ORCID Profile
0000-0003-2580-8105
Current Organisation
Georgetown University
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Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 13-05-2013
Abstract: New estimates of the impacts of germplasm improvement in the major staple crops between 1965 and 2004 on global land-cover change are presented, based on simulations carried out using a global economic model (Global Trade Analysis Project Agro-Ecological Zone), a multicommodity, multiregional computable general equilibrium model linked to a global spatially explicit database on land use. We estimate the impact of removing the gains in cereal productivity attributed to the widespread adoption of improved varieties in developing countries. Here, several different effects—higher yields, lower prices, higher land rents, and trade effects—have been incorporated in a single model of the impact of Green Revolution research (and subsequent advances in yields from crop germplasm improvement) on land-cover change. Our results generally support the Borlaug hypothesis that increases in cereal yields as a result of widespread adoption of improved crop germplasm have saved natural ecosystems from being converted to agriculture. However, this relationship is complex, and the net effect is of a much smaller magnitude than Borlaug proposed. We estimate that the total crop area in 2004 would have been between 17.9 and 26.7 million hectares larger in a world that had not benefited from crop germplasm improvement since 1965. Of these hectares, 12.0–17.7 million would have been in developing countries, displacing pastures and resulting in an estimated 2 million hectares of additional deforestation. However, the negative impacts of higher food prices on poverty and hunger under this scenario would likely have dwarfed the welfare effects of agricultural expansion.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1982
DOI: 10.2307/1240753
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1973
DOI: 10.2307/1239121
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1998
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.2307/1244366
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1986
DOI: 10.2307/1242142
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1086/452046
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-1988
DOI: 10.1017/S001447970001588X
Abstract: The principal contribution that the farming systems perspective brings to agricultural research is a farmer and problem-solving orientation. Development of this orientation helps strengthen linkages in national research systems between commodity programmes and between disciplines for both applied and adaptive research. It can also strengthen linkages between research and extension and between research and policy analysis. Issues in strengthening each of these linkages are briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the socio-economic dimensions and the potential role of social scientists. It is argued that the farming systems perspective in agricultural research should be seen as performing an integrative role in research systems. This can often be developed without significant institutional reorganization.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-06-2013
DOI: 10.1093/AJAE/AAT034
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-06-2014
DOI: 10.3390/LAND3030574
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 07-2002
DOI: 10.1086/342759
Publisher: The Sax Institute
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.17061/PHRP2841831
Abstract: Human-generated climate change is causing adverse health effects through multiple direct pathways (e.g. heatwaves, sea-level rise, storm frequency and intensity) and indirect pathways (e.g. food and water insecurity, social instability). Although the health system has a key role to play in addressing these health effects, so too do those professions tasked with the development of the built environment (urban and regional planners, urban designers, landscapers and architects), through improvements to buildings, streets, neighbourhoods, suburbs and cities. This article reports on the ways in which urban planning and design, and architectural interventions, can address the health effects of climate change and the scope of climate change adaptation and mitigation approaches being implemented by the built environment professions. Type of program or service: Built environment adaptations and mitigations and their connections to the ways in which urban planning, urban design and architectural practices are addressing the health effects of climate change. Our reflections draw on the findings of a recent review of existing health and planning literature. First, we explore the ways in which 'adaptation' and 'mitigation' relate to the notion of human and planetary health. We then outline the broad scope of adaptation and mitigation interventions being envisioned, and in some instances actioned, by built environment professionals. Analysis of the review's findings reveals that adaptations developed by built environment professions predominantly focus on protecting human health and wellbeing from the effects of climate change. In contrast, built environment mitigations address climate change by embracing a deeper understanding of the co-benefits inherent in the interconnectedness of human health and wellbeing and the health of the ecosystem on which it depends. In the final section, we highlight the ethical transition that these approaches demand of built environment professions. Built environment interventions must move beyond simple ecological sustainability to encouraging ways of life that are healthy for both humans and the planet. There are key challenges facing this new approach.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2000
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-1989
DOI: 10.1017/S0014479700015076
Abstract: Simple methods are proposed for measuring the relative importance of grain and fodder produced jointly from maize fields in four zones in northern Pakistan. These methods suggest that the joint production of grain and fodder from maize is important in all four zones and that fodder accounts for between one-third and one-half of the total value of the crop. The relative value of fodder production is particularly high in two of the zones (the irrigated mid-altitude Swat Valley and the rainfed low altitude Islamabad District), both characterized by a high ratio of animal numbers:maize area. The results suggest that maize research and extension recommendations that do not take into consideration the fact that farmers produce maize for fodder as well as grain will often not be accepted by farmers.
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-RESOURCE-091912-151849
Abstract: Recent strong commodity prices have led to increased investor interest in farmland. Global analysis indicates that suitable land to bring into cultivation is available but concentrated in a limited number of land-abundant countries in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. In a much larger number of countries, productivity on currently cultivated land is significantly below potential. Higher returns to farming and relatively cheap land have contributed to a wave of investments into farming, mostly through very large ventures in land-rich countries. If land and other markets work well and a regulatory framework is in place, there are opportunities to generate considerable benefits by providing access to capital, technology, and new markets. However, investments have often been controversial because poor land governance and weak institutional capacity have made many of these ventures economically, socially, or environmentally unsustainable. Strengthening land governance and institutions and increasing public investment to raise smallholder productivity are major priorities for most countries to improve development outcomes from these investments.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-06-2019
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1017/S0014479700020603
Abstract: This paper draws on the results of farming systems research (FSR) conducted over five years at eight sites distributed throughout Pakistan. The main research findings with respect to the irrigated plains, or favoured areas (four sites), and the marginal mountainous and rainfed areas (four sites) are summarized, with emphasis on the role of system interactions in technology development. In favoured areas, most system interactions occur between crops grown in multiple cropping patterns, whereas in marginal areas, crop-livestock interactions dominate. Appropriate research strategies for each kind of environment are discussed. It is concluded that although there is a need for quite different research strategies for favoured and marginal areas, the methods and perspective of FSR are equally appropriate and even critical for achieving future gains in agricultural productivity in each type of environment. Estrategias de investigación agricola en zonas favorecidas y marginales: Experiencias recogidas durante la investigación de sistemas agrícolas en Pakistán
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1986
DOI: 10.2307/1241537
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1975
DOI: 10.2307/1238420
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1969
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2000
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1990
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 1987
DOI: 10.1086/451587
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 04-12-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.2307/1244415
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1987
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 11-07-2018
Publisher: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)
Date: 03-1993
Abstract: Rates of yield gain and returns to investtnent in wheat breeding research are estimated for Pakistan's Punjab for the period since the introduction of semidwarf varieties. Analysis of two comprehensive data sets indicates that wheat breeders have maintained a rate of yield gain in newer releases of semidwarf varieties of about 1 percent per year. Improved disease resistance of newer varieties may have also prevented a yield decline of the order of 0.25 percent per year. Yield gains on farms may be less (0.6 percent per year) because of slow diffusion of new varieties. Given costs of wheat research, returps to investment in wheat breeding have been above 20 percent and are over 15 percent even if all research costs at the national and international level are included. However, more rapid diffusion of new varieties in the Punjab could considerably increase returns to wheat research.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1990
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-04-2015
DOI: 10.3390/F6041301
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.06.261
Abstract: The management and remediation of contaminated environments increasingly involves engagement with affected local residents. Of late, risk communication tools and guidelines have drawn attention to the stress and concern of residents as a result of heightened awareness of localised contamination and the need to address these less visible impacts of contamination when engaging with affected communities. Despite this emerging focus, there is an absence of research exploring the factors that predict resident worry about neighbourhood contamination. This paper aims to address this shortcoming by drawing on data from a cross-sectional survey of 2009 adult residents in neighbourhoods near 13 contaminated sites across Australia. Analyses used ordered logistic regression to determine the sociodemographic, environmental, and knowledge-based factors that influence residents' degree of worry. The findings suggest age, gender and income significantly affect residents' degree of worry. Being knowledgeable about the contaminant was associated with lower degrees of worry. Conversely, having a stronger sense of place within a neighbourhood predicted higher degrees of worry. Type of contaminant also impacted resident worry, with residents being less likely to worry about hydrocarbon, asbestos and waste than other types of contaminants. Our analyses suggest resident worry can be reduced through improving access to accurate information and the development of specific risk reduction strategies tailored to each neighbourhood and aimed at the heterogeneous distribution of worry amongst residential populations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1991
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 13-02-2020
DOI: 10.1017/S1740022819000354
Abstract: Well before the green revolution in the 1960s, hybrid maize technology that had originally been developed in the USA spread across the world, starting before the Second World War. This article uses a framework that analyses the type of transfer (materials, knowledge, or capacity), the roles of erse actors, and farmer demand and its market context, to trace the diffusion of hybrid technology to Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Africa up to 1970. The article also highlights the importance of access to erse germplasm from the Americas provided by indigenous farmers. A handful of US public institutions promoted the spread of hybrid technology, with US private seed companies sometimes playing a secondary role. However, most cases of successful transfer were led by national scientists embedded in local institutions, who were able to link to local seed systems and farmers. By the mid 1970s, the aggregate impacts of these efforts were of the same magnitude as for the well-known and much publicized green revolution wheat varieties. Nonetheless, adoption of hybrid maize across and within countries was very patchy, relating to differences in scientific capacity, type of farmer, agro-ecology, and complementary investments in seed systems and extension. Consequently, impacts were often highly inequitable.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE)
Date: 05-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1990
Publisher: Intellect
Date: 06-2017
Abstract: Property rights regimes governing the expansion of agricultural commodity exports in the tropics have varied widely between and within colonial empires. This article illustrates this ersity within the British Empire from about 1850 to 1920. In British West Africa, indigenous customary rights were recognized and land concessions to plantations excluded. By contrast, colonial governments alienated large land tracts for plantations in Malaya, the Indian Hills and Ceylon that often conflicted with indigenous rights and shifting farming systems in upland forested areas. These differences among colonial policies on land and forest rights in turn led to quite different agrarian structures and strongly influenced the location of export production – differences that have persisted until today. The article explores a range of explanations for policy ergence with respect to land rights, including the initial conditions of population density and pre-existing industries, strategic concerns of the metropolitan power, growing civil society agitation on human rights in Africa, the role of in idual ch ions of human rights and shifting paradigms within the empire with respect to the role of plantations.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-1971
DOI: 10.2307/1885939
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1989
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1974
DOI: 10.2307/1238604
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1993
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-1991
DOI: 10.1017/S0014479700018767
Abstract: Crop production surveys, which integrate the collection of data on both agronomic and economic variables, are increasingly common in on-farm research. A conceptual framework for designing and analysing such surveys is provided. Methodological issues in conducting crop production surveys are reviewed with respect to type of information collected, level of field observation, degree of quantification, frequency of observation, s ling, measurement of yields and yield components, and analysis of yield limiting factors. It is concluded that, while better integration of agronomic and economic perspectives in diagnosis may increase costs, the information and analysis obtained have considerable potential to improve the efficiency of experimentation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1995
DOI: 10.2307/1243537
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1991
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1983
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1991
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1971
DOI: 10.2307/1238087
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 1983
DOI: 10.1086/451323
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-12-2020
Abstract: We describe an historical review of planning documents related to a newly developing high-density locality in Sydney, Australia. The review was undertaken to support the translational component of a larger project investigating how best to include knowledge and experience from the health disciplines to ensure a way of living not hitherto commonplace in Australia is also health-supportive. This article presents (i) key findings from the historical data (ii) associated learnings about practice, developed to assist the wider translational objectives and (iii) observations on the potential for such historical reviews to inform better planning practice more broadly.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1987
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1993
DOI: 10.2307/1243985
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2001
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1994
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-10-2021
Publisher: ANU Press
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1993
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1992
DOI: 10.2307/1242570
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-05-2014
DOI: 10.1093/AEPP/PPU005
Location: Mexico
No related grants have been discovered for Derek Byerlee.