ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5259-3088
Current Organisation
UNSW Sydney
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Water And Sanitary Engineering | Civil Engineering | Membrane And Separation Technologies | Environmental Technologies | Chemical Engineering | Environmental Engineering | Wastewater Treatment Processes | Water Quality Engineering | Analytical Chemistry | Chemical Spectroscopy | Environmental Science and Management | Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry | Environmental Technologies | Characterisation Of Macromolecules | Environmental Engineering Modelling | Environmental Engineering Design | Chemometrics | Other Instrumental Methods | Environmental Engineering Modelling | Environmental Engineering not elsewhere classified | Environmental Management | Sustainable Agricultural Development | Crop and Pasture Nutrition | Environmental Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Electricity, gas and water services and utilities | Other | Processed food products and beverages not elsewhere classified | Water services and utilities | Conservation and efficiency | Water Services and Utilities | Land and water management | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Environments | Renewable Energy not elsewhere classified | Waste Management Services | Water Recycling Services (incl. Sewage and Greywater) | Management of Solid Waste from Plant Production | Air quality | Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water for Urban and Industrial Use | Public health not elsewhere classified
Related Links
Publications
Fate of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in full-scale water treatment plants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2015.06.038
Abstract: The increasing frequency and intensity of taste and odour (T&O) producing cyanobacteria in water sources is a growing global issue. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are the main cyanobacterial T&O compounds and can cause complaints from consumers at levels as low as 10 ng/L. However, literature concerning the performance of full-scale treatment processes for geosmin and MIB removal is rare. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate the accumulation and breakthrough of geosmin and MIB inside full-scale water treatment plants 2) verify the potential impact of sludge recycling practice on performance of plants and, 3) assess the effectiveness of aged GAC for the removal of these compounds. S ling after full-scale treatment processes and GAC pilot assays were conducted to achieve these goals. Geosmin and MIB monitoring in full-scale plants provided the opportunity to rank the performance of studied treatment processes with filtration and granular activated carbon providing the best barriers for removal of total and extracellular compounds, correspondingly. Geosmin was removed to a greater extent than MIB using GAC. Geosmin and MIB residuals in water post GAC contactors after two years of operation was 20% and 40% of initial concentrations, correspondingly. Biological activity on the GAC surface enhanced the removal of T&O compounds. These observations demonstrated that a multi-barrier treatment approach is required to ensure cyanobacteria and their T&O compounds are effectively removed from drinking water.
Resonant Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction determines markers for iron-rich atmospheric particulate matter in urban region
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2018.08.111
Abstract: Particulate matter driven health problems are strongly associated with its chemical composition. Despite the benefits of using source apportionment models for air quality management, limitations such as collinearity effects, restrict their application or compromise the accurate separation of sources, particularly for particulate matter with similar chemical profiles. Receptors models also depend on the operator expertise to appropriately classified sources, a subjective process that can lead to biased results. For highly correlated sources, the identification of specific markers is still the best way to achieve proper source apportionment. In this study, Resonant Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction has been applied to the analysis of atmospheric particles to determine markers for industrial and vehicular sources in the Region of Greater Vitória, Brazil. Total suspended particulate matter, PM
Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors - Part 1: Impacts on key operational and bulk water quality parameters
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
The Application of Electronic Nose Technology to Environmental Monitoring of Water and Wastewater Treatment Activities
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1999
The multidimensional causal factors of 'wet litter' in chicken-meat production
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.03.147
Abstract: The problem of 'wet litter', which occurs primarily in grow-out sheds for meat chickens (broilers), has been recognised for nearly a century. Nevertheless, it is an increasingly important problem in contemporary chicken-meat production as wet litter and associated conditions, especially footpad dermatitis, have developed into tangible welfare issues. This is only compounded by the market demand for chicken paws and compromised bird performance. This review considers the multidimensional causal factors of wet litter. While many causal factors can be listed it is evident that the critical ones could be described as micro-environmental factors and chief amongst them is proper management of drinking systems and adequate shed ventilation. Thus, this review focuses on these environmental factors and pays less attention to issues stemming from health and nutrition. Clearly, there are times when related avian health issues of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis cannot be overlooked and the development of efficacious vaccines for the latter disease would be advantageous. Presently, the inclusion of phytate-degrading enzymes in meat chicken diets is routine and, therefore, the implication that exogenous phytases may contribute to wet litter is given consideration. Opinion is somewhat ided as how best to counter the problem of wet litter as some see education and extension as being more beneficial than furthering research efforts. However, it may prove instructive to assess the practice of whole grain feeding in relation to litter quality and the incidence of footpad dermatitis. Additional research could investigate the relationships between dietary concentrations of key minerals and the application of exogenous enzymes with litter quality.
Water activity of poultry litter: Relationship to moisture content during a grow-out
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2016.02.036
Abstract: Poultry grown on litter floors are in contact with their own waste products. The waste material needs to be carefully managed to reduce food safety risks and to provide conditions that are comfortable and safe for the birds. Water activity (Aw) is an important thermodynamic property that has been shown to be more closely related to microbial, chemical and physical properties of natural products than moisture content. In poultry litter, Aw is relevant for understanding microbial activity litter handling and rheological properties and relationships between in-shed relative humidity and litter moisture content. We measured the Aw of poultry litter collected throughout a meat chicken grow-out (from fresh pine shavings bedding material to day 52) and over a range of litter moisture content (10-60%). The Aw increased non-linearly from 0.71 to 1.0, and reached a value of 0.95 when litter moisture content was only 22-33%. Accumulation of manure during the grow-out reduced Aw for the same moisture content. These results are relevant for making decisions regarding litter re-use in multiple grow-outs as well as setting targets for litter moisture content to minimise odour, microbial risks and to ensure necessary litter physical conditions are maintained during a grow-out. Methods to predict Aw in poultry litter from moisture content are proposed.
A review of monitoring technologies for real-time management of cyanobacteria: Recent advances and future direction
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Influence of compost characteristics on heavy metal sorption from synthetic stormwater
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2007.112
Abstract: This paper has the aim to assess the ability of garden derived compost to remove dissolved heavy metal contaminants typically found in stormwater. Compost was found to have excellent chemical and physical properties for the sorption of dissolved metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+). Batch sorption data were used to determine the sorption efficiency of Cu (93%), Zn (88%) and Pb (97%) by compost. The relative sorption affinity of these metals by compost is found to be in the order of Pb2+ & Cu2+∼ Zn2+. The effect of different particle size fractions of compost upon the sorption of Cu was also investigated. Sorption conformed to the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm and can be considered favourable because the sorption intensity values obtained in this study are between 0.1 and 1. Compost with a smaller particle size fraction has larger surface areas and greater sorption than the larger particle size fraction. Compost derived from garden waste is efficient for removal of heavy metals from wastewater or treating water for industries.
Comparison of reverse osmosis membrane fouling profiles from Australian water recycling plants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Prioritisation of odorants emitted from sewers using odour activity values
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2015.10.020
Abstract: Volatile sulfur and volatile organic compound (VSC and VOC, respectively) emissions were measured over a 3.5 year period from 21 field monitoring sites across Australia to determine their potential contribution to sewer odours and support the evaluation of odour abatement processes used to treat sewer emissions. Measured VOC concentrations were generally less than 250 μg/m(3), although some VOCs (toluene, trimethylbenzene and cymene) were present at higher concentrations. In general, sewer headspace VOCs are unlikely to be a significant contributor to sewer odours and VOC monitoring is only recommended for sites with a history of significant trade waste discharges or where odour character descriptors are typical of VOCs. A range of VSCs were identified, including hydrogen sulfide, ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide. From a concentration perspective, the VSCs were dominated by hydrogen sulfide, followed by methyl mercaptan, and then a range of sulfides. Significant variations in VSC concentration and relative importance were observed between the cities and all identified VSCs were potentially odorous. An odorant prioritisation methodology to identify key and high priority odorants was developed and successfully demonstrated. While some high priority VOCs were identified, VSCs (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide) were the dominant priority odorants. A wider range of VSCs should be assessed in addition to hydrogen sulfide to improve the evaluation of odour abatement processes.
Unrepresented community odour impact: Improving engagement strategies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.08.013
Abstract: Complaints for odour causing industry continue to increase in numeracy and severity. One assessment approach using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Olfactometry (GC-MS/O), has been used primarily to identify priority odourants within a standardised panel. We investigated the variation of response between participants of average and high olfactory sensitivity, and discovered that current GC-MS/O methodologies do not represent the entirety of community odour impact. Based on these results we constructed a Biosolids Processing Odour Wheel followed by a Community Odour Wheel for use by untrained community members and site operators. By using the information gathered from this research, as well as odour testing workshops for a wastewater treatment plant's staff and community surrounding the facility, we established a communicative system, which was subsequently incorporated into an online dynamic odour observation platform. This platform provides the WWTP with meaningful information from the community, as well as a common language for which to discuss environmental malodour with all stakeholders.
Odor Assessment and Management in Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-04-2011
Demonstrating ultra-filtration and reverse osmosis performance using size exclusion chromatography
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.423
Abstract: Advanced water treatment plants employing ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes are frequently implemented for the production of high-quality recycled water. It is important that process performance is able to be quantified and assessed to ensure it is fit for purpose. This research utilizes size exclusion chromatography with organic carbon, organic nitrogen and UV254 detection to determine the change in both DOC concentration and character through a UF/3 stage-RO pilot plant. It was determined that 97% of the influent DOC was removed on average to produce a water of less than 0.5 mg L−1 as C. The UF process removed more than half of the biopolymer fraction, equating to 4.5% DOC removal, while the RO process generally removed all DOC except a small proportion of the low MW humics and acids and low MW neutral fraction. While not changing significantly in concentration, the Stage 3 RO permeate typically contained low concentrations of humic fraction, indicating a change in character and therefore a change in rejection mechanism. Overall, it was determined that while TOC monitoring is important in advanced water treatment systems, improved understanding of the character of the TOC present lends greater insight into the assessment of process performance.
Activated sludge biotreatment of sulphurous waste emissions
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2002
Selection framework for the treatment of sewer network emissions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2019.109305
Abstract: Increasing urban growth and lifestyle expectations have led to an increase in public complaints against odours from sewer infrastructure. Gas phase odour abatement in sewer networks, particularly at sewer pumping stations, is most commonly achieved by using biofilters, biotrickling filters or activated carbon filters. When odour complaints are received, a typical response is to close vents, leading to biogenic corrosion in sewers, which increases operating costs. A three-year study of the performance of odour control systems has allowed a comparison of the removal efficiency for the most common treatment systems. An analysis of the treatment system robustness has also been conducted. It has been found that biofilters, biotrickling filters and activated carbon all remove hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, however residual odours can still lead to complaints particularly during 'spikes' of the inlet, where a particular compound's inlet concentration is high. This analysis has led to an odour abatement technology selection flowchart being proposed for the treatment of sewer network emissions.
Identifying robust and reliable volatile organic compounds in human sebum for biomarker discovery
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACA.2022.340506
Abstract: Sebum from sebaceous glands is a rich source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can readily be s led non-invasively from the surface of skin. The VOC profiles of sebum can then be used to obtain information regarding different medical conditions including diabetes and Parkinson's Disease. However, the effects of s ling approaches and environmental factors on sebum VOC profiles are not established and the confident attribution of VOCs to disease states needs to be free of extraneous influences such as s ling materials and preparatory conditions. Here, we investigated a more standardised skin swab s ling approach for profiling sebum VOCs from healthy human subjects using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Using a standard GC-MS method for the chemical analysis of sebum swabs, a surprisingly high number of VOCs originate from 'blank' medical swab material alone (up to 74 VOCs) and from the ambient environment (up to 29 VOCs) based on control experiments. We found that heat-treatment of medical swabs prior to GC-MS reduced the number of VOCs detected from 'blank' swabs and improved the reproducibility of VOC profiling, however significant VOC absorption can still occur from environmental exposure to ambient air. VOCs identified in 'blank' swabs consisted predominantly of hydrocarbons, esters, and silicon-based compounds and depended strongly on the material used (cotton and polyester-rayon). Environmental VOCs found to absorb to swabs from the ambient air during s ling included 1-butylheptyl-benzene and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester as well as exogenous VOCs such as isopropyl palmitate and isopropyl myristate. In contrast, sebum VOCs consisted primarily of esters, alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. 23 and 18 VOCs were identified in sebum collected using polyester-rayon and cotton-based medical swabs, respectively, with 14 VOCs common to both swabs. The effect of subject bathing prior to sebum s ling had minimal impact on the VOC profiles. However, in idual differences owing to external factors such as skin type, diet, and exercise will likely influence sebum production. This study highlights the importance of using rigorous controls in sebum s ling, and recommendations are provided for future research involving sebum VOC analysis. For ex le, the use of sebum s le replicates across multiple days, and the use of control swabs during s le collection is required to confirm the origin and reliability of sebum VOCs. It is anticipated that these recommendations in conjunction with a library of well-established VOCs from medical swabs will further strengthen biomarker identification resulting from sebum VOC analysis.
Measuring country event risk compensation on BRICs international portfolio management
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2008
Inactivation of indicators and pathogens in cattle feedlot manures and compost as determined by molecular and culture assays
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-04-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1574-6941.2011.01098.X
Abstract: Accurate and conservative information about pathogen inactivation rates is needed as the basis for safe manure management on beef cattle feedlots. The survival of indicators and pathogens in faecal pen manure, stockpiled manure and manure compost was measured with autochthonous indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total coliforms) and pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, C ylobacter jejuni) using culture and/or real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods. Additionally, the manures were incubated at 20, 37, 50 and 60 °C in microcosms to quantify the persistence of autochthonous microorganisms and selected process performance surrogates (Clostridium sporogenes, green fluorescent protein-labelled E. coli and L. monocytogenes). Estimated qPCR cell counts indicated that up to four orders of magnitude more target cells were present compared with the culturable counts. Corresponding T(90) estimates were up to sixfold higher. This study demonstrates the benefits of nucleic acid-based quantification of pathogen inactivation in cattle manures and concludes that the concurrent analysis of microorganisms by molecular and culture methods provides complementary value.
