ORCID Profile
0000-0003-1411-4554
Current Organisation
University of Western Australia
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-07-2014
DOI: 10.1071/HE13081
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-10-2017
Abstract: Exposure to traffic related nitrogen dioxide (NO
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-08-2017
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2017-104441
Abstract: In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified shift work involving circadian disruption (CD) as probably carcinogenic to humans. Circadian disruption could be conceptualised as the overlap of activity, such as work, with an in idual’s biological night. The latter can be approximated from a worker’s chronotype (or morning/evening preference). Few previous studies have taken chronotype into account when assessing CD caused by shift work. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that women working during their biological night would be at increased risk of breast cancer. We used data from our case–control study of breast cancer to investigate associations between shift work involving CD and breast cancer risks. Previously, we had assumed that everyone working in jobs which involved work for two or more shifts between midnight and 05:00 hours was equally exposed to CD. In the present analyses, we reclassified as unexposed those who had a late chronotype in which their preferred bedtime was 2 hours after the end of their shift. Only 30 of 1385 night jobs changed classification and the overall finding (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.41) was not different to the original finding when chronotype was not considered. We found virtually no difference between our new and old classifications of exposure. However, we were not able to calculate the total number of chronodisrupted shifts over a lifetime in order to assess dose and nor were we able to determine how many women were exposed to CD when doing shifts which began before midnight. Our first practical application highlights challenges for future chronobiology-based research.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 29-03-2006
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268806006078
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dog and cat ownership and gastroenteritis in young children. A diary study of 965 children aged 4–6 years living in rural or semi-rural South Australia was undertaken. Data were collected on pet ownership, drinking water and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. Overall 89% of households had pets and dog ownership was more common than cat ownership. The multivariable models for gastroenteritis and pet ownership indicated that living in a household with a dog or cat was associated with a reduced risk of gastroenteritis (adj. OR 0·71, 95% CI 0·55–0·92 OR 0·70, % CI 0·51–0·97 respectively). This paper adds to the evidence that pets are not a major source of gastroenteritis in the home and lends support to the health benefits of pet ownership. However, this must be weighed against the potential negative consequences, such as dog bites, particularly for this age group.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2011
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2011.17
Abstract: The association between meat consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been controversial. One of the difficulties in determining this association has been measurement of different attributes of meat consumption, including cooking methods and level of doneness. We investigated the association between meat consumption and cooking practices and the risk of CRC in a population-based case-control study in the Western Australian Bowel Health Study. From July 2005 to February 2007, 567 incident CRC cases and 713 controls, who were frequency matched to cases for age- and sex, completed questionnaires on lifestyle and meat consumption. Estimated odds ratios (ORs) comparing meat consumption quartile groups were obtained from multivariate logistic regression models. The amount of red baked meat consumed had a statistically significant inverse trend of association with CRC (Q4 OR=0.73 95% confidence interval 0.53-1.01). When frequency was multiplied by serving size and by doneness, the association remained protective but was no longer statistically significant. The protective trends for red pan-fried meat were also borderline statistically significant. There were no other statistically significant or meaningful associations with any of the types of meat cooked by any method and the risk of CRC. Our data do not support the hypothesis that meat consumption is a risk factor for CRC.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 16-01-2013
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWS425
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2001
DOI: 10.1080/09603120120070856
Abstract: Non-specific health symptoms are commonly reported in communities exposed to environmental hazards. However these symptoms commonly occur in the general community as a result of lifestyle factors, illness such as cold and allergy, medical treatment, in addition to environmental and occupational exposures. This paper describes the prevalence of non-specific health symptoms in South Australia. A cross-sectional survey of 3016 persons aged 15 years and over across the State was undertaken. Stuffy nose was the most commonly reported symptoms, with a 2-week prevalence of 46%. Headaches, unusual tiredness, cough, sore throat and itchy eyes were each experienced by at least one in five persons in the previous 2-week period. Symptom reporting was greater among females compared with males and higher in younger age groups. These rates provide a useful reference for rates normally found in a community exposed to a broad range of personal, environmental and occupational factors that may lead to these symptoms.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-04-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41370-019-0138-1
Abstract: Heatwaves have potential health and safety implications for many workers, and heatwaves are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change. There is currently a lack of comparative evidence for the effects of heatwaves on workers' health and safety in different climates (sub-tropical and temperate). This study examined the relationship between heatwave severity (as defined by the Excess Heat Factor) and workers' compensation claims, to define impacts and identify workers at higher risk. Workers' compensation claims data from Australian cities with temperate (Melbourne and Perth) and subtropical (Brisbane) climates for the years 2006-2016 were analysed in relation to heatwave severity categories (low and moderate/high severity) using time-stratified case-crossover models. Consistent impacts of heatwaves were observed in each city with either a protective or null effect during heatwaves of low-intensity while claims increased during moderate/high-severity heatwaves compared with non-heatwave days. The highest effect during moderate/high-severity heatwaves was in Brisbane (RR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.42-1.48). Vulnerable worker subgroups identified across the three cities included: males, workers aged under 34 years, apprentice/trainee workers, labour hire workers, those employed in medium and heavy strength occupations, and workers from outdoor and indoor industrial sectors. These findings show that work-related injuries and illnesses increase during moderate/high-severity heatwaves in both sub-tropical and temperate climates. Heatwave forecasts should signal the need for heightened heat awareness and preventive measures to minimise the risks to workers.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 16-01-2013
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWS422
Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancers. Established risk factors account for only a small proportion of cases. Previous studies have found reductions in sleep duration and quality in the general population over time. There is evidence to suggest a link between poor sleep and an increased risk of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the relationship between breast cancer and sleep duration and quality in Western Australian women. Data were obtained from a population-based case-control study conducted from 2009 to 2011. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on sleep. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Sensitivity analysis for potential selection and misclassification bias was also conducted. We found no association between self-reported sleep duration on workdays and risk of breast cancer (for 8 hours, OR = 1.10 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.39), compared with the reference category of 7-8 hours' sleep). In addition, we found no association between sleep duration on nonworkdays, subjective sleep quality, or combined duration and quality and risk of breast cancer. This study does not provide evidence to support an association between self-reported sleep duration or quality and the risk of breast cancer.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-09-2013
DOI: 10.1038/BJC.2013.544
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-08-2012
DOI: 10.1093/JNCI/DJS354
Abstract: Although there is convincing epidemiological evidence that physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer, it is unclear whether physical activity is differentially associated with the risks of proximal colon and distal colon cancers. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate this issue. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for English-language cohort and case-control studies that examined associations between physical activity and the risks of proximal colon and distal colon cancers. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the summary relative risks (RRs) for the associations between physical activity and the risks of the two cancers. All statistical tests were two-sided. A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. The summary relative risk of the main results from these studies indicated that the risk of proximal colon cancer was 27% lower among the most physically active people compared with the least active people (RR = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66 to 0.81). An almost identical result was found for distal colon cancer (RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.80). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of both proximal colon and distal colon cancers, and that the magnitude of the association does not differ by subsite. Given this finding, future research on physical activity and colon cancer should focus on other aspects of the association that remain unclear, such as whether sedentary behavior and nonaerobic physical activity are associated with the risk of colon cancer.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 29-03-2021
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0248931
Abstract: While there is clear evidence that high levels of pollution are associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, the biological mechanisms that would explain this association are less understood. We examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Air pollutant concentrations were estimated at place of residence for cohort members in the Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing Health in Men Study. Blood s les and blood pressure measures were taken for a cohort of 4249 men aged 70 years and above between 2001 and 2004. We examined the association between 1-year average pollutant concentrations with blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and total homocysteine. Linear regression analyses were carried out, with adjustment for confounding, as well as an assessment of potential effect modification. The four pollutants examined were fine particulate matter, black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. We found that a 2.25 μg/m 3 higher exposure to fine particulate matter was associated with a 1.1 percent lower high-density cholesterol (95% confidence interval: -2.4 to 0.1) and 4.0 percent higher serum triglycerides (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 6.6). Effect modification of these associations by diabetes history was apparent. We found no evidence of an association between any of the remaining risk factors or biomarkers with measures of outdoor air pollution. These findings indicate that long-term PM 2.5 exposure is associated with elevated serum triglycerides and decreased HDL cholesterol. This requires further investigation to determine the reasons for this association.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-05-2006
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYL105
Abstract: Tank rainwater is a source of untreated drinking water in Australia and elsewhere. The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk of gastroenteritis among children who drank tank rainwater differed from that of children who drank treated public mains water. A cohort study of 1,016 4- to 6-year old children who drank rainwater or treated mains water in rural South Australia was undertaken in 1999. Parents kept a daily diary of their child's gastrointestinal symptoms and water consumption for a period of 6 weeks. Data on respiratory illness and other risk factors for gastroenteritis were also collected. The incidence of gastroenteritis among children was 3.8-5.3 episodes per child-year, but most episodes (60%) lasted just 1 day. No increase in odds of gastroenteritis was observed among children who drank rainwater compared with treated mains water. The adjusted odds ratio for gastroenteritis associated with rainwater consumption compared with mains consumption was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.63-1.13). Gastroenteritis was found to be a significant cause of morbidity among young children. Young children, who were regular consumers of tank rainwater, were at no greater odds of gastroenteritis than those who drank treated public mains water.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0731
Abstract: Among 2,968 women and girls exposed to crocidolite (blue asbestos) at Wittenoom, three cases of choriocarcinoma and three cases of hydatidiform mole have been identified (crude incidence rate of 9.9 per 1000 women and 1.7 per 1000 deliveries for choriocarcinoma and hydatidiform mole, respectively). The women with choriocarcinoma were resident at Wittenoom at the time of disease development, whereas hydatidiform mole occurred much later in women who had first been exposed to asbestos as young girls. Four of the six cases were known to have lived with asbestos company workers who brought their dusty work-clothes home for washing. Asbestos fibers have been reported in the lung, the pleural and peritoneal mesothelium, and the human ovary. They have also been detected in placental digests of live and stillborn infants. This cluster of gestational trophoblastic diseases has some biological plausibility for asbestos causation. Taking an occupational and residential history and examining pathologic specimens for asbestos fibers or bodies may prove useful in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009 (11):2895–8)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2018.12.024
Abstract: The thermal environment can directly affect workers' occupational health and safety, and act as a contributing factor to injury or illness. However, the literature addressing risks posed by varying temperatures on work-related injuries and illnesses is limited. To examine the occupational injury and illness risk profiles for hot and cold conditions. Daily numbers of workers' compensation claims in Adelaide, South Australia from 2003 to 2013 (n = 224,631) were sourced together with daily weather data. The impacts of maximum daily temperature on the risk of work-related injuries and illnesses was assessed using a time-stratified case-crossover study design combined with a distributed lag non-linear model. The minimum number of workers' compensation claims occurred when the maximum daily temperature was 25 °C. Compared with this optimal temperature, extremely hot temperatures (99th percentile) were associated with an increase in overall claims (RR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.18-1.44) whereas a non-significant increase was observed with extremely cold temperatures (1st percentile, RR: 1.10 (95%CI: 0.99-1.21). Heat exposure had an acute effect on workers' injuries whereas cold conditions resulted in delayed effects. Moderate temperatures were associated with a greater injury burden than extreme temperatures. Days of very high temperatures were associated with the greatest risks of occupational injuries whereas moderate temperatures, which occur more commonly, have the greatest burden. These findings suggest that the broader range of thermal conditions should be considered in workplace injury and illness prevention strategies.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 26-01-2021
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0924
