of the 29 participants, 29% failed to achieve the average range for sex-matched norms in the sit-to-stand test. However, all participants achieved above average for curl-ups, and 72% achieved an average or above score in the step-up test. Exercise significantly increased wellbeing (P & 0.001, effect size = 1.12) and decreased psychological distress (P = 0.045, effect size = 1.03) and fatigue (P & 0.001, effect size = 1.32). Exercise is both feasible and beneficial in a withdrawal management setting. Capacity to perform exercise was generally poor with high in idual variance. Design of future interventions will need tailored prescription for patients in this population.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAND.2021.11.018
Abstract: In parallel with growing consumer interest in reducing sugar intake, manufacturers have increased availability of food and beverage products containing nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs). However, emerging evidence indicates that specific NNS types have differential effects on cardiometabolic health. This study examined overall changes in the presence of NNSs, sugar alcohols, and free sugars in the Australian food supply and the use of specific NNS types. Data for 21,051 products in 2015 and 21,366 products in 2019 were extracted from The George Institute's FoodSwitch database. The proportion of products containing NNSs, sugar alcohols, free sugars, and a combination of these, as well as proportion of products containing specific NNS types. Changes between 2015 and 2019 were examined using Pearson χ Between 2015 and 2019, there was a significant increase in the proportion of food and beverage products containing NNSs (from 3.8% to 4.3% P < .001) and a significant decrease in products containing free sugars (from 62.7% to 59.9% P < .001),) driven primarily by nondairy beverages. There were changes in the use of specific NNS types between 2015 and 2019, with a large increase in the use of steviol glycosides (from 33.7% to 50.2%) and a large decrease in the use of sucralose (from 42.4% to 30.5%), aspartame (from 21.0% to 14.4%), and acesulfame K (from 57.4% to 27.7%) (P < .05 for all). These findings on the use of different NNS, sugar alcohol, and free sugar ingredients and combinations provide important research insights and will be useful in informing government policies that address sugars and other sweeteners in Australian foods.
Publisher: Medip Academy
Date: 26-10-2022
DOI: 10.18203/2349-3259.IJCT20222688
Abstract: strong Background: /strong Opioid use disorder has the lowest quality of life (QOL) and highest disease burden of all substance use disorders (SUD). While opioid treatment does lead to initial improvements in QOL it remains below that of the general population. The integration of exercise programs as an adjunct therapy for SUD is gaining popularity. Previous reviews have indicated that exercise offers significant benefits for QOL, however the evidence in an opioid treatment population is lacking. This study will investigate the impact of a 12-week exercise intervention on QOL and mood in a residential opioid treatment rehabilitation program. strong Methods: /strong This is a 12-week single arm intervention with a natural history control. Participants will complete a baseline screening assessing QOL, mood and exercise habits and those who meet criteria for exercise participation will complete an exercise assessment. The exercise program will be delivered twice per week as part of the group therapy program. Exercise sessions will run for approximately 40 minutes and be at an intensity selected by each of the participants. strong Conclusions: /strong A recent review indicated that two sessions of exercise for a minimum of 12 weeks leads to an improvement in QOL in general SUD, however, to date minimal studies have been completed in people receiving opioid agonist treatment. Hence, this will be the first study to our knowledge, assessing the role of exercise as an adjunct treatment for QOL in this population. strong Trial Registration: /strong This trial has been registered with the Australian New Zealand clinical trials registry ACTRN12622000213741.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 11-07-2013
DOI: 10.2337/DC12-2196
Abstract: To investigate changes in body composition after 12 months of high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) in relation to changes in insulin resistance (IR) or glucose homeostasis in older adults with type 2 diabetes. One-hundred three participants were randomized to receive either PRT or sham exercise 3 days per week for 12 months. Homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used as indices of IR and glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle mass (SkMM) and total fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Visceral adipose tissue, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, and mid-thigh muscle attenuation were quantified using computed tomography. Within the PRT group, changes in HOMA2-IR were associated with changes in SkMM (r = −0.38 P = 0.04) and fat mass (r = 0.42 P = 0.02). Changes in visceral adipose tissue tended to be related to changes in HOMA2-IR (r = 0.35 P = 0.07). Changes in HbA1c were related to changes in mid-thigh muscle attenuation (r = 0.52 P = 0.001). None of these relationships were present in the sham group (P & 0.05). Using ANCOVA models, participants in the PRT group who had increased SkMM had decreased HOMA2-IR (P = 0.05) and HbA1c (P = 0.09) compared with those in the PRT group who lost SkMM. Increases in SkMM in the PRT group decreased HOMA2-IR (P = 0.07) and HbA1c (P & 0.05) compared with those who had increased SkMM in the sham group. Improvements in metabolic health in older adults with type 2 diabetes were mediated through improvements in body composition only if they were achieved through high-intensity PRT.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2015
Publisher: Medip Academy
Date: 22-07-2021
DOI: 10.18203/2349-3259.IJCT20212846