Comparing the performance of aerobic granular sludge versus conventional activated sludge for microbial log removal and effluent quality: Implications for water reuse
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.08.038
Abstract: The application of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology has increased in popularity, largely due to the smaller physical footprint, enhanced biological nutrient removal performance and ability to perform with a more stable operation when compared to conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems. To date, the ability of AGS to remove microbial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium has not been reported. This study compared the log
Preface
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2004
Towards a comprehensive greenhouse gas emissions inventory for biosolids
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.03.059
Abstract: Effective handling and treatment of the solids fraction from advanced wastewater treatment operations carries a substantial burden for water utilities relative to the total economic and environmental impacts from modern day wastewater treatment. While good process-level data for a range of wastewater treatment operations are becoming more readily available, there remains a dearth of high quality operational data for solids line processes in particular. This study seeks to address this data gap by presenting a suite of high quality, process-level life cycle inventory data covering a range of solids line wastewater treatment processes, extending from primary treatment through to biosolids reuse in agriculture. Within the study, the impacts of secondary treatment technology and key parameters such as sludge retention time, activated sludge age and primary-to-waste activated sludge ratio (PS:WAS) on the life cycle inventory data of solids processing trains for five model wastewater treatment plant configurations are presented. BioWin(®) models are calibrated with real operational plant data and estimated electricity consumption values were reconciled against overall plant energy consumption. The concept of "representative crop" is also introduced in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with nitrous oxide emissions and soil carbon sequestration offsets under biosolids land application scenarios. Results indicate that both the treatment plant biogas electricity offset and the soil carbon sequestration offset from land-applied biosolids, represent the main greenhouse gas mitigation opportunities. In contrast, fertiliser offsets are of relatively minor importance in terms of the overall life cycle emissions impacts. Results also show that fugitive methane emissions at the plant, as well as nitrous oxide emissions both at the plant and following agricultural application of biosolids, are significant contributors to the overall greenhouse gas balance and combined are higher than emissions associated with transportation. Sensitivity analyses for key parameters including digester PS:WAS and sludge retention time, and assumed biosolids nitrogen content and agricultural availability also provide additional robustness and comprehensiveness to our inventory data and will facilitate more customised user analyses.
Assessment of odours from sewage treatment works by an electronic nose, H2S analysis and olfactometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1999
Catalytic ozonation for odour removal of high temperature alumina refinery condensate
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2012.391
Abstract: Odour emissions from aluminium processing can cause an impact on local communities surrounding such facilities. Of particular concern is fugitive odours emitted from the handling and use of refinery condensate streams, particularly the digestion condensate. This study evaluated the application of using catalytic ozonation to treat alumina refinery condensate in order to remove the potential emission of odourous compounds from the industrial wastewater. The technical challenges in treating the alumina refinery condensate are the high pH and temperatures of the wastewater effluent (over 80 °C and pH above 10) due the industrial process. The odour removal efficiencies for different catalysts (FeCl3, MnO, and MnSO4) under experimental conditions in terms of controlled pH, temperature and ozone dosage were determined before and after ozone treatment using dynamic olfactometry. The result demonstrated that the addition of both FeCl3 and MnO catalysts improved odour removal efficiencies during the ozonation of alumina condensates at similar pH and temperature conditions. FeCl3 and MnO had similar enhancement for odour removal, however MnO was determined to be more appropriate than MnSO4 for odour removal due to the colouration of the treated condensate.
Odour, dust and non-methane volatile organic-compound emissions from tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds: A case study of two farms
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/AN12343
Abstract: An observational study was undertaken to measure odour and dust (PM10 and PM2.5) emission rates and identify non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and odorants in the exhaust air from two tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds that were configured with multi-tiered cages and manure belts. The study sites were located in south-eastern Queensland and the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. S les were collected in summer and winter on sequential days across the manure-belt cleaning cycle. Odour emissions ranged from 58 to 512 ou/s per 1000 birds (0.03–0.27 ou/s.kg) and dust emission rates ranged 0.014–0.184 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM10 and 0.001–0.190 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM2.5. Twenty NMVOCs were identified, including three that were also identified as odorants using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry analysis. Odour emission rates were observed to vary with the amount of manure accumulation on the manure belts, being lowest 2–4 days after removing manure. Odour emission rates were also observed to vary with diurnal and seasonal changes in ventilation rate. Dust emissions were observed to increase with ventilation rate but not with manure accumulation. Some NMVOCs were identified at both farms and in different seasons whereas others were observed only at one farm or in one season, indicating that odorant composition was influenced by farm-specific practices and season.
Domestic portfolio choice amid political instability
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2006
Online fluorescence monitoring of RO fouling and integrity: Analysis of two contrasting recycled water schemes
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5EW00090D
Abstract: Underperformance in RO membranes were detected using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Chapter 12 Application of electronic nose technology for monitoring water and wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2003
Potential of fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) analysis for foulant characterisation in membrane bioreactors (MBRs)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
Enhanced real-time cyanobacterial fluorescence monitoring through chlorophyll-a interference compensation corrections
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.10.034
Abstract: In situ fluorometers can be used as a real-time cyanobacteria detection tool to maintain safe drinking and recreational water standards. However, previous studies into fluorometers have established issues arising mainly from measurement inaccuracies due to green algae interference. Therefore, this study focusses on developing correction factors from a systematic study on the impact of green algae as an interference source. This study brings a novel technique where the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phycocyanin measurements are used to correct the fluorometer output for interference bias four fluorometers were tested against three key cyanobacterial species and the relationship between phycocyanin output, green algae and cyanobacteria concentrations were investigated. Good correlation (R
Water addition, evaporation and water holding capacity of poultry litter
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.08.092
Abstract: Litter moisture content has been related to ammonia, dust and odour emissions as well as bird health and welfare. Improved understanding of the water holding properties of poultry litter as well as water additions to litter and evaporation from litter will contribute to improved litter moisture management during the meat chicken grow-out. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how management and environmental conditions over the course of a grow-out affect the volume of water A) applied to litter, B) able to be stored in litter, and C) evaporated from litter on a daily basis. The same unit of measurement has been used to enable direct comparison-litres of water per square metre of poultry shed floor area, L/m(2), assuming a litter depth of 5cm. An equation was developed to estimate the amount of water added to litter from bird excretion and drinking spillage, which are sources of regular water application to the litter. Using this equation showed that water applied to litter from these sources changes over the course of a grow-out, and can be as much as 3.2L/m(2)/day. Over a 56day grow-out, the total quantity of water added to the litter was estimated to be 104L/m(2). Litter porosity, water holding capacity and water evaporation rates from litter were measured experimentally. Litter porosity decreased and water holding capacity increased over the course of a grow-out due to manure addition. Water evaporation rates at 25°C and 50% relative humidity ranged from 0.5 to 10L/m(2)/day. Evaporation rates increased with litter moisture content and air speed. Maintaining dry litter at the peak of a grow-out is likely to be challenging because evaporation rates from dry litter may be insufficient to remove the quantity of water added to the litter on a daily basis.
Impact of storage conditions on the stability of volatile sulfur compounds in sampling bags
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2015
Abstract: Odorous emissions from agricultural and waste management operations can cause annoyance to local populations. Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are dominant odorants that are often lost during collection using s le bags. The degree of VSC losses depends on factors such as storage time, bag materials, temperature, s le relative humidity (RH), light exposure, and the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To assess the impact of those factors on the stability of 10 VSCs (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, tert-butanethiol, ethyl methyl sulfide, 1-butanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide), laboratory-based experiments were conducted according to a factorial experimental design. Linear mixed-effects models were constructed for loss predictions. The estimated recovery of HS in Tedlar bag was 8 to 10% higher than in Mylar and Nalophan between 6 and 30 h. At ≤20°C and without being exposed to light, at least 75% relative recovery of the 10 VSCs in Tedlar bags can be achieved after 18 h, whereas, a maximum of 12 h of storage should not be exceeded to ensure a minimum of 74% relative recovery of the VSCs in Mylar and Nalophan bags.
Measuring volatile emissions from biosolids: A critical review on sampling methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2022.115290
Abstract: As a by-product of wastewater treatment, biosolids are a source of volatile emissions which can lead to community complaints due to odours and other pollution risks. S ling methods play a significant role in collecting gas emissions from biosolids-related sources (i.e., pure biosolids, landfilling, land application and composting of biosolids). Though a range of different s ling techniques (flux hood, wind tunnel, static chamber, headspace devices) have been explored in many published papers, the management and best practice for s ling emissions from biosolids is unclear. This paper presents a comprehensive review of s ling methods for collecting gaseous emissions from biosolids. To account for the inconsistent terminologies used to describe s ling devices, a standard nomenclature by grouping s ling devices into five categories was proposed. Literature investigating emission s ling from biosolids-related sources was reviewed. Subsequently a critical analysis of s ling methods in terms of design, advantages, and disadvantages were compiled based on literature findings and assumed mechanistic understanding of operation. Key operational factors such as the presence of fans, purge gas flow rates, insertion depth, and incubation conditions were identified and their level of influence on the measurement of emissions were evaluated. From the review, there are still knowledge gaps regarding s ling methods used to collect gases from biosolids-related sources. Therefore, a framework for the management of emission s ling methodologies based on common s ling purposes was proposed. This critical review is expected to improve the understanding of s ling methodologies used in biosolids-related sources, by demonstrating the potential implications and impacts due to different choices in s ling methods.
Fate and levels of steroid oestrogens and androgens in waste stabilisation ponds: Quantification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.950
Abstract: The capacity for removing wastewater-borne endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was investigated for two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) incorporating waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) as the principal treatment technology. S les were analysed for a number of steroidal oestrogens and androgens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Removal efficiency for steroid androgens was high for both WWTPs (93–100%) but WSP treatment was observed to be less effective for removing steroid oestrogens, particularly oestriol.
Fluorescence monitoring for cross-connection detection in water reuse systems: Australian case studies
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.795
Abstract: A rapid, highly sensitive method for detection of cross-connections between recycled and potable water in dual reticulation systems is required. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring tool at three Australian dual distribution (drinking and recycled water) systems. Weekly grab s les of recycled and potable water were obtained over 12 weeks at each site and analysed for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, UV254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), electrical conductivity and pH. Fluorescence EEM spectroscopy was able to differentiate between recycled and potable water at each site by monitoring the protein-like fluorescence at peak T—an excitation-emission wavelength pair of λex/em = 300/350 nm. While electrical conductivity was also able to distinguish between recycled and potable water, the differentiation was greatest when using fluorescence. For ex le, the peak T fluorescence in recycled water was up to 10 times that of potable water in comparison with electrical conductivity that had a maximum 5 times differentiation. Furthermore, by comparing the protein-like fluorescence at peak T and humic-like fluorescence at peak A (λex/em = 235/426 nm), the three different recycled water systems were able to be differentiated. Overall, fluorescence shows promise as a monitoring tool for detecting cross-connections.
Characterization of Thiobacillus thioparus isolated from an activated sludge bioreactor used for hydrogen sulfide treatment
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2006
Examination of the physical properties of Microcystis aeruginosa flocs produced on coagulation with metal salts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2014.04.046
Abstract: Coagulation-flocculation (C-F) is a key barrier to cyanobacterial and algal cell infiltration in water treatment plants during seasonal blooms. However, the resultant cell floc properties, in terms of size, strength and density, which dominate under different coagulation conditions and govern cell removal, are not well understood. This paper investigated the floc properties produced during C-F of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, under low and high doses of aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride coagulants and at different pH values, so as to promote charge neutralisation (CN) and sweep flocculation (SF) dominant conditions (or a combination of these). It was demonstrated that application of ferric chloride produced larger flocs that resulted in higher cell removal during jar testing. These flocs were also larger than those observed for natural organic matter (NOM) and kaolin, suggesting a role of algogenic organic matter (AOM) as an inherent bioflocculant. Under SF conditions, stronger flocs were produced however, these had lower capacity for size recovery after exposure to high shear. Analysis of particle size distribution demonstrated that large scale fragmentation followed by erosion dominated for CN while erosion dominated under SF conditions. Overall, marked differences were observed dependent on the coagulation regime imposed that have implications for improving robustness of cell removal by downstream separation processes. While the cyanobacterium, M. aeruginosa, appeared to share general floc characteristics commonly observed for NOM and kaolin flocs, there were distinct differences in terms of size and strength, which may be attributed to AOM.
Fate of indicator endocrine disrupting chemicals insewage during treatment and polishing for non-potable reuse
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 09-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.436
Abstract: The removal and fate of several indicator endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at two large municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Adelaide South Australia was investigated. Non-estrogens included the non-ionic surfactant breakdown compounds nonyl phenol mono- and di-ethoxylates, 4-t-octylphenol and 4-nonyl phenol and, the plasticizer bisphenol A. Estrogens included 17β-estradiol estrone and, 17α-ethynylestradiol. Effluent from Bolivar WWTP is polished using stabilisation lagoons followed by coagulation, dissolved air flotation/filtration and chlorination for non-potable reuse. Biosolids from both plants is applied to agricultural land as a soil conditioner. Non-estrogen indicator EDCs were detected at the highest concentration in sewage, effluent and sludge but estrogen indicator EDCs contributed the greatest potential for estrogenicity. The fate of indicator EDCs at various treatment stages is complex and includes biochemical modification/transformation and/or partitioning to either solid or liquid phases. Activated sludge treatment was an important removal barrier achieving moderate—high removal of predicted and YES (a yeast screen assay) measured estrogen equivalent values (EEq). Combined polishing treatment achieved high removal of candidate EDCs (97%). Mass balance indicates that the largest source of estrogenicity discharged from both WWTPs investigated is digested sludge which accounts for 18 and 22% respectively of the combined predicted and YES measured EEq measured in sewage at the two WWTPs.
Bacterial and fungal community composition over time in chicken litter with high or low moisture content
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.723802
Abstract: 1. Changes in bacterial and fungal communities in chicken litter with high and low moisture content over a five week period during a single chicken grow out cycle in a poultry shed in subtropical Australia were investigated to study the association between specific microbes and odour production. 2. Microbial biomass, as indicated by DNA yields, was higher and community composition was more dynamic over time in moist compared with dry chicken litter. 3. Bacillus, Atopostipes and Aspergillus species increased in relative abundance in moist chicken litter s les over time reflecting the relatively high fitness and hence activity of these specific bacteria and this specific fungus in this environment.
Determination of six sulfonamide antibiotics, two metabolites and trimethoprim in wastewater by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2011.12.053
Abstract: A highly sensitive method for the analysis of six sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole), two sulfonamide metabolites (N(4)-acetyl sulfamethazine and N(4)-acetyl sulfamethoxazole) and the commonly co-applied antibiotic trimethoprim was developed for the analysis of complex wastewater s les. The method involves solid phase extraction of filtered wastewater s les followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectral detection. Method detection limits were shown to be matrix-dependent but ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 ng/mL for ultrapure water, 0.4 and 0.7 ng/mL for tap water, 1.4 and 5.9 ng/mL for a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) mixed liquor, 0.7 and 1.7 ng/mL for biologically treated effluent and 0.5 and 1.5 ng/g dry weight for MBR activated sludge. An investigation of analytical matrix effects was undertaken, demonstrating the significant and largely unpredictable nature of signal suppression observed for variably complex matrices compared to an ultrapure water matrix. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for such matrix effects for accurate quantitation, as done in the presented method by isotope dilution. Comprehensive validation of calibration linearity, reproducibility, extraction recovery, limits of detection and quantification are also presented. Finally, wastewater s les from a variety of treatment stages in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant were analysed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Emissions of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) throughout wastewater biosolids processing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.10.282
Abstract: Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are important contributors to nuisance odours from the processing of wastewater sludge and biosolids. However, emission characteristics are difficult to predict as they vary between sites and are likely to be affected by biosolids processing configuration and operation. VSC emissions from biosolids throughout 6 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sydney, Australia were examined in this study. H
Enantiospecific fate of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.09.020
Abstract: The enantiospecific fate of three common pharmaceuticals was monitored in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The MBR was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h and a mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 8.6-10 g/L. Standard solutions of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen were dosed into the synthetic feed of the MBR. Influent and permeate s les were then collected for enantiospecific analysis. The in idual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of the three pharmaceuticals were derivatised using a chiral derivatizing agent to form pairs of diastereomers, which could then be separated and analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Accurate quantitation of in idual enantiomers was undertaken by an isotope dilution process. By comparing the total concentration (as the sum of the two enantiomers) in the MBR influent and permeate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen concentrations were observed to have been reduced as much as 99%, 43% and 68%, respectively. Furthermore, evidence of enantioselective biodegradation was observed for all three pharmaceuticals. (S)-Ibuprofen was shown to be preferentially degraded compared to (R)-ibuprofen with an average decrease in enantiomeric fraction (EF) from 0.52 to 0.39. In contrast, (R)-ketoprofen was preferentially degraded compared to (S)-ketoprofen with a relatively minor increase in EF from 0.52 to 0.63. The use of a relatively pure enantiomeric solution of (S)-naproxen resulted in a significant change in EF from 0.99 to 0.65. However, this experiment consistently revealed significantly increased concentrations of (R)-naproxen during MBR treatment. It is hypothesised that the source of this (R)-naproxen was the enantiomeric inversion of (S)-naproxen. Such enantiomeric inversion of chiral pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment processes has not previously been reported.
Volatile organic compounds speciation and their influence on ozone formation potential in an industrialized urban area in Brazil
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2016
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1142001
Abstract: Speciation and the influence on the ozone formation potential (OFP) from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been studied between February June 2013 in Vitória, ES, Brazil. Passive s lers were installed at three air-quality monitoring stations and a total of 96 s lings were collected. A total of 78 VOCs were characterized by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The predominant group was organic acids, followed by alcohols and substituted aromatics and 14 precursor species were quantified. An analysis correlating concentrations with wind direction was conducted to identify possible sources. The OFP was calculated applying the scale of maximum incremental reactivity proposed by Carter.[ 23 ] Ozone precursors with the greatest OFP such as undecane, toluene, ethylbenzene and m, p-xylene compounds were the most abundant with means of 0.855, 0.365, 0.259 and 0.289 µg m(-3), respectively. The benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) group was found below the limits considered harmful to the health of the population living in Vitória. The OFP calculated for the precursors group was 22.55 µg m(-3) for the rainy season and 32.11 µg m(-3) for the dry season. The VOC/NOx ratio in Vitória is approximately 1.71, indicating that the region has a VOC-limiting condition for the production of ozone.
Fouling visualisation of soluble microbial product models in MBRs
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2006
Developments in ecotoxicity testing
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2002
Trends in analytical techniques applied to particulate matter characterization: A critical review of fundaments and applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2018.02.034
Abstract: Epidemiological studies have shown the association of airborne particulate matter (PM) size and chemical composition with health problems affecting the cardiorespiratory and central nervous systems. PM also act as cloud condensation nuclei (CNN) or ice nuclei (IN), taking part in the clouds formation process, and therefore can impact the climate. There are several works using different analytical techniques in PM chemical and physical characterization to supply information to source apportionment models that help environmental agencies to assess damages accountability. Despite the numerous analytical techniques described in the literature available for PM characterization, laboratories are normally limited to the in-house available techniques, which raises the question if a given technique is suitable for the purpose of a specific experimental work. The aim of this work consists of summarizing the main available technologies for PM characterization, serving as a guide for readers to find the most appropriate technique(s) for their investigation. Elemental analysis techniques like atomic spectrometry based and X-ray based techniques, organic and carbonaceous techniques and surface analysis techniques are discussed, illustrating their main features as well as their advantages and drawbacks. We also discuss the trends in analytical techniques used over the last two decades. The choice among all techniques is a function of a number of parameters such as: the relevant particles physical properties, s ling and measuring time, access to available facilities and the costs associated to equipment acquisition, among other considerations. An analytical guide map is presented as a guideline for choosing the most appropriated technique for a given analytical information required.
Evaluation of effluent organic matter fouling in ultrafiltration treatment using advanced organic characterisation techniques
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
The potential use of manganese oxidation in treating metal effluents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1996
Nitrous oxide monitoring for nitrifying activated sludge aeration control: A simulation study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1002/BIT.21880
Abstract: An activated sludge aeration control concept was developed utilizing off-gas nitrous oxide concentrations as a surrogate for autotrophic nitrifying bacterial inhibition and aeration air as a master control variable. The control concept was evaluated using a simulated pilot scale bioreactor (mathematically calibrated liquid phase process model and a model to link off-gas nitrous oxide generation to liquid phase conditions) as a data generator. When applied to the simulated system, the process controller was successful at maintaining the process at the desired operating setpoint and promoting stable operation by minimizing periods of significant inhibition. Furthermore, it provided a more efficient use of the air supplied to the bioreactor during periods of varying feed loading by matching the air supply to the metabolic demands, substantially reducing periods of over and under-aeration. The findings of this research demonstrate the potential for off-gas nitrous oxide monitoring as a completely non-invasive alternative to liquid phase monitoring used in conventional dissolved oxygen control. Investigations are currently underway at the laboratory scale to evaluate the benefits and limitations associated with this control concept, with particular emphasis on implementation issues and the quantification of potential aeration and cost savings.
Characterisation of reverse osmosis permeates from municipal recycled water systems using fluorescence spectroscopy: Implications for integrity monitoring
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Seasonal variations in fate and removal of trace organic chemical contaminants while operating a full-scale membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2024
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.12.083
Abstract: Trace organic chemical (TrOC) contaminants are of concern for finished water from water recycling schemes because of their potential adverse environmental and public health effects. Understanding the impacts of seasonal variations on fate and removal of TrOCs is important for proper operation, risk assessment and management of treatment systems for water recycling such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Accordingly, this study investigated the fate and removal of a wide range of TrOCs through a full-scale MBR plant during summer and winter seasons. TrOCs included 12 steroidal hormones, 3 xeno-estrogens, 2 pesticides and 23 pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Seasonal differences in the mechanisms responsible for removing some of the TrOCs were evident. In particular the contribution of biotransformation and biomass adsorption to the overall removal of estrone, bisphenol A, 17β-estradiol and triclosan were consistently different between the two seasons. Substantially higher percentage removal via biotransformation was observed during the summer s ling period, which compensated for a reduction in removal attributed to biomass adsorption. The opposite was observed during winter, where the contribution of biotransformation to the overall removal of these TrOCs had decreased, which was offset by an improvement in biomass adsorption. The exact mechanisms responsible for this shift are unknown, however are likely to be temperature related as warmer temperatures can lower sorption efficiency, yet enhance biotransformation of these TrOCs.
The application of membrane bioreactors as decentralised systems for removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.884
Abstract: The concentrations of some important endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals after various stages of wastewater treatment were investigated. The endocrine disrupting chemicals included natural and synthetic estrogenic and androgenic steroids. The pharmaceuticals included a series of sulfonamide antibiotics and trimethoprim. The removal efficiency of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated and compared with a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system. S les were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the MBR and CAS systems effectively removed steroidal estrogens and androgens, but only partially eliminated the target antibiotics from wastewater. The MBR was shown to be more effective than the CAS system which was possibly attributed to the high solid retention time and concentration of biosolids in the MBR. The results highlight the potential wider application of MBRs for the removal of trace chemical contaminants in wastewater and their potential for use as decentralised wastewater treatment systems.
Fluorescence as a potential monitoring tool for recycled water systems: A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2008.11.027
Abstract: A rapid, highly sensitive and selective detector is urgently required to detect contamination events in recycled water systems - for ex le, cross-connection events in dual reticulation pipes that recycle advanced treated sewage effluent - as existing technologies, including total organic carbon and conductivity monitoring, cannot always provide the sensitivity required. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been suggested as a potential monitoring tool given its high sensitivity and selectivity. A review of recent literature demonstrates that by monitoring the fluorescence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the ratios of humic-like (Peak C) and protein-like (Peak T) fluorescence peaks can be used to identify trace sewage contamination in river waters and estuaries, a situation analogous to contamination detection in recycled water systems. Additionally, strong correlations have been shown between Peak T and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in rivers, which is indicative of water impacted by microbial activity and therefore of sewage impacted systems. Hence, this review concludes that the sensitive detection of contamination events in recycled water systems may be achieved by monitoring Peak T and/or Peak C fluorescence. However, in such systems, effluent is treated to a high standard resulting in much lower DOM concentrations and the impact of these advanced treatment processes on Peaks T and C fluorescence is largely unknown and requires investigation. This review has highlighted that further work is also required to determine (a) the stability and distinctiveness of recycled water fluorescence in relation to the treatment processes utilised, (b) the impact of matrix effects, particularly the impact of oxidation, (c) calibration issues for online monitoring, and (d) the advanced data analytical techniques required, if any, to improve detection of contamination events.
Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors - Part 3: Impacts on microorganism log removal efficiencies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Characterisation of polymeric fouling in membrane bioreactors and the effect of different filtration modes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2007
Odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from ageing anaerobically stabilised biosolids
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 20-01-2017
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2017.030
Abstract: Opportunities for the beneficial re-use of biosolids are limited by nuisance odour emissions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from anaerobically stabilised biosolids were measured to identify compounds that could contribute to the overall odour character of nuisance emissions. Flux hood s ling and chemical analysis were used to identify VOCs emitted from biosolids as they were stored in ambient conditions. Compounds emitted varied as the biosolid cakes were stored for a period of 50 days. VOCs detected in the biosolids are likely to occur from catchment sources as well as abiotic and biotic generation in the wastewater processing and the biosolids as they are stored. Odour activity values (OAVs) were used to compare odorants. Trimethylamine was the only VOC detected that exceeded the sulfur compounds in terms of OAVs. Other compounds such as limonene, ethyl methyl benzene and acetic acid were detected at concentrations exceeding their olfactory detection limits, however at lower OAVs than sulfur compounds.
A Comparison of Chemical Methods for the Control of Odours in Wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2002
Odour emission ability (OEA) and its application in assessing odour removal efficiency
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2012.379
Abstract: Odourous emissions from sewer networks and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can significantly impact a local population. S ling techniques such as wind tunnels and flux hood chambers are traditionally used to collect area source s les for subsequent quantification of odour emission rates using dilution olfactometry, however these methods are unsuitable for assessing liquid s les from point sources due to the large liquid volumes required. To overcome this limitation, a gas phase s le preparation method was developed for assessing the total Odour Emission Ability (OEA) from a liquid s le. The method was validated using two volatile organic sulphur compounds (VOSCs), dimethyl-trisulphide (DMTS) and bismethylthiomethane (BMTM) that are frequently detected from sewers and WWTPs and are relatively stable compared with common VOSCs like mercaptan or methyl mercaptan. The recovery rates of DMTS and BMTM were quantified by injecting a known volume of a standard liquid s le into Tedlar bags using a static injection and a dynamic injection methodology. It was confirmed that both dynamic and static injection methods at ambient condition achieved high recovery rates with no need to consider increasing evaporation by elevating the temperature. This method can also be used to assess odour removal effectiveness of liquids by comparing the OEA before and after the treatment tests. Two application ex les were presented.