Abstract: It is not known whether modifiable lifestyle factors that predict survival after invasive breast cancer differ by subtype. We analyzed data for 121,435 women diagnosed with breast cancer from 67 studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium with 16,890 deaths (8,554 breast cancer specific) over 10 years. Cox regression was used to estimate associations between risk factors and 10-year all-cause mortality and breast cancer–specific mortality overall, by estrogen receptor (ER) status, and by intrinsic-like subtype. There was no evidence of heterogeneous associations between risk factors and mortality by subtype (Padj & 0.30). The strongest associations were between all-cause mortality and BMI ≥30 versus 18.5–25 kg/m2 [HR (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19 (1.06–1.34)] current versus never smoking [1.37 (1.27–1.47)], high versus low physical activity [0.43 (0.21–0.86)], age ≥30 years versus & years at first pregnancy [0.79 (0.72–0.86)] & –& years versus ≥10 years since last full-term birth [1.31 (1.11–1.55)] ever versus never use of oral contraceptives [0.91 (0.87–0.96)] ever versus never use of menopausal hormone therapy, including current estrogen–progestin therapy [0.61 (0.54–0.69)]. Similar associations with breast cancer mortality were weaker for ex le, 1.11 (1.02–1.21) for current versus never smoking. We confirm associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and 10-year all-cause mortality. There was no strong evidence that associations differed by ER status or intrinsic-like subtype. Given the large dataset and lack of evidence that associations between modifiable risk factors and 10-year mortality differed by subtype, these associations could be cautiously used in prognostication models to inform patient-centered care.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-02-2021
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of biomass fuel for cooking on adverse fetal growth outcomes in Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study of mothers recruited at maternity clinics in rural communities in Sri Lanka’s Central Province was undertaken. Data pertaining to household air pollution and fetal growth parameters were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to evaluate the impact of biomass fuel for cooking on low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) parameters. Findings showed that exposure to biomass cooking fuels during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of LBW adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.74 (95% CI 1.08–6.96) and SGA (aOR: 1.87, 95% CI 1.03–3.41) compared with the use of clean energy. The risk of LBW was highest for traditional biomass stoves compared to improved biomass stoves (aOR: 3.23, 95% 1.17–8.89) and biomass use in kitchens without a chimney compared to kitchens with a chimney (aOR: 4.63, 95% 1.54–13.93). Similar trends were observed for SGA.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 18-03-2011
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWQ513
Abstract: Research suggests that sedentary behavior may increase the risk of some chronic diseases. The aims of the study were to examine whether sedentary work is associated with colorectal cancer and to determine whether the association differs by subsite. A total of 918 cases and 1,021 controls participated in a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Western Australia in 2005-2007. Data were collected on lifestyle, physical activity, and lifetime job history. The estimated effects of sedentary work on the risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum were analyzed by using multinomial logistic regression. Compared with participants who did not spend any time in sedentary work, participants who spent 10 or more years in sedentary work had almost twice the risk of distal colon cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.28, 2.93) and a 44% increased risk of rectal cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.96, 2.18). This association was independent of recreational physical activity and was seen even among the most recreationally active participants. Sedentary work was not associated with the risk of proximal colon cancer. These results suggest that long-term sedentary work may increase the risk of distal colon cancer and rectal cancer.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-02-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S10459-008-9103-9
Abstract: The academic success of students is a priority for all universities. This study identifies factors associated with first year academic success (performance and retention) that can be used to improve the quality of the student learning experience. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with a census of all 381 full time students enrolled in the Bachelor of Health Science at The University of Western Australia since the inception of the course in the year 2000. Factors found to be associated with successful academic performance were high matriculation score, female sex, non-Indigenous status, attendance at a government secondary school, upfront payment of university fees and completion of secondary school English Literature. The most influential factor on first year academic performance was a high matriculation score. Retention into second year was found to be influenced by participation in the university mentor scheme, non-Indigenous status and first year university marks. The factor of most influence on student retention was first year university marks. Valuable information about the performance and retention of first year Bachelor of Health Science students is provided in this study which is relevant to the operational priorities of any university.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 02-10-2018
Abstract: Australia has relatively erse sources and low concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (<2.5 μm, PM
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-06-2014
DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.800958
Abstract: The association between breast cancer in women and the use of household or occupational pesticides was examined in a population-based case-control study. This study was conducted in Western Australia in 2009-2011 and included 1,789 controls and 1,205 cases. Information on household pesticide exposure was collected from questionnaires. For occupational pesticide exposure, job-specific modules (JSMs) were used. To evaluate potential recall bias, we stratified the analysis by belief about whether pesticides contribute to breast cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Women's exposures to pesticides in households and workplaces were not related to increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.10 CI: 0.86-1.37) and (OR = 0.77 CI: 0.45-1.32), respectively. The prevalence of occupational exposure to pesticides among women in our study was low. In the stratified analyses, the odd ratios associated with household pesticide use were similar among participants who believed pesticides increased breast cancer risk and those who did not. The results of our study did not show associations between breast cancer and household or occupational exposure to pesticides.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.06.098
Abstract: The thermal working environment can have direct and in-direct effects on health and safety. Ambient temperatures have been associated with an increased risk of occupational injuries but it is unknown how the relationship can vary by weather, location and climate. To examine the relationship between ambient temperatures and work-related injury and illness compensation claims in three Australian cities: Melbourne and Perth (temperate climate) and Brisbane (subtropical climate) in order to determine how hot and cold weather influences the risk of occupational injury in Australia. Workers' compensation claims from each city for the period 2005 to 2016 were merged with local daily weather data. A time-stratified case-crossover design combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to quantify the impacts of daily maximum temperature (T Compared to the median maximum temperature (T The relationship between injury and ambient temperature appears to be variable depending on location and climate. In general, work-related injuries and illnesses appear to be more common at higher temperatures than lower temperatures. Adopting adaptation and prevention measures could reduce the social and economic burden of injury, and formulating effective measures for dealing with high temperatures should be prioritised given the predicted increase in the frequency and intensity of hot weather.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268802007628
