ORCID Profile
0000-0003-0660-1934
Current Organisations
CSIRO
,
University of Western Australia
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: CABI
Date: 2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-04-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S10493-015-9915-2
Abstract: In this study, we analyzed 1145 vacuum s les of redlegged earth mites (RLEM) [Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae)] from 18 s ling events at six locations in pastoral landscapes of Western Australia during three growing seasons (2012-2014) (total of 228,299 RLEM in iduals). The specific objectives were to determine: (1) presence/absence effects of a range of vegetation characteristics, (2) possible factors influencing RLEM s ling performance during the course of the season and day, (3) effects of size of area s led and duration of s ling, (4) the spatial structure of RLEM counts in uniform pastoral vegetation, and (5) develop "best practices" regarding field-based vacuum s ling of surface dwelling soil mites in pastoral landscapes. We found that s ling of completely bare ground will lead to very low RLEM counts but spots with sparse vegetation (presence of bare ground) probably increases the presence of microhabitats for mites to shelter in and therefore lead to higher RLEM counts. RLEM counts were positively associated with the height of vegetation, at least up to about 15 cm in height. In early season (May-August), highest RLEM counts will be obtained in the afternoon hours (2-4 pm), whereas in late season s ling (August-November), highest RLEM counts will be obtained around noon. Higher RLEM counts should be expected from spots with grazed/mowed vegetation including cape weed and without presence of grasses and stubble. Variogram analyses of high-resolution data sets suggested that considerable range of spatial autocorrelation should be expected from fields with fairly uniform vegetation, especially if RLEM population densities are high. We are therefore recommending that s les are collected at least 30 m apart, if the objective is to obtain independent (spatially non-correlated) counts. The results from this study may be used to develop effective s ling protocols deployed in field ecology studies of soil surface dwelling mesofauna in pastoral landscapes and other ecosystems.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300037421
Abstract: Seasonal occurrence and abundance of redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), was measured by weekly s ling in grazed annual pastures near Keysbrook (1990–1992) and Narrogin (1991–1992) in southwestern Australia. Mites were active for 27 weeks from the late autumn (May) to mid-spring (October), completing three generations at approximately 8 week intervals. The summer is spent as diapause eggs in the cadavers of adult female mites. In 1991 and 1992, active H. destructor was on average twice as abundant at Keysbrook (mean 11,300 mites/m 2 ), as at Narrogin (mean 6400 mites/m 2 ). Three times more eggs were laid at Keysbrook than Narrogin (mean 8500 and 2900 eggs/m 2 respectively). Rainfall at Keysbrook was twice that at Narrogin, and temperatures were higher. We suggest that the rate of oviposition was less at Narrogin, probably because of resource limitation. The mature adult sex ratio was female biased, but was lower at Keysbrook (0.669) than at Narrogin (0.813). Neozygites acaridis , a fungal disease, was detected in less than 4% of the population, mainly in adult mites in late spring. Rainfall and temperatures were lower in the spring of 1992 than 1991 at both sites. Pasture was grazed considerably shorter in the spring of 1992, and numbers of H. destructor were lower, but numbers of eggs laid in the two years were similar. We suggest that active mite mortality was greater in spring of 1992, probably due to lower relative humidity. There were fewer adult mites in spring, and fewer diapausing eggs in summer at both sites in 1992 (36,600 diapause eggs/m 2 ) than in 1991 (148,000 diapause eggs/m 2 ). It is proposed that controlling mites in spring should lead to lower numbers of diapause eggs in summer and of mites emerging in autumn.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1071/EA08020
Abstract: The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, continues to be an intractable pest causing damage to most crop and pasture species in southern Australia. H. destructor feed on all stages of plants, but particularly damage seedlings in autumn. Research has aimed to develop new controls based on a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest. Chemicals remain the key tool to control H. destructor, despite the recent appearance of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. A control package, Timerite, has been developed by which a single well-timed spray in spring can prevent H. destructor from developing diapause eggs. Field trials show this strategy provides effective control of H. destructor the following autumn, and protects plant seedlings, although mite populations build up again during winter. Non-chemical control strategies include grazing, the use of tolerant plants such as cereals, resistant legume cultivars and avoiding rotations where favourable host plants are available in the year before growing susceptible crops such as canola. Natural enemies can assist in mite control, and their numbers can be enhanced by methods including increasing landscape features like shelterbelts. Interspecific competition can occur between H. destructor and other pest mites, but the extent to which these interactions influence the structure of pest communities under different management regimes remains to be investigated.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-1986
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300015285
Abstract: Egg production by two scarabaeine dung beetles, Onthophagus binodis (Thunberg) and Onitis alexis Klug, was measured in the laboratory in relation to seasonal changes in the characteristics of the cattle dung on which they fed. Dung was collected in two areas of south-western Australia monthly between September and May. Egg production was high on dung from green annual pasture from September to November and on green irrigated perennial pasture from December to May and low on dung from dead annual pasture from December to May. O. alexis was somewhat less affected by these seasonal changes in dung characteristics than Onthophagus binodis .
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1970
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1998
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-12-2006
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1988
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300015480
Abstract: Seasonal patterns of abundance of Musca vetustissima Walker and scarabaeine dung beetles were measured at Busselton in south-western Australia for two years before and three years after, the introduction and establishment of two species of summer-active dung beetles, Oniticellus pallipes (F.) and Onthophagus binodis (Thunberg). Previously, only a single winter-active native dung beetle species, O. ferox Harold, occurred in this area. The mean dry weight of dung beetles trapped in December (early summer) was unaffected by the establishment of the additional species, and fly populations remained high. In January, however, dung beetle dry weight increased more than 60-fold and M. vetustissima abundance fell to 12% of its previous value, essentially halving the duration of major fly problems in the area. Virtually no flies emerged from cattle dung after December, when dung beetle activity reduced egg-adult survival of M. vetustissima to only 0·5%. It is proposed that better M. vetustissima control could be achieved in much of south-western Australia by introducing additional dung beetle species that are abundant in November and December.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-07-2004
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1071/CP14031
Abstract: Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1982
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF00328681
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S11248-016-9965-1
Abstract: The ability to generate transgenic animals has existed for over 30 years, and from those early days many predicted that the technology would have beneficial applications in agriculture. Numerous transgenic agricultural animals now exist, however to date only one product from a transgenic animal has been approved for the food chain, due in part to cumbersome regulations. Recently, new techniques such as precision breeding have emerged, which enables the introduction of desired traits without the use of transgenes. The rapidly growing human population, environmental degradation, and concerns related to zoonotic and pandemic diseases have increased pressure on the animal agriculture sector to provide a safe, secure and sustainable food supply. There is a clear need to adopt transgenic technologies as well as new methods such as gene editing and precision breeding to meet these challenges and the rising demand for animal products. To achieve this goal, cooperation, education, and communication between multiple stakeholders-including scientists, industry, farmers, governments, trade organizations, NGOs and the public-is necessary. This report is the culmination of concepts first discussed at an OECD sponsored conference and aims to identify the main barriers to the adoption of animal biotechnology, tactics for navigating those barriers, strategies to improve public perception and trust, as well as industry engagement, and actions for governments and trade organizations including the OECD to harmonize regulations and trade agreements. Specifically, the report focuses on animal biotechnologies that are intended to improve breeding and genetics and currently are not routinely used in commercial animal agriculture. We put forward recommendations on how scientists, regulators, and trade organizations can work together to ensure that the potential benefits of animal biotechnology can be realized to meet the future needs of agriculture to feed the world.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-04-2011
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1071/EA96073
Abstract: Summary. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to establish some of the requirements for successful mass rearing of Halotydeus destructor (redlegged earth mite). Numbers of mites reared on Vicia sativa (common vetch) cv. Blanchefleur grown alone or on a mixture of vetch with Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cv. Goulburn, were significantly higher than those on subterranean clover or Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) alone. Populations reared on vetch grown in a sandy soil were significantly higher than those reared on vetch grown in a loamy soil, pure sand or pure loam. Covering the soil surface with a natural pasture mulch increased mite numbers compared with leaving the soil bare or placing plant pots inside ventilated cages. Subsequent changes in rearing methodology produced enough mites to enable summer screening of subterranean clover lines for resistance to H. destructorfor the first time. Over 20 000 mites can be produced from vetch at one time for screening tests throughout the year.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1988
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1071/AR99037
Abstract: Redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) causes feeding damage to some pulse species at the seedling stage. To quantify the effect of this damage on subsequent plant growth and development, an experiment was conducted in the glasshouse using yellow lupin, Lupinus luteus cv. Motiv, which is highly susceptible to the mites. After emergence, plants were infested with 0, 100, 150, and 250 mites lant, collected from the field. Fourteen days after application, mites were removed. Damage to plants was estimated at seedling stage, flowering time, and maturity. At seedling stage (on Day 14), feeding damage scores to cotyledons and true leaves were greater at higher mite densities. Damaged plants produced fewer nodules, fewer lateral roots, and less dry weight than the control. On Day 35, severely damaged plants failed to recover and on the surviving plants, cotyledons and true leaves died earlier than on the plants without damage. On Day 78, when plants were flowering, the surviving plants produced fewer nodules and branches, and less dry weight per plant than the control. The flowering time of plants with the mite treatments was delayed by up to 6 days compared with the controls. The final shoot dry weight, pod number, seed number, and seed yield per pot were significantly reduced by the mite treatments. Feeding by H. destructor on seedlings of yellow lupin caused a reduction in seed yield of 58% at the highest mite density treatment. This significant economic loss needs to be confirmed under field conditions, but it signifies the need to develop appropriate control measures for this pest.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF00058935
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-03-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-11-2002
DOI: 10.1002/ARCH.10063
Abstract: Halotydeus destructor feeding on subterranean clover cotyledons can cause severe damage. The mites live on the soil surface and move up onto plants to feed. Foraging behaviour consists of palpating, probing, and feeding with frequent transitions between them. Sustained feeding is made up of a series of short (1-2 min) feeds separated by periods of palpating. The mites tend to feed in aggregations, and are attracted to cotyledons damaged by other mites feeding or by mechanical damage. Mites can distinguish between resistant and susceptible cotyledons within 30 min and resistance is antixenotic due to deterrence. Study of the mechanisms shows this to be induced plant resistance. Several green leaf volatiles are involved in the plant/mite interaction. After feeding commences, 2-E-hexenal is released that at low concentrations is attractive to mites, perhaps causing the feeding aggregations. The wound-induced C(8) compound, 1-octen-3-one, plays a significant role in the deterrence of cotyledons of resistant subterranean clover varieties to H. destructor. Damaged cotyledons of resistant varieties produce more 1-octen-3-one that those of susceptible varieties. Screening for resistance has identified varieties from Italy showing resistance. H. destructor does not occur in Europe. Production of damage-induced volatiles by the resistant plants may have resulted from invasion by herbivores or pathogens, but not from coevolution with these mites. The responses of H. destructor are probably an adaptation to these general plant defensive compounds.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-1986
DOI: 10.1007/BF02372369
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
Abstract: Survival of medium sized nymphal stages of redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (mainly tritonymphs and deutonymphs) stored under low temperature (1.5 degrees C) in sealed plastic boxes remained more than 50% after 12 days of storage, with some mites surviving for up to eight weeks. Adding fresh subclover leaves into the storage box increased the survival rate of mites from 12% to 28%, 19 days after the storage started. Mites stored for two weeks at low temperatures showed feeding activity in a screening experiment similar to mites collected directly from the field. This indicated that cold storage of redlegged earth mite can be used to build up mite numbers for large screening experiments, or to extend the period of availability of mites collected from the field. However, their reproductive ability was greatly reduced after three weeks at low temperature. Thus, care should be taken when using mites for experiments measuring reproduction. The implications of low temperatures for reducing field populations of mites in midwinter are also discussed.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 07-04-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-04-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2005
Abstract: In the absence of high levels of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in the cultivated germplasm of chickpea, we evaluated accessions of Cicer spp. mostly Cicer reticulatum Ladzinsky, for resistance to this important pest. Under multichoice conditions in the field, 10 accessions showed lower leaf damage and lower numbers of eggs, larvae, or both of H. armigera. Of these, IG 69960, IG 72934, and IG 72936 showed significantly lower leaf feeding than the cultivated genotypes or other accessions at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Larval weight was lower or comparable with that on C. bijugum (IG 70019) and C. judaicum (IG 70032) in C. reticulatum accessions IG 72933, IG 72934, IG 72936, and IG 72953 at the seedling stage and on IG 69960 and IG 72934 at the flowering stage. The accessions showing resistance to H. armigera in the field and laboratory conditions were placed in different groups, indicating the presence of ersity in C. reticulatum accessions for resistance to this pest. Less than seven larvae survived on IG 70020, IG 72940, IG 72948, and IG 72949, and IG 72964 compared with 12 on ICC 506. Larval and total developmental periods were prolonged by 6-15 and 3-8 d, respectively, on C. reticultatum accessions compared with those on ICCC 37. Less than five larvae pupated on the C. reticulatum accessions (except IG 72958 and ICC 17163) compared with 11 in ICCC 37. Accessions showing lower leaf feeding and adverse effects on the survival and development can be used in increasing the levels and ersifying the basis of resistance to H. armigera in chickpea.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1071/CP12189
Abstract: A key goal in the breeding for aphid resistance of cultivated lupins is to manipulate the levels and distributions of alkaloids. Lupin alkaloids are known to be responsible for resistance to herbivorous insects, but the total seed alkaloid level must remain under 0.02% for animal and human consumption. Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) is being investigated as a new legume crop for Western Australia (WA), but most lines produced to date have been very susceptible to aphids. In contrast, breeders in WA have had ongoing success releasing narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) cultivars with adequate resistance to aphids. In this study, aphid performance was evaluated on yellow lupin plants in the glasshouse from an F2 population derived from a cross between Teo, a yellow lupin cultivar resistant to aphids and with high total alkaloid levels, and Wodjil, a single plant selection from Teo that is susceptible to aphids and has low total alkaloid levels, and their parents. Resistance in Teo and the F2 progeny was strongly associated with the alkaloids gramine and a gramine analogue. The absence of plants with intermediate levels of these alkaloids in progeny of this cross makes it unlikely that aphid-resistant lines can be generated using Teo as the resistance source. On the other hand, different alkaloids were correlated with aphid resistance in the narrow-leafed lupin cultivar Kalya, and aphid resistance was more evenly distributed among progeny of a cross of the resistant cultivar Kalya with the susceptible cultivar Tallerack. For this reason, additional yellow lupin lines with a more erse alkaloid profile were selected for further study from the Australian lupin breeding program. A wide variation in the aphid tolerance among lines was observed and aphid tolerance was positively correlated with alkaloid content. However, four lines were identified with moderate levels of aphid resistance in a low alkaloid background. These lines had varying alkaloid profiles, but as expected none were dominated by gramine and its analogues. We believe these lines offer a greater opportunity for aphid resistance breeding in yellow lupins.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
Abstract: Redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, is a major pest of pastures and crops in Australia, and also feeds on lower plants on the soil surface. Feeding behaviour is reviewed, and the role of Arctotheca calendula, capeweed, in determining occurrence and abundance in pastures is investigated. Mites fed more and produced more progeny on Trifolium subterraneum (subclover) than on capeweed in non-choice experiments. In pastures with mixed species three times more mites were feeding on subclover than on capeweed foliage. However, twice as many mites were found on the soil surface under pasture patches consisting mainly of capeweed than of subclover. Patches were selected on the basis of pasture height, irrespective of plant composition. Twice as many mites were found in populations under patches of tall than short pasture. The daytime relative humidity was higher in tall than short patches, and the temperature slightly lower, making tall patches a more favourable niche for these mites. Ninety per cent of H. destructor were on the soil surface, while 10% were feeding on the upper canopy of pasture. The proportion of each population that was feeding was greater on subclover than capeweed, and subclover was a more suitable food. In Australia H. destructor occurs in regions with mixed pasture species, grown in rotation with grain crops. The ability of H. destructor to utilize foliage of a range of plant species of differing suitability for food, while living mostly on the soil surface in niches favourable for survival, has enabled it to become very abundant.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2005
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 06-07-2005
DOI: 10.1021/JF0502202
Abstract: Trifolium glanduliferum Boiss. was resistant to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker (Acari: Penthaleidae), feeding compared with Trifolium subterraneum L. Extracts from T. glanduliferum leaves, obtained with dichloromethane and methanol, acted as feeding deterrents to the redlegged earth mite. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the extracts led to the isolation of several metabolites, coumarin, alpha-and beta-ionone, linalool, medicarpin, that were shown to be deterrent in laboratory experiments. The compounds contributing to the defense of T. glanduliferum were different from those influencing mite feeding on T. subterraneum leaves.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1071/AR99108
Abstract: The impact of water stress and infestations of redlegged earth mite [Halotydeus destructor Tucker (Acarina : Penthaleidae)] on the early growth and botanical composition of a mixed subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and capeweed (Arctotheca calendula Levyns) pasture was investigated in a controlled environment experiment. Water stress and redlegged earth mite infestations both significantly reduced herbage production from both species. The yield of the subterranean clover was suppressed less by water stress than that of the capeweed. The differing sensitivities of the two species to water stress were attributed to differences in seedling size and growth rates at the onset of the drought. Redlegged earth mites caused greater feeding damage on cotyledons of the subterranean clover than of the capeweed. Despite this, the mites had a greater deleterious impact on the growth of the capeweed, which was suppressed both in the presence and absence of water stress. Redlegged earth mites in the presence of water stress did not significantly affect the growth of the subterranean clover. Furthermore, in the absence of water stress, the growth of the subterranean clover was greater when mites were present than when absent. The greater sensitivity of the capeweed to the effects of feeding by the redlegged earth mites was attributed to the smaller size of its seedlings at the time the redlegged earth mites were introduced. The increase in growth of the subterranean clover following the introduction of redlegged earth mites is more likely due to a change in the competitive relationships between the two plant species than to any direct effect of the mites’ feeding. Our observations indicate that the presence of water stress and redlegged earth mites significantly affects the competitive interactions between seedlings of subterranean clover and capeweed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF00051153
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-2003
DOI: 10.1079/BER2003256
Abstract: Laboratory bioassays and field trials were used to characterize resistance to three aphid species ( Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, Aphis craccivora (Koch) in two aphid-resistant varieties (Kalya, Tanjil) and one susceptible variety (Tallerack) of Lupinus angustifolius L., and in one resistant variety (Teo) and one susceptible variety (Wodjil) of L. luteus L. Host selection tests in the glasshouse showed that alates of all three species preferred L. luteus to L. angustifolius , but provided no evidence that alates selected susceptible varieties over resistant. These results were supported by a field trial, which showed no difference in the number of colonizing A. kondoi alates collected from the resistant and susceptible lines of each lupin species, but there were significantly more late-instar nymphs and apterous adults on the susceptible lines. In laboratory host suitability experiments, there was much greater suppression of aphid growth and survival on Teo than on Kalya and Tanjil. In field trials, the numbers of aphids were generally lower on resistant compared to susceptible lines of both lupin species with one notable exception: M. persicae numbers were not lower on the resistant variety Tanjil compared to the susceptible variety Tallerack ( L. angustifolius ). These results suggest that the resistance mechanisms in both lupin species do not affect the selection of hosts by colonizing aphids, but rather are affecting the growth, survival and possibly reproduction of aphids after settling.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-01-2013
DOI: 10.1002/PS.3457
Abstract: Control of pests in stored grain and the evolution of resistance to pesticides are serious problems worldwide. A stochastic in idual-based two-locus model was used to investigate the impact of two important issues, the consistency of pesticide dosage through the storage facility and the immigration rate of the adult pest, on overall population control and avoidance of evolution of resistance to the fumigant phosphine in an important pest of stored grain, the lesser grain borer. A very consistent dosage maintained good control for all immigration rates, while an inconsistent dosage failed to maintain control in all cases. At intermediate dosage consistency, immigration rate became a critical factor in whether control was maintained or resistance emerged. Achieving a consistent fumigant dosage is a key factor in avoiding evolution of resistance to phosphine and maintaining control of populations of stored-grain pests when the dosage achieved is very inconsistent, there is likely to be a problem regardless of immigration rate.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1986
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1071/EA99144
Abstract: Damage caused by redlegged earth mite to seedlings of 6 pulse species and its effect on subsequent plant growth and grain yield were examined under controlled and field conditions. Seedling damage caused by redlegged earth mite affected subsequent plant growth and reduced seed yield, but the responses varied among different pulse species. Field pea and yellow lupin were the most susceptible at seedling stage and flowering, but only yellow lupin suffered significant reduction in grain yield (30%) in the field. Narrow-leafed lupin suffered moderate damage, faba bean slight damage, while chickpea and lentil suffered little or no damage. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1990
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1998.TB10155.X
Abstract: Although many dietary and lifestyle interventions have been proposed, the concept of total dietary replacement (TDR) to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes in the Gulf region is new. With the high levels of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the region, offering TDR to patients for weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes would assist in achieving health outcomes. The aim of the current study was to explore and understand remission of type 2 diabetes and TDR from the perspectives of dietitians to identify challenges and recommend solutions for implementation in Kuwait. A qualitative approach utilizing focus groups was chosen to explore the topic. Purposive s ling was used to gain experiences from a erse s le across primary, secondary, and tertiary specialized diabetes centers. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Grounded theory using an iterative approach was applied to analyze the data. Three focus groups with a total of 17 participants achieved data saturation. The s le was varied in terms of workplace and years of experience. The three emerging themes were motivation to use the TDR approach, perceived challenges of TDR, and suggestions to improve and adapt approaches for Kuwait. Dietitians reported that remission of type 2 diabetes is a great motivator for patients to undergo TDR, although various factors were identified that may affect uptake including age, level of education, and social and cultural environment. By understanding dietitians' perspectives, it has provided insight on views regarding the implementation of TDR to achieve remission in Kuwait and how best to tailor approaches by focusing on patient support needs and adopting a flexible approach.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90150-L
Abstract: Scarabaeine dung beetles feeding on dung from cattle treated with an injection of avermectin at a therapeutic dose to control internal parasites, show larval mortality, mortality of immature adults, reduced egg production, and inhibited ovariole development for periods of 1-4 weeks following treatment. In winter rainfall regions of Australia, feeding by newly emerged adults of an introduced species, Onthophagus binodis, resulted in shredding of cattle dung between December and May. Production of brood masses and eggs resulted in dung being buried from September to November. Feeding by newly emerged adults of a native species, Onthophagus ferox, resulted in dung being buried in May and June, and production of brood masses for breeding resulted in dung burial between September and November. There are thus 2-6 months of the year when injection of cattle with avermectin would affect mortality of newly emerged beetles, and 3 months of the year when avermectin treatment of cattle would affect dung beetle oviposition or larval survival. Beetles were attracted to fresh dung for 2-4 days, and most had left the pad within a week. There are no data to indicate the effects of avermectin residues in dung on dung beetle populations and on beetle fitness. Tests should be done to determine if avermectins in slow release devices have a greater effect on dung beetles than injections, and to determine what effects both have on dung beetle populations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1971
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: InTech
Date: 30-01-2013
DOI: 10.5772/53987
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1991
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2005
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.1017/S000748530005255X
Abstract: Resistance involving penetrability of cotyledons of subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum (Leguminosae) by the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker, was examined in this study using several approaches. Values of penetrability, presented as mechanical strength measured with a penetrometer with a tubulated probe, of cotyledons tested 11–13 days after seeding, from nine varieties of two subspecies of subterranean clover ( T. subterraneum subsp. yanninicum and subsp. brachycalicinum ) were negatively correlated with feeding damage caused by H. destructor in both 3 h pairwise choice tests in a Petri dish with detached cotyledons, and in 2 week multiple choice tests in containers with seedlings. Simulation tests with different artificial membranes (Parafilm and Gladwrap) making up sachets, containing 5% glucose as a feeding stimulant, indicated that within 3 h H. destructor preferred membranes with lower strength. Field-collected young adults had significantly higher physical fitness to feed and/or gather on the artificial membrane sachet containing 5% glucose, than those from the laboratory culture, when the sachet was compared with cotyledons of either resistant (DGI007) or susceptible (Dalkeith) varieties in the choice tests. Electron microscopic observations of mite infested cotyledons of the resistant variety (DGI007) reveal that upper epidermal cell walls around penetration holes are bent inwards. Anticlinal cell walls of palisade cells appear buckled following attack by H. destructor . The results from these studies were taken as further evidence for the involvement of mechanical factors in antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to H. destructor .
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1990
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300050744
Abstract: The stages of bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker, killed by the dung beetles, Onthophagus binodis Thunberg and Onitis alexis Klug, at low and high densities were measured in cattle dung of low nutritive value. A high level of M. vetustissima mortality occurred in the presence of Onitis alexis and Onthophagus binodis in experiments both in the laboratory at a constant 25°C, and exposed to summer fluctuating temperatures outside. The K values for total eggpuparia mortality increased curvilinearly with increasing log 10 beetle numbers. The mortality of older larvae, k 3 , was most closely correlated with total mortality, K, where b = 0.720 and r 2 = 0.931, while a lesser but significant correlation was obtained with mortality of young larvae, k 2 , where b = 0.291 and r 2 = 0.645, but no correlation was obtained with egg mortality, k 1 , where b = −0.010 and r 2 = 0.058. It is predicted that in unfavourable dung which occurs during summer, mortality of older bush fly larvae will be the key mortality caused by scarabaeine dung beetles.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2001
Publisher: Schweizerbart
Date: 04-08-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1991
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1987
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300012220
Abstract: The mortality of eggs and larvae of Musca vetustissima Walker, caused by two scarabaeine dung beetles was measured in the laboratory in favourable cattle dung at 23°C. Eggs and larvae less than one day old were the main stages killed in the dung. Mortality from beetles that entered dung immediately after fly oviposition was higher than that from beetles that entered the dung one or three days later. The results also indicated that there are differences between species of dung beetles in the mode of action against the fly. The smaller beetle species, Onthophagus binodis (Thunberg), at densities of 120 beetles ad caused increased mortalities of 12% of fly eggs and 11% of young larvae but did not affect older larvae, while the larger species, O. ferox Harold, at densities of 48 beetles ad caused no extra mortality of eggs but did cause an increased mortality of 47% of young fly larvae and 61% of older larvae.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1984
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300011330
Abstract: The effect of excluding the night-flying dung fauna, which included one abundant species of dung beetle (Scarabaeidae) in each of two areas, on the numbers of Musca vetustissima Wlk. emerging from cattle dung pads was studied in south-western Australia. Fresh dung pads were exposed to natural, daytime oviposition by M. vetustissima and half were covered at night. A test at one site before dung beetles emerged showed no effect of other nocturnal fauna on fly survival. In three experiments where Onthophagus ferox Har. was excluded, the numbers of flies emerging increased from 679 to 1019 per dung pad. In five experiments where Onitis alexis Klug was excluded, the number of flies emerging increased from 14 to 33 per dung pad. The mortality contributed by Onthophagus ferox was estimated to be around 27% and that by Onitis alexis around 15%.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300052524
Abstract: The foraging behaviour of the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), in annual pasture was documented and the relative numbers of in iduals foraging on subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum (Leguminosae), capeweed, Arctotheca calendula (Compositae) and grasses (mainly Lolium rigidum (Gramineae)), estimated in winter and spring in south-western Australia. The main feature of H. destructor foraging behaviour was the presence of aggregations ranging in size from 3–36 in iduals on the adaxial surfaces of the upper canopy of the pasture. Most aggregating in iduals were feeding, while most solitary and paired in iduals were searching. There was no evidence that in iduals aggregated for reproductive behaviour the adult sex ratio was similar to that of the population even though immatures were under-represented in aggregations. During winter the distribution of numbers of H. destructor on subclover, capeweed and grasses in the upper canopy of pasture was similar to the estimated ground cover of these plant species. However, in iduals showed host-plant selection for subclover when feeding. During spring, when the pasture plants were flowering, there were more H. destructor in capeweed flowers than in aggregations on subclover foliage. The capeweed flowers were shown to enhance the rate of H. destructor reproduction in a laboratory experiment. Most H. destructor were on or near the soil surface, with 10% at any one time on the upper canopy of the pasture. H. destructor is polyphagous, and behaved in pasture as a selective opportunist feeder.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1989
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1980
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1071/AR9951091
Abstract: Responses of redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) to seedlings of three resistant and four susceptible varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were measured after 7 or 14 days in pot experiments in the glasshouse. With a single variety ot, mites on resistant varieties (DGI007, EP145SubD and Rutherglen B) produced 45% of the progeny that were produced by mites on the susceptible varieties (89838G, Dalkeith, Junee and 70088B). Number of stages completed and survival were little affected by varieties. Feeding damage (silvering of cotyledons) on resistant varieties averaged 45% of that on susceptible varieties with a single varietylpot. H. destructor fed less on resistant varieties in choice than in single variety experiments. On Junee and 89838G seedlings, feeding damage was similar to that on other susceptible varieties, but there were about half as many H. destructor progeny as on Dalkeith and 70088B. Mites laid more eggs on soil away from Junee plants, compared to the other three susceptible varieties. Different factors adversely affected the number of progeny produced on resistant varieties and on Junee.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1975
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1983
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2014
DOI: 10.1111/EEA.12210
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1981
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300008452
Abstract: The effectiveness of three species of scarabaeids in reducing the survival of Musca vetustissima Wlk. in cattle dung was compared in laboratory experiments in Australia at 27°C in which the arthropod fauna collected in dung-baited traps in different localities at different times of year was added to one-litre dung pads containing known numbers of M. vetustissima eggs. The dung was collected from each site at the time of the experiment. Onitis alexis Klug collected in October and December at Geraldton, and Onthophagus binodis (Thnb.) collected in January at Bunbury, shredded most of the dung, reducing fly survival to 4% of that in control pads. O. binodis collected in March and October at Bunbury, and O. ferox Har. collected in May and December at Busselton, mostly buried dung, reducing fly survival to 32% of that in controls. Factors other than the numbers of beetles were also important in determining the degree of suppression of the fly.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1111/EEA.12655
Publisher: Canberra, CSIRO Division of Entomology
Date: 1980
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-1991
DOI: 10.1017/S000748530005327X
Abstract: Populations of African black beetle, Heteronychus arator (Fabricius), a subterranean pasture-dwelling pest of potatoes, were examined in pastures in geographically separated potato-growing areas covering 3½° of latitude in southwestern Australia. Abundance of all life stages was estimated by taking soil cores and the reproductive state of females was assessed from the stage of their ovarian development. H. arator adults emerged in late summer-early autumn (January–March), ovaries matured slowly during winter and oviposition occurred in spring (September–November). The interval between equivalent population events was about six weeks from the northernmost to the southernmost regions. Fecundity was estimated to be around 12 eggs/female and greatest natural mortality occurred late in the pre-adult development phase.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1985
DOI: 10.1007/BF02372222
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF00052391
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 04-1977
DOI: 10.2307/2401828
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1970
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1975
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1993
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-11-2016
DOI: 10.1111/EEN.12282
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF02055105
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-07-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2005
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 1986
DOI: 10.1007%2FBF01045609
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 08-1976
DOI: 10.2307/2401791
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 08-1972
DOI: 10.2307/2402443
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-04-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1997
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1986
DOI: 10.1007/BF01045609
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1986
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 21-03-1998
DOI: 10.1021/NP970503R
Location: Australia
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for James Ridsdill-Smith.