Abstract: strong Background: /strong Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition characterised by pancreatic beta cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency. The varying impact of dietary factors on blood glucose levels is well-known, yet there remains a lack of consensus surrounding the optimal dietary approaches to achieve glycaemic control in T1D. The aim of this research is to assess the efficacy of a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet in adults with T1D. We will set out to determine whether significant differences in T1D management outcomes exist between a LC diet and habitual diets higher in carbohydrate. Our primary hypothesis is that a LC diet will result in improved T1D management compared to habitual diets higher in carbohydrates. strong /strong strong Methods: /strong This is a 28-week single arm within-participant intervention study involving a 4-week control period, a 12-week intervention period and a 12-week follow-up. We plan to recruit 20 adults (18-60 years) with T1D (duration ≥6 months) who have suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c& .0%). The primary outcome is haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and secondary outcomes include glycaemic variability, frequency of hypoglycaemia, total daily insulin, and quality of life. This LC diet will start at 50 g of digestible carbohydrate per day and then there will be opportunity to increase or decrease within a broader range of 25-75 g/day according to in idual blood glucose levels and personal preference. Participants will meet in idually with the study dietitian for a total of six fortnightly sessions to receive dietary instruction, strategies, and education. Participants will continue to work with a member of their usual diabetes care team for specific advice regarding insulin management. strong Conclusions: /strong em /em Current dietary management strategies for T1D appear to be lacking in effect and additional dietary therapies, including LC diets, require urgent consideration. Therefore, an interventional study investigating a patient-led LC dietary approach will be of important clinical relevance for healthcare practitioners and may help to better inform clinical practice guidelines for T1D management. strong Trial Registration em : /em /strong www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621000764831.aspx em /em
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2018.02.008
Abstract: High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a risk factor for weight gain and metabolic disease. Whether this risk is reduced by switching to 'diet' beverages containing low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) is controversial. Two experiments modeled whether a switch from SSB to LCS beverages produced positive outcomes on behavioral and metabolic measures. Both experiments consisted of a Stage 1, in which adult female rats received unrestricted access to 10% sucrose solution in addition to chow and water for 4 (Experiment 1) or 8 weeks (Experiment 2). In Stage 2 rats were switched to either saccharin (Suc-Sacch) or water (Suc-Water) or remained on 10% sucrose (Suc-Suc) for a further 4 (Experiment 1) or 7 weeks (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 contained a fourth group that was maintained on water throughout (Water-Water). In both experiments energy intake and weight gain in Stage 2 was reduced for Suc-Sacch and Suc-Water groups relative to the Suc-Suc groups and at cull the Suc-Suc groups showed poorer insulin sensitivity and greater g/kg fat than Suc-Water and Suc-Sacch groups. In Experiment 2 short-term place recognition memory was impaired at the end of Stage 1 but recovered to a similar extent in the Suc-Water and Suc-Sacch groups when the latter groups were compared with the Water-Water group, recovery was found to be essentially complete. A higher saccharin concentration in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1 increased absolute amounts of saccharin ingested but intake solution volumes remained low. These results show that switching from sucrose to either water or saccharin produces equivalent improvements on both metabolic and cognitive measures.
Publisher: Portico
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-10-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-10-2016
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.5694/MJA13.10960
Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
Date: 05-2020
Abstract: Aim: To explore the reported diet of Australians with chronic pain and their perceived role of food within their pain experience. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 50 participants reporting chronic pain was undertaken using pain and nutritional questionnaires as well as anthropometric measures. Results: Participants rated their diet between ‘good’ and ‘excellent' (76%) and one that promoted well-being (62%), however 74% were overweight or obese (average BMI 30) with multiple co-morbidities. There was no correlation between measures of dietary adherence and knowledge with reported pain. Conclusion: Participants generally reported their diets to be good, however, this was not reflected in their habitual diet. There was a low perceived role of food altering pain perception.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-07-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-011-0228-X
Abstract: Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, in particular carbonated soft drinks, promotes the development of overweight and obesity and is associated with metabolic disturbances, including intrahepatic fat accumulation and metabolic syndrome. One theory proposes that drinks sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup are particularly detrimental to health, as they contain fructose in its 'free' monosaccharide form. This experiment tested whether consuming 'free' fructose had a greater impact on body weight and metabolic abnormalities than when consumed 'bound' within the disaccharide sucrose. Male Hooded Wistar rats were given free access for 56 days to 10% sucrose (Group Suc), 10%, 50/50 fructose/glucose (Group FrucGluc) or water control drinks (Group Control), plus chow. Caloric intake and body weights were measured throughout the protocol, and the following metabolic indices were determined between days 54 and 56: serum triglycerides, liver triglycerides, retroperitoneal fat and oral glucose tolerance. Animals with access to sugar beverages consumed 20% more calories, but did not show greater weight gain than controls. Nevertheless, they developed larger abdominal fat pads, higher triglyceride levels and exhibited impaired insulin/glucose homeostasis. Comparison of the two sugars revealed increased fasting glycaemia in the FrucGluc group, but not in Suc group, whereas the Suc group was more active in an open field. A metabolic profile indicating increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease was observed in animals given access to sugar-sweetened beverages. Notably, 'free' fructose disrupted glucose homeostasis more than did 'bound' fructose, thus posing a greater risk of progression to type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-04-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00213-014-3532-3