Novel filtration mode for fouling limitation in membrane bioreactors
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2008.06.004
Abstract: A novel filtration mode is presented to reduce fouling propensity in membrane bioreactors (MBR). During this mode, an elevated high instantaneous flux (60Lm(-2)h(-1)) is initially applied for a short time (120s), followed by a longer filtration (290s) at lower flux (10.3Lm(-2)h(-1)) and a backwash in each filtration cycle. The mixed mode is expected to limit irreversible fouling as the reversible fouling created during the initial stage appears to protect the membrane. Hydraulic performance and the components of foulants were analyzed and compared with conventional continuous and backwash modes. It was found that the mixed mode featured lower trans-membrane pressure (TMP) after 24h of filtration when compared to other modes. The mixed mode was effective in preventing soluble microbial products (SMP) attaching directly onto the membrane surface, keeping the cake layer weakly compressed, and reducing the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) accumulation on the membrane. This strategy reduced the resistances of both the cake layer and the gel layer. A factorial experimental design was carried out for eight runs with different conditions to identify the major operational parameters affecting the hydraulic performances. The results showed that the value of the flux in the initial high-flux period had the most effect on the performance of the mixed mode: high initial flux (60Lm(-2)h(-1)) led to improved performance.
Sewer odour abatement monitoring - An Australian survey
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2012.376
Abstract: Odourous emissions from sewer networks can significantly impact a local population causing odour annoyance. A survey of nine Australian wastewater utilities that serve over 8.4 million people and operate over 59,000 km of sewer networks was undertaken to summarise the current monitoring practices in Australia with the view to assist the water industry to further improve their practices in operating and monitoring sewer odour abatement systems. Results indicated that most odour abatement systems were monitored through complaints from the surrounding community, H2S is the dominant online and offline monitoring parameter and that a variety of different H2S instruments are used across the industry but the reported use is dominated by two manufacturers. The monitoring data were primarily used for decision making and diagnosis, and there was limited use of non-H2S odourant analysis. The water industry had several significant limitations in terms of its inability to provide gas flow data, process monitoring and complaint data as well as being able to link process monitoring data with maintenance information for instrumentation. The improved collection and management of this data would yield benefits to the water industry in terms of odour abatement design, performance and management.
Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals and microbial indicators by a decentralised membrane bioreactor for water reuse
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WRD.2012.010
Abstract: Submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted a significant amount of interest for decentralised treatment systems due to their small footprint and ability to produce high quality effluent, which is favourable for water reuse applications. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the capacity of a full-scale decentralised MBR to eliminate 17 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and five indigenous microbial indicators. The results show that the MBR consistently achieved high removal of EDCs (& .5%). Only 2 of the 17 EDCs were detected in the MBR permeate, namely two-phenylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol. Measured log10 reduction values of vegetative bacterial indicators were in the range of 5–5.3 log10 units, and for clostridia, they were marginally lower at 4.6 log10 units. Removal of bacteriophage was in excess of 4.9 log10 units. This research shows that MBRs are a promising technology for decentralised water reuse applications.
Biofiltration of α-pinene vapours using municipal solid waste (MSW) – Pruning residues (P) composts as packing materials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Removal of trace organic chemical contaminants by a membrane bioreactor
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2012.374
Abstract: Emerging wastewater treatment processes such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted a significant amount of interest internationally due to their ability to produce high quality effluent suitable for water recycling. It is therefore important that their efficiency in removing hazardous trace organic contaminants be assessed. Accordingly, this study investigated the removal of trace organic chemical contaminants through a full-scale, package MBR in New South Wales, Australia. This study was unique in the context of MBR research because it characterised the removal of 48 trace organic chemical contaminants, which included steroidal hormones, xenoestrogens, pesticides, caffeine, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results showed that the removal of most trace organic chemical contaminants through the MBR was high (above 90%). However, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, diazepam, diclofenac, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, omeprazole, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim were only partially removed through the MBR with the removal efficiencies of 24–68%. These are potential indicators for assessing MBR performance as these chemicals are usually sensitive to changes in the treatment systems. The trace organic chemical contaminants detected in the MBR permeate were 1 to 6 orders of magnitude lower than guideline values reported in the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. The outcomes of this study enhanced our understanding of the levels and removal of trace organic contaminants by MBRs.
Potential use of feedlot cattle manure for bioethanol production
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2015.02.027
Abstract: This paper reports on processing options for the conversion of feedlot cattle manures into composite sugars for ethanol fermentation. Small-scale anaerobic digestion trials revealed that the process significantly reduces the content of glucan and xylan (ca. 70%) without effecting lignin. Moreover, anaerobic digestate (AD) fibres were poor substrates for cellulase (Cellic® CTec 2) saccharification, generating a maximum combined sugar yield of ca. 12% per original dry weight. Dilute acid pretreatment and enzyme saccharification of raw manures significantly improved total sugar recoveries, totalling 264 mg/g (79% theoretical). This was attained when manures were pretreated with 2.5% H2SO4 for 90 min at 121°C and saccharified with 50 FPU CTec 2/g glucan. Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently fermented crude hydrolysates within 6 h, yielding 7.3 g/L ethanol, representing glucose to ethanol conversion rate of 70%. With further developments (i.e., fermentation of xylose), this process could deliver greater yields, reinforcing its potential as a biofuel feedstock.
Optimising dissolved air flotation/filtration treatment of algae-laden lagoon effluent using surface charge: A Bolivar treatment plant case study
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2012.373
Abstract: Dissolved air flotation (DAF) incorporating filtration (DAFF) is used at the Bolivar wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to polish lagoon effluent for reuse. Elevated algal populations are frequently experienced and can lead to increased coagulant requirements and process control issues. Streaming current detectors (SCDs) and a charge demand analyser (CDA) were used to monitor the full-scale plant. This was followed by an optimisation study using a pilot plant with a CDA. It was found that the normal operational charge demand range for DAF at Bolivar was between −46 and −40 μeq L−1. Decreasing the pH of coagulation reduced coagulant consumption and facilitated more sensitive CDA responses to changes in alum dose.
Withstanding shock loads in activated sludge treatment by pre‐exposure to low H2S concentrations
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1080/09593330309385566
Abstract: An activated sludge pilot plant was used to acclimatise sludge to a low dose of H2S gas. Sludge s les from different types of treatment works were compared with acclimatised and unaclimatised sludges using batch absorption tests. The effects of sludge source and acclimatisation on the ability of the sludge to withstand shock loads of 50 ml l(-1) H2S were evaluated. Sludge that had been acclimatised to 5 ml l(-1) H2S in the air supply removed 70% of a 50 ml l(-1) load in a batch reactor after three sludge ages of acclimatisation. Pre-exposure to low H2S concentrations enabled the bacterial community to maintain a sufficient sulphide-degrading population to retain acclimatisation and degrade subsequent high loads which are toxic to unacclimatised sludge. Acclimatisation to H2S is therefore mainly an effect of selection pressure on the mixed bacterial population, which suggests that the H2S removal capacity of different types of activated sludge will converge after acclimatisation, irrespective of their initial degradative abilities.
Development of a sensor array based measurement system for continuous monitoring of water and wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2003
Electronic sensory systems for taste and odour monitoring in water – Developments and limitations
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2004
Is H2S a suitable process indicator for odour abatement performance of sewer odours?
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 24-10-2014
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2013.559
Abstract: Odour abatement units are typically designed and maintained on H2S concentrations, but operational failures are reported in terms of overall odour removal, suggesting a wide range of malodorous compounds emitted from sewers that may not be efficiently removed by existing odour abatement processes. Towards providing greater insight into this issue, several activated carbon filters and biofilters treating odorous emissions from sewer systems in Sydney (Australia) were monitored by collecting and analysing gas s les before and after treatment. The monitoring studies were conducted by both olfactometric measurements and gas-chromatography-based chemical analysis. Single H2S assessment often failed to indicate the odour abatement performance for treatment systems in the abatement units studied, particularly when the incoming H2S concentrations were in the sub-ppm range (i.e. below H2S odour threshold). Chemical analysis indicated that some non-H2S odorous compounds were not removed efficiently during odour treatment. Additionally, when odour eliminations were correlated with the removal of in idual compounds (Pearson's correlations) it was observed that the correlation (with a coefficient of 0.79) was best when the overall removal of all the measured odorous compounds that exceeded their odour threshold values was used for the analysis. These findings may help to further advance the design and operation of odour abatement processes to address the treatment of sewer odour emissions.
Review of the effects of wastewater biosolids stabilization processes on odor emissions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-03-2019
Performance of activated sludge diffusion for biological treatment of hydrogen sulphide gas emissions
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 19-10-2013
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2013.444
Abstract: Odours from wastewater treatment plants are comprised of a mixture of various gases with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) often being the dominant constituent. Activated sludge diffusion (ASD) as a biotreatment system for odour abatement has been conducted for over 30 years but has limited broad application due to disagreement in the literature regarding the effect that ASD may have on wastewater treatment performance. The effects of continuous H2S diffusion at 25 ppmv, with weekly peaks of approximately 100 ppmv, on H2S removal efficiency and wastewater treatment performance was evaluated over a 2-month period using an activated sludge pilot plant. H2S removal averaged 100% during diffusion at 25 ppmv, and 98.9% during the 100 ppmv peak periods. A significant increase in mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration (P & 0.01) was observed during H2S diffusion, which may be due to an increase in H2S-degrading microorganisms. There was no adverse effect of H2S on nitrification throughout the ASD trials. Ammonia (NH3) removal was slightly better in the test receiving H2S diffusion (87.6%) than in the control (85.4%). H2S diffusion appeared to improve robustness of the AS biomass to operational upsets.
Stability of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCS) in sampling bags - Impact of temperature
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2013.445
Abstract: Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are a major component of odorous emissions that can cause annoyance to local populations surrounding wastewater, waste management and agricultural practices. Odour collection and storage using s le bags can result in VSC losses due to sorption and leakage. Stability within 72 hour storage of VSC s les in three s ling bag materials (Tedlar, Mylar, Nalophan) was studied at three temperatures: 5, 20, and 30 °C. The VSC s les consisted of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (MeSH), ethanethiol (EtSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), tert-butanethiol (t-BuSH), ethylmethyl sulfide (EMS), 1-butanethiol (1-BuSH), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), diethyl disulfide (DEDS), and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). The results for H2S showed that higher loss trend was clearly observed (46–50% at 24 hours) at 30 °C compared to the loss at 5 °C or 20 °C (of up to 27% at 24 hours) in all three bag materials. The same phenomenon was obtained for other thiols with the relative recoveries after a 24 hour period of 76–78% at 30 °C and 80–93% at 5 and 20 °C for MeSH 77–80% at 30 °C and 79–95% at 5 and 20 °C for EtSH 87–89% at 30 °C and 82–98% at 5 and 20 °C for t-BuSH 61–73% at 30 °C and 76–98% at 5 and 20 °C for 1-BuSH. Results for other sulfides and disulfides (DMS, EMS, DMDS, DEDS) indicated stable relative recoveries with little dependency on temperature (83–103% after 24 hours). DMTS had clear loss trends (with relative recoveries of 74–87% in the three bag types after 24 hours) but showed minor differences in relative recoveries at 5, 20, and 30 °C.
ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ORGANIC CHEMICAL REMOVAL BY A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AND A YEAST SCREEN BIOASSAY
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1897/08-531.1
Abstract: A membrane bioreactor (MBR) was assessed for the removal of estrogens, androgens, and a selection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The biomass and aqueous components of the MBR were investigated to determine whether removal was by biodegradation or by adsorption to the biomass. Removal was monitored using chemical analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as biological analysis using estrogenic and androgenic yeast assays. Results showed that the MBR was effective in removing the compounds of concern from raw influent with removal rates between 78 and 99%. Removal efficiencies were comparable or better than those reported for conventional activated sludge systems, which was attributed to the relatively high sludge retention time of the MBR. The biomass component showed significant concentrations of salicylic acid, triclosan, and 4-tert-octylphenol. Estrogenic and androgenic activity was also measured in the biomass. Estrone was identified as the main compound responsible for the estrogenic activity. It was concluded that the main removal pathway was biodegradation, but sorption to biomass may also be important, particularly for triclosan and 4-tert-octylphenol.
Characterizing odorous emissions using new software for identifying peaks in chemometric models of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry datasets
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Dynamic flux chamber measurements of hydrogen sulfide emission rate from a quiescent surface – A computational evaluation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2015.11.123
Abstract: Enclosure devices have been studied and used for research purposes and practical applications in order to measure the emission rate of odorous pollutants from quiescent liquid surfaces to atmosphere. However, important questions remain about the interference of these measuring devices on the actual emission rate. The main concern regarding the use of a flux chamber is the fact that odorous compounds can accumulate into the chamber and yield gas-phase concentration increase inside the equipment, which causes a reduction of the emission rate during the measurement and thus gives an inaccurate local emission rate. Furthermore, the fluid flow inside the chamber does not reproduce the atmospheric boundary layer flow. This study applied the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique in order to investigate the influence of the fluid flow features inside a flux chamber on the measured hydrogen sulfide emission rate at quiescent liquid surfaces. The flux chamber design and operational conditions are those supported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The results show that the US EPA flux chamber presents a fairly well mixed air phase. However, a trend to stagnation and hydrogen sulfide accumulation near chamber walls was detected in the computational simulation, which also indicated that the positioning of the s ling tube in relation to the inlet orifices may lead to deviations in the measurement results. CFD results showed that the wall shear and concentration gradients spatially vary at the gas-liquid interface, and friction velocity inside the chamber does not match typical values of atmospheric flow.