Abstract: This study examines the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) in children in the community setting. Parents of 965 children aged 4–6 years and resident in rural/semi-rural South Australia completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic factors, and a 6-week daily diary detailing symptoms of gastroenteritis, antibiotic use, respiratory illness, and contact with someone with gastroenteritis. The incidence of AAD was 32·3%, falling to 23·5% when episodes associated with a respiratory illness were excluded. Respiratory illness in the previous 3 days (OR 6·76, 95% CI 4·87, 9·38), and contact with someone with gastroenteritis in the previous 14 days (OR 1·8, 95% CI 1·48, 2·19), were both associated with gastroenteritis. After adjusting for these, only the first day of antibiotic use was associated with gastroenteritis (OR 3·8, 95% CI 1·8, 8·06). Potential confounding factors, in particular inter-current respiratory illness, need to be considered when examining AAD.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.114349
Abstract: In areas with moderate to severe air pollution, pollutant concentrations are associated with dementia risk. It is unclear whether the same relationship is present in regions with lower ambient air pollution. To determine whether exposure to air pollution is associated with risk of incident dementia in general, and Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in particular, in older men living in a relatively low ambient air pollution region. The cohort comprised 11,243 men residing in Perth, Australia. Participants were aged ≥65 years and free of a dementia diagnosis at time of recruitment in 1996-1999. Incident dementia was identified from recruitment to 2018 via ICD diagnosis codes and subsequent study waves. Concentrations for three air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO Of 3053 (27.2%) incident cases of dementia, 1670 (54.7%) and 355 (11.6%) had documented Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The average concentration of NO Exposure to air pollution is not associated with increased risk of incident dementia in older men living in a region with relatively low ambient air pollution.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-06-2013
DOI: 10.1038/BJC.2013.310
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2009
Abstract: Nearly 3000 women and girls were documented to have lived at the blue asbestos mining and milling town of Wittenoom in Western Australia between 1943 and 1992. Eight per cent of deaths among these women to the end of 2004 have been from malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. To predict future mortality from mesothelioma to 2030 in this cohort. Mesothelioma mortality rates incorporating parameters for cumulative exposure, a power of time since first exposure and annual rates of fibre clearance from the lung were calculated from maximum likelihood estimates. These rates plus age specific mortality rates for Western Australian females incorporating an excess lung cancer risk were then applied to all Wittenoom cohort women surviving to the end of 2004, in yearly increments, to predict the future numbers of cases of mesothelioma to 2030. There were 40 deaths from mesothelioma among the Wittenoom women to the end of 2004. Using a range of models that incorporate time since first exposure, competing risks from other diseases, latency periods and clearance of mesothelioma from the lungs we predict 66 (lowest estimate) to 87 (highest estimate) deaths from mesothelioma until 2030. This represents one and a half to two and a half times the number of deaths that have already occurred to the end of 2004. The high toll from mesothelioma in this cohort of women and girls will continue well into the future.
Publisher: European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Date: 24-02-2022
DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00072-2022
Abstract: There is growing evidence that lung function in early life predicts later lung function. Adverse events over the lifespan might influence an in idual's lung function trajectory, resulting in poor respiratory health. The aim of this study is to identify early-life risk factors and their impact on lung function trajectories to prevent long term lung impairments. Our study included participants from the Raine Study – a prospective pregnancy cohort -with at least two spirometry measurements. Lung function trajectories from the six to 22-year follow-ups were characterised using finite mixture modelling. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between early-life predictors and lung function trajectories. A total of 1512 participants (768 males, 744 females), representing 53% of the whole cohort, were included in this analysis. Four lung function trajectories of FEV 1 , FVC and FEV 1 /FVC (z-scores) were identified. FEV 1 and FVC trajectories were categorised as: “very low”, “low”, “average”, and “above average”, respectively. Based on their shape, lung function trajectories of FEV 1 /FVC were categorised as “very low”, “low-average”, “average-low”, and “average”. Asthma and maternal smoke were identified as risk factors for low lung function trajectories in this cohort, as well as early-life exposure to PM 2.5Absorbance . Early-life risk factors may influence lung function trajectories over time. Nonetheless, identifying children who have a high risk of having low lung function trajectories should be prioritised to prevent deficits in later life.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-07-2018
Abstract: Construction industry workers are at high risk of occupational noise exposure. Although regulations and guidelines for this industry specify the use of noise controls, workers continue to be exposed to hazardous noise levels. The objectives of this study were (i) to collate and describe full-shift noise exposure experienced by construction workers (ii) to review trends in full-shift exposure over time and between countries and (iii) to identify any occupational categories within the construction industries that have higher levels of exposure. Of the 1171 studies found using key terms, 25 contained noise exposure measurements that met our inclusion criteria. S le populations were predominantly from large construction sites and primarily comprised occupations known to engage in noisy workplace activities. Studies spanned over 36 years with all having average full-shift noise exposure over 85 A-weighted decibels (dBA). No time trend in full-shift noise exposure levels for construction workers was observed. Construction workers in the subgroup occupations of mason, sheet metal workers, carpenters, concrete workers, and operating engineers consistently had mean LAeq,8h over the 85 dBA limit. Studies spanning 36 years in 10 countries consistently show construction workers have been exposed to hazardous noise levels. There has been no significant change over time of the average full-shift exposure levels of construction workers, including in all occupational subgroups except iron-workers. Some variability in full-shift measures is due to s ling methods and population characteristics and to a lesser extent, methods used to derive exposure levels.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-03-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S11764-022-01189-W
Abstract: Circadian rhythms control a wide range of physiological processes and may be associated with fatigue, depression, and sleep problems. We aimed to identify subgroups of breast cancer survivors based on symptoms of fatigue, insomnia, and depression and assess whether circadian parameters (i.e., chronotype, litude, and stability) were associated with these subgroups over time. Among breast cancer survivors, usual circadian parameters were assessed at 3–4 months after diagnosis (T0), and symptoms of fatigue, depression, and insomnia were assessed after 2–3 years (T1, N = 265) and 6–8 years (T2, N = 169). We applied latent class analysis to classify survivors in unobserved groups (“classes”) based on symptoms at T1. The impact of each of the circadian parameters on class allocation was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analysis, and changes in class allocation from T1 to T2 using latent transition models. We identified 3 latent classes of symptom burden: low (38%), moderate (41%), and high (21%). Survivors with a late chronotype (“evening types”) or low circadian litude (“languid types”) were more likely to have moderate or high symptom burden compared to “morning types” and “vigorous types,” respectively. The majority of survivors with moderate (59%) or high (64%) symptom burden at T1 had persistent symptom burden at T2. A late chronotype and lower circadian litude after breast cancer diagnosis were associated with greater symptoms of fatigue, depression, and insomnia at follow-up. These circadian parameters may potentially be novel targets in interventions aimed at alleviating symptom burden among breast cancer survivors.
Publisher: Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
Date: 2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-12-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2021
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S319129
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-02-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0280260
Abstract: Although average contraceptive use has increased globally in recent decades, an estimated 222 million (26%) of women of child-bearing age worldwide face an unmet need for family planning—defined as a discrepancy between fertility preferences and contraception practice, or failing to translate desires to avoid pregnancy into preventative behaviours and practices. While many studies have reported relationships between availability/quality of contraception and family planning, infant mortality, and fertility, these relationships have not been evaluated quantitatively across a broad range of low- and middle-income countries. Using publicly available data from 64 low- and middle-income countries, we collated test and control variables in six themes: ( i ) availability of family planning, ( ii ) quality of family planning, ( iii ) female education, ( iv ) religion, ( v ) mortality, and ( vi ) socio-economic conditions. We predicted that higher nation-level availability/quality of family-planning services and female education reduce average fertility, whereas higher infant mortality, greater household size (a proxy for population density), and religious adherence increase it. Given the s le size, we first constructed general linear models to test for relationships between fertility and the variables from each theme, from which we retained those with the highest explanatory power within a final general linear model set to determine the partial correlation of dominant test variables. We also applied boosted regression trees, generalised least-squares models, and generalised linear mixed-effects models to account for non-linearity and spatial autocorrelation. On average among all countries, we found the strongest associations between fertility and infant mortality, household size, and access to any form of contraception. Higher infant mortality and household size increased fertility, whereas greater access to any form of contraception decreased fertility. Female education, home visitations by health workers, quality of family planning, and religious adherence all had weak, if any, explanatory power. Our models suggest that decreasing infant mortality, ensuring sufficient housing to reduce household size, and increasing access to contraception will have the greatest effect on decreasing global fertility. We thus provide new evidence that progressing the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals for reducing infant mortality can be accelerated by increasing access to family planning.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-12-2007
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.23331
Abstract: The impact of crocidolite exposure on the health of former Wittenoom miners and millers (largely male) has been well documented. Less is known about the health outcomes of the 2,968 women and girls who lived (N = 2,552) and worked (N = 416) in the blue asbestos milling and mining town of Wittenoom between 1943 and 1992. Quantitative exposure measurements were derived from dust studies undertaken over the lifetime of the mine and mill and the township. Incident cancers were obtained from the Western Australian (WA) Cancer Registry and the National Cancer Clearing House. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRS) compared Wittenoom females with the WA female population. Exposure-response relationships were examined using a matched case-control study design. There were (47) mesothelioma and (55) lung cancer cases among the 437 cancers in the Wittenoom females over the period 1960-2005. When compared to the WA female population, Wittenoom women and girls had higher rates of mesothelioma and possibly lung cancer. Mesothelioma incidence rates are increasing with the incidence rate of 193 per 100,000 in the period 2000-2005 being more than double that for the period 1995-1999 at 84 per 100,000. A significant exposure-response relationship was present for mesothelioma, but not for lung cancer. Forty years after the asbestos mine and mill at Wittenoom were closed, there is a high toll from cancer among the former female residents of the town and company workers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-05-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-012-9978-X
Abstract: Although there is convincing evidence that physical activity reduces colon cancer risk, research in this area has focused on aerobic activity. We conducted a case-control study to investigate whether resistance training was associated with the risk of colon and rectal cancers. Data were collected on various colorectal cancer risk factors, including recreational physical activity performed during three age periods, from 870 cases and 996 controls in Western Australia in 2005-2007. Participants were classified as having never, possibly, or definitely performed resistance training in each age period and over the adult lifetime. The association between resistance training and colon and rectal cancer risk was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Participants who definitely performed resistance training in their lifetime had a non-significant reduced risk of colon cancer compared with those who did no resistance training (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.70, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.45-1.11). No association was found for rectal cancer risk (AOR = 1.16, 95 % CI = 0.71-1.87). Performing resistance training was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer in each age period, although none of the relationships were statistically significant. This study provides some initial evidence, albeit inconclusive, that resistance training may be inversely associated with colon cancer risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2011.07.008
Abstract: Fruits and vegetables (F/V) have been examined extensively in nutrition research in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, their protective effect is subject to debate, possibly because of different effects on different subsites of the large bowel. To determine whether any association between F/V consumption and risk of CRC differed by subsite of the bowel (proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum). The Western Australian Bowel Health Study is a population-based, case-control study conducted between June 2005 and August 2007. Complete food frequency questionnaire data were analysed from 834 CRC cases and 939 controls. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of quartiles of F/V intake on risk of CRC at different subsites. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for CRC overall and for the three separate subsites. Risk of proximal colon cancer and rectal cancer was not associated with intakes of total F/V, total vegetable, or total fruit. Brassica vegetable intake was inversely related with proximal colon cancer (Q4 vs Q1 OR 0.62 95% CI 0.41 to 0.93). For distal colon cancer, significant negative trends were seen for total F/V, and total vegetable intake. Distal colon cancer risk was significantly decreased for intake of dark yellow vegetables (Q4 vs Q1 OR 0.61 95% CI 0.41 to 0.92) and apples (Q4 vs Q1 OR 0.51 95% CI 0.34 to 0.77). An increased risk for CRC was found to be associated with intake of fruit juice (Q4 vs Q1 OR 1.74 95% CI 1.24 to 2.45). Our results suggest that different F/V may confer different risks for cancer of the proximal colon, distal colon, or rectum. Future studies might consider taking into account the location of the tumor when examining the relation between F/V consumption and risk of CRC.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1002/GEPI.22288
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2016
DOI: 10.1002/AJIM.22592
Abstract: Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to engine exhausts may increase risk of breast cancer. In a population-based case-control study of breast cancer in Western Australia we assessed occupational exposure to engine exhausts using questionnaires and telephone interviews. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression. We found no association between risk of breast cancer and occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (OR 1.07, 95%CI: 0.81-1.41), gasoline exhaust (OR 0.98, 95%CI: 0.74-1.28), or other exhausts (OR 1.08, 95%CI: 0.29-4.08). There were also no significant dose- or duration-response relationships. This study did not find evidence supporting the association between occupational exposures to engine exhausts and breast cancer risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:437-444, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S236998
Publisher: Japan Epidemiological Association
Date: 2012
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-09-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-021-98140-3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in severity of anxiety and depression symptoms, stress and sleeping quality after three months of mass quarantine for COVID-19 among undergraduate fresh students compared to their pre-COVID-19 measures. We used participants from the Chinese Undergraduate Cohort (CUC), a national prospective longitudinal study to examine the changes in anxiety and depression symptoms severity, stress and sleep quality after being under mass quarantine for three months. Wilcoxon matched pair signed-rank test was used to compare the lifestyle indicators. Severity of anxiety, depression symptoms, stress and sleep quality were compared with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) to further quantify the change in mental health indicators and sleep quality after the COVID-19 mass quarantine compared to baseline. This study found that there was no deterioration in mental health status among Chinese new undergraduate students in 2020 after COVID-19 mass quarantine compared with the baseline measures in 2019. There was an improvement in sleep quality and anxiety symptoms. After adjusting for age, sex, exercise habit, time spent on mobile gadgets, and time spent outdoors, year 2020 was significantly associated with severity of depression symptoms in males (OR:1.52. 95%CI:1.05–2.20, p -value = 0.027). Year 2020 was significantly associated with the improvement of sleeping quality in total (OR:0.45, 95%CI:0.38–0.52, p 0.001) and in all the subgroups. This longitudinal study found no deterioration in mental health status among Chinese new undergraduate students after three months of mass quarantine for COVID-19.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-04-2017
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 2011
Abstract: Analysis of relationships among national wealth, access to improved water supply and sanitation facilities, and population health indices suggests that the adequacy of water resources at the national level is a poor predictor of economic development--namely, that low water stress is neither necessary nor sufficient for economic development at the present state of water stress among Pacific Rim nations. Although nations differ dramatically in terms of priority provided to improved water and sanitation, there is some level of wealth (per capita GNP) at which all nations promote the development of essential environmental services. Among the Pacific Rim countries for which there are data, no nation with a per capita GNP > US$18,000 per year has failed to provide near universal access to improved water supply and sanitation. Below US$18,000 erson-year, however, there are decided differences in the provision of sanitary services (improved water supply and sanitation) among nations with similar economic success. There is a fairly strong relationship between child mortality/life expectancy and access to improved sanitation, as expected from the experiences of developed nations. Here no attempt is made to produce causal relationships among these data. Failure to meet Millennium Development Goals for the extension of improved sanitation is frequently evident in nations with large rural populations. Under those circumstances, capital intensive water and sanitation facilities are infeasible, and process selection for water/wastewater treatment requires an adaptation to local conditions, the use of appropriate materials, etc., constraints that are mostly absent in the developed world. Exceptions to these general ideas exist in water-stressed parts of developed countries, where water supplies are frequently augmented by water harvesting, water reclamation/reuse, and the desalination of brackish water resources. Each of these processes involves public acceptance of water resources that are at least initially of inferior quality. Despite predictions of looming increases in water stress throughout the world, adaptation and resourcefulness generally allow us to meet water demand while pursuing rational economic development, even in the most water-stressed areas of the Pacific Rim.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-07-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1746.2006.04142.X
Abstract: Gastroenteritis is an important cause of morbidity in both adults and children worldwide. Although the burden of morbidity and mortality is highest in developing countries, gastroenteritis is still a significant cause of morbidity in Australia, particularly in young children. The aims of the present study were to determine the incidence of gastroenteritis among 4-6-year-old children in South Australia, to describe the impact on daily activities of the child and caregiver and estimate the cost of gastroenteritis in this population. A diary study of drinking water consumption and gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms was undertaken among 965 rural children in South Australia over a 6-week period during February-May 1999. Data on the response to gastrointestinal episodes were collected by telephone surveys midway and at the end of the 6-week period. Costing was based on the methods of Hellard et al. The incidence of community gastroenteritis among 4-6-year-old children was 5.53 episodes per child-year (95% confidence interval: 4.87-5.80). The costs associated with childhood gastroenteritis were estimated to be between 16,858,360 AU dollars and 22,477,814 AU dollars per annum. The incidence of community gastroenteritis among the 4-6-year-olds in the South Australian population is high and it costs the community a significant amount of money in terms of direct medical costs and time lost by parents and carers looking after their ill children.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-05-2015
DOI: 10.1002/AJIM.22478
Abstract: Occupational exposure to some organic solvents may increase risk of breast cancer. In a population-based case-control study, 1,205 women diagnosed with primary breast cancer between 2009 and 2011 were drawn from the Western Australian Cancer Registry and matched to 1,789 controls from the electoral roll. Exposure to solvents was determined through telephone interviews using OccIDEAS. About a third of women were occupationally exposed to solvents. Age adjusted breast cancer risks were elevated for women who had been exposed to aliphatic solvents odds ratio (OR) 1.21 (95%CI 0.99-1.48) and aromatic solvents OR 1.21 (95%CI 0.97-1.52). For most solvents the ORs were higher for those diagnosed before menopause. This study suggests that there may be an association between occupational exposure to aliphatic and aromatic solvents and the risk of breast cancer at the low levels of exposure experienced by women in this study.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-09-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-011-9841-5
Abstract: Although there is convincing evidence that physical activity reduces colon cancer risk, there are important questions that remain unanswered about the association. These include the timing and intensity of activity required to optimally reduce risk, and whether physical activity has a different effect on cancers at different sites within the colon. We conducted a case-control study to investigate these issues. A case-control study of colorectal cancer was conducted in Western Australia in 2005-2007. Data were collected on various risk factors. The estimated effects of recreational physical activity on the risk of cancers of the distal colon, proximal colon, and rectum were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. This analysis included 870 cases and 996 controls. The risk of distal colon cancer was reduced by performing a high level of vigorous-intensity activity between the ages 19 and 34 years (women), 35 and 50 years (men), after the age of 51 years (men and women), and consistently over the adult lifetime (men and women). The risk of rectal cancer was reduced by performing a high level of vigorous activity between the ages 35 and 50 years (men), and consistently over the adult lifetime (men). Proximal colon cancer risk was not associated with physical activity in any of the age periods or over the adult lifetime. Moderate intensity activity did not reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Physical activity may have a greater effect on the risk of distal colon cancer than proximal colon cancer. Vigorous physical activity is required to reduce colorectal cancer risk.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-05-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2015.03.007
Abstract: Few studies have examined the familial aggregation of melanoma or its co-aggregation with other cancers using whole-population based designs. This study aimed to investigate aggregation patterns in young Western Australian families, using population-based linked health data to identify in iduals born in Western Australia between 1974 and 2007, their known relatives, and all incident cancer diagnoses within the resulting 1,506,961 in iduals. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compare the risk of melanoma for first-degree relatives of melanoma cases to that for first-degree relatives of controls, with bootstrapping used to account for correlations within families. The risk of (i) developing melanoma based on the number of first-degree relatives with other cancers, and (ii) developing non-melanoma cancers based on the number of first-degree relatives diagnosed with melanoma was also investigated. First-degree relatives of melanoma cases had a significantly greater incidence of melanoma than first-degree relatives of in iduals not affected with melanoma (Hazard Ratio (HR)=3.58, 95% bootstrap confidence interval (CI): 2.43-5.43). Sensitivity analyses produced a higher hazard ratio estimate when restricted to melanoma cases diagnosed before 40 years of age (HR=3.77, bootstrap 95% CI: 2.49-6.39) and a lower estimate when only later-onset cases (>40 years) were considered (HR=2.45, bootstrap 95% CI: 1.23-4.82). No significant evidence was found for co-aggregation between melanoma and any other cancers. Results indicated a strong familial basis of melanoma, with the higher than expected hazard ratio observed likely to reflect early-age at onset cases in this young cohort, supported by the results of the sensitivity analyses. Exploratory analyses suggested that the determinants of melanoma causing the observed aggregation within families may be independent of other malignancies, although these analyses were limited by the young age of the s le. Determining familial aggregation patterns will provide valuable knowledge regarding improved clinical risk prediction and the underlying biological mechanisms of melanoma and other cancers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2018.10.023
Abstract: Researchers still lack consensus on the association between exposure to DDT and the risk of breast cancer. One reason could be that the measurements of DDT obtained during or near the time of diagnosis may not reflect exposure during the etiologically relevant time period in a woman's life. This study undertook an ecological analysis to investigate whether exposure to DDT among cohort born between 1951 and 1959 (i.e. age 0-5 years) and who reached the age 50-54 years during 2001-2013 had an increased risk of breast cancer in adulthood. To do this, we used the number of DDT sprays in each township during the anti-malaria c aign in Taiwan in the 1950s as a proxy for direct DDT exposure. The DDT sprays were then linked to the township female breast cancer incidence rate in the 2000s when the birth cohorts had reached age 50-54 years. Insurance claims data were used to identify breast cancer cases during 1996-2013. Zero-Inflated Poisson regression was performed to estimate the effect of DDT sprays on the breast cancer incidence rate. The analysis was based on a total of 9 birth cohorts (1951-1959) in 349 townships who had lived at least up to age 50. On average, one DDT spray experienced during age 0-5 years was associated with an increase of 8 more female breast cancer cases per 100,000 during age 50-54. The effect appears to increase with the number of sprays. Our finding suggests that DDT exposure in early childhood could raise the risk of breast cancer in adulthood.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2012.12.002
Abstract: Limited research on the nature and extent of pesticide exposure among women in developing countries is available. The aim of this study was to describe potential pesticide exposure among women living in Yemen that occurs through agricultural work. In this cross-sectional study, 410 women who had a daughter enrolled in high school during 2011-2012 were surveyed regarding pesticide exposure. Of the 410 women who responded to the survey, 171 women reported working on farms during their lifetime. Of these 171 women, 147 reported working on a farm prior to marriage and 108 reported working on a farm after marriage. Among the women who reported working on a farm before marriage, 47% had worked on farms where pesticides were used. Among those women who reported working on farms after marriage, 69% of women worked on farms where pesticides were used. Among women who reported working on a farm before marriage where pesticides were used, 45% reported not using any protective equipment. This proportion was 33% among women who worked on a farm after marriage. Among the 28 commercial pesticides that were listed within the questionnaire, the banned compound dimethoate was the most commonly reported pesticide to be used on farms. The findings suggest that improving safe pesticide management practices among farmers and enforcing effective banning of the most toxic pesticides is needed to reduce pesticide exposure among Yemeni women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-2008
Abstract: Knowledge of mortality patterns following exposure to asbestos has been determined mostly from cohort studies of men who were exposed to asbestos in their workplace. Women are more likely to have obtained their asbestos exposure domestically or from their environment. 2552 women and girls are documented to have lived in the blue asbestos mining and milling township of Wittenoom between 1943 and 1992 and were not involved in asbestos mining or milling. Quantitative asbestos exposure measurements were derived from periodic dust surveys undertaken in the industry and around the township. Death records were obtained for the period 1950-2004. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare the Wittenoom women's mortality with that of the Western Australian female population. There were 425 deaths, including 30 from malignant mesothelioma. There was excess mortality for all causes of death (SMR = 1.13), all neoplasms (SMR = 1.42), symptoms, signs and ill defined conditions (SMR = 6.35), lung cancer (SMR = 2.15) and pneumoconiosis (SMR = 11.8). Mortality from cancer of the ovary (SMR = 1.52), upper aerodigestive cancers (SMR = 2.70) and tuberculosis (SMR = 5.38) was increased but not significantly. The risk of death from mesothelioma was increased, but not significantly, in residents known to have lived with or washed the clothes of an Australian Blue Asbestos Company asbestos worker (HR = 2.67, 95% CI 0.77 to 9.21 HR = 2.61, 95% CI 0.85 to 7.99, respectively). Women who were former residents of Wittenoom, exposed to asbestos in their environment or in their home, have excess cancer mortality, including mesothelioma, compared with the Western Australian female population.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S10549-015-3489-X
Abstract: To investigate the association between different types of physical activity (PA) and breast cancer. A case-control study of breast cancer was conducted in Western Australia from 2009 to 2011, in which 1205 women with breast cancer and 1789 frequency age-matched breast cancer-free control women were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about lifetime and age-period recreational, household, occupational and transport physical activities. Detailed questions about demographic characteristics, and relevant reproductive, medical and lifestyle factors were also included. Logistic regression and restrictive cubic spline analyses were applied to investigate the association and dose-response relationship between PA and breast cancer risk. Subgroup analysis was performed regarding menopausal status. We found non-linear dose-response associations between PA and risk of breast cancer. Overall, 95-130 MET-hours/week of total lifetime PA was associated with the lowest breast cancer risk. The effects were stronger among post-menopausal women. We also found that the medium amounts of recreational PA (up to 21 MET-hours/week) were associated with lower breast cancer risk among post-menopausal women. Further analysis on the intensity of recreational PA demonstrated different dose-response associations between moderate- and vigorous-intensity recreational PA and breast cancer risk. We found that PA was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women, but not in a linear fashion. Recreational PA of different intensities may have different dose-response associations with risk of breast cancer.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-11-2022
Abstract: Simulation outputs from chemical transport models (CTMs) are essential to plan effective air quality policies. A key strength of these models is their ability to separate out source-specific components which facilitate the simulation of the potential impact of policy on future air quality. However, configuring and running these models is complex and computationally intensive, making the evaluation of multiple scenarios less accessible to many researchers and policy experts. The aim of this work is to present how Gaussian process emulation can provide a top-down approach to interrogating and interpreting the outputs from CTMs at minimal computational cost. A case study is presented (based on fine particle sources in the southwest of Western Australia) to illustrate how an emulator can be constructed to simultaneously evaluate changes in emissions from on-road transport and electricity sectors. This study demonstrates how emulation provides a flexible way of exploring local impacts of electric vehicles and wider regional effects of emissions from electricity generation. The potential for emulators to be applied to other settings involving air quality research is discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2019.02.044
Abstract: Epidemiological studies show that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution reduces life expectancy. Most studies have been in environments with relatively high concentrations such as North America, Europe and Asia. Associations at the lower end of the concentration-response function are not well defined. We assessed associations between all-cause mortality and exposure to annual average particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM The '45 and Up Study' comprises a prospective longitudinal cohort from the state of New South Wales, Australia with 266,969 participants linked to death registry data. We analyzed data for the participants who resided in Sydney at baseline questionnaire (n = 75,268). Exposures to long-term pollution were estimated using annual averages from a chemical transport model (PM In our cohort mean annual PM We found evidence that low-level air pollution exposure was associated with increased risk of mortality in this cohort of adults aged 45 years and over, even at the relatively low concentrations seen in Sydney. However, a clear determination of the association with mortality is difficult because the results were sensitive to some covariates. Our findings are supportive of emerging evidence that exposure to low levels of air pollution reduces life expectancy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Abstract: To examine the relationship between self-reported noticing of pesticide spray drift from agricultural areas and breast cancer. A case-control study of breast cancer was conducted in Western Australia from 2009 to 2011. Awareness of pesticide spray drift from agricultural areas was assessed by a self-report of whether the participant had noticed spray drift. To evaluate recall bias, we stratified the analysis by participants' belief about whether pesticides increase the risk of breast cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). This analysis included 1,743 controls and 1,169 cases. Sensitivity analysis for potential selection and misclassification bias was also conducted. Among women who reported 'ever noticed' pesticide spray drift from agricultural areas, an increased risk of breast cancer was also observed (OR=1.43 95% CI 1.15, 1.78). A dose response relationship between lifetime exposure to noticing pesticide spray drift and risk of breast cancer was observed (p<0.001). An increased risk of breast cancer was observed among women who noticed pesticide spray drift: initially at the age of 20 or younger (OR=1.61 95% CI 1.19, 2.16) at least 20 years before diagnosis (OR=1.51 95% CI 1.19, 1.92) and for 10 years or more (OR=1.51 95% CI 1.18, 1.94). These findings support the hypothesis that women who ever noticed spray drift or who first noticed spray drift at a younger age had increased risk of breast cancer.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-08-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.715718
Abstract: Epidemiological evidence suggests that folate may lower the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) although studies have been inconsistent and some have indicated differences in the effects of naturally occurring dietary folate and the synthetic form of this vitamin, folic acid. Most studies to date have considered CRC as a single disease however, cancers that develop