Abstract: Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, accumulates in fat tissue where it can remain for prolonged periods. Under conditions of increased fat utilisation, blood cannabinoid concentrations can increase. However, it is unclear whether this has behavioural consequences. Here, we examined whether rats pre-treated with multiple or single doses of THC followed by a washout would show elevated plasma cannabinoids and altered behaviour following fasting or exercise manipulations designed to increase fat utilisation. Behavioural impairment was measured as an inhibition of spontaneous locomotor activity or a failure to successfully complete a treadmill exercise session. Fat utilisation was indexed by plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels with plasma concentrations of THC and its terminal metabolite (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) also measured. Rats given daily THC (10 mg/kg) for 5 days followed by a 4-day washout showed elevated plasma THC-COOH when fasted for 24 h relative to non-fasted controls. Fasted rats showed lower locomotor activity than controls suggesting a behavioural effect of fat-released THC. However, rats fasted for 20 h after a single 5-mg/kg THC injection did not show locomotor suppression, despite modestly elevated plasma THC-COOH. Rats pre-treated with THC (5 mg/kg) and exercised 20 h later also showed elevated plasma THC-COOH but did not differ from controls in their likelihood of completing 30 min of treadmill exercise. These results confirm that fasting and exercise can increase plasma cannabinoid levels. Behavioural consequences are more clearly observed with pre-treatment regimes involving repeated rather than single THC dosing.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-09-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-009-1185-4
Abstract: Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise and as a pre-exercise bolus improves exercise performance in able-bodied athletes. Little is known about the potential for carbohydrate ingestion to improve exercise performance in athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI), nor the potential physiological limitations of such a practice resulting from an SCI. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise performance in physically active and athletic persons with SCI. Six participants with complete SCI (neurological level of lesion ranging from C(6) to T(7)) and normal glucose tolerance were studied twice during 60 min of arm cranking at 65% of peak oxygen consumption followed by a 20-min time trial with the ingestion of either a carbohydrate drink (CHO trial: 0.5 g CHO kg(-1) body weight in 500 ml) or placebo (PLA trial) applied in a double-blind counter-balanced manner. The participants with tetraplegia had sufficient neurological function to permit voluntary arm-cranking exercise. There was no difference in time-trial performance between CHO and PLA trials (P > 0.05). The results suggest that carbohydrate ingestion in persons with SCI does not improve exercise performance.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 15-07-2019
DOI: 10.1101/703355
Abstract: Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting are vital to this process it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings, and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. The NC3Rs developed the ARRIVE guidelines in 2010 to help authors and journals identify the minimum information necessary to report in publications describing in vivo experiments. Despite widespread endorsement by the scientific community, the impact of the ARRIVE guidelines on the transparency of reporting in animal research publications has been limited. We have revised the ARRIVE guidelines to update them and facilitate their use in practice. The revised guidelines are published alongside this paper. This Explanation and Elaboration document was developed as part of the revision. It provides further information about each of the 21 items in ARRIVE 2019, including the rationale and supporting evidence for their inclusion in the guidelines, elaboration of details to report, and ex les of good reporting from the published literature.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-07-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-07-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-08-2019
DOI: 10.1111/DOM.13837
Abstract: To identify core diet and delivery components of low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets that have demonstrated efficacy for type 2 diabetes (T2D) management. MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials databases were systematically searched from inception until August 18, 2018. Primary intervention studies of low-CHO diets (≤130 g/d or 26% total energy intake [TEI]) were included. Content analysis was performed on the low-CHO diet protocols classified as safe and effective for T2D management. A total of 41 studies published between 1963 and 2018 were included, of which 40 were classified as safe and effective for inclusion in the primary analysis. Thirteen studies (13/40) were on very-low-CHO diets ( 35% TEI). Twenty-six studies reported a prescribed dietary protein amount, of which 22 were unrestricted or were high-protein (>25% TEI). The types of dietary CHO, fat and protein recommended were predominantly whole foods. Common delivery methods reported were dietician and/or physician involvement, moderate to high frequency of contact (≥1 session/month) and use of participant self-monitoring. Multiple approaches for developing and delivering a low-CHO diet intervention for T2D management are safe and effective. A comprehensive set of core dietary components to consider in the formulation of low-CHO diet protocols were identified for use in clinical practice and to inform evidence-based guidelines for T2D management.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2018.09.009
Abstract: The artificial sweetener saccharin is available in several forms, including pure saccharin (S) and saccharin sodium salt hydrate (SSSH). Acceptance and preference relative to 2% sucrose for these two forms was assessed using both older female and young male rats. At the higher of two concentrations, ∼0.4%, SSSH was more acceptable and more greatly preferred over 2% sucrose than was a similar concentration of S, whereas little difference between the two forms was detected at the lower concentration, ∼0.1%. These results indicate the importance for researchers of care in choosing and reporting the form of saccharin they use.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1155/2017/5923862
Abstract: Limited research addresses links between obesity and cognitive function in young adults. Objective . To investigate the relationship between obesity and cognitive function in young women. Methods . This cross-sectional study recruited healthy, young (18–35 y) women of normal (NW: BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg·m −2 ) or obese (OB: BMI ≥ 30.0 kg·m −2 ) weight. Participants completed a validated, computer-based cognitive testing battery evaluating impulsivity, attention, information processing, memory, and executive function. Questionnaires on depression and physical activity and a fasting blood s le for C-reactive protein and the Omega-3 Index were also collected. Cognition data are presented as z -scores (mean ± SD), and group comparisons were assessed via ANOVA. Potential confounding from questionnaire and blood variables were evaluated using ANCOVA. Results . 299 women (NW: n = 157 OB: n = 142) aged 25.8 ± 5.1 y were enrolled. Cognition scores were within normal range (±1 z -score), but OB had lower attention (NW: 0.31 ± 1.38 OB: −0.25 ± 1.39 ES: 0.41, CI: 0.17–0.64 p 0.001 ) and higher impulsivity (NW: 0.36 ± 1.14 OB: −0.07 ± 1.07 ES: 0.39, CI: 0.15–0.62 p = 0.033 ). Confounder adjustment had minimal impact on results. Conclusion . The OB group had normal but significantly lower performance on attention and were more impulsive compared to NW participants. This may indicate early cognitive decline, but longitudinal research confirming these findings is warranted.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-11-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9111216
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.5694/MJA17.00364
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2016.05.011
Abstract: The claim that non-nutritive sweeteners accelerate body weight gain by disrupting sweet-calorie associations was tested in two experiments using rats. The experiments were modelled on a key study from a series of experiments reporting greater body weight gain in rats fed yoghurt sweetened with saccharin than with glucose (Swithers & Davidson, 2008). Both of the current experiments likewise compared groups fed saccharin- or glucose-sweetened yoghurt in addition to chow and water, while Experiment 1 included a third group (Control) given unsweetened yoghurt. In Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, rats were initially exposed to both saccharin- and glucose-sweetened yoghurts to assess their relative palatability. We also tested whether the provision of an energy-dense sweet biscuit would augment any effects of saccharin on food intake and weight gain, as seemingly predicted by Swithers and Davidson (2008). In Experiment 1 there were no differences in body weight gain or fat pad mass between the Saccharin and Control group, whereas the Glucose group was the heaviest by the final 5 weeks and at cull had the largest fat pads. Greater acceptance of saccharin predicted more weight gain over the whole experiment. Consistent with past reports, fasting blood glucose and insulin measures did not differ between the Saccharin and Control groups, but suggested some impairment of insulin sensitivity in the Glucose group. Experiment 2 found similar effects of glucose on fat mass, but not on body weight gain. In summary, adding saccharin had no detectable effects on body-weight regulation, whereas the effects of glucose on fat pad mass were consistent with previous studies reporting more harmful effects of sugars compared to non-nutritive sweeteners.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-05-2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 28-06-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S0954422421000214
Abstract: Ketogenic diets have reported efficacy for neurological dysfunctions however, there are limited published human clinical trials elucidating the mechanisms by which nutritional ketosis produces therapeutic effects. The purpose of this present study was to investigate animal models that report variations in nervous system function by changing from a standard animal diet to a ketogenic diet, synthesise these into broad themes, and compare these with mechanisms reported as targets in pain neuroscience to inform human chronic pain trials. An electronic search of seven databases was conducted in July 2020. Two independent reviewers screened studies for eligibility, and descriptive outcomes relating to nervous system function were extracted for a thematic analysis, then synthesised into broad themes. In total, 170 studies from eighteen different disease models were identified and grouped into fourteen broad themes: alterations in cellular energetics and metabolism, biochemical, cortical excitability, epigenetic regulation, mitochondrial function, neuroinflammation, neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, neurotransmitter function, nociception, redox balance, signalling pathways, synaptic transmission and vascular supply. The mechanisms presented centred around the reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress as well as a reduction in nervous system excitability. Given the multiple potential mechanisms presented, it is likely that many of these are involved synergistically and undergo adaptive processes within the human body, and controlled animal models that limit the investigation to a particular pathway in isolation may reach differing conclusions. Attention is required when translating this information to human chronic pain populations owing to the limitations outlined from the animal research.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2016
DOI: 10.1002/JCP.25281
Abstract: Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) movement into skeletal muscle involves a highly mediated process in which lipid rafts are utilized in the cellular membrane, involving numerous putative plasma membrane-associated LCFA transport proteins. The process of LCFA uptake and oxidation is of particular metabolic significance both at rest and during light to moderate exercise. A comprehensive systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to investigate whether exercise alters protein and/or gene expression of putative LCFA transport proteins. There were 31 studies meeting all eligibility criteria, of these 13 utilized an acute exercise protocol and 18 examined chronic exercise adaptations. Seventeen involved a study design incorporating an exercise stimulus, while the remaining 14 incorporated a combined exercise and diet stimulus. Divergent data relating to acute exercise, as well as prolonged exercise training (≥3 weeks), on protein content (PC) response was identified for proteins CD36, FABPpm and CAV1. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) data did not always correspond to functional PC, supporting previous suggestions of a disconnect due to potentially limiting factors post gene expression. The large array of study designs, cohorts, and primary dependent variables within the studies included in the present review elucidate the complexity of the interaction between exercise and LCFA transport proteins. Summary of the results in the present review validate the need for further targeted investigation within this topic, and provide an important information base for such research. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1671-1687, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.655303