The impact of malodour on communities: A review of assessment techniques
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.09.003
Abstract: Malodours remain the biggest source of complaints regarding environmental issues. This factor is likely to increase, as the urban development steadily encroaches into areas that have malodourous emitting industries (such as wastewater and waste management operations and intensive livestock practices), and has the potential to be both time and fiscally expensive. Despite the enormous amount of research involved in odour detection and abatement, as well as the creation of several distinct methodologies, there has yet been no definitive procedure to evaluate odour impact on communities, as well as community response. This paper is a review of the current methods that explore this problem, as well as a précis of this research field's goals and challenges. The first aim of this review is to illustrate the dichotomy between regulatory-established procedures, such as panellist testing, and methods that are centred around producing a more comprehensive explanation of factors that influence an odour's impact on a community or in idual. In that regard, we have addressed several predominant paradigms of inquiry for this field: analytical methods, panellist testing, qualitative research, and survey methods, with associated variants. Secondly, the challenges of measuring and monitoring community impact are discussed. While the quantification of odorants is crucial to appreciating impact, in idual-based modifiers of perception have an enormous scope for which to shape the effect of those odours. Perceptual differences are also likely the most dominant variables that influence the elicited behaviour of in iduals who have experienced malodour exposure.
Sewage odour measurements using a sensory panel and an electronic nose
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 1998
Point-of-use water disinfection using ultraviolet and visible light-emitting diodes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.02.039
Abstract: Improvements in point-of-use (POU) drinking water disinfection technologies for remote and regional communities are urgently needed. Conceptually, UV-C light-emitting diodes (LEDs) overcome many drawbacks of low-pressure mercury tube based UV devices, and UV-A or visible light LEDs also show potential. To realistically evaluate the promise of LED disinfection, our study assessed the performance of a model 1.3 L reactor, similar in size to solar disinfection bottles. In all, 12 different commercial or semi-commercial LED arrays (270-740 nm) were compared for their ability to inactivate Escherichia coli K12 ATCC W3110 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 over 6h. Five log10 and greater reductions were consistently achieved using the 270, 365, 385 and 405 nm arrays. The output of the 310 nm array was insufficient for useful disinfection while 430 and 455 nm performance was marginal (≈ 4.2 and 2.3-log10s E. coli and E. faecalis over the 6h). No significant disinfection was observed with the 525, 590, 623, 660 and 740 nm arrays. Delays in log-phase inactivation of E. coli were observed, particularly with UV-A wavelengths. The radiation doses required for >3-log10 reduction of E. coli and E. faecalis differed by 10 fold at 270 nm but only 1.5-2.5 fold at 365-455 nm. Action spectra, consistent with the literature, were observed with both indicators. The design process revealed cost and technical constraints pertaining to LED electrical efficiency, availability and lifetime. We concluded that POU LED disinfection using existing LED technology is already technically possible. UV-C LEDs offer speed and energy demand advantages, while UV-A/violet units are safer. Both approaches still require further costing and engineering development. Our study provides data needed for such work.
Are sewage treatment plants promoting antibiotic resistance?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-01-2011
Determination of VOSCs in sewer headspace air using TD-GC-SCD
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2014.11.072
Abstract: The management of odorous emissions from sewer networks has become an important issue for sewer operators resulting in the need to better understand the composition of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs). In order to characterise the composition of such malodorous emissions, a method based on thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatography coupled to sulfur chemiluminescence detector (GC-SCD) has been developed to determine a broader range of VOSCs, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (MeSH), ethanethiol (EtSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide (CS2), ethylmethyl sulfide (EMS), 1-butanethiol (1-BuSH), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), diethyl disulfide (DEDS), and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). Parameters affecting the chromatographic behaviour of the target compounds were studied (e.g., temperature program, carrier gas velocity) as well as the experimental conditions affecting the adsorption/desorption process (temperature, flow and time). Optimised extraction of VOSCs s les was achieved under adsorption temperatures of less than -20°C, and a desorption flow rate of ~6 ml/min. Active collection on the cold trap enabled a small gas volume of 50-100ml to be s led for all analytes without breakthrough. Calibration curves were derived at different TD loading volumes with determined linearity ranging between 0.09 ng and 60.1 ng. The method detection limits (MDLs) were in the range of 0.10-5.26 μg/m(3) with TD recoveries higher than 66% and reproducibility (relative standard deviation values) between 1.8% and 6.1% being obtained for all compounds. The VOSCs characterisation at different sewerage collection sites in Sydney, Australia (for seasonal, weekly and diurnal) showed that six of the ten targeted compounds were consistently detected at all s le events. Diurnal patterns of VOSCs investigated were clearly observed with the highest concentration occurring after 12 pm (noon) for H2S and MeSH. The consecutive 5 day analysis showed no significant difference in the targeted VOSCs concentrations and demonstrated the suitability of the method for routine sewer VOSCs emission measurements.
Passive drainage and biofiltration of landfill gas: Australian field trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.WASMAN.2006.01.014
Abstract: In Australia a significant number of landfill waste disposal sites do not incorporate measures for the collection and treatment of landfill gas. This includes many old/former landfill sites, rural landfill sites, non-putrescible solid waste and inert waste landfill sites, where landfill gas generation is low and it is not commercially viable to extract and beneficially utilize the landfill gas. Previous research has demonstrated that biofiltration has the potential to degrade methane in landfill gas, however, the microbial processes can be affected by many local conditions and factors including moisture content, temperature, nutrient supply, including the availability of oxygen and methane, and the movement of gas (oxygen and methane) to/from the micro-organisms. A field scale trial is being undertaken at a landfill site in Sydney, Australia, to investigate passive drainage and biofiltration of landfill gas as a means of managing landfill gas emissions at low to moderate gas generation landfill sites. The design and construction of the trial is described and the experimental results will provide in-depth knowledge on the application of passive gas drainage and landfill gas biofiltration under Sydney (Australian) conditions, including the performance of recycled materials for the management of landfill gas emissions.
Cyanobacterial management in full-scale water treatment and recycling processes: Reactive dosing following intensive monitoring
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1039/C5EW00269A
Abstract: Fate of cyanobacterial species within full-scale water treatment/recycling processes and real-time treatment adjustment using in-situ fluorescence measurement.
Non-methane volatile organic compounds predict odor emitted from five tunnel ventilated broiler sheds
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2013.09.076
Abstract: Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emitted from mechanically ventilated poultry sheds in similar stages (32-36 d) of broiler production were measured by thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS), then identified using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC2) and the NIST11 database. Calibration models predicting odor measured by dilution olfactometry from NMVOC concentrations via orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) made good predictions (Rp(2)=0.83-0.87, RMSEp=137-175OU) using one to eight NMVOCs with either one or two latent variables representing odor concentration and character, respectively. Similar changes in odorant composition were observed in each s ling c aign, with s les collected early in the day more odorous and more sulfurous than s les collected later in the day. High litter moisture favored sulfur-containing odorants over alcohols, aldehydes and ketones but had little bearing on perceived odor, whereas high bird density favored alcohols, aldehydes and ketones over sulfur-containing odorants. Eight VOCs that were important predictors of odor across all sheds in order of decreasing importance were dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-3 butanedione, 3-methyl-butanal, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetoin, and 2-butanone. Four additional NMVOCs also influenced perceived odor although less predictably these were n-hexane, 2-butanol, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and 1-octen-3-ol. All of the odorants are associated with microbial or fungal activity in the litter and manure, except n-hexane, which may originate from hexane-extracted soybean meal in the chicken feed. The organosulfides measured in this study may have arisen from the field sites as well as from the degradation of thiols captured on sorbent tubes during analysis by TD-GC/MS.
Preselection test of jury for improvement of olfactometric certification efficiency
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-10-2016
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1237559
Abstract: To certificate an olfactometric jury, laboratories usually follow up the panelist screening methodology described in the European Standard EN 13725/2003. The procedure takes a lot of time, labour and money. In laboratory routine of LCQAr - Laboratory of Air Quality Control, of Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, it was found that the efficiency of jury approvals used to be as low as around 30%. In order to improve the efficiency, a quick preselection test was proposed and tried for late certification recommended by EN 13725. The methodology to create the preselection test was based on the conceptions of the standards EN 13725 (CEN, 2003), ASTM 679 (2011) and ASTM 544 (2010). In the trial test, 31 volunteers participated and then screened according to the EN13725 standard. It was verified that the efficiency increased to 46% from about 30% after the introduction of the preselection test. The experiments were conducted at LCQAr, with the contribution of Water Research Centre of University of New South Wales, Australia.
Hydrophobically-associating cationic polymers as micro-bubble surface modifiers in dissolved air flotation for cyanobacteria cell separation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2014.05.032
Abstract: Dissolved air flotation (DAF), an effective treatment method for clarifying algae/cyanobacteria-laden water, is highly dependent on coagulation-flocculation. Treatment of algae can be problematic due to unpredictable coagulant demand during blooms. To eliminate the need for coagulation-flocculation, the use of commercial polymers or surfactants to alter bubble charge in DAF has shown potential, termed the PosiDAF process. When using surfactants, poor removal was obtained but good bubble adherence was observed. Conversely, when using polymers, effective cell removal was obtained, attributed to polymer bridging, but polymers did not adhere well to the bubble surface, resulting in a cationic clarified effluent that was indicative of high polymer concentrations. In order to combine the attributes of both polymers (bridging ability) and surfactants (hydrophobicity), in this study, a commercially-available cationic polymer, poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (polyDMAEMA), was functionalised with hydrophobic pendant groups of various carbon chain lengths to improve adherence of polymer to a bubble surface. Its performance in PosiDAF was contrasted against commercially-available poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC). All synthesised polymers used for bubble surface modification were found to produce positively charged bubbles. When applying these cationic micro-bubbles in PosiDAF, in the absence of coagulation-flocculation, cell removals in excess of 90% were obtained, reaching a maximum of 99% cell removal and thus demonstrating process viability. Of the synthesised polymers, the polymer containing the largest hydrophobic functionality resulted in highly anionic treated effluent, suggesting stronger adherence of polymers to bubble surfaces and reduced residual polymer concentrations.
Reaeration in Supercritical Open Channel Flows: An Experimental Study
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 10-2022
Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors - Part 2: Impacts on removal of trace organic chemical contaminants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Identification of VOCs from natural rubber by different headspace techniques coupled using GC-MS
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2018.09.019
Abstract: Different extraction procedures were evaluated to assess their potential for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from raw rubber materials. Four headspace s ling techniques (SHS, DHS, HS-SPME and µ-CTE) were studied. Each method was firstly optimised to ensure their reliability in performance. Passive s ling was also compared as a rapid identification of background VOCs. 352 VOCs were identified, 71 from passive s ling and 281 from active headspace s ling, with 62 not previously reported (hexanenitrile, octanone, decanal, indole, aniline, anisole, alpha-pinene as well as pentanol and butanol). The volatiles belonged to a broad range of chemical classes (ketones, aldehydes, aromatics, acids, alkanes, alcohol and cyclic) with their thermal effects (lower boiling points) greatly affecting their abundance at a higher temperature. Micro-chamber (µ-CTE) was found to be the most suitability for routine assessments due to its operational efficiency (rapidity, simplicity and repeatability), identifying 115 compounds from both temperatures (30 °C and 60 °C). Whereas, HS-SPME a widely applied headspace technique, only identified 75 compounds and DHS identified 74 VOCs and SHS only 17 VOCs. Regardless of the extraction technique, the highest extraction efficiency corresponded to aromatics and acids, and the lowest compound extraction were aldehyde and hydrocarbon. The interaction between techniques and temperature for all chemical groups were evaluated using two-way ANOVA (p-value is 0.000197) explaining the highly significant interactions between factors.
Investigation of PM10 sources in Santa Catarina, Brazil through graphical interpretation analysis combined with receptor modelling
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2013.772659
Abstract: Epidemiological studies have documented that elevated airborne particulate matter (PM) concentrations, especially those with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm (PM10), are associated with adverse health effects. Two receptor models, UNMIX and positive matrix factorization (PMF), were used to identify and quantify the sources of PM10 concentrations in Tubarão and Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil. This region is known for its high pollution levels due to intense industrial activity and exploitation of natural resources. PM10 s les were collected using high volume s lers at two sites in the region and statistical exploratory analysis techniques were applied to identify and assess PM10 sources. The two primary PM10 sources were identified as soil re-suspension/road dust emissions and coal burning emissions, contributing 65-75% and 15-25% of the PM10, respectively. The study confirmed the significance of the influence of local PM10 emissions (power plants, soil re-suspension and road dust emissions) on regional air quality, although no violations of the Brazilian PM10 standards (limit of 150 microg/m3) were observed, with a mean concentration of 27.6 microg/m3 measured in this study. This study demonstrated the usefulness of statistical exploratory analysis techniques in assessing the validity of modelling results and contributing to the interpretation of ambient air quality data.
Reduced sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of sewer networks in Australia: Geographic (and seasonal) variations
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 19-12-2014
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2013.798
Abstract: The management of odorous emissions from sewer networks has become an important issue for sewer system operators resulting in the need to better understand the composition of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs). Gaseous RSCs including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide (CS2), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) were measured in the atmosphere of selected sewer networks in two major Australian cities (Sydney and Melbourne) during 2011–2012. The RSC concentrations in the sewer air were detected in a highly variable range. H2S and MeSH were found at the highest concentrations, followed by DMS (39.2–94.0 μg/m3), CS2 (18.3–19.6 μg/m3), DMDS (7.8–49.6 μg/m3) and DMTS (10.4–35.3 μg/m3). Temporal trends in the occurrence of targeted RSCs were observed and the highest sulfur concentration occurred either in summer or spring, which are typically regarded as the warmer seasons. Statistical significant difference in the magnitude of targeted RSCs was found between s les collected in Sydney and Melbourne.
Photocatalytic odor abatement by platinized TiO2 under optically transmitted LED-UV light
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Detailed characterisation of fouling deposition and removal on hollow fibre membrane by direct observation technique
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.2166/WS.2007.135
Abstract: A direct observation method has been used to study fouling deposition and removal during the filtration of solutions modelling MBR foulants. The method enabled in-situ observation tangentially to the surface of hollow fibre membranes, so that cake height during filtration and cleaning could be clearly quantified, and the dynamics of backwashing on foulants during their removal could be observed. Exciting phenomena occurred during fouling removal, the backwashing force and crossflow shear caused cake expansion followed by fluidisation of the fouling layer. While solution turbidity remains a limiting factor in its application, this non-invasive direct observation technique offers significant potential for further MBR studies, such as filtration of activated sludge, and effects of filtration mode and of bubbling.
On‐line monitoring of wastewater quality: a review
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-03-2001
DOI: 10.1002/JCTB.393
Probabilistic analysis of fluorescence signals for monitoring dual reticulation water recycling schemes
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.504
Abstract: Improved techniques are required for the detection of inadvertent cross-connections between recycled water and potable water systems in dual reticulation schemes. The aim of this research was to assess the potential for fluorescence spectroscopy to be developed as a tool to distinguish recycled water from potable water. Weekly grab s les of recycled and potable water were obtained over 12 weeks from within an Australian dual reticulation site and analysed for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. Probabilistic techniques including distribution function fitting and Monte Carlo simulation were used to assess the ability to distinguish between recycled water and potable water s le pairs and the reliability of doing so. Fluorescence EEM spectroscopy was determined to be the most effective for the reliable differentiation by monitoring the protein-like fluorescence at peak T1—an excitation-emission wavelength pair of λex/em=300/350 nm. While EC could distinguish between recycled and potable water, it was shown to be less sensitive and less reliable than peak T1 fluorescence.
Chemical contaminants in feedlot wastes: Concentrations, effects and attenuation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.10.007
Abstract: Commercial feedlots for beef cattle finishing are potential sources of a range of trace chemicals which have human health or environmental significance. To ensure adequate protection of human and environmental health from exposure to these chemicals, the application of effective manure and effluent management practices is warranted. The Australian meat and livestock industry has adopted a proactive approach to the identification of best management practices. Accordingly, this review was undertaken to identify key chemical species that may require consideration in the development of guidelines for feedlot manure and effluent management practices in Australia. Important classes of trace chemicals identified include steroidal hormones, antibiotics, ectoparasiticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals and dioxins. These are described in terms of their likely sources, expected concentrations and public health or environmental significance based on international data and research. Androgenic hormones such as testosterone and trenbolone are significantly active in feedlot wastes, but they are poorly understood in terms of fate and environmental implications. The careful management of residues of antibiotics including virginiamycin, tylosin and oxytetracycline appears prudent in terms of minimising the risk of potential public health impacts from resistant strains of bacteria. Good management of ectoparasiticides including synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fluazuron, and amitraz is important for the prevention of potential ecological implications, particularly towards dung beetles. Very few of these in idual chemical contaminants have been thoroughly investigated in terms of concentrations, effects and attenuation in Australian feedlot wastes.
A chemical sensor array based system for protecting wastewater treatment plants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2003
Occurrence of ectoparasiticides in Australian beef cattle feedlot wastes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2012.11.018
Abstract: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 6 ectoparasiticides - 2 synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin) and 4 macrocyclic lactones (abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin and eprinomectin) in biosolids. The method was used to investigate the occurrence of these ectoparasiticides in beef cattle feedlot wastes in Australia from 5 commercial feedlot operations which employ varying waste management practices. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin were not detected in any of the s les while abamectin, ivermectin, doramectin and eprinomectin were detected in some of the s les with concentrations ranging from 1 to 36 μg/kg dry weight (d.w.) freeze dried feedlot waste. Levels of macrocyclic lactones detected in the feedlot wastes varied and were dependent on s le type. The effect of seasonal variations and waste management practices were also investigated in this study.
Can off-river water and shade provision reduce cattle intrusion into drinking water catchment riparian zones?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Management of biogenic taste and odour: From source water, through treatment processes and distribution systems, to consumers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2022.116225
Abstract: Biogenic taste and odour (T&O) have become a global concern for water utilities, due to the increasing frequency of algal blooms and other microbial events arising from the combined effects of climate change and eutrophication. Microbially-produced T&O compounds impact source waters, drinking water treatment plants, and drinking water distribution systems. It is important to manage across the entire biogenic T&O pathway to identify key risk factors and devise strategies that will safeguard the quality of drinking water in a changing world, since the presence of T&O impacts consumer confidence in drinking water safety. This study provides a critical review of current knowledge on T&O-causing microbes and compounds for proactive management, including the identification of abiotic risk factors in source waters, a discussion on the effectiveness of existing T&O barriers in drinking water treatment plants, an analysis of risk factors for biofilm growth in water distribution systems, and an assessment of the impacts of T&O on consumers. The fate of biogenic T&O in drinking water systems is tracked from microbial production pathways, through the release of intracellular T&O by cell lysis, to the treatment of microbial cells and dissolved T&O. Based on current knowledge, five impactful research and management directions across the T&O pathway are recommended.
Odour measurements for sewage treatment works
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00313-4
Abstract: Public concern over odours from sewage treatment works is increasing. More people are being exposed to odours, due to development around existing works or construction of new works. Increased awareness of both the environment and in idual rights has meant people are now more likely to complain. Odour abatement and control is a major issue for sewage works operators. To control odours, they must first be measured. This is no easy task as response to odours is subjective. Our understanding of the sense of smell is incomplete, and there is no single measure that will directly relate to the likelihood of complaint. Odour measurement has often been regarded as an art as opposed to a science. Odour measurement techniques fall into two classes. Sensory measurements employ the human nose and measure the effects of the odour as perceived by an observer. Analytical measurements characterise odours in terms of their chemical composition and attempt to quantify the odorants present. Both methods are less than ideal--sensory measurements can be overly subjective and the interpretation of results requires care. Analytical measurements are complicated by the large number of odorants present, often at concentrations close to detection limits. Our incomplete understanding of odour perception makes linking analytical and sensory measurements difficult. This paper reviews the methods applied to sewage treatment works odour measurement. Sensory and analytical measurements are reviewed, along with a recent development, the electronic nose.
Optimising non-specific sensor arrays for poultry emission monitoring using GC-MS/O
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2011
Performance of wet scrubbers to remove VOCs from rubber emissions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2021.114426
Abstract: Poor performance of wet scrubbers in rubber processing plants due to breakthrough of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) causes odour impact events. The performance of wet scrubbers in the rubber drying process to remove VOCs was investigated in order to determine the responsible odorants. VOC emissions originating at the inlet and outlet of wet scrubbers were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O). Critical VOCs were identified alongside seasonal and daily variations of those VOCs. Altogether, 80 VOCs were detected in rubber emissions with 16 classified as critical VOCs based on their chemical concentration, high odour activity value (OAV) and unpleasant odour. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were the dominant VOCs with seasonal variations affecting emission composition. Results demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the wet scrubbers to mitigate odorous VOCs whereas the removal of some VOCs could be improved based on their polarity and solubility. It was found that there is a correlation between the wet scrubber performance and VFAs concentration in the emissions. The findings demonstrated that combining quantitative and sensory analyses improved accuracy in identifying odorous VOCs, which can cause odour annoyance from rubber processing. A VOC identification framework was proposed using both analyses approaches.
Diagnosing water treatment critical control points for cyanobacterial removal: Exploring benefits of combined microscopy, next-generation sequencing, and cell integrity methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2019.01.002
Abstract: A wide range of cyanobacterial species and their harmful metabolites are increasingly detected in water bodies worldwide, exacerbated by climate change and human activities. The resulting bloom conditions represent significant challenges to production of safe drinking water and cost effective water reuse, therefore their removal is a priority to ensure public safety. While current microscopic taxonomy identification methods provide valuable information about cell numbers during treatment, these methods are incapable of providing information about the fate of cells during treatment. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify the critical control points for breakthrough and accumulation of cells by investigating the fate of cells during treatment processes using a combination of taxonomy, cell integrity and next-generation sequencing (NGS), and (2) assess the impact of pre-treatment processes on breakthrough prevention at critical control points, and the benefits of cell integrity and NGS analysis for improved management purposes. This paper presents the results of an unprecedented cyanobacterial monitoring program conducted in four full scale water treatment plants located in three different climate zones. Cyanobacterial cell integrity and accumulation during operation process were assessed for the first time using next generation of gene sequencing methods. NGS analysis led to detection of cyanobacterial and melainabacteria orders in water s les that were not identified by microscopy. 80 ± 5% of cells were completely lysed post pre-oxidation (for both ozone and potassium permanganate). However unlike pre-ozonation, the remaining cells were undamaged cells with the potential to accumulate and grow within the plants post-KMnO
Odour emissions from poultry litter - A review litter properties, odour formation and odorant emissions from porous materials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2016.04.009
Abstract: Odour emissions from meat chicken sheds can at times cause odour impacts on surrounding communities. Litter is seen as the primary source of this odour. Formation and emission of odour from meat chicken litter during the grow-out period are influenced by various factors such as litter conditions, the environment, microbial activity, properties of the odorous gases and management practices. Odour emissions vary spatially and temporally. This variability has made it challenging to understand how specific litter conditions contribute to odour emissions from the litter and production sheds. Existing knowledge on odorants, odour formation mechanisms and emission processes that contribute to odour emissions from litter are reviewed. Litter moisture content and water thermodynamics (i.e. water activity, Aw) are also examined as factors that contribute to microbial odour formation, physical litter conditions and the exchange of in idual odorant gases at the air-water interface. Substantial opportunities exist for future research on litter conditions and litter formation mechanisms and how these contribute to odour emissions. Closing this knowledge gap will improve management strategies that intercept and interfere with odour formation and emission processes leading to an overall reduction in the potential to cause community impacts.
Municipal gravity sewers: An unrecognised source of nitrous oxide
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.08.051
Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a primary ozone-depleting substance and powerful greenhouse gas. N2O emissions from secondary-level wastewater treatment processes are relatively well understood as a result of intensive international research effort in recent times, yet little information exists to date on the role of sewers in wastewater management chain N2O dynamics. Here we provide the first detailed assessment of N2O levels in the untreated influent (i.e. sewer network effluent) of three large Australian metropolitan wastewater treatment plants. Contrary to current international (IPCC) guidance, results show gravity sewers to be a likely source of N2O. Results from the monitoring program revealed hydraulic flow rate as a strong driver for N2O generation in gravity sewers, with microbial processes (nitrification and possibly denitrification) implicated as the main processes responsible for its production. Results were also used to develop a presumptive emission factor for N2O in the context of municipal gravity sewers. Considering the discrepancy with current IPCC Guidelines, further work is warranted to assess the scale and dynamics of N2O production in sewers elsewhere.
Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 15-10-2010
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01095-10
Abstract: The occurrence of 10 pathogens and three fecal indicators was assessed by quantitative PCR in manures of Australian feedlot cattle. Most s les tested positive for one or more pathogens. For the dominant pathogens C ylobacter jejuni , Listeria monocytogenes , Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and eaeA -positive Escherichia coli , 10 2 to 10 7 genome copies g −1 (dry weight) manure were recovered.
Advanced characterization of fouling in membrane coupled with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket process
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.790068
Abstract: In this study, an advanced process based on the use of ultrafiltration hollow fibre membranes immersed in the supernatant of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor (MUASB) and operated under low permeate flux was proposed. Process sustainability was assessed under different operating conditions: membranes were immersed either in the supernatant or in the biomass bulk and operated under various permeate fluxes. Additionally, temporal investigation was also proposed through the advanced characterization of fouling behaviour by systematic fractionation (based on level of reversibility) and analysis by liquid chromatography-organic carbon detector. Among the various suspended solids (SS) concentrations in supernatant (10, 25, 100, and 400 mg L(-1)) and in biomass bulk (6500 mg L(-1)), higher fouling levels were observed under low SS concentrations. However, more easily reversible fouling was obtained under MUASB conditions, demonstrating potential long-term sustainability. Results of long-term operation indicated that an increase of flux leads to larger amounts of SS participating in irreversible fouling and higher irreversibility. Temporal change in fouling characteristics revealed that the most easily removable fouling layer (i.e. cake), and its relative fraction of SS, were the two main factors impacting on the overall hydraulic performance. Additionally, the development of microbial population on the membrane surface was closely related to the proteins content and the overall hydraulic resistance. Polysaccharides and other dissolved organic matters (humic substances, building blocks, and low molecular weight compounds) presented low effect on membrane fouling.
Assessment of anti-fouling strategies for membrane coupled with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (MUASB) process
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.701335
Abstract: In this novel process, domestic wastewater was filtered by a hollow-fibre membrane coupled with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (MUASB) bioreactor. To improve the process sustainability and decrease energy costs, the membranes were operated under low fluxes with little, or no, shear. The efficiency of anti-fouling strategies, including relaxation, backwashing and supply of low aeration and stir rates, was assessed through detailed characterization of the fouling layers. Results indicated that backwashing was more efficient than relaxation, even when the systems were operated under the same flux productivity. In terms of shear supply, stir provided a better fouling limitation strategy compared to aeration, at similar shear stress values. Physical and chemical cleaning methods were applied to recover three fouling fractions (i.e. cake, residual and irreversible) for better characterization of the fouling layers. Under the sustainable operating conditions used in this study, most of the fouling was easily reversible by simple rinsing. In addition, permanent and irreversible fouling, resulting in the need for frequent chemical cleanings and potential membrane degradation, is limited once small shear stresses are applied. These outcomes are expected to form the basis for the future assessment of trade-off between operation, maintenance and replacement costs of membrane filtration processes used in wastewater treatment.
Developments in odour control and waste gas treatment biotechnology: a review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00058-6
Abstract: Waste and wastewater treatment processes produce odours, which can cause a nuisance to adjacent populations and contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. Sulphurous compounds are responsible for acid rain and mist many organic compounds of industrial origin contribute to airborne public health concerns, as well as environmental problems. Waste gases from industry have traditionally been treated using physicochemical processes, such as scrubbing, adsorption, condensation, and oxidation, however, biological treatment of waste gases has gained support as an effective and economical option in the past few decades. One emergent technique for biological waste gas treatment is the use of existing activated sludge plants as bioscrubbers, thus treating the foul air generated by other process units of the wastewater treatment system on site, with no requirement for additional units or for interruption of wastewater treatment. Limited data are available regarding the performance of activated sludge diffusion of odorous air in spite of numerous positive reports from full-scale applications in North America. This review argues that the information available is insufficient for precise process design and optimization, and simultaneous activated sludge treatment of wastewater and airborne odours could be adopted worldwide.
The use of sensor arrays for environmental monitoring: interests and limitations
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1039/B307905H
Abstract: Continuous, in situ monitoring of air, water and land quality is fundamental to most environmental applications. Low cost and non-invasive chemical sensor arrays provide a suitable technique for in situ monitoring. Their ability and performance under realistic conditions is discussed in this paper. Published studies report promising results despite a number of limitations that are associated with both the technology itself and its application in ever changing ambient conditions. Early investigations include the analysis of single substances as well as odour and wastewater organic load monitoring. Reported applications typically highlight the sensitivity of the currently available sensors to changes in temperature, humidity and flow rate. Two types of approaches are recommended to deal with these effects: either working under fixed experimental conditions or measuring the external parameters to numerically compensate for their change. The main challenge associated with the use of non-specific sensor arrays lies in establishing a relationship between the measured multivariate signals and the standards metrics that are traditionally used for quality assessment of gas mixtures. For instance, odour monitoring requires calibration against olfactometric measurements while investigations of wastewater s les still need to be correlated with organic pollution parameters such as BOD, COD or TOC. On the other hand, results obtained in the field have demonstrated how sensor arrays can be readily used as simple alarm devices or as early warning systems based on a general air/water quality index.
Your garden hose: A potential health risk due to Legionella spp. growth facilitated by free-living amoebae
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 19-08-2014
DOI: 10.1021/ES502652N
Abstract: Common garden hoses may generate aerosols of inhalable size (≤10 μm) during use. If humans inhale aerosols containing Legionella bacteria, Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever may result. Clinical cases of these illnesses have been linked to garden hose use. The hose environment is ideal for the growth and interaction of Legionella and free-living amoebae (FLA) due to biofilm formation, elevated temperatures, and stagnation of water. However, the microbial densities and hose conditions necessary to quantify the human health risks have not been reported. Here we present data on FLA and Legionella spp. detected in water and biofilm from two types of garden hoses over 18 months. By culturing and qPCR, two genera of FLA were introduced via the drinking water supply and reached mean densities of 2.5 log10 amoebae·mL(-1) in garden hose water. Legionella spp. densities (likely including pathogenic L. pneumophila) were significantly higher in one type of hose (3.8 log10 cells·mL(-1), p < 0.0001). A positive correlation existed between Vermamoebae vermiformis densities and Legionella spp. densities (r = 0.83, p < 0.028). The densities of Legionella spp. identified in the hoses were similar to those reported during legionellosis outbreaks in other situations. Therefore, we conclude that there is a health risk to susceptible users from the inhalation of garden hose aerosols.
Microalgal-facilitated bacterial oxidation of manganese
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF01570033
Detailed characterisation of fouling deposition and removal on a hollow fibre membrane by direct observation technique
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
Use of a chemical sensor array for detecting pollutants in domestic wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00183-5
Abstract: A chemical sensor array (consisting of 8 conducting polymers) was used to continuously monitor for the presence or absence of industrial pollutants in the headspace of wastewater generated from an on-line flow-cell. A domestic wastewater (Cranfield University sewage works) was dosed with diesel to stimulate the presence of an intermittent discharge in a wastewater influent. Response patterns between the sensors were used to detect for the presence of organic compounds in the wastewater. Correlations between the sensor response patterns or fingerprints were also analysed using principal component analysis. The results clearly demonstrate that a chemical sensor array can rapidly identify the presence of organic compounds (such as diesel) in a wastewater matrix and could be further developed to monitor for industrial pollutants at the inlet of a sewage works.
Pollutant removal efficiency of alternative filtration media in stormwater treatment
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2006.617
Abstract: Sorption experiments were used to assess the ability of various materials (sand, compost, packing wood, ash, zeolite, recycled glass and Enviro-media) to remove heavy metal contaminants typically found in stormwater. Compost was found to have the best physicochemical properties for sorption of metal ions (Cu, Zn and Pb) compared with sand, packing wood, ash, zeolite and Enviro-media. The compost sorption of these metal ions conformed to the linear form of the Langmuir adsorption equation with the Langmuir constants (qm) for Zn(II) being 11.2 mg/g at pH 5. However, compost was also found to leach a high concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 4.31 mg/g), compared with the other tested materials. Various combinations of sand, compost and other materials were observed to have excellent heavy metal removal (75–96% of Zn and 90–93% of Cu), with minimal DOC leaching (0.0013–2.43 mg/g). The sorption efficiency of the different Enviro-media mixes showed that a combination of traditional (sand) and alternative materials can be used as an effective medium for the treatment of dissolved metal contaminants commonly found in stormwater. The application of using recycled organic materials and other waste materials (such as recycled glass) also provides added value to the products life cycle.
Effects of relaxation and backwashing conditions on fouling in membrane bioreactor
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 31-10-2008
Enantiomeric fraction determination of 2-arylpropionic acids in a package plant membrane bioreactor.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-04-2013
DOI: 10.1002/CHIR.22151
Abstract: Enantiomeric compositions of three 2-arylpropionic acid (2-APA) drugs, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen, were monitored in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal effluent in a small rural town in Australia. Specific enantiomers were determined as amide diastereomers using the chiral derivatizing reagent, (R)-1-phenylethylamine (PEA), followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The six in idual enantiomers were quantified by isotope dilution and the enantiomeric fractions (EFs) were determined. Over four separate s ling events, ibuprofen EF ranged from 0.88 to 0.94 (median 0.93) in the influent and 0.38 to 0.40 (median 0.39) in the effluent. However, no significant change in ketoprofen EF was observed, with influent EFs of 0.56-0.60 (median 0.58) and effluent EFs 0.54-0.68 (median 0.56). This is the first report of enantiospecific analysis of ketoprofen in municipal wastewater and it is not yet clear why such different behavior was observed compared to ibuprofen. Naproxen EF was consistently measured at 0.99 in the influent and ranged from 0.86 to 0.94 (median 0.91) in the effluent. This study demonstrates that EF is a relatively stable parameter and does not fluctuate according to concentration or other short-term variables introduced by s ling limitations. The enantiospecific analysis of chiral chemicals presents a promising approach to elucidate a more thorough understanding of biological treatment processes and a potential tool for monitoring the performance of key biological pathways.
Fluorescence monitoring at a recycled water treatment plant and associated dual distribution system - Implications for cross-connection detection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2010.06.003
Abstract: Dual distribution systems are becoming increasingly common in greenfield housing developments in Australia for the redistribution of recycled water to households for non-potable use. Within such schemes there exists the potential for cross-connections between recycled and drinking water systems. Due to the high level of recycled water treatment, these events are unlikely to lead to outbreaks of illness in the community. Nonetheless, they do represent a breach of the recycled water risk management strategy and therefore an elevated level of risk to consumers. Furthermore, cross-connection events have the potential to undermine public confidence in these types of water recycling. A rapid, highly sensitive method of cross-connection detection may therefore provide an additional level of confidence in these schemes. The aim of this research was to determine the potential for using fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring tool in water treatment plants and dual distribution systems. S les from both the water recycling plant and dual distribution system were collected on a weekly basis over 12 weeks. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra and water quality parameters including dissolved organic carbon, UV(254), pH, conductivity, free chlorine and turbidity were obtained for each s le. The fluorescence EEM spectra of recycled and drinking water were distinctly different and exhibited low variability throughout the course of the s ling program, indicating a degree of stability of the fluorescent components within the organic matter. A ten-fold difference in mean fluorescence intensity was observed for recycled water compared to drinking water, which was greater than the difference observed for the other measured water quality parameters. Probabilistic analysis was used to determine the reliable detection limit of recycled water contamination of drinking water. Accounting for the inherent variability of both recycled water and drinking water, a 45% contamination of recycled water in drinking water could be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 3 for more than 95% of in idual random s le pairs. Greater sensitivity can be assured by averaging numerous s les. In comparison, a 70% contamination of recycled water in drinking water was required for the same detection using conductivity.
Fate and analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in some sewage treatment plants in Australia
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2008.573
Abstract: There are limited studies on the fate and levels of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants in Australia. Research undertaken in Europe and North America has shown biologically significant levels of both oestrogenic and androgenic chemicals in sewage effluent. The aim of this work was to determine the oestrogenic and androgenic activities of raw and treated sewage from sewage treatment plants run by MidCoast Water, New South Wales, Australia. Oestrogenic and androgenic activities were measured using a yeast screen bioassay. Results showed that the raw effluent contained biologically significant levels of both oestrogenic (0.58–2.91 ng/l) and androgenic (216–480 ng/l) activities. Androgenic activity was significantly higher than oestrogenic activity, which was consistent with other Australian studies and was attributed to the higher levels of androgens in domestic waste from human excretion compared to oestrogens. Secondary treatment (using activated sludge) removed the majority of the oestrogenic and androgenic activity (up to 99%). Tertiary treatment by UV removed varying levels of oestrogenic (19–69%) and androgenic (5–55%) activities. A Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) at one of the STPs, which consists of an MBR followed by electrochlorination removed over 87% of the oestrogenic activity and over 98% of androgenic activity from raw sewage s les. However, levels which could be biologically significant still remained after secondary and tertiary treatment (& .1 ng/l oestrogenic activity and & ng/l androgenic activity).
Conceptual analysis of the UASB/polishing pond system regarding the removal of surfactants, micropollutants and control of gaseous emissions
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2010.964
Abstract: A conceptual and integrated analysis of the UASB/Polishing Pond system is presented in relation to the removal of specific constituents not normally covered in the pond's literature, namely surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, LAS), micropollutants (phthalates and bisphenol A) and sulfide. Experimental studies carried out on a small full-scale UASB/PP system have shown limited overall removal efficiencies for some constituents (53% to 70% for phthalates and 50% for LAS), but excellent removal levels for bisphenol A (around 99%) and sulfide (no trace concentrations were detected in the second and third ponds of the series). Further research is needed to investigate possible limitations and to identify means to improve the performance of the UASB/PP system.
Passive drainage and biofiltration of landfill gas: Results of Australian field trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.WASMAN.2010.10.026
Abstract: A field scale trial was undertaken at a landfill site in Sydney, Australia (2004-2008), to investigate passive drainage and biofiltration of landfill gas as a means of managing landfill gas emissions from low to moderate gas generation landfill sites. The objective of the trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a passive landfill gas drainage and biofiltration system at treating landfill gas under field conditions, and to identify and evaluate the factors that affect the behaviour and performance of the system. The trial results showed that passively aerated biofilters operating in a temperate climate can effectively oxidise methane in landfill gas, and demonstrated that maximum methane oxidation efficiencies greater than 90% and average oxidation efficiencies greater than 50% were achieved over the 4 years of operation. The trial results also showed that landfill gas loading was the primary factor that determined the behaviour and performance of the passively aerated biofilters. The landfill gas loading rate was found to control the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into the biofilter media, limiting the microbial methane oxidation process. The temperature and moisture conditions within the biofilter were found to be affected by local climatic conditions and were also found to affect the behaviour and performance of the biofilter, but to a lesser degree than the landfill gas loading.
Organic matter fluorescence in municipal water recycling schemes: Toward a unified PARAFAC model
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1021/ES103015E
Abstract: Organic matter (OM) is a ubiquitous constituent of natural waters quantifiable at very low levels using fluorescence spectroscopy. This technique has recognized potential in a range of applications where the ability to monitor water quality in real time is desirable, such as in water treatment systems. This study used PARAFAC to characterize a large (n=1479) and erse excitation emission matrix (EEM) data set from six recycled water treatment plants in Australia, for which sources of variability included geography, season, treatment processes, pH and fluorometer settings. Five components were identified independently in four or more plants, none of which were generated during the treatment process nor were typically entirely removed. PARAFAC scores could be obtained from EEMs by simple regression. The results have important implications for online monitoring of OM fluorescence in treatment plants, affecting choices regarding experimental design, instrumentation and the optimal wavelengths for tracking fluorescent organic matter through the treatment process. While the multimodel comparisons provide a compelling demonstration of PARAFAC's ability to distill chemical information from EEMs, deficiencies identified through this process have broad implications for interpreting and reusing (D)OM-PARAFAC models.
Investigating the Capacity of an Activated Sludge Process to Reduce Volatile Organic Compounds and Odor Emissions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2006
Abstract: The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) diffusion into activated sludge (AS) on odor and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in offgas were studied over an 8-week period. Most VOCs detected in the offgas of both aeration tanks were aromatic hydrocarbons. The VOC concentrations generally decreased when H2S was introduced to the AS compared with the control, indicating a negative effect of H2S on VOC removal. Two volatile organic sulfur compounds present in the test AS offgas showed an increase followed by a decrease during H2S peak loads. Six VOCs and odor concentration increased during the introduction of an H2S peak however no correlation was observed between H2S and odor concentration. The increase in odor concentration resulted from the increase in the concentration of six aromatic VOCs, which had their removal slowed down during a 100-ppmv H2S peak. Activated sludge diffusion provides effective H2S removal with minimal affect on odor emissions.
Fate of antibiotics during municipal water recycling treatment processes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2010.06.020
Abstract: Municipal water recycling processes are potential human and environmental exposure routes for low concentrations of persistent antibiotics. While the implications of such exposure scenarios are unknown, concerns have been raised regarding the possibility that continuous discharge of antibiotics to the environment may facilitate the development or proliferation of resistant strains of bacteria. As potable and non-potable water recycling schemes are continuously developed, it is imperative to improve our understanding of the fate of antibiotics during conventional and advanced wastewater treatment processes leading to high-quality water reclamation. This review collates existing knowledge with the aim of providing new insight to the influence of a wide range of treatment processes to the ultimate fate of antibiotics during conventional and advanced wastewater treatment. Although conventional biological wastewater treatment processes are effective for the removal of some antibiotics, many have been reported to occur at 10-1000 ng L(-1) concentrations in secondary treated effluents. These include beta-lactams, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Tertiary and advanced treatment processes may be required to fully manage environmental and human exposure to these contaminants in water recycling schemes. The effectiveness of a range of processes including tertiary media filtration, ozonation, chlorination, UV irradiation, activated carbon adsorption, and NF/RO filtration has been reviewed and, where possible, semi-quantitative estimations of antibiotics removals have been provided.
Distinguishing stage 1 and 2 reverse osmosis permeates using fluorescence spectroscopy
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.2166/WST.2009.515
Abstract: Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy was used to distinguish between two stages of reverse osmosis (RO) permeates as the first step towards investigating the potential application of fluorescence as a monitoring tool for membrane performance. The signal response of several fluorescence peaks present in Stage 1 and Stage 2 RO permeates of an advanced water treatment plant were compared. The humic-like fluorescence region was found to have the largest percentage difference between stages and therefore was the most appropriate for enabling differentiation. Increases in humic-like fluorescence did not correlate with increases in conductivity or dissolved organic carbon measurements. This suggests that fluorescence is a more selective and sensitive method for monitoring the organic composition of RO permeates than established methods. Fluorescence is therefore a promising tool for improved water quality monitoring of RO permeates.
Mass transfer inside a flux hood for the sampling of gaseous emissions from liquid surfaces – Experimental assessment and emission rate rescaling
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Activated sludge for the treatment of sulphur-rich wastewaters
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
Odour concentrations prediction based on odorants concentrations from biosolid emissions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.113871
Abstract: Biosolids storage areas are a significant contributor to wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) odour emissions which can cause sensorial impact to surrounding communities. Most odour impact regulations are based on odour concentration (COD) measurements determined by dynamic olfactometry. Understanding the relationship between odorants concentrations and COD in the biosolids emission is important to identify how the measurement and monitoring can be conducted using analytical rather than sensorial techniques. Some of the odorants are unknown in biosolid emissions, increasing the uncertainty in predicting COD. In this study, emissions from 56 biosolid s les collected from two WWTPs located in Sydney, Australia, were analysed by analytical and sensorial methods, including olfactory detection port (ODP) and dynamic olfactometry. Concentrations of 25 odorants and two ordinal variables represented odour events detected by ODP assessors were linked to COD values. Bayesian Model Averaging and Variable Selection with Bayesian Adaptive S ling were applied to model the relation between COD and odorants concentrations. Results indicate the usability of the probabilistic methods and nonlinear transformations in modelling the odour concentrations based on odorants concentrations from biosolids emission and the accuracy of a small dataset.
Wind friction parametrisation used in emission models for wastewater treatment plants: A critical review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2017.07.030
Abstract: Emission models are widely applied tools for estimating atmospheric emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The friction velocity u
The Fate and Removal of Triclosan during Wastewater Treatment
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2005
Abstract: This work examines the variation in removal efficiency of triclosan in wastewater treatment works in the United Kingdom between November 2003 and April 2004. Concentrations of triclosan were measured at set points within three different types of wastewater treatment works: rotating biological contactors, trickling filters, and activated sludge. Overall removal of triclosan through these plants ranged from 58 to 96% (rotating biological contactors), 86 to 97% (trickling filter), and 95 to 98% (activated sludge).
Photovoltaic powered ultraviolet and visible light-emitting diodes for sustainable point-of-use disinfection of drinking waters
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.05.104
Abstract: For many decades, populations in rural and remote developing regions will be unable to access centralised piped potable water supplies, and indeed, decentralised options may be more sustainable. Accordingly, improved household point-of-use (POU) disinfection technologies are urgently needed. Compared to alternatives, ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection is very attractive because of its efficacy against all pathogen groups and minimal operational consumables. Though mercury arc l technology is very efficient, it requires frequent l replacement, involves a toxic heavy metal, and their quartz envelopes and sleeves are expensive, fragile and require regular cleaning. An emerging alternative is semiconductor-based units where UV light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are powered by photovoltaics (PV). Our review charts the development of these two technologies, their current status, and challenges to their integration and POU application. It explores the themes of UV-C-LEDs, non-UV-C LED technology (e.g. UV-A, visible light, Advanced Oxidation), PV power supplies, PV/LED integration and POU suitability. While UV-C LED technology should mature in the next 10 years, research is also needed to address other unresolved barriers to in situ application as well as emerging research opportunities especially UV-A, photocatalyst hotosensitiser use and pulsed emission options.
Characterisation of wastewater using an electronic nose
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1999
Sulfur flows and biosolids processing: Using Material Flux Analysis (MFA) principles at wastewater treatment plants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2017.04.056
Abstract: High flows of sulfur through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may cause noxious gaseous emissions, corrosion of infrastructure, inhibit wastewater microbial communities, or contribute to acid rain if the biosolids or biogas is combusted. Yet, sulfur is an important agricultural nutrient and the direct application of biosolids to soils enables its beneficial re-use. Flows of sulfur throughout the biosolids processing of six WWTPs were investigated to identify how they were affected by biosolids processing configurations. The process of tracking sulfur flows through the sites also identified limitations in data availability and quality, highlighting future requirements for tracking substance flows. One site was investigated in more detail showing sulfur speciation throughout the plant and tracking sulfur flows in odour control systems in order to quantify outflows to air, land and ocean sinks. While the majority of sulfur from WWTPs is removed as sulfate in the secondary effluent, the sulfur content of biosolids is valuable as it can be directly returned to soils to combat the potential sulfur deficiencies. Biosolids processing configurations, which focus on maximising solids recovery, through high efficiency separation techniques in primary sedimentation tanks, thickeners and dewatering centrifuges retain more sulfur in the biosolids. However, variations in sulfur loads and concentrations entering the WWTPs affect sulfur recovery in the biosolids, suggesting industrial emitters, and chemical dosing of iron salts are responsible for differences in recovery between sites.
Validation of a full-scale membrane bioreactor and the impact of membrane cleaning on the removal of microbial indicators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.12.123
Abstract: The removal of microbial indicators through a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was characterised. The overall log reduction of Escherichia coli and total coliforms were in the range of 5.0-5.9log10 units, while the reduction of clostridia was marginally less at 4.9log10 units. Removal of bacteriophage was in excess of 4.6log10 units. The impact of membrane cleaning on the elimination of microbial indicators was also assessed since this had been identified by pilot-scale studies as a potential hazardous event. Membrane cleaning temporarily reduced the log removal values of E. coli and total coliforms each by 1log10 unit, but did not affect the removal of bacteriophage or clostridia. Very little research has previously examined the consequences of hazardous events on the performance of full-scale MBRs, and thus the findings presented here will facilitate improvements for the risk assessment and management of MBRs used in water recycling schemes.
Visualisation of polysaccharide fouling on microporous membrane using different characterisation techniques
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
Monitoring bacterial indicators and pathogens in cattle feedlot waste by real-time PCR
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2009.11.016
Abstract: Quantitative microbial health risk assessment requires accurate enumeration of pathogens in hazard-containing matrices as part of the risk characterization process. As part of a risk management-oriented study of cattle feedlot waste contaminants, we investigated the utility of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for surveying the microbial constituents of different faecal wastes. The abundance of Escherichia coli and enterococci were first estimated in five cattle feedlot waste types from five localities. Bacteria were quantified using two culture methods and compared to the number of genome copies detected by qPCR targeted at E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Bacterial numbers detected in the different wastes (fresh faeces, pen manure, aged manure, composted manure, carcass manure compost) ranged from 10-(7) to 10(2)g(-1) (dry weight). Both indicator groups were detected by qPCR with a comparable sensitivity to culture methods across this range. qPCR measurements of E. coli and E. faecalis correlated well with MPN and spread plate data. As a second comparison, we inoculated green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled reference bacteria into manure s les. GFP labeled E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes were detected by qPCR in concentrations corresponding to between 18% and 71% of the initial bacterial numbers, compared to only 2.5-16% by plating. Our results supported our selection of qPCR as a fast, accurate and reliable system for surveying the presence and abundance of pathogens in cattle waste.
Monitoring techniques for odour abatement assessment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.WATRES.2010.06.013
Abstract: Odorous emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants are a complex mixture of volatile chemicals that can cause annoyance to local populations, resulting in complaints to wastewater operators. Due to the variability in hedonic tone and chemical character of odorous emissions, no analytical technique can be applied universally for the assessment of odour abatement performance. Recent developments in analytical methodologies, specifically gas chromatography, odour assessment approaches (odour wheels, the odour profile method and dynamic olfactometry), and more recently combined gas chromatography-sensory analysis, have contributed to improvements in our ability to assesses odorous emissions in terms of odorant concentration and composition. This review collates existing knowledge with the aim of providing new insight into the effectiveness of sensorial and characterisation approaches to improve our understanding of the fate of odorous emissions during odour abatement. While research in non-specific sensor array (e-nose) technology has resulted in progress in the field of continuous odour monitoring, more successful long term case-studies are still needed to overcome the early overoptimistic performance expectations. Knowledge gaps still remain with regards to the decomposition of thermally unstable volatile compounds (especially sulfur compounds), the inability to predict synergistic, antagonistic, or additive interactions among odorants in combined chemical/sensorial analysis techniques, and the long term stability of chemical sensors due to sensor drift, aging, temperature/relative humidity effects, and temporal variations. Future odour abatement monitoring will require the identification of key odorants to facilitate improved process selection, design and management.
Dinitrogen oxide production by a mixed culture of nitrifying bacteria during ammonia shock loading and aeration failure
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2002
Review of odour abatement in sewer networks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Influence of pH on gas phase controlled mass transfer in a membrane contactor for hydrogen sulphide absorption
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Distribution and sensorial relevance of volatile organic compounds emitted throughout wastewater biosolids processing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.04.129
Abstract: A erse range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from wastewater biosolids processing. Odorous emissions are predominately made up of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) which are typically the only odorants measured. However, a range of VOCs are known to contribute to malodours yet previous studies often overlook the contribution of VOCs in comparison with VSCs. This study aims to evaluate how emissions are affected by different biosolids processing configurations, and if any non-sulfur VOCs should be included in odour measurement and management. Non-sulfur VOCs emitted from biosolids throughout six wastewater treatment plants in the Sydney, Australia region were measured at six locations on average twice each week over 2-3weeks at each site. Variations in types of VOCs emitted throughout and between the sites were assigned to differences in WWTP processing configurations, plant operation and variations in industrial and municipal flows to the sewer network, referred to as sewer catchments. The presence of VOCs is likely due to biotic generation as well as industrial or residential additions to the sewer network. The dewatered and stored biosolids s les had the highest levels of VOC emissions. Sensorially important odorants were p-cresol and butanoic acid, based on the frequency of detection and odour activity values. Other compounds with a high risk of nuisance impacts were trimethylamine, indole and phenol emitted from the dewatered and stored biosolids, and volatile fatty acids from the anaerobic digester inlet and outlet at one particular site. The findings show that non-sulfur VOCs should be added to odorant monitoring c aigns at WWTPs. Identification of VOCs as sensorially important odorants opens opportunities for the more efficient management of nuisance odours, through targeted odour control or process improvement.
Quantification of VOCs and the development of odour wheels for rubber processing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.11.451
Abstract: The impacts of rubber variations (clonal, seasonal, and pre-treatment) were investigated to assess changes in the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during rubber processing. VOC emissions from 14 different rubber types were evaluated by headspace micro-chamber (μ-TEC) extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Headspace extracted at 120 °C, which is equivalent to the drying temperature during rubber processing, revealed a significant number of odorants in terms of concentrations as well as odorant type. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic and hexanoic acids, were frequently detected at concentrations greater than their odour detection thresholds. Other odorous compounds including trimethylamine, p-cresol, butanone, indole, and phenol, were also detected. Emissions collected at ambient conditions represent odorants released during material storage (or maturation) and were dominated by benzene derivatives followed by ketones, aldehydes, esters, and acids. Emission composition during storage appeared to be governed by specific rubber properties such as protein and rubber moisture content. Seasonal variations revealed greater impacts on the concentration of VOCs for all studied clones, compared to pre-treatment variations, suggesting that the VOCs composition was seasonally dependent and may represents the 'potential' emissions from rubber as they are processed. A combination of sensorial and analytical measurements were used to produce odour wheels which may be used as tool to identify key malodours in onsite rubber processing. The linking of odours and odorants can facilitate communication between receptors (the public) and plant operators inorder to minimise odour impact and develop effective abatement and on-site management practices.
Characterisation of membrane fouling deposition and removal by direct observation technique
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
Towards Fouling Monitoring and Visualization in Membrane Bioreactors
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-01-2009
Related Organisations
Related Funding Activities
Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0880626
Start Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2011
Amount: $390,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0556983
Start Date: 2005
End Date: 06-2008
Amount: $435,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0990189
Start Date: 01-2010
End Date: 12-2014
Amount: $390,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP1096691
Start Date: 02-2010
End Date: 12-2014
Amount: $330,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0882388
Start Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2008
Amount: $130,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP150100304
Start Date: 06-2016
End Date: 12-2020
Amount: $470,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0989365
Start Date: 06-2009
End Date: 01-2013
Amount: $340,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0776347
Start Date: 02-2008
End Date: 01-2012
Amount: $380,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0882016
Start Date: 10-2008
End Date: 10-2013
Amount: $4,656,803.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0883080
Start Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2008
Amount: $490,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityIndustrial Transformation Training Centres - Grant ID: IC190100033
Start Date: 08-2020
End Date: 07-2025
Amount: $3,852,568.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0558029
Start Date: 2005
End Date: 12-2008
Amount: $495,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP130100033
Start Date: 02-2014
End Date: 11-2017
Amount: $390,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity