ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9647-3106
Current Organisation
University of Leeds
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Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 28-10-2017
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Date: 2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2012
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C8RA03717E
Abstract: Novel cements can contain up to 50 wt% Mg(OH) 2 , offering a new route to immobilisation of this nuclear waste constituent.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-12-2020
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 08-2018
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Date: 2023
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 06-2019
Abstract: The impact of adding two types of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), commercial hydrotalcite (HT) and its thermally treated form (CLDH), on the reaction kinetics and phase assemblage development of a sodium silicate-activated slag cement was investigated. The reaction kinetics of LDH-modified cements was assessed by isothermal calorimetry, and the results were correlated with in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results collected over the first days of reaction, to identify the structural evolution of the main binding phase forming in these cements: a sodium-containing calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-(N)-A-S-H)-type gel. The addition of either HT or CLDH into sodium silicate-activated slag paste accelerates the precipitation of reaction products and increases the formation of HT in these cements, without causing significant changes to the C-(N)-A-S-H binding phase. This is extremely relevant in terms of the durability of alkali-activated slag cements, as a higher content of the HT-like phase has the potential to reduce their chloride permeability and enhance carbonation resistance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2021
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-021-01658-1
Abstract: A correction to this paper has been published: 0.1617/s11527-020-01558-w
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-03-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JACE.12247
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-01-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-10-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-02-2023
Abstract: Alkali‐activated materials (AAMs) are binders that can complement and partially substitute the current use of conventional cement. However, the present knowledge about how AAMs protect steel reinforcement in concrete elements is incomplete, and uncertainties exist regarding the application of electrochemical methods to investigate this issue. The present review by EFC WP11‐Task Force ‘Corrosion of steel in alkali‐activated materials’ demonstrates that important differences exist between AAMs and Portland cement, and between different classes of AAMs, which are mainly caused by differing pore solution compositions, and which affect the outcomes of electrochemical measurements. The high sulfide concentrations in blast furnace slag‐based AAMs lead to distinct anodic polarisation curves, unusually low open circuit potentials, and low polarisation resistances, which might be incorrectly interpreted as indicating active corrosion of steel reinforcement. No systematic study of the influence of the steel–concrete interface on the susceptibility of steel to corrosion in AAMs is available. Less common electrochemical methods present an opportunity for future progress in the field.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2015
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2017
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 28-10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Editorial CSIC
Date: 24-03-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-02-2015
DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2014.404
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-11-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-022-02060-1
Abstract: The RILEM technical committee 282-CCL: Calcined Clays as Supplementary Cementitious Materials, investigates all the aspects related to calcined clays, from clay exploration and characterization to calcination process, hydration reactions and concrete properties. This white paper focuses on the hydration mechanisms of calcined clay-blended Portland cements, covering both 1:1 and 2:1 calcined clays. The pozzolanic reaction of calcined clay is detailed, and the main reaction products are described. The differences observed depending on the clay type are also discussed, as well as the potential influence of the secondary phases present in calcined clay. The factors controlling and limiting the reaction of calcined clay are investigated, evidencing the role of porosity saturation and refinement of the microstructure. The complete characterisation of the hydration of calcined clay cements is made possible by the determination of the reaction degree of calcined clay. Several methods are compared to estimate the extent of calcined clay reaction. The influence of clinker and limestone mineralogy are also discussed. Finally, guidelines for optimising the mixture design of calcined clay blended cements are provided, with special attention to sulphate adjustment and clinker factor.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 09-10-2013
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 06-2017
Abstract: Lightweight foamed mortars are produced through the addition of foaming agents into the cement blend, so that voids of different sizes are formed within the matrix, reducing the density of the material and therefore also its weight. However, the increased porosity of these materials usually compromises their mechanical strength, limiting their application as a structural material. Modern infrastructure demands high-strength lightweight concrete formulations that can be adjusted to develop more ambitious projects, both in design and application. In this study, lightweight pastes and mortars were produced using Portland cement blended with fly ash and silica fume, with varying water contents, and foamed using aluminium metal powder. To stabilise the bubbles produced through oxidation of the aluminium metal, polyethylene glycol was added to the mixes, and proved effective in yielding more uniform bubbles than were observed in the s les with no added stabiliser. This led to improvements in both the bulk density and compressive strength of the materials produced according to this new methodology.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-12-2021
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-021-01807-6
Abstract: The use of calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials provides the opportunity to significantly reduce the cement industry’s carbon burden however, use at a global scale requires a deep understanding of the extraction and processing of the clays to be used, which will uncover routes to optimise their reactivity. This will enable increased usage of calcined clays as cement replacements, further improving the sustainability of concretes produced with them. Existing technologies can be adopted to produce calcined clays at an industrial scale in many regions around the world. This paper, produced by RILEM TC 282-CCL on calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials (working group 2), focuses on the production of calcined clays, presents an overview of clay mining, and assesses the current state of the art in clay calcination technology, covering the most relevant aspects from the clay deposit to the factory gate. The energetics and associated carbon footprint of the calcination process are also discussed, and an outlook on clay calcination is presented, discussing the technological advancements required to fulfil future global demand for this material in sustainable infrastructure development.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 15-04-2013
DOI: 10.1021/LA4000473
Abstract: Structural models for the primary strength and durability-giving reaction product in modern cements, a calcium (alumino)silicate hydrate gel, have previously been based solely on non-cross-linked tobermorite structures. However, recent experimental studies of laboratory-synthesized and alkali-activated slag (AAS) binders have indicated that the calcium-sodium aluminosilicate hydrate [C-(N)-A-S-H] gel formed in these systems can be significantly cross-linked. Here, we propose a model that describes the C-(N)-A-S-H gel as a mixture of cross-linked and non-cross-linked tobermorite-based structures (the cross-linked substituted tobermorite model, CSTM), which can more appropriately describe the spectroscopic and density information available for this material. Analysis of the phase assemblage and Al coordination environments of AAS binders shows that it is not possible to fully account for the chemistry of AAS by use of the assumption that all of the tetrahedral Al is present in a tobermorite-type C-(N)-A-S-H gel, due to the structural constraints of the gel. Application of the CSTM can for the first time reconcile this information, indicating the presence of an additional activation product that contains highly connected four-coordinated silicate and aluminate species. The CSTM therefore provides a more advanced description of the chemistry and structure of calcium-sodium aluminosilicate gel structures than that previously established in the literature.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Date: 2023
Publisher: Editorial CSIC
Date: 02-02-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 14-07-2009
DOI: 10.1021/LA901560H
Abstract: The nanoscale distribution of elements within fly ash and the aluminosilicate gel products of its alkaline activation ("fly ash geopolymers") are analyzed by means of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence using a hard X-ray Nanoprobe instrument. The distribution of calcium within a hydroxide-activated (fly ash/KOH solution) geopolymer gel is seen to be highly heterogeneous, with these data providing for the first time direct evidence of the formation of discrete high-calcium particles within the binder structure of a geopolymer synthesized from a low-calcium (<2 wt % as oxides) fly ash. The silicate-activated (fly ash otassium silicate solution) s le, by contrast, shows a much more homogeneous geopolymer gel binder structure surrounding the unreacted fly ash particles. This has important implications for the understanding of calcium chemistry within aluminosilicate geopolymer gel phases. Additionally, chromium and iron are seen to be very closely correlated within the structures of both fly ash and the geopolymer product and remain within the regions of the geopolymer which can be identified as unreacted fly ash particles. Given that the potential for chromium release has been one of the queries surrounding the widespread utilization of construction materials derived from fly ash, the observation that this element appears to be localized within the fly ash rather than dispersed throughout the gel binder indicates that it is unlikely to be released problematically into the environment.
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 09-2018
Abstract: An updated calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) model incorporating aluminium-containing end-members was used for thermodynamic modelling of blended cements using blast-furnace slag and Portland cement (BFS:PC) with ratios of 1:1, 3:1 and 9:1, using GEMSelektor. Selective dissolution and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) studies were performed to determine the degree of hydration (DoH) of the anhydrous material as an input parameter for the modelling work. Both techniques showed similar results for determining the DoH of the BFS within each s le. Characterisation of the hardened cement pastes over 360 days, using X-ray diffraction analysis and MAS NMR, demonstrated that the use of the updated C–S–H model can highlight the effect of different blend ratios and curing ages on the phase assemblages in these cements. Validation using this modelling approach was performed on 20 year old specimens from the literature to highlight its applicability for modelling later-age blended cements.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2014
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 02-2022
Abstract: This paper assesses the use and valorisation of two industrial wastes generated at a large scale, which are currently disposed in landfills, as raw materials to produce geopolymers. Specifically, a kaolinitic sludge from the mining industry (CKS), and bottom ash (BA) generated during coal combustion in a thermal power station, were used as aluminosilicate precursors in geopolymer synthesis. The geopolymers were synthesised at 50°C, with a sodium oxide/aluminium oxide (Na 2 O/Al 2 O 3 ) molar ratio of 1.0, and different silica/aluminium oxide (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ) molar ratios adjusted by manipulating the content of the soluble silicate solution used as the activator. The mechanical strength and reaction products formed during the geopolymerisation process were assessed up to 90 days of curing. The use of CKS as the main component of the precursor blend provides a geopolymer with better mechanical properties due to its higher reactivity than BA. The content of soluble silicates in the alkali activator plays an important role during geopolymerisation, improving the mechanical properties due to the formation of a more reticulated and dense structure. The mortars show a compressive strength higher than 55 MPa after 28 days and low water absorption by capillarity. This elucidates the feasibility of valorising these industrial residues as precursors for geopolymer cements.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-10-2020
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-020-01558-W
Abstract: Blended cements, where Portland cement clinker is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), provide the most feasible route for reducing carbon dioxide emissions associated with concrete production. However, lowering the clinker content can lead to an increasing risk of neutralisation of the concrete pore solution and potential reinforcement corrosion due to carbonation. carbonation of concrete with SCMs differs from carbonation of concrete solely based on Portland cement (PC). This is a consequence of the differences in the hydrate phase assemblage and pore solution chemistry, as well as the pore structure and transport properties, when varying the binder composition, age and curing conditions of the concretes. The carbonation mechanism and kinetics also depend on the saturation degree of the concrete and CO 2 partial pressure which in turn depends on exposure conditions (e.g. relative humidity, volume, and duration of water in contact with the concrete surface and temperature conditions). This in turn influence the microstructural changes identified upon carbonation. This literature review, prepared by members of RILEM technical committee 281-CCC carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials, working groups 1 and 2, elucidates the effect of numerous SCM characteristics, exposure environments and curing conditions on the carbonation mechanism, kinetics and structural alterations in cementitious systems containing SCMs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-03-2016
DOI: 10.1002/JCTB.4927
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-04-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd.
Date: 04-2016
Abstract: An alkali-activated slag cement produced with a blend of sodium carbonate/sodium silicate activator was characterised. This binder hardened within 12 h and achieved a compressive strength of 20 MPa after 24 h of curing under ambient conditions, which is associated with the formation of an aluminium substituted calcium silicate hydrate as the main reaction product. Carbonates including pirssonite, vaterite, aragonite and calcite were identified along with the zeolites hydroxysodalite and analcime at early times of reaction. The partial substitution of sodium carbonate by sodium silicate reduces the concentration of carbonate ions in the pore solution, increasing the alkalinity of the system compared with a solely carbonate-activated paste, accelerating the kinetics of reaction and supplying additional silicate species to react with the calcium dissolving from the slag as the reaction proceeds. These results demonstrate that this blend of activators can be used effectively for the production of high-strength alkali-activated slag cements, with a microstructure comparable to what has been identified in aged sodium-carbonate-activated slag cements but without the extended setting time reaction usually identified when using this salt as an alkali activator.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-12-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-02-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JACE.12831
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-07-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2011
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-MATSCI-070813-113515
Abstract: The development of new, sustainable, low-CO 2 construction materials is essential if the global construction industry is to reduce the environmental footprint of its activities, which is incurred particularly through the production of Portland cement. One type of non-Portland cement that is attracting particular attention is based on alkali-aluminosilicate chemistry, including the class of binders that have become known as geopolymers. These materials offer technical properties comparable to those of Portland cement, but with a much lower CO 2 footprint and with the potential for performance advantages over traditional cements in certain niche applications. This review discusses the synthesis of alkali-activated binders from blast furnace slag, calcined clay (metakaolin), and fly ash, including analysis of the chemical reaction mechanisms and binder phase assemblages that control the early-age and hardened properties of these materials, in particular initial setting and long-term durability. Perspectives for future research developments are also explored.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2023
Publisher: Editorial CSIC
Date: 26-11-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-11-2020
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-020-01562-0
Abstract: The RILEM technical committee TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ conducted a round robin testing programme to determine the validity of various durability testing methods, originally developed for Portland cement based-concretes, for the assessment of the durability of alkali-activated concretes. The outcomes of the round robin tests evaluating sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and freeze–thaw resistance are presented in this contribution. Five different alkali-activated concretes, based on ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, or metakaolin were investigated. The extent of sulfate damage to concretes based on slag or fly ash seems to be limited when exposed to an Na 2 SO 4 solution. The mixture based on metakaolin showed an excessive, very early expansion, followed by a dimensionally stable period, which cannot be explained at present. In the slag-based concretes, MgSO 4 caused more expansion and visual damage than Na 2 SO 4 however, the expansion limits defined in the respective standards were not exceeded. Both the ASTM C1293 and RILEM AAR-3.1 test methods for the determination of ASR expansion appear to give essentially reliable identification of expansion caused by highly reactive aggregates. Alkali-activated materials in combination with an unreactive or potentially expansive aggregate were in no case seen to cause larger expansions only the aggregates of known very high reactivity were seen to be problematic. The results of freeze–thaw testing (with/without deicing salts) of alkali-activated concretes suggest an important influence of the curing conditions and experimental conditions on the test outcomes, which need to be understood before the tests can be reliably applied and interpreted.
Publisher: ASTM International
Date: 25-04-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 05-02-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2014
Publisher: Editorial CSIC
Date: 02-03-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-020-1449-3
Abstract: Many standardised durability testing methods have been developed for Portland cement-based concretes, but require validation to determine whether they are also applicable to alkali-activated materials. To address this question, RILEM TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ carried out round robin testing of carbonation and chloride penetration test methods, applied to five different alkali-activated concretes based on fly ash, blast furnace slag or metakaolin. The methods appeared overall to demonstrate an intrinsic precision comparable to their precision when applied to conventional concretes. The ranking of test outcomes for pairs of concretes of similar binder chemistry was satisfactory, but rankings were not always reliable when comparing alkali-activated concretes based on different precursors. Accelerated carbonation testing gave similar results for fly ash-based and blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated concretes, whereas natural carbonation testing did not. Carbonation of concrete specimens was observed to have occurred already during curing, which has implications for extrapolation of carbonation testing results to longer service life periods. Accelerated chloride penetration testing according to NT BUILD 443 ranked the tested concretes consistently, while this was not the case for the rapid chloride migration test. Both of these chloride penetration testing methods exhibited comparatively low precision when applied to blast furnace slag-based concretes which are more resistant to chloride ingress than the other materials tested.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1617/S11527-022-02041-4
Abstract: The current understanding of the carbonation and the prediction of the carbonation rate of alkali-activated concretes is complicated inter alia by the wide range of binder chemistries used and testing conditions adopted. To overcome some of the limitations of in idual studies and to identify general correlations between mix design parameters and carbonation resistance, the RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials’ Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥ 66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The analysis indicates that water/CaO ratio and water/binder ratio exert an influence on the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes however, these parameters are not good indicators of the carbonation resistance when considered in idually. A better indicator of the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes under conditions approximating natural carbonation appears to be their water/(CaO + MgO eq + Na 2 O eq + K 2 O eq ) ratio, where the subscript ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. Nevertheless, this ratio can serve as approximate indicator at best, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the database points to peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO 2 concentrations for low-Ca alkali-activated concretes, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO 2 , accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of the carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-05-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C9DT02108F
Abstract: Alkali-activated metakaolin geopolymers are attracting interest in the conditioning of nuclear wastes, especially for their ability to immobilise cationic species. However, there is limited understanding of the chemical interactions between the encapsulated spent ion-exchangers, used for decontaminating waste water, and the host aluminosilicate matrix. The lack of such understanding makes it difficult to predict the long-term stability of the waste form. In this study, the suitability of using metakaolin based geopolymer as a matrix for encapsulation of titanate-type ion-exchangers loaded with non-radioactive Sr was investigated for the first time, via spectroscopic and microstructural inspection of the encapsulated ion-exchangers and the aluminosilicate gel matrix. The microstructural and chemical properties of metakaolin geopolymers remained stable after encapsulating titanate type spent ion-exchangers, performed desirably as host materials for conditioning of Sr-loaded titanate ion-exchangers.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-03-2014
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JACE.13231
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 09-10-2013
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 09-10-2013
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 09-10-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2013
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-10-2015
Publisher: Rilem Publications SARL
Date: 21-06-2016
DOI: 10.21809/RILEMTECHLETT.2016.8
Abstract: The utilisation of near-neutral salts as activators to produce alkali-activated slag cements offers several technical advantages, including reduced alkalinity of the binders, minimising the risk associated with handling of highly alkaline materials, and better workability of the fresh paste compared to that of sodium silicate-activated slag cements. Despite these evident advantages, the delayed setting and slow early-age mechanical strength development of these cements have limited their adoption and commercialisation. Recent studies have demonstrated that these limitations can be overcome by selecting slags with chemistry which is more prone to react with near-neutral salts, or by adding mineral additives. A brief overview of the most recent advances in alkali-activation of slags using either sodium carbonate or sodium sulfate as activators is reported, highlighting the role of material design parameters in the kinetics of reaction and phase evolution of these cements, as well as the perspectives for research and development of these materials.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 09-10-2013
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 2019
End Date: 2022
Funder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2019
End Date: 2022
Funder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2019
End Date: 2021
Funder: European Commission
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2018
End Date: 2023
Funder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
View Funded Activity