Abstract: During kayak paddling, athletes attempt to maximize kayak velocity with the generation of optimal paddle forces. The aim of the current study was to examine ten elite kayakers and identify a number of key biomechanical performance variables during maximal paddling on a custom kayak simulator. These included analysing the effect of side (left and right) and period (beginning, middle, and end of the kayak simulation) on paddle force, paddle angle, mechanical efficiency, and stroke timing data. Paddle kinetics and kinematics were measured with strain gauge force transducers attached to either end of the ergometer paddle and using a 3D motion analysis system respectively. Results indicated a significantly greater mechanical efficiency during the right paddle stroke compared with the left (P < 0.025). In addition, analysing the effect of period, peak paddle force demonstrated a significant reduction when comparing the beginning to the middle and end of the simulated race respectively (P < 0.025). Examination of in idual force profiles revealed considerable in iduality, with significant variation in the time course of force application. Analysis of the profiles presented may provide meaningful feedback for kayakers and their coaches.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-11-2020
DOI: 10.1093/PM/PNAA378
Abstract: The standard Western diet is high in processed hyperpalatable foods that displace nutrient-dense whole foods, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress. There is limited research on how these adverse metabolic drivers may be associated with maladaptive neuroplasticity seen in chronic pain and whether this could be attenuated by a targeted nutritional approach. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for whole-food dietary interventions in chronic pain management. A structured search of eight databases was performed up to December 2019. Two independent reviewers screened studies and evaluated risk of bias by using the National Institutes of Health assessment tool for controlled or pre–post studies and the Joanna Briggs checklist for case reports. A meta-analysis was performed in Review Manager. Forty-three studies reporting on 48 chronic pain groups receiving a whole-food dietary intervention were identified. These included elimination protocols (n = 11), vegetarian/vegan diets (n = 11), single-food changes (n = 11), calorie/macronutrient restriction (n = 8), an omega-3 focus (n = 5), and Mediterranean diets (n = 2). A visual analog scale was the most commonly reported pain outcome measure, with 17 groups reporting a clinically objective improvement (a two-point or 33% reduction on the visual analog scale). Twenty-seven studies reported significant improvement on secondary metabolic measures. Twenty-five groups were included in a meta-analysis that showed a significant finding for the effect of diet on pain reduction when grouped by diet type or chronic pain type. There is an overall positive effect of whole-food diets on pain, with no single diet standing out in effectiveness. This suggests that commonalities among approaches (e.g., diet quality, nutrient density, weight loss) may all be involved in modulating pain physiology. Further research linking how diet can modulate physiology related to pain (such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and nervous system excitability) is required.
Publisher: Clinical Exercise Physiology Association
Date: 03-2020
Abstract: Background: Clinical placements and assessment are an essential part of education to become a health professional. However, quality assessment in a clinical environment is challenging without a clear representation of what constitutes competence. The aim of this study was to establish core clinical learning competencies for Australian exercise physiology students. Methods: This study used a mixed-methods, multiphase approach. The competencies were developed following electronic surveys and focus groups, with additional refinement provided by the project team. Preliminary validation was conducted via electronic survey where (i) participants rated the importance of each unit of competency for entry-level practice, and (ii) participants who had recently graduated (n = 23) rated the extent to which they perceived they were competent in each unit. Results: The competencies are described as 19 elements organized into 6 units. The units are (i) communication, (ii) professionalism, (iii) assessment and interpretation, (iv) planning and delivery of an exercise and/or physical activity intervention, (v) lifestyle modification, and (vi) risk management. Of 126 survey participants, the majority (93%–98%) considered each unit as being important for entry-level practice. The majority (78%–95%) of recent graduates considered themselves competent in each unit, suggesting the competencies are articulated around the level of a new practitioner. Conclusion: The core clinical learning competencies resulted from an extensive, iterative process involving those with expertise in the area. The competencies have a range of applications, including informing the development of a student placement assessment tool for use in a clinical placement environment.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-07-2020
DOI: 10.1113/EP088870
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 04-07-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2014
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 02-2016
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that CD36 gene variants are associated with an increased prevalence of chronic disease. Although a genetic component to trainability has been proven, no data are available specifically on the influence of CD36 on training response. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1527479 and rs1984112) were assessed for associations with whole-body substrate oxidation, response to a 75-g dextrose oral glucose tolerance test, fasting plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a young healthy cohort, both using cross-sectional analysis and following a 4-week endurance-exercise training program. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cross-sectional data were collected in 34 in iduals (age, 22.7 ± 3.5 years), with 17 completing the training program. At baseline, TT SNP carriers at rs1527479 and wild-type GG carriers at rs1984112 were associated with significantly greater whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fat ox ) during submaximal exercise (P 0.05), whilst AA carriers at the same position were associated with elevated triglyceride (TG) levels. A significant genotype × time interaction in Fat ox at SNP rs1984112 was identified at rest. Significant genotype × time interactions were present at rs1527479, with TT carriers exhibiting a favourable response to training when compared with C-allele carriers for fasting TG, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). In conclusion, cross-sectional assessment identified associations with Fat ox and TG. Training response at both SNPs identified “at-risk” genotypes responding favourably to the training stimulus in Fat ox , TG, DBP, and MAP. Although these data show potential pleiotropic influence of CD36 SNPs, assessment in a larger cohort is warranted.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2021
Abstract: Before starting any (animal) research project, review of the existing literature is good practice. From both the scientific and the ethical perspective, high-quality literature reviews are essential. Literature reviews have many potential advantages besides synthesising the evidence for a research question. First, they can show if a proposed study has already been performed, preventing redundant research. Second, when planning new experiments, reviews can inform the experimental design, thereby increasing the reliability, relevance and efficiency of the study. Third, reviews may even answer research questions using already available data. Multiple definitions of the term literature review co-exist. In this paper, we describe the different steps in the review process, and the risks and benefits of using various methodologies in each step. We then suggest common terminology for different review types: narrative reviews, mapping reviews, scoping reviews, rapid reviews, systematic reviews and umbrella reviews. We recommend which review to select, depending on the research question and available resources. We believe that improved understanding of review methods and terminology will prevent ambiguity and increase appropriate interpretation of the conclusions of reviews.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-07-2020
Abstract: Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and ide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the “ARRIVE Essential 10,” which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the “Recommended Set,” which describes the research context. This ision facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative ex les. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2020
DOI: 10.1002/OSP4.432
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2014
Abstract: Throwing speed and accuracy are both critical to sports performance but cannot be optimized simultaneously. This speed-accuracy trade-off (SATO) is evident across a number of throwing groups but remains poorly understood. The goal was to describe the SATO in baseball and cricket players and determine the speed that optimizes accuracy. 20 grade-level baseball and cricket players performed 10 throws at 80% and 100% of maximal throwing speed (MTS) toward a cricket stump. Baseball players then performed a further 10 throws at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% of MTS toward a circular target. Baseball players threw faster with greater accuracy than cricket players at both speeds. Both groups demonstrated a significant SATO as vertical error increased with increases in speed the trade-off was worse for cricketers than baseball players. Accuracy was optimized at 70% of MTS for baseballers. Throwing athletes should decrease speed when accuracy is critical. Cricket players could adopt baseball-training practices to improve throwing performance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-12-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-012-0475-5
Abstract: Rats given sugar-sweetened drinks can develop glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether such metabolic disruptions and also possible weight gain induced by chronic sucrose consumption could be attenuated by low-volume exercise. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, rats were given free access for 57 days to either a 10% sucrose solution (Suc and SucEx) or water only (Con and ConEx), while exercise rats (SucEx and ConEx) received 20-min treadmill training every 3 days. Caloric intake and body weight were measured throughout this dietary intervention. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on days 29 and 54. Plasma insulin, triglycerides and leptin were also measured, together with post-mortem measures of retroperitoneal fat pads and liver triglycerides. In groups given sucrose, exercise reduced calorie consumption, reduced weight gain and decreased leptin relative to non-exercised controls. Exercise was found to improve glucose tolerance and insulin action at day 29, but not day 54. Low-volume exercise can be effective in preventing weight gain in sucrose-fed rats, probably via reduction of subcutaneous fat, but prevention of the glucose intolerance and dyslipidaemia produced by sucrose consumption may be transient.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 04-11-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14132758
Abstract: Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been encouraged due to its strong association with obesity. In parallel, consumption of “diet” or non-nutritive sweetened (NNS) beverages has significantly increased. This has led to burgeoning numbers of animal studies investigating metabolic consequences of NNS beverage consumption. However, most animal study designs do not reflect the way humans consume NNS drinks, thus reducing translational capacity. The present experiment aimed to find an ecologically valid model of NNS consumption and evidence of metabolic recovery following a switch from sucrose to NNS in female and male Sprague Dawley rats. The main behavioural outcome was consumption of commercially available NNS beverages during preference and acceptance testing, with changes to consumption following chronic sucrose consumption as a secondary outcome. The main metabolic outcome was retroperitoneal fat pad mass at culling, with body weight gain and fasting blood glucose levels (FBGLs) as secondary outcomes. In a two-phase experiment, behavioural tests were performed before and after 4 weeks of ad libitum access to 10% w/v sucrose. During Phase 2, the rats were given ad libitum access to assigned commercial NNS drinks for a further 4 weeks, with controls provided access to water only. FBGLs were measured at the end of Phases 1 and 2. Female and male rats accepted commercially available NNS beverages, although the volumes consumed varied considerably. Following the switch from sucrose to NNS (containing no sucrose), no group difference was observed in retroperitoneal fat mass, body weight change or FBGLs, suggesting both sexes exhibited limited metabolic recovery. These findings demonstrate that an ecologically valid model for NNS consumption can be developed for some commercially available NNS beverages to further enhance translational capacity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2014.03.021
Abstract: The metabolic consequences of providing rats with extended access to sugar solutions have varied across studies. The two experiments in this study examined the effects of 8 weeks of 24-h access to 10% sucrose solution on adult Wistar rats. This was followed by 6 weeks of food restriction with no access to sucrose during which the behavioural effects of prior sucrose consumption on reward-oriented behaviour (Experiment 1) and reversal learning (Experiment 2) were assessed. In a comparison between rat strains, Experiment 1 found that sucrose accelerated weight gain in Albino but not Hooded Wistar rats, while sucrose-fed rats of both strains exhibited elevated fasting blood glucose and resistance to insulin. Importantly, at cull retroperitoneal fat deposits were elevated in sucrose-fed rats, at which point glucose and insulin had resolved to control levels and liver triglyceride content did not differ between groups. Experiment 2 also found that retroperitoneal fat content was higher in sucrose-fed rats at cull, after 6 weeks of behavioural testing without sucrose and with restricted access to food, and found a similar effect for epididymal fat. Behavioural testing in Experiment 1 found that sucrose exposure had no effect on habit formation assessed using an outcome devaluation paradigm. However, instrumental responding by sucrose-fed Albino rats was the least affected by pre-feeding, indicating a relationship between sucrose-induced obesity and food-seeking behaviour. In Experiment 2, sucrose-fed and control rats did not differ on a discrimination reversal task. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the behavioural and metabolic effects of sucrose consumption vary with strain. Further, results indicate that sucrose consumption can lead to lasting increases in adipose tissue stores, a finding which has significant implications for human diets.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-006-0267-9
Abstract: The benefits of dietary creatine supplementation on muscle performance are generally related to an increase in muscle phosphocreatine content. However, creatine supplementation may benefit endurance sports through increased glycogen re-synthesis following exercise. This study investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on muscle glycogen content, submaximal exercise fuel utilisation and endurance performance following 4 weeks of endurance training. Thirteen healthy, physically active, non-vegetarian subjects volunteered to take part and completed the study. Subjects were supplemented with either creatine monohydrate (CREAT, n = 7) or placebo-maltodextrin (CON, n = 6). Submaximal fuel utilisation and endurance performance were assessed before and after a 4 week endurance training program. Muscle biopsies were also collected before and following training for assessment of muscle creatine and glycogen content. Training increased quadriceps glycogen content to the same degree (approximately 20%) in both groups (P = 0.04). There was a significant training effect on submaximal fuel utilisation and improved endurance performance. However, there was no significant treatment effect of creatine supplementation. Creatine supplementation does not effect metabolic adaptations to endurance training.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2016.05.050
Abstract: Following previous results indicating that low acceptance of saccharin-sweetened yoghurt was associated with slower weight gain, the aim of this experiment was to determine which of three measures of in idual differences would predict subsequent chow consumption, body weight gain, and fat mass. Pre-test measures consisted of amount of running in an activity wheel, amount of 0.1% saccharin solution consumed over 24h, and performance on an elevated plus maze (EPM). Rats were then maintained for three weeks on a diet of standard chow and water. Subsequent post-testing repeated the procedures used in pre-testing. The rats were then culled and fat pads excised and weighed. Pre-testing revealed a negative correlation between saccharin acceptance and activity, while neither measure correlated with anxiety in the EPM. Pre-test saccharin acceptance was positively correlated with subsequent chow consumption, percent weight gain, and g/kg fat mass. Multiple regression analyses including all three pre-test measures confirmed saccharin acceptance as a predictor of chow consumption and, marginally, of fat pad mass, while high anxiety predicted low percent body weight gain.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-10-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JSR.13211
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-07-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2002
Abstract: Dietary creatine supplementation has been used to improve skeletal muscle performance. However, dietary creatine manipulation also affects glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary creatine supplementation on insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, and quadriceps glycogen metabolism in chow-fed rats. Forty-eight rats in total were ided into 2 groups of 24 and were then sub ided into 6 groups of 8. Rats were fed a diet supplemented with 0% (CON) or 2% (CREAT) creatine for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. At these 3 time points an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Two days later, rats were euthanized and the pancreas and quadriceps muscles were collected. The peak insulin response to a glucose challenge was significantly elevated after both 4 (CON 327 +/- 72 v CREAT 735 +/- 140 pmol/L, P =.01) and 8 (CON 248 +/- 48 v CREAT 588 +/- 136 pmol/L, P =.02) weeks. Fasting insulin levels were also increased by creatine supplementation for 8 weeks (CON 78 +/- 14 v CREAT 139 +/- 14 pmol/L, P =.01). Glucose tolerance was not affected until 8 weeks at which point the peak plasma glucose was elevated in the creatine supplemented group (CON 10.1 +/- 0.6 v CREAT 13.5 +/- 1.5 mmol/L, P =.05). A significant increase in pancreatic total creatine content was seen in supplemented animals at 2 (CON 1.2 +/- 0.1 v CREAT 2.7 +/- 0.1 micromol/g wet wt, P =.005), 4 (CON 1.5 +/- 0.2 v CREAT 2.7 +/- 0.3 micromol/g wet wt, P =.02) and 8 (CON 1.5 +/- 0.1 v CREAT 2.6 +/- 0.1 micromol/g wet wt, P =.005) weeks, whereas no change in quadriceps total creatine or glycogen content was observed at any in idual time point. This study shows that prolonged creatine supplementation induces abnormalities in pancreatic insulin secretion and changes in glucose homeostasis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-07-2020
DOI: 10.1111/BPH.15193
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 29-03-2018
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-09-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S2040174420000823
Abstract: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) during pregnancy has been associated with childhood obesity. Research in which rodent dams have been given high-fat/high-sugar diets has consistently found metabolic alterations in their offspring. However, what remains unclear is the potential impact on the developing fetus of giving sugar in isolation at concentrations similar to SSBs to the mothers. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (Protocol No: 127115 on Prospero) to identify potential relationships between maternal sucrose consumption and metabolic outcomes in offspring of rodent (rat or mouse) models. We analysed studies that provided rodent mothers dams with access to sucrose solutions (8–20% w/v) prior to conception, during pregnancy and/or lactation and that reported offspring outcomes of body weight (BW), body composition and glycaemic control. Following a systematic search of four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus) performed on 15 January 2019, maternal and offspring data from 15 papers were identified for inclusion. Only rat studies were identified. Meta-analyses were performed on standardised mean differences for maternal and offspring BW and fasting glucose levels, with subgroup analyses of strain, sucrose concentration, exposure period and sex of offspring. A bias towards the inclusion of only data from male offspring was identified and this limited interpretation of potential sexually dimorphic outcomes. Maternal sucrose exposure was associated with an increased risk of obesity and poor glucose disposal in adult and aged offspring.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-03-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S40519-014-0110-Y
Abstract: The control of eating behaviours such as hunger and disinhibition is problematic for women during weight management. Higher-protein (HP) diets have been shown to promote greater weight reduction than higher-carbohydrate (HC) diets, but their impact on eating behaviours is relatively unexplored. This study compared two iso-energetically restricted (5,600 kJ/day) diets differing in protein (HP: 32%, HC: 20%) and carbohydrate (HP: 41%, HC: 58%) on appetite ratings, restraint, disinhibition, perceived hunger and binge eating in 36 (HP: n = 21, HC: n = 15) young (18-25 years), healthy women with BMI ≥27.5 kg/m(2) who completed a 12-month clinical weight management trial. Dietary compliance and self-worth were also assessed. Results showed that both diets induced improvements in restraint and disinhibition from baseline (p < 0.01), with HP participants losing a non-significantly greater amount of weight than HC participants (HP: 9.6 ± 2.6, HC: 4.1 ± 1.4 kg, p = 0.07). Despite reasonable compliance, no significant appetite and eating behaviour differences were observed between the diets. Reduction in disinhibition (regardless of diet) significantly predicted weight loss (β = 0.574, p < 0.001) and self-worth improvement (β = -0.463, p = 0.002), while HP intake predicted greater self-worth change (β = -0.371, p = 0.011). This study demonstrates that young women can improve restraint and disinhibition on a weight management programme, with the reduction in disinhibition shown to be a key predictor of weight loss. HP intake may offer some advantage for increasing self-worth but not eating behaviours. As HP diets are popular, these findings warrant confirmation in a larger s le.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2013.08.012
Abstract: Although increasing consumption of sugar drinks is recognized as a significant public health concern, little is known about (a) the cognitive effects resulting from sucrose consumption and (b) whether the long-term effects of sucrose consumption are more pronounced for adolescents. This experiment directly compared performance on a task of spatial learning and memory (the Morris Water Maze) and sensitivity to outcome devaluation following 28 days of 2-h/day access to a 10% sucrose solution in adolescent and young-adult Wistar rats. Sucrose groups developed elevated fasting blood glucose levels after the diet intervention, despite drawing <15% of calories from sucrose and gaining no more weight than controls. In subsequent behavioral testing, sucrose groups were impaired on the Morris Water Maze, with some residual deficits in spatial memory observed more than 6 weeks after the end of sucrose exposure. Further, results from outcome devaluation testing indicated that in the older cohort of rats, those fed sucrose showed reduced sensitivity to devaluation of the outcome, suggestive of differences in instrumental learning following sucrose exposure. Data provide strong evidence that sucrose consumption can induce deficits in spatial cognition and reward-oriented behavior at levels that resemble patterns of sugar drink consumption in young people, and which can remain long after exposure.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2007
Start Date: 02-2014
End Date: 12-2017
Amount: $480,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 12-2020
Amount: $385,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity