ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0969-2619
Current Organisation
University of Technology Sydney
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education not elsewhere classified | Correctional Theory, Offender Treatment and Rehabilitation | Public Health and Health Services | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander public health and wellbeing | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community and regional development | Health and Community Services | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the law | Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples society and community |
Evaluation of Health Outcomes | Rehabilitation and Correctional Services
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.13123
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-01-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU13020988
Abstract: COVID-19 has created or lified economic and social crises internationally. Australia entered its first recession in 30 years and saw a significant rise in unemployment. In response, Australian governments have increased their commitments to infrastructure construction to stimulate the national economy and combined this with new social procurement policies that aim to create social value for targeted populations like Indigenous peoples and unemployed youth. However, emerging social procurement research in construction shows a disconnect between policymakers and the practitioners who must implement them. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide theoretical and practical insights on creating social value in the context of construction employment created by new social procurement policies. Reporting a survey of 107 construction workers in Australia, it is shown that social procurement policies and construction employers can create social value when they provide work benefits like adequate pay and training and development and cultural benefits like inclusive workplaces. Recommendations are made to demonstrate how the results presented in this article can be used by contractors to create social value. This research is significant for advising how increased infrastructure spending commitments in Australia can create social and economic outcomes for workers, ensuring a sustainable recovery from COVID-19 crises.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-06-2022
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.617
Abstract: Research into opportunities for prevention including health promotion information about alcohol and other drugs (AoD) harms for people who go to prison is sparce. This is despite there being le research reporting how much and how frequently AoD have been used by people who go to prison. This article describes results from a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with 31 men in a Sydney prison, about where they first received health promotion information about AoD‐related harms and their first‐ever treatment episode. No participant reported receiving education on AoD harms or treatment support services in primary school or high school. Only one participant received their first treatment episode through a health service (in his case from a doctor) and none reported being screened for AoD use at a health service. Almost all (n = 27) participants had their first session with a trained AoD professional through the criminal justice system. Pro‐active screening in health services for AoD use disorders and referral to appropriate health services is needed.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2017
DOI: 10.1177/1035719X1701700202
Abstract: Indigenous people around the world have long healing traditions. Contemporary Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healing projects are designed to empower in iduals, families and communities strengthen connections to culture and reduce the damaging effects of colonisation and government policies such as the forcible removal of children (the Stolen Generations). Evidence on the conditions necessary for healing to occur, and how healing works for different people and in different contexts, is limited. Evaluations that will help identify good practice and document the full range of outcomes are sorely needed. This paper is based largely on experiences and learnings from Stolen Generations projects around Australia funded by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Healing Foundation, and the reflections of experienced scholar-practitioners. It argues that evaluations that are responsive to, and ultimately owned and led by, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities need to be designed and implemented differently to mainstream evaluations. Timeframes, methods, relationships between evaluators and stakeholders, and the identification and measurement of outcomes all need to be carefully considered. Challenges include definitions of healing, ersity of landscapes and programs, and data collection. Qualitative methods that preference and support Indigenous cultural frameworks and ways of creating and sharing knowledge work well. In addition to ensuring culturally sensitive methodologies and tools, working ethically and effectively in the Indigenous healing space means emphasising and enabling safety for participants, workers and organisations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-09-2021
DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.51281
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-12-2019
