ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1218-4922
Current Organisation
University of Leeds
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-04-2015
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2014.1003818
Abstract: Urban and transport planners worldwide have recently designed and implemented policies for increasing the number of cyclists. Although cycling is on the rise even in car-oriented cities and regions, the fear of being involved in a crash is still the main obstacle to further increases in cycling market shares. The current study proposes the first joint model of frequency and severity of cyclist-motorist collisions with the aim of unraveling the factors contributing to both the probability of being involved in a crash and, conditional on the crash occurrence, experiencing a severe injury outcome. A multivariate Poisson-lognormal model with correlated autoregressive priors was estimated on a s le of 5,349 cyclist-motorist crashes that occurred in the Copenhagen region between 2009 and 2013. The model considered the links of the road network in the region as the unit of observation, controlled for traffic exposure of nonmotorized and motorized transport modes, evaluated the effect of infrastructure and land use, and accounted for heterogeneity and spatial correlation across links. Results confirmed the existence of the phenomenon of safety in numbers and added to the narrative by emphasizing that the most severe crashes are the ones most benefiting from an increase in the number of cyclists. In addition, results argued that the construction of Copenhagen-style bicycle paths would significantly contribute to increasing safety, especially in suburban areas where the speed differential between cyclists and motorists is greater. Last, results illustrated a need for thinking about cycling safety in intersection design and reflecting on the importance of spatial and aspatial correlation both within and between injury categories. The findings from this study illustrated how encouraging cycling would increase safety in relation to the phenomenon of safety in numbers and how, in turn, increasing safety would convince more people to cycle. In addition, they suggested how the design of bicycle infrastructure should not only consider bicycle lanes but in particular focus on bicycle paths where the number of conflicts and the stress for sharing the road are highly reduced and how thinking about road design should extend to the general level and include a discourse about safer intersections. Last, attention should be given to the road design in the city center and to traffic management, because clearly safer traffic implies more cyclists and, in turn, more cyclists imply fewer cars and less congestion.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-05-2012
Publisher: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
Date: 30-05-2016
DOI: 10.3846/16484142.2016.1201912
Abstract: „The impact of vehicle movement on exploitation parameters of roads and runways: a short review of the special issue" Transport, 31(2), p. 127-132
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.3141/2003-09
Abstract: Most route choice models are related to revealed choice behavior and are estimated by adding alternative paths to observed routes. This paper focuses on the effects of choice set composition in route choice modeling by designing an experimental analysis of actual route choice behavior of in iduals driving habitually from home to work in an urban network. The numerical analysis concentrates on a qualitative perspective, by considering path sets built with different generation techniques, and a quantitative perspective, by accounting for path sets constructed with s le size reduction from each initial choice set. Comparison of prediction accuracy across different choice sets suggests that a recently developed branch and bound algorithm generates heterogeneous routes that allow for estimating models with better prediction abilities with respect to the outcomes of the drivers' actual choices. Further, comparison of route choice models across different choice set compositions indicates that nonnested structures, such as C-logit and path size logit, yield more robust parameter estimates.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-01-2015
Abstract: We examined the influence of the built environment on pedestrian route selection among adolescent girls. Portable global positioning system units, accelerometers, and travel diaries were used to identify the origin, destination, and walking routes of girls in San Diego, California, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. We completed an inventory of the built environment on every street segment to measure the characteristics of routes taken and not taken. Route-level variables covering four key conceptual built environment domains (Aesthetics, Destinations, Functionality, and Safety) were used in the analysis of route choice. Shorter distance had the strongest positive association with route choice, whereas the presence of a greenway or trail, higher safety, presence of sidewalks, and availability of destinations along a route were also consistently positively associated with route choice at both sites. The results suggest that it may be possible to encourage pedestrians to walk farther by providing high-quality and stimulating routes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-09-2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 31-07-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2018.03.028
Abstract: Although the taxi industry is playing an important role in Chinese everyday life, little attention has been posed towards occupational health issues concerning the taxi drivers' working conditions, driving behaviour and road safety. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1021 taxi drivers from 21 companies in four Chinese cities and collected information about (i) sociodemographic characteristics, (ii) working conditions, (iii) frequency of daily aberrant driving behaviour, and (iv) involvement in property-damage-only (PDO) and personal injury (PI) crashes over the past two years. A hybrid bivariate model of crash involvement was specified: (i) the hybrid part concerned a latent variable model capturing unobserved traits of the taxi drivers (ii) the bivariate part modelled jointly both types of crashes while capturing unobserved correlation between error terms. The survey answers paint a gloomy picture in terms of workload, as taxi drivers reported averages of 9.4 working hours per day and 6.7 working days per week that amount on average to about 63.0 working hours per week. Moreover, the estimates of the hybrid bivariate model reveal that increasing levels of fatigue, reckless behaviour and aggressive behaviour are positively related to a higher propensity of crash involvement. Lastly, the heavy workload is also positively correlated with the higher propensity of crashing, not only directly as a predictor of crash involvement, but also indirectly as a covariate of fatigue and aberrant driving behaviour. The findings from this study provide insights into potential strategies for preventive education and taxi industry management to improve the working conditions and hence reduce fatigue and road risk for the taxi drivers.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 24-06-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-06-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-06-2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-08-2018
Abstract: The enormous potential of cycling to make cities and regions more sustainable is often not realized. Given the evidence that women cycle less than men, this study looks into the cycling habits of female immigrants from driving-oriented to cycling-oriented countries in relation to the fulfillment of their needs and their immersion in their new culture. A survey measured existence, relatedness, and growth needs with Likert-type items and collected socioeconomic characteristics and travel habits of 570 female Polish immigrants who moved to established and developing cycling cultures. A hybrid bivariate ordered model captured the propensity toward habitual cycling in the adopted country and cycling intentions upon return to the home country in relation to the needs and the traits of the female immigrants. Model results suggest that the cycling habits of female immigrants are related to past travel habits, while future intentions of cycling are connected to tangible (e.g., distance) and emotional (e.g., income stigma) barriers. Relevantly, model results indicate a positive relation between cycling culture and cycling habits in terms of both culture strength and exposure, but also a negative relation between relatedness to the home country and future intentions of cycling. Lastly, model results show that cycling habits relate to the fulfillment of existence needs and even more of relatedness and growth needs. Accordingly, the key to promote cycling among female immigrants is not only to satisfy their functional needs, but also cater to their emotional and self-actualization needs.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.3141/2429-04
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-07-2018
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1329535
Abstract: This study looks at mitigating and aggravating factors that are associated with the injury severity of pedestrians when they have crashes with another road user and overcomes existing limitations in the literature by focusing attention on the built environment and considering spatial correlation across crashes. Reports for 6,539 pedestrian crashes occurred in Denmark between 2006 and 2015 were merged with geographic information system resources containing detailed information about the built environment and exposure at the crash locations. A linearized spatial logit model estimated the probability of pedestrians sustaining a severe or fatal injury conditional on the occurrence of a crash with another road user. This study confirms previous findings about older pedestrians and intoxicated pedestrians being the most vulnerable road users and crashes with heavy vehicles and in roads with higher speed limits being related to the most severe outcomes. This study provides novel perspectives by showing positive spatial correlations of crashes with the same severity outcomes and emphasizing the role of the built environment in the proximity of the crash. This study emphasizes the need for thinking about traffic calming measures, illumination solutions, road maintenance programs, and speed limit reductions. Moreover, this study emphasizes the role of the built environment, because shopping areas, residential areas, and walking traffic density are positively related to a reduction in pedestrian injury severity. Often, these areas have in common a larger pedestrian mass that is more likely to make other road users more aware and attentive, whereas the same does not seem to apply to areas with lower pedestrian density.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2011.654015
Abstract: The current study focuses on the propensity of drivers to engage in crash avoidance maneuvers in relation to driver attributes, critical events, crash characteristics, vehicles involved, road characteristics, and environmental conditions. The importance of avoidance maneuvers derives from the key role of proactive and state-aware road users within the concept of sustainable safety systems, as well as from the key role of effective corrective maneuvers in the success of automated in-vehicle warning and driver assistance systems. The analysis is conducted by means of a mixed logit model that represents the selection among 5 emergency lateral and speed control maneuvers (i.e., "no avoidance maneuvers," "braking," "steering," "braking and steering," and "other maneuvers) while accommodating correlations across maneuvers and heteroscedasticity. Data for the analysis were retrieved from the General Estimates System (GES) crash database for the year 2009 by considering drivers for which crash avoidance maneuvers are known. The results show that (1) the nature of the critical event that made the crash imminent greatly influences the choice of crash avoidance maneuvers, (2) women and elderly have a relatively lower propensity to conduct crash avoidance maneuvers, (3) drowsiness and fatigue have a greater negative marginal effect on the tendency to engage in crash avoidance maneuvers than alcohol and drug consumption, (4) difficult road conditions increase the propensity to perform crash avoidance maneuvers, and (5) visual obstruction and artificial illumination decrease the probability to carry out crash avoidance maneuvers. The results emphasize the need for public awareness c aigns to promote safe driving style for senior drivers and warning about the risks of driving under fatigue and distraction being comparable to the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Moreover, the results suggest the need to educate drivers about hazard perception, designing a forgiving infrastructure within a sustainable safety systems, and rethinking in-vehicle collision warning systems. Future research should address the effectiveness of crash avoidance maneuvers and joint modeling of maneuver selection and crash severity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-06-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research
Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2007.02.013
Abstract: Over the past few decades, several countries enacted the reduction of the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit, often alongside the administrative license revocation or suspension, to battle drinking-and-driving behavior. Several researchers investigated the effectiveness of these policies by applying different analysis procedures, while assuming population homogeneity in responding to these laws. The present analysis focuses on the evaluation of the impact of BAC limit reduction on different population segments. Poisson regression models, adapted to account for possible observation dependence over time and state specific effects, are estimated to measure the reduction of the number of alcohol-related accidents and fatalities for single-vehicle accidents in 22 U.S. jurisdictions over a period of 15 years starting in 1990. Model estimates demonstrate that, for alcohol-related single-vehicle crashes, (i) BAC laws are more effective in terms of reduction of number of casualties rather than number of accidents, (ii) women and elderly population exhibit higher law compliance with respect to men and to young adult and adult population, respectively, and (iii) the presence of passengers in the vehicle enhances the sense of responsibility of the driver.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.3141/2512-03
Abstract: As mobility has increasingly become a vehicle for producing meaning and culture, and public transport has traditionally formed a dense and erse social climate in which social interactions habitually occur, assessing the relationship between social climate and transit use is extremely important, especially in the younger populations that will shape the future of transport systems. This study proposes a behavioral framework founded on the theory of planned behavior and the social climate model. The study presents a tailor-made, web-based survey and a structural equation model for analyzing transit use as a function of attitudes toward public transport, subjective norms, social ambience in public transport, travel independence and autonomy, family (house) rules, and perceived quality of service. This study focuses on transit systems in cities in North and South America that have a much higher public transport ridership, tighter design standards in terms of personal space, and a higher degree of informal social interaction than transit systems in Europe, where previous studies have been conducted. Estimation results from a structural equations model show that (a) transit use frequency is significantly related to the perceived behavioral control of using transit and the social climate (b) attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control are associated with perceived service quality (c) gender differences exist in the user experience and appreciation of the social climate in transit and (d) the residential social climate is linked to the transit social climate.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.3141/2280-09
Abstract: This study focused on the link between crash severity and crash avoidance maneuvers. Various emergency lateral and speed control maneuvers were considered in response to different critical events that made the crash imminent. Partial proportional odds models that allowed for changes in effects across severity levels were estimated to accommodate the ordered-response nature of severity. The s le used for estimation consisted of data for single-vehicle crashes extracted from the General Estimates System crash database for the period from 2005 to 2009. Results showed the correlation between crash avoidance maneuvers and crash severity, with differences emerging for different critical events. Moreover, results showed two trends: (a) most drivers failed to act when facing critical events and (b) drivers rarely performed crash avoidance maneuvers that were correlated with a higher probability of lower crash severity. These trends suggest that efforts to understand the mechanisms of reactions to different critical events should be made to improve in-vehicle warning systems, promote responsible driving behavior, and design forgiving infrastructures.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2019.105394
Abstract: From 2005-2015, Iran has experienced a 41.3 % decrease in road fatalities and an 11.1 % increase in non-fatal injuries. However, the trend differs across Iran provinces, and hence identifying factors that relate to road fatality and injury counts is an essential tool for improving road safety management programs and policies in the provinces. In this study, a statistical model was developed within a Bayesian framework with the aim of examining the annual fatal and non-fatal injury counts in the provinces of Iran during the period 2005-2015. Specifically, a bivariate spatial negative binomial Bayesian model with random effects was specified and estimated to account for unobserved heterogeneity due to the simultaneity effect between fatal and non-fatal injuries, the presence of province-specific factors, and the spatial correlation between neighboring provinces. All the three effects were found to significantly relate to the frequency of both injury types. Results also indicated that overall fuel consumption and share of diesel fuel consumed were positively related to fatal and non-fatal injuries. Higher population proportions of under 15, and 15-30 years of age were found to be positively associated with fatalities and negatively with non-fatal injuries. Furthermore, the annual number of hot-spots modified per 100 km of rural roads is associated with a decrease in fatalities. Results also suggest that the number of speed cameras operating on rural roads (within a province) might significantly decrease both fatal and non-fatal injuries. Accordingly, the implementation of active and targeted hot spot programs as well as speed camera programs are likely to improve safety performance of the provinces, and help to prioritize area-wide safety initiatives and programs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.3141/2138-09
Abstract: This study analyzes intrafamilial transmission of driving behavior by examining driving patterns of newly licensed young drivers and their family members as recorded over a period of 9 months using in-vehicle data recorders. Various maneuvers that the drivers undertook were identified in the measurements and used to compute risk indices for each driver during each month. The correlations between risk indices of drivers within the same family were studied. The results show intrafamilial transmission of driving behavior and reveal that this transmission evolves over time, as the behavior of young drivers is initially more closely related to that of their family members but gradually develops into a more differentiated personal driving style. Higher correlations are also found for specific maneuver types, such as braking and accelerating, and to a lesser extent for other maneuvers, such as speeding. The findings of the study indicate a need to carefully consider the role played by parents in the driving education of young adults and advising parents to exert control over their offspring's driving through positive modeling, and not only through well-designed commentary during driving.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-07-2018
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 15-05-2017
DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2016-0032
Abstract: The phenomenon of traffic crash under-reporting has been extensively documented in terms of its extent, but not equally analysed in terms of its reasons. As police distrust has been recently identified as a major reason for crash under-reporting, the purpose of this paper is to look at the police service quality for handling the reporting of traffic crashes. This study introduces a novel approach to evaluate service quality that combines multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with latent class analysis (LCA). Moreover, this study presents the design of a web-based survey on the basis of the SERVQUAL approach to detecting strengths, opportunities and threats with crash reporting to the police at a strategic level. Transportation stakeholders (e.g. researchers, authorities, consultants, NGO representatives, suppliers) with an interest in traffic safety in Denmark participated in the survey that yielded 86 complete responses. The novel approach was successfully applied and its implementation demonstrated the usefulness of the tool even in countries with a high police service. Results showed that the participating stakeholders perceived human factors as more important than physical factors in order to increase the crash reporting, with responsiveness as the most important and tangibles as the least important dimensions. Nevertheless, most stakeholders viewed a mixture of human and physical factors as crucial to increase crash reporting rates. This study advances the knowledge about police service quality with a novel expert-based decision support tool based on SERVQUAL, MCDA and LCA, demonstrates its applicability in countries with a high-police service, and opportunities and barriers for increasing the crash reporting rate.
Publisher: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
Date: 13-07-2015
DOI: 10.3846/16484142.2015.1062417
Abstract: This paper presents a new macroscopic multi-class dynamic network loading model called Dynamic Queuing Transmission Model (DQTM). The model utilizes ‘good’ properties of the Dynamic Queuing Model (DQM) and the Link Transmission Model (LTM) by offering a DQM consistent with the kinematic wave theory and allowing for the representation of multiple vehicle classes, queue spillbacks and shock waves. The model assumes that a link is split into a moving part plus a queuing part, and p that traffic dynamics are given by a triangular fundamental diagram. A case-study is investigated and the DQTM is compared with single-class LTM, single-class DQM and multi-class DQM. Under the model assumptions, single-class models indicate that the LTM and the DQTM give similar results and that the shock wave property is properly included in the DQTM, while the multi-class models show substantially different travel times for two vehicle classes. Moreover, the results show that the travel time will be underestimated without considering the shock wave property.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2016.10.031
Abstract: Although most motorised countries have experienced massive improvements in road safety over the last decades, human behaviour and differences in accident risk across sub-groups of drivers remains a key issue in the area of road safety. The identification of risk groups requires the identification of reliable predictors of safe or unsafe driving behaviour. Given this background, the aim of this study was to test whether driver sub-groups identified based on self-reported driving behaviour and skill differed in registered traffic law offences and accidents, and whether group membership was predictive of having traffic law offences. Sub-groups of drivers were identified based on the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) and the Driver Skill Inventory (DSI), while traffic offences and accidents were register-based (Statistics Denmark). The participants (N=3683) were aged 18-84 years and randomly selected from the Danish Driving License Register. Results show that the driver sub-groups differed significantly in registered traffic offences but not in registered accidents. In a logistic regression analysis, the sub-group "Violating unsafe drivers" was found predictive of having a traffic offence, even when socio-demographic variables and exposure were controlled for. The most important predictive factor, however, was having a criminal record for non-traffic offences, while gender, living without a partner, and being self-employed also had a significant effect. The study confirms the use of the DBQ and DSI as suitable instruments for predicting traffic offences while also confirming previous results on accumulation of problematic behaviours across life contexts. The finding that driver sub-groups did not differ in registered accidents supports the recent research activities in finding and modelling surrogate safety measures.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-01-2013
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-02-2020
DOI: 10.3390/SU12031149
Abstract: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) play an important role in the needed transition away from fossil fuels and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). Although transport planning models and routing problem solutions exist for BEVs, the assumption that BEV drivers search for the shortest path while constraining energy consumption does not have any empirical basis. This study presents a study of actual route choice behavior of drivers from 107 Danish households participating in a large-scale experiment with BEVs and at the same time driving their ICEVs. GPS traces from 8968 BEV and 6678 ICEV routes were map matched to a detailed road network to construct observed routes, and a route choice model was specified and estimated to capture behavioral differences related to the vehicle type. The results reveal that drivers had a higher sensitivity to travel time and trip length when driving BEVs, and to route directness after receiving the BEV, regardless of vehicle type. The results suggest the need to revise the assumptions of transport planning models and routing problems for BEVs in order not to fail to predict what drivers will do by ignoring differences and similarities related to vehicle type.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-04-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSR.2012.05.003
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in improving bus safety operations worldwide. While in the United States buses are considered relatively safe, the number of bus accidents is far from being negligible, triggering the introduction of the Motor-coach Enhanced Safety Act of 2011. The current study investigates the underlying risk factors of bus accident severity in the United States by estimating a generalized ordered logit model. Data for the analysis are retrieved from the General Estimates System (GES) database for the years 2005-2009. Results show that accident severity increases: (i) for young bus drivers under the age of 25 (ii) for drivers beyond the age of 55, and most prominently for drivers over 65 years old (iii) for female drivers (iv) for very high (over 65 mph) and very low (under 20 mph) speed limits (v) at intersections (vi) because of inattentive and risky driving.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2015.02.020
Abstract: The current study joins efforts devoted to understanding the associations of parents' personality, attitude, and behavior, and to evaluating the added contribution of peers to the driving behavior of young drivers during their solo driving. The study combines data gathered using in-vehicle data recorders from actual driving of parents and their male teen driver with data collected from self-report questionnaires completed by the young drivers. The s le consists of 121 families, who participated in the study for 12 months, beginning with the licensure of the teen driver. The current examination concentrates on the last 3 months of this first year of driving. The experimental design was based on a random control assignment into three treatment groups (with different forms of feedback) and a control group (with no feedback). Findings indicate that the parents' (especially the fathers') sensation seeking, anxiety, and aggression, as well as their risky driving events rate were positively associated with higher risky driving of the young driver. In addition, parents' involvement in the intervention, either by feedback or by training, led to lower risky driving events rate of young drivers compared to the control group. Finally, higher cohesion and adaptability mitigated parents' model for risky driving, and peers norms' of risky driving were associated with higher risk by the teen drivers. We conclude by claiming that there is an unequivocal need to look at a full and complex set of antecedents in parents' personality, attitudes, and behavior, together with the contribution of peers to the young drivers' reckless driving, and address the practical implications for road safety.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-03-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU11040708
Abstract: A number of controlled trials have previously found that in some contexts, vitamin C can have beneficial effects on blood pressure, infections, bronchoconstriction, atrial fibrillation, and acute kidney injury. However, the practical significance of these effects is not clear. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate whether vitamin C has an effect on the practical outcomes: length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and duration of mechanical ventilation. We identified 18 relevant controlled trials with a total of 2004 patients, 13 of which investigated patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. We carried out the meta-analysis using the inverse variance, fixed effect options, using the ratio of means scale. In 12 trials with 1766 patients, vitamin C reduced the length of ICU stay on average by 7.8% (95% CI: 4.2% to 11.2% p = 0.00003). In six trials, orally administered vitamin C in doses of 1–3 g/day (weighted mean 2.0 g/day) reduced the length of ICU stay by 8.6% (p = 0.003). In three trials in which patients needed mechanical ventilation for over 24 hours, vitamin C shortened the duration of mechanical ventilation by 18.2% (95% CI 7.7% to 27% p = 0.001). Given the insignificant cost of vitamin C, even an 8% reduction in ICU stay is worth exploring. The effects of vitamin C on ICU patients should be investigated in more detail.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-02-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2017.08.031
Abstract: Among the numerous factors that contribute to young novice drivers' driving styles, personality characteristics, sociodemographic variables, family atmosphere, and friends' norms are known to have an important impact. However, cross-cultural comparisons are relatively rare in the safety literature concerning young drivers. This study aimed at comparing young drivers from Israel and Queensland (Australia) and examining the contribution of personality, sociodemographic, family and friends' aspects to their driving styles (reckless and careless hostile and angry anxious patient and careful). More specifically, this study examined the associations between young drivers' driving style and their perceptions of separation-in iduation, the family climate for road safety, and the safe driving climate among friends. We also examined sociodemographic and driving history variables such as gender, the marital status of parents, and personal exposure to traffic crashes. The study consisted of two s les of male and female young drivers (age 17-22) from Israel (n=160) and Queensland (n=160), who completed a set of valid and reliable self-report questionnaires. Findings indicate that in general, maladaptive driving styles are associated with lower family tendency to engage in promoting road safety, higher pressure and costs of driving with peers, and unhealthier separation-in iduation aspects. The opposite is observed for the patient and careful driving style that relates to higher engagement of the family in road safety, lower pressure from friends, and healthier separation-in iduation. Some differences were found regarding specific styles between the two s les. In addition, women scored lower than men in the reckless and careless style, and higher (in the Israeli s le) in the anxious as well as the patient and careful styles. Overall, similarities in the associations between the study variables in the s les exceed the differences, and the importance of examining variables on multi-levels when referring to young drivers' driving styles, is confirmed. The findings attest to the universal utility of the MDSI, together with the understanding that only a wider examination of personal and environmental contributors enables true insights into the complex behavior of driving among young drivers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-05-2016
Publisher: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2013.02.016
Abstract: While the number of fatalities on Danish roads has decreased in the last 40 years, research has not investigated the contribution of legislation changes, enforcement measures, technological enhancements, infrastructural improvements and human factors to this reduction. In the context of a Danish car market with remarkably high registration tax that causes potential buyers to hold longer onto old cars, the relationship between technological enhancements of vehicles and severity of crashes requires particular attention. The current study investigated the relationship between car generation (i.e., car's first registration year) and injury severity sustained by car drivers involved in accidents in Denmark between 2004 and 2010. A generalized ordered logit model was estimated while controlling for several characteristics of the crash, the vehicle and the persons involved, and a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of car generation on drivers' injury severity. Results illustrate that newer car generations are associated to significantly lower probability of injury and fatality, and that replacing older cars with newer ones introduces significant and not to be overlooked benefits for both population and society.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-08-2013
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2012.759654
Abstract: The current study aimed at uncovering patterns of cyclist-motorist crashes in Denmark and investigating their prevalence and severity. The importance of implementing clustering techniques for providing a holistic overview of vulnerable road users' crash patterns derives from the need to prioritize safety issues and to devise efficient preventive measures. The current study focused on cyclist-motorist crashes that occurred in Denmark during the period between 2007 and 2011. To uncover crash patterns, the current analysis applied latent class clustering, an unsupervised probabilistic clustering approach that relies on the statistical concept of likelihood and allows partial overlap across clusters. The analysis yielded 13 distinguishable cyclist-motorist latent classes. Specific crash patterns for urban and rural areas were revealed. Prevalent features that allowed differentiating the latent classes were speed limit, infrastructure type, road surface conditions, number of lanes, motorized vehicle precrash maneuvers, the availability of a cycle lane, cyclist intoxication, and helmet wearing behavior. After the latent class clustering, the distribution of cyclists' injury severity within each cluster was analyzed. The latent class clustering approach provided a comprehensive and clear map of cyclist-motorist crash patterns. The results are useful for prioritizing and resolving safety issues in urban areas, where there is a significant share of cyclists potentially involved in multiple hazardous situations or where extensive bicycle sharing programs are planned.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-06-2016
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1128533
Abstract: This study aligns to the body of research dedicated to estimating the underreporting of road crash injuries and adds the perspective of understanding in idual and crash factors contributing to the decision to report a crash to the police, the hospital, or both. This study focuses on road crash injuries that occurred in the province of Funen, Denmark, between 2003 and 2007 and were registered in the police, the hospital, or both authorities. Underreporting rates are computed with the capture-recapture method, and the probability for road crash injuries in police records to appear in hospital records (and vice versa) is estimated with joint binary logit models. The capture-recapture analysis shows high underreporting rates of road crash injuries in Denmark and the growth of underreporting not only with the decrease in injury severity but also with the involvement of cyclists (reporting rates of about 14% for serious injuries and 7% for slight injuries) and motorcyclists (reporting rates of about 35% for serious injuries and 10% for slight injuries). Model estimates show that the likelihood of appearing in both data sets is positively related to helmet and seat belt use, number of motor vehicles involved, alcohol involvement, higher speed limit, and females being injured. This study adds significantly to the literature about underreporting by recognizing that understanding the heterogeneity in the reporting rate of road crashes may lead to devising policy measures aimed at increasing the reporting rate by targeting specific road user groups (e.g., males, young road users) or specific situational factors (e.g., slight injuries, arm injuries, leg injuries, weekend).
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.3141/2076-15
Abstract: The concept of path size attempts to capture correlations among routes in route choice modeling by including a correction term in the multinomial logit formulation. Several correction terms were proposed in the literature, yet no satisfactory derivation based on theoretical arguments is presented, raising doubts about the correct specification of the correction terms. This paper proposes the detailed and systematic derivation of a new formulation of the measure of path size and explicitly defines the assumptions involved in its derivation. The path size correction (PSC) factor results from the notion of aggregate alternative as well from the simplification of nested logit models. The new measure of path size offers a more natural interpretation of the correlation due to spatial overlap of alternative routes. Estimation of PSC-logit models in two real-world networks and calculation of predicted choice probabilities in synthetic networks allow comparison of the new path size measure with respect to the classic one. Estimates show similar performances between the models, and predictions illustrate better performances of the new version of the path size factor.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2013.12.020
Abstract: Young people are a risk to themselves and other road users, as motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of their death. A thorough understanding of the most important factors associated with injury severity in crashes involving young drivers is important for designing well-targeted restrictive measures within youth-oriented road safety programs. The current study estimates discrete choice models of injury severity of crashes involving young drivers conditional on these crashes having occurred. The analysis examined a comprehensive set of single-vehicle and two-vehicle crashes involving at least one 15-24 year-old driver in New Zealand between 2002 and 2011 that resulted in minor, serious or fatal injuries. A mixed logit model accounting for heterogeneity and heteroscedasticity in the propensity to injury severity outcomes and for correlation between serious and fatal injuries proved a better fit than a binary and a generalized ordered logit. Results show that the young drivers' behavior, the presence of passengers and the involvement of vulnerable road users were the most relevant factors associated with higher injury severity in both single-vehicle and two-vehicle crashes. Seatbelt non-use, inexperience and alcohol use were the deadliest behavioral factors in single-vehicle crashes, while fatigue, reckless driving and seatbelt non-use were the deadliest factors in two-vehicle crashes. The presence of passengers in the young drivers' vehicle, and in particular a combination of males and females, dramatically increased the probability of serious and fatal injuries. The involvement of vulnerable road users, in particular on rural highways and open roads, considerably lified the probability of higher crash injury severity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-03-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
Date: 19-09-2012
DOI: 10.3846/16484142.2012.719840
Abstract: Large scale applications of behaviorally realistic transport models pose several challenges to transport modelers on both the demand and the supply sides. On the supply side, path-based solutions to the user assignment equilibrium problem help modelers in enhancing the route choice behavior modeling, but require them to generate choice sets by selecting a path generation technique and its parameters according to personal judgments. This paper proposes a methodology and an experimental setting to provide general indications about objective judgments for an effective route choice set generation. Initially, path generation techniques are implemented within a synthetic network to generate possible subjective choice sets considered by travelers. Next, ‘true model estimates’ and ‘postulated predicted routes’ are assumed from the simulation of a route choice model. Then, objective choice sets are applied for model estimation and results are compared to the ‘true model estimates’. Last, predictions from the simulation of models estimated with objective choice sets are compared to the ‘postulated predicted routes’. A meta-analytical approach allows synthesizing the effect of judgments for the implementation of path generation techniques, since a large number of models generate a large amount of results that are otherwise difficult to summarize and to process. Meta-analysis estimates suggest that transport modelers should implement stochastic path generation techniques with average variance of its distribution parameters and correction for unequal s ling probabilities of the alternative routes in order to obtain satisfactory results in terms of coverage of ‘postulated chosen routes’, reproduction of ‘true model estimates’ and prediction of ‘postulated predicted routes’.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-09-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-06-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.3141/2412-03
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-02-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2015.07.015
Abstract: Drunk drivers are a menace to themselves and to other road users, as drunk driving significantly increases the risk of involvement in road accidents and the probability of severe or fatal injuries. Although injuries and fatalities related to road accidents have decreased in recent decades, the prevalence of drunk driving among drivers killed in road accidents has remained stable, at around 25% or more during the past 10 years. Understanding drunk driving, and in particular, reci ism, is essential for designing effective countermeasures, and accordingly, the present study aims at identifying the differences between non-drunk drivers, drunk driving non-reci ists and drunk driving reci ists with respect to their demographic and socio-economic characteristics, road accident involvement and other traffic and non-traffic-related law violations. This study is based on register-data from Statistics Denmark and includes information from 2008 to 2012 for the entire population, aged 18 or older, of Denmark. The results from univariate and multivariate statistical analyses reveal a five year prevalence of 17% for drunk driving reci ism, and a significant relation between reci ism and the drunk drivers' gender, age, income, education, receipt of an early retirement pension, household type, and residential area. Moreover, reci ists are found to have a higher involvement in alcohol-related road accidents, as well as other traffic and, in particular, non-traffic-related offences. These findings indicate that drunk driving reci ism is more likely to occur among persons who are in situations of socio-economic disadvantage and marginalisation. Thus, to increase their effectiveness, preventive measures aiming to reduce drunk driving should also address issues related to the general life situations of the drunk driving reci ists that contribute to an increased risk of drunk driving reci ism.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.3141/2493-02
Abstract: Route choice is one of the most complex decision-making contexts to represent mathematically, and the most frequently used approach to model route choice consists of generating alternative routes and modeling the preferences of utility-maximizing travelers. The main drawback of this approach is the dependency of the parameter estimates from the choice set generation technique. Bias introduced in model estimation has been corrected only for the random walk algorithm, which has problematic applicability to large-scale networks. This study proposes a correction term for the s ling probability of routes extracted with stochastic route generation. The term is easily applicable to large-scale networks and various environments, given its dependence only on a random number generator and the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. The implementation for revealed preferences data, which consist of actual route choices collected in Cagliari, Italy, shows the feasibility of generating routes stochastically in a high-resolution network and calculating the correction factor. The model estimation with and without correction illustrates how the correction not only improves the goodness of fit but also turns illogical signs for parameter estimates to logical signs.
Publisher: The Sax Institute
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.17061/PHRP2641646
Abstract: Inhalation of asbestos fibres is the predominant cause of malignant mesothelioma. Domestic exposure to asbestos is a major community concern in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) because of loose-fill asbestos home insulation. Little is known about how trends in mesothelioma rates in the ACT compare with those elsewhere. The objective of this study was to describe trends in mesothelioma rates in the ACT and compare them with those for the rest of Australia. We used de-identified data from the ACT Cancer Registry (1982- 2014), and the Western Australia (WA) Cancer Registry and the Australian Cancer Database (1982-2011). We calculated crude mesothelioma rates, by 3-year periods, for the ACT and for the rest of Australia (excluding WA). We used Poisson regression to analyse mesothelioma trends from 1994 to 2011 (complete reporting period) using an indirect standardisation approach to adjust for age and sex. There were 140 mesothelioma cases reported to the ACT Cancer Registry between 1982 and 2014 - 81% male and 19% female. Between 1994 and 2011, age- and sex-adjusted mesothelioma rates in the ACT increased over time, on average by 12% per 3-year period (relative risk [RR] 1.12 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99, 1.26). Compared with the rest of Australia (excluding WA), ACT rates were, on average, lower (RR 0.84 95% CI 0.69, 1.02), but they increased at a higher rate (RR 1.12 per 3-year period 95% CI 0.99, 1.27). These results are strongly influenced by the higher rate of mesothelioma observed in the ACT in 2009-2011, when ACT rates became similar to those for the rest of Australia (excluding WA). Although mesothelioma rates may have increased more in the ACT than the rest of Australia (excluding WA) during the past two decades, there is considerable uncertainty in the trends. More information is needed regarding the health risks associated with living in a house with loose-fill asbestos insulation. This is the subject of further studies within the ACT Asbestos Health Study.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-07-2016
DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2015.1056807
Abstract: The over-representation of young drivers in road crashes remains an important concern worldwide. Cluster analysis has been applied to young driver sub-groups, but its application by analysing crash occurrence is just emerging. We present a classification analysis that advances the field through a holistic overview of crash patterns useful for designing youth-targeted road safety programmes. We compiled a database of 8644 New Zealand crashes from 2002 to 2011 involving at least one 15-24-year-old driver and a fatal or serious injury for at least one road user. We considered crash location, infrastructure characteristics, environmental conditions, demographic characteristics, driving behaviour, and pre-crash manoeuvres. The analysis yielded 15 and 8 latent classes of, respectively, single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes, and average posterior probabilities measured the odds of correct classification that revealed how the identified clusters contain mostly crashes of a particular class and all the crashes of that class. The results raised three major safety concerns for young drivers that should be addressed: (1) reckless driving and traffic law violations (2) inattention, error, and hazard perception problems and (3) interaction with road geometry and lighting conditions, especially on high-speed open roads and state highways.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-07-2016
DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2015.1056806
Abstract: Understanding drivers' responses to critical events, analyzing drivers' abilities to perform corrective manoeuvers, and investigating the correlation between these manoeuvers and crash severity provide the opportunity of increasing the knowledge about how to avoid crash occurrence or at least mitigate crash severity. We extend existing research on the determinants of engaging in crash avoidance manoeuvers by considering that observable and unobservable factors relate to both the selection of corrective manoeuvers and the severity outcome. Accordingly, we propose a joint multinomial-logit ordered-probit model of single-vehicle crashes extracted from the NASS GES database for the years 2005-2009. Results show (1) the existence of unobserved correlation between crash avoidance manoeuvers and crash severity, and (2) the link between drivers' attributes, risky driving behaviour, road characteristics, and environmental conditions, with the propensity to engage in crash avoidance manoeuvers and experience severe crash outcomes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2010.12.022
Abstract: This study intends to provide insight into pedestrian accidents by uncovering their patterns in order to design preventive measures and to allocate resources for identified problems. Kohonen neural networks are applied to a database of pedestrian fatal accidents occurred during the four-year period between 2003 and 2006. Results show the existence of five pedestrian accident patterns: (i) elderly pedestrians crossing on crosswalks mostly far from intersections in metropolitan areas (ii) pedestrians crossing suddenly or from hidden places and colliding with two-wheel vehicles on urban road sections (iii) male pedestrians crossing at night and being hit by four-wheel vehicles on rural road sections (iv) young male pedestrians crossing at night wide road sections in both urban and rural areas (v) children and teenagers crossing road sections in small rural communities. From the perspective of preventive measures, results suggest the necessity of designing education and information c aigns for road users as well as allocating resources for infrastructural interventions and law enforcement in order to address the identified major problems.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSR.2014.03.012
Abstract: Denmark is one of the leading cycling nations, where cycling trips constitute a large share of the total trips, and cycling safety assumes a top priority position in the agenda of policy makers. The current study sheds light on the aggravating and mitigating factors associated with cyclist injury severity on Danish roads by examining a comprehensive set of accidents involving a cyclist and a collision partner between 2007 and 2011. This study estimates a generalized ordered logit model of the severity of cyclist injuries because of its ability to accommodate the ordered-response nature of severity while relaxing the proportional odds assumption. Model estimates show that cyclist fragility (children under 10 years old and elderly cyclists over 60 years of age) and cyclist intoxication are aggravating in idual factors, while helmet use is a mitigating factor. Speed limits above 70-80 km/h, slippery road surface, and location of the crash on road sections are aggravating infrastructure factors, while the availability of cycling paths and dense urban development are mitigating factors. Heavy vehicle involvement and conflicts between cyclists going straight or turning left and other vehicles going straight are aggravating vehicle involvement factors. Practical applications: The results are discussed in the context of applied policies, engineering, and traffic management solutions for bicycle safety in Denmark.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 10-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-01-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-01-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-09-2020
Abstract: Like other developed countries, Australia is experiencing considerable growth in air travel demand. This growth is putting tremendous pressure on airports to improve the capacity and level of service of access and egress modes. The main goal of this study was to develop a robust mode choice model for passengers’ access to airports, in the context of Brisbane, Australia. The novelty of this study includes (1) the use of recent techniques to combine passengers’ revealed and stated preferences for mode of access to airports and (2) the development of both traditional multinomial logit (MNL) as well as mixed logit (MXL) models using these data. The data were collected from 1,435 passengers through an online survey of both revealed and stated preferences, with the stated preferences pivoting on their most recent trip to Brisbane Airport. With these data, access mode choice models were estimated. MNL and MXL models were estimated that directly considered the effects of passenger mode choice inertia as well as novel passenger-specific characteristics. These factors had a large, statistically significant effect on the estimated models. The benefit of the MXL model was shown in the results, as the passengers’ value of time from the MXL model was A$105.15/h, which was strikingly lower than the MNL-estimated value of time. In addition, there were notably high direct elasticities for bus and shuttle with respect to travel time, and for car and taxi with respect to travel cost.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2009.09.011
Abstract: Novice young drivers suffer from increased crash risk that translates into over-representation in road injuries. In order to effectively confront this problem, a better understanding of the driving behavior of novice young drivers and of its determinants is needed. This study analyzes the behavior of novice young drivers within a Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) program. Data on driving behavior of 62 novice drivers and their parents, who voluntarily participated in this experiment, were collected using in-vehicle data recorders that calculate compound risk indices as measures of the risk taking behavior of drivers. Data were used to estimate a negative binomial model to identify major determinants that affect the driving behavior of young drivers during the first year after licensure. Estimation results suggest that the risk taking behavior of young drivers is influenced by gender, sensation seeking tendency, driving behavior of their parents, amount of supervised driving and level of parental monitoring.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Carlo Giacomo Prato.