Abstract: The rapidly growing number of people in prison in Australia, combined with the high prevalence of mental disorder in this population, results in high demand for mental health services in prison settings. Despite their critical role as part of a national mental health response, prison mental health services (PMHS) in Australia have been poorly characterised. In this paper, we describe findings of the first national survey of PMHS in Australia. We distributed a survey to key representatives of PMHS in all Australian states and territories in 2016. Our method constitutes a replicable process for quantifying and comparing PMHS in Australia. We describe the structure, governance and staffing models in seven jurisdictions. When compared against international recommendations, only one Australian jurisdiction (the ACT) is funded to provide services at a level equivalent to mental health services provided in the community. Prison mental health services in Australia are delivered by a complex mix of government, private sector and non-government services. Services appear to be severely under-resourced when compared with the available benchmarks.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-07-2020
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 17-08-2011
DOI: 10.1108/17449201111256880
Abstract: This paper proposes a framework to better understand ex‐prisoner health, and pilot‐tests the framework using qualitative interviews with ten people who have been out of prison for two years or more. The proposed framework considers different stages of re‐entry (from pre‐incarceration through to post‐release), in idual and structural factors influencing health, and health outcomes. The authors conducted qualitative, open‐ended interviews with ex‐prisoners released from prison two or more years ago, who could be considered to have transitioned “successfully” out of prison. The aim of the interviews was to generate insights into the strategies that ex‐prisoners use to negotiate the post‐release period. Most of the themes that emerged from interviews were consistent with the proposed framework. Structural factors are important concerns for ex‐prisoners that may have to be resolved before other issues, such as drug addiction, can be addressed. However, these findings suggest that it is inappropriate to view health‐related experiences during re‐entry as homogenous, given the ersity of in idual characteristics and backgrounds among ex‐prisoners, notably including pre‐incarceration social status. To explain the health‐related experiences of people following their release from prison, we need to think beyond reintegration and move beyond homogenous notions of the ex‐prisoner population. Addressing sociocultural, demographic and incarceration‐specific factors that ameliorate or intensify the challenges faced by ex‐prisoners is of critical importance.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 25-05-2022
Abstract: ndigenous peoples live across all continents, representing approximately 90 nations and cultures and 476 million people. There have long been clear statements about the rights of Indigenous peoples to self-determine services, policies, and resource allocations that affect our lives, particularly via the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. An area for urgent improvement is curricula that train the predominantly non-Indigenous health workforce about their responsibilities and that offer practical strategies to use when engaging with Indigenous peoples and issues. he Bunya Project is designed to advance Indigenous community-led teaching and evaluation of the embeddedness of strategies to achieve an Indigenous Graduate Attribute in Australia. The project centers the relationships with Aboriginal community services to lead education design relating to Indigenous peoples. The project aims to articulate community recommendations for university education in allied health in the usable format of digital stories to create culturally informed andragogy, curriculum, and assessment measures for use in teaching. It also aims to understand the impact of this work on student attitudes and knowledge about Indigenous peoples’ allied health needs. ultilayered project governance was established, along with a 2-stage process using mixed methods participatory action research and critical reflection, using the reflective cycle by Gibbs. The first stage, i reparing the soil /i , used community engagement, drew on lived experience, encouraged critical self-reflection, embodied reciprocity, and demanded working collectively. The second stage, i lanting the seed /i , requires more critical self-reflection, the development of community data through interviews and focus group discussions, the development of resources with an academic working group and community participants, the implementation of those resources with student feedback, the analysis of the feedback from students and community members, and reflection. he protocol for the first stage, i reparing the soil /i , is complete. The results of the first stage are the relationships built and the trust earned and gained, and it has resulted in the development of the i lanting the seed protocol /i . As of February 2023, we have recruited 24 participants. We will analyze data shortly and expect to publish the results in 2024. he readiness of non-Indigenous staff to engage with Indigenous communities has not been ascertained by Universities Australia, nor can it be assured. Staff preparation and skills to support the curriculum, create a safe learning environment, and develop teaching and learning strategies to guide academics to recognize that how students learn is as important as the content students learn. This learning has broad implications and benefits for staff and students within their professional practice and for lifelong learning. ERR1-10.2196/39864
Publisher: The Sax Institute
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.17061/PHRP3042029
Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited
Date: 19-05-2021
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 06-08-2021
DOI: 10.1108/IJPH-05-2021-0043
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe what a s le of men in prison believe works well for the delivery of prison-based group alcohol and other drug (AoD) treatment programs. The authors hope the findings will help inform future practise in AoD program delivery in prison. A qualitative research paper reporting on a thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 30 male prisoners on their perspectives on AoD group treatment approaches. Results indicate that matching readiness and motivation to start treatment is important for group success. Program content must be relevant and delivered by empathic facilitators who maintain confidentiality. It would be advantageous if one of the program facilitators was a peer with personal experience of overcoming an AoD use disorder. According to the authors’ knowledge, this is one of few qualitative studies into the delivery of AoD treatment for men in prison and the only study of its kind in Australia. The consumer perspective is an important element in improving quality of treatment provision.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2022.109280
Abstract: This study examines the association between treatment in a therapeutic community for adolescents with drug and alcohol problems on hospitalisation outcomes up to 15 years later for all clients, and separately for those with and without a history of criminal conviction. A quasi-experimental design was used to examine the linked administrative health and criminal justice records for all adolescents admitted to the Program for Adolescent Life Management (PALM) from January 2001 to December 2016 (n = 3059) in Sydney, Australia. ICD-10AM codes were used to designate hospitalisation outcomes as either physical injury, mental health problems, substance use disorders, or organic illness. The treatment and comparison groups were matched on factors associated with program retention, resulting in a final s le of 1266 clients. We examined the rate of hospitalisation up to 15 years posttreatment for all clients and stratified by prior conviction status using Cox regression analyses. The treatment group had significantly lower rates of hospitalisation for a physical injury (HR = 0.77 [95% CI = 0.61-0.98]), mental health problem (HR = 0.62 [95% CI = 0.47-0.81]), substance use disorder (HR = 0.59 [95% CI = 0.47-0.75]), and organic illness (HR = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.55-0.92]). There was a significant interaction between treatment and prior criminal conviction status on rate of hospitalisation for physical injury, suggesting that the effect of treatment on physical injury was significantly greater for clients with a prior criminal conviction. Adolescents who engage in a therapeutic community treatment program may have a long-lasting reduction in the risk of subsequent hospitalisation. This also appears to apply to those with a history of criminal conviction.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Abstract: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) have been identified as having an important role in improving the health and wellbeing of in iduals in prison however, a lack of information exists on how to strengthen this role. This paper explores the experiences of ACCHO staff in primary health care to in iduals inside or leaving prison. Nineteen staff from four ACCHOs were interviewed. ACCHO selection was informed by proximity to prisons, town size and/or Local Government Area offending rates. Thematic analysis of the interviews was undertaken. While most ACCHOs had delivered post-release programs, primary health care delivery to prisoners was limited. Three themes emerged: i) a lack of access to prisoners ii) limited funding to provide services to prisoners and iii) the need for a team approach to primary health care delivery. A holistic model of care underpinned by a reliable funding model (including access to certain Medicare items) and consistent access to prisoners could strengthen ACCHOs' role in primary health care delivery to people inside or leaving prison. Implications for public health: ACCHOs have an important role to play in the delivery of primary health care to prisoners. Existing models of care for prisoners should be examined to explore how this can occur.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-05-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited
Date: 19-10-2020
Publisher: Canberra, ACT : Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The Australian National University
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.25911/22AJ-0608
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-05-2022
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2018
Abstract: The Ngaa-bi-nya framework presented here is a practical guide for the evaluation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and social programs. It has a range of prompts to stimulate thinking about critical success factors in programs relevant to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s lives. Ngaa-bi-nya was designed from an Aboriginal practitioner-scholar standpoint and was informed by the holistic concept of Aboriginal health, case studies with Aboriginal-led social and emotional well-being programs, human rights instruments, and the work of Stufflebeam. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and social programs have been described as suffering from a lack of evaluation. Ngaa-bi-nya is one of the few tools developed specifically to reflect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ contexts. It prompts the user to take into account the historical, policy, and social landscape of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s lives, existing and emerging cultural leadership, and informal caregiving that supports programs. Ngaa-bi-nya’s prompts across four domains—landscape factors, resources, ways of working, and learnings—provide a structure through which to generate insights necessary for the future development of culturally relevant, effective, translatable, and sustainable programs required for Australia’s growing and erse Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-04-2023
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.13655
Abstract: This study examined the association between program duration and rate of criminal conviction and hospitalisation for substance use up to 15 years later among young people admitted to a short‐term residential program for drug and alcohol use. Data were derived from linked administrative records of all clients referred to a modified therapeutic community for young people from January 2001 to December 2016 in New South Wales, Australia ( n = 3059). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses examined the rate of conviction (separately for any offence, violent offence, non‐violent offence and administrative offence) and hospitalisation for substance use, up to 15 years post‐program among young people who attended treatment for 1–29 days, 30–59 days, 60–89 days and 90–120 days. Thirty days or more in treatment was independently associated with a lower rate of conviction for any offence and a non‐violent offence, as well as hospitalisation for substance use, while 60 days or more was associated with a lower rate of conviction for a violent and administrative offence, relative to those who spent 1–29 days in the program. Additional months in the program were also associated with reduced rates of conviction and hospitalisation, although 90–120 days appeared to confer no additional benefits than 60–89 days. At least 60 days may be the minimum duration needed for short‐term, therapeutic community programs to reduce the risk of conviction across all crime types and hospitalisation for substance use.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-05-2022
DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2022.2091948
Abstract: Disproportionately high numbers of Aboriginal young people access residential alcohol and other drug programs in Australia. While demand is high, these programs often have low numbers of Aboriginal staff. Residential programs, however, generally offer supports that reflect features of Aboriginal health care - holistic, group-based, connected to local communities, and addressing determinants of health. The qualitative research outlined in this paper was a collaboration between a mainstream residential therapeutic community program and two Aboriginal community-controlled organisations, and Aboriginal young people and researchers, with Aboriginal research leadership. It used an Aboriginal healing framework to understand the experiences of 12 young Aboriginal people in the program, triangulated with 19 key informant interviews. This provided an opportunity to understand how Indigenous knowledge about healing related to mainstream programs and the experiences of Aboriginal young people. This moves beyond in idualist and deficit-focused conceptions of youth alcohol and drug use and centres Aboriginal cultures as healing. Findings point to the need for critically self-reflective mainstream organisations, a larger Aboriginal workforce with leadership roles, partnerships with Aboriginal Elders and organisations, and an investment in Aboriginal community-controlled alcohol and other drug services.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 18-05-2023
DOI: 10.2196/39864
Abstract: Indigenous peoples live across all continents, representing approximately 90 nations and cultures and 476 million people. There have long been clear statements about the rights of Indigenous peoples to self-determine services, policies, and resource allocations that affect our lives, particularly via the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. An area for urgent improvement is curricula that train the predominantly non-Indigenous health workforce about their responsibilities and that offer practical strategies to use when engaging with Indigenous peoples and issues. The Bunya Project is designed to advance Indigenous community-led teaching and evaluation of the embeddedness of strategies to achieve an Indigenous Graduate Attribute in Australia. The project centers the relationships with Aboriginal community services to lead education design relating to Indigenous peoples. The project aims to articulate community recommendations for university education in allied health in the usable format of digital stories to create culturally informed andragogy, curriculum, and assessment measures for use in teaching. It also aims to understand the impact of this work on student attitudes and knowledge about Indigenous peoples’ allied health needs. Multilayered project governance was established, along with a 2-stage process using mixed methods participatory action research and critical reflection, using the reflective cycle by Gibbs. The first stage, preparing the soil, used community engagement, drew on lived experience, encouraged critical self-reflection, embodied reciprocity, and demanded working collectively. The second stage, planting the seed, requires more critical self-reflection, the development of community data through interviews and focus group discussions, the development of resources with an academic working group and community participants, the implementation of those resources with student feedback, the analysis of the feedback from students and community members, and reflection. The protocol for the first stage, preparing the soil, is complete. The results of the first stage are the relationships built and the trust earned and gained, and it has resulted in the development of the planting the seed protocol. As of February 2023, we have recruited 24 participants. We will analyze data shortly and expect to publish the results in 2024. The readiness of non-Indigenous staff to engage with Indigenous communities has not been ascertained by Universities Australia, nor can it be assured. Staff preparation and skills to support the curriculum, create a safe learning environment, and develop teaching and learning strategies to guide academics to recognize that how students learn is as important as the content students learn. This learning has broad implications and benefits for staff and students within their professional practice and for lifelong learning. DERR1-10.2196/39864
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 21-12-2021
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-1179330/V1
Abstract: Cultural safety is a keystone reform concept intended to improve First Nations Peoples’ health and wellbeing. Are definitions of cultural safety, in themselves, culturally safe? A purposive search of erse sources in Australian identified 42 definitions of cultural safety. Structuration theory informed the analytical framework and was applied through an Indigenist methodology. Ten themes emerged from this analysis, indicating that cultural risk is embedded in cultural safety definitions that diminish (meddlesome modifications and discombobulating discourse), demean (developmentally dubious and validation vacillations), and disempower (professional prose, redundant reflexivity, and scholarly shenanigans) the cultural identity (problematic provenance and ostracised ontology) of First Nations Australians. We offer four guidelines for future definitional construction processes, and methodology and taxonomy for building consensus based of definitions of cultural safety. Using this approach could reduce cultural risk and contribute to improved workforce ability to respond to the cultural strengths of First Nations Australians.
Publisher: University of Toronto Libraries - UOTL
Date: 28-01-2021
DOI: 10.32799/IJIH.V16I1.33218
Abstract: While professional education in medicine and nursing in Australia has been implementing strategies to increase accessibility for Indigenous Australians, allied health professions remain underdeveloped in this area. Failure to improve the engagement of allied health professions with Indigenous Australians, and failure to increase the numbers of Indigenous staff and students risks perpetuating health inequities, intergenerational disadvantage, and threatens the integrity of professions who have publically committed to achieving cultural safety and health equity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Knowing this, leaders in the allied health professions are asking “What needs to change?” This paper presents a critical reflection on experiences of a university-based Indigenous Health Unit leading the embedding of Indigenous perspectives in allied health curriculum, informed by Indigenous community connections, literature reviews, and research in the context of an emerging community of practice on Indigenous health education. Key themes from reflections are presented in this paper, identifying barriers as well as enablers for change, which include Indigenous community relationship building, education of staff and students, and collaborative research and teaching on Indigenous Peoples’ allied health needs and models of care. These enablers are inherently anti-racism strategies that redress negative stereotypes perpetuated about Indigenous Australians and encourage the promotion of valuable Indigenous knowledges, principles, and practices as strategies that may also help meet the health needs of the general community.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.EVALPROGPLAN.2019.01.004
Abstract: Researchers worldwide are increasingly reporting the societal impact of their research as part of national research productivity assessments. However, the challenges they encounter in developing their impact case studies against specified government assessment criteria and how pitfalls can be mitigated are not reported. This paper examines the key steps taken to develop an Aboriginal Family Wellbeing (FWB) empowerment research impact case study in the context of an Australian Research Council (ARC) pilot research impact assessment exercise and the challenges involved in applying the ARC criteria. The requirement that researchers demonstrate how their institutions support them to conduct impactful research has the potential to create supportive environments for researchers to be more responsive to the needs of users outside academia. However, the 15-year reference period for the associated research underpinning the reported impact and the focus on researcher's current institutional affiliation constitute potential constraints to demonstrating the true impact of research. For researchers working with Indigenous people, relationships that build over long periods of time, irrespective of university affiliation, are critical to conducting impactful research. A more open-ended time-frame, with no institutional restrictions for the 'associated research' provides the best opportunity to demonstrate the true benefits of research not only for Indigenous people but for Australian society more broadly.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S40352-020-0105-X
Abstract: Complex interacting social, economic and historical factors influence the availability and uptake of alcohol and drugs, including among Indigenous communities. Self-harm and suicide as well as homelessness and incarceration, can both precede and result from drug and alcohol use. Rates of self-harm, suicide and incarceration among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia are among the highest in the world and drug and alcohol treatment programs need to address these underlying complexities. This study examines whether an ‘holistic’ residential drug and alcohol treatment program for adolescents, with over 30% of clients identifying as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, can improve outcomes post-discharge, including reducing self-harm, suicide attempts, arrests and alcohol and drug use. The program addresses substance use, mental health, employment, accommodation, social/community and family life. Program admission and 3 months’ post-discharge data from 2007 to 2016 were analysed. From 2007 to 2016, 619 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people were admitted to the program 247 stayed in the program for 30 days or more 89 were successfully followed up three months post-discharge to determine whether there was a significant improvement from baseline using the McNemar’s Test and the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. On admission, 18 people (20%) of the study population reported attempting suicide in the last 3 months and 23 people (30%) reported self-harm. Most had been engaged in the criminal justice system, with 67 people (75%) having been to court and 62 people (70%) arrested one or more times in the past 3 months, with 35 people (41%) in unstable housing, reporting having lived in three or more places in the previous 6 months. At 3 months post-treatment, all ( n = 18) who reported suicide attempts in the 3 months prior to admission reported no attempts in the prior 3 months at follow-up. There was also a significant reduction in self-harm with 23 young people out of the 27 who reported self-harm at baseline not reporting self-harm at follow up (85%) and in the proportion of adolescents who reported using cannabis, hetamines and alcohol, as well as a reduction in the proportion who reported being arrested. The findings provide support for an ‘holistic’ residential treatment program as an approach to improve health and related outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people. In addition to a focus on multiple aspects of a young person’s life in treatment, culturally relevant modes of treatment and support should be a future focus to further strengthen programs when Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are over-represented in the client group.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2021.109030
Abstract: Young people with problematic alcohol and other drug (AOD) use are often referred to residential treatment. Subsequent mortality rates among this high-risk group is not known. This study estimates mortality rates and determines causes of death amongst young people referred to residential treatment in Sydney, Australia. Retrospective data linkage study. Data of young people (13-18 years) referred to a residential treatment service 2001-2015 (n = 3256) linked with Australian death registration data, and followed up to 16 years (2001-2016). Mortality rates (CMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs, age-, gender-, calendar-year-adjusted) calculated using population mortality rates. Causes of death were analysed using ICD-10 codes for AOD-induced, AOD as contributory and non-AOD related causes. During follow-up of the cohort (28,838 person-years), 63 people died (71.4 % males 48 % Indigenous median age at death = 21.9 years median follow-up = 5.1years), with 76 % dying before aged 25 years. Overall mortality (SMR = 4.91, 95 % CI: 3.8-6.2 CMR = 2.18/1000 person-years, 95 % CI: 1.7-2.8) was significantly higher than age-gender-matched general population, particularly in females (SMR = 9.55 males: SMR = 4.11 RR: 2.3, 95 % CI: 1.3-4.1). SMRs were not significantly different between treatment groups (SMRs>5.5) and non-attend group (SMR = 3.7) (p = 0.359). Two-thirds of deaths involved AOD, with AOD-induced deaths comprising 42 % and AOD as contributory for 22 % deaths. Overdose, mainly opioids (including opiates), suicide, and transport accidents were major causes of deaths. Very high mortality rates, particularly among females, and the high incidence of overdose and suicide emphasise early screening for those at high-risk, targeted and culturally appropriate interventions, and maximised continuing after-care accessible to young people.
Start Date: 09-2014
End Date: 06-2020
Amount: $255,997.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 12-2023
End Date: 12-2030
Amount: $35,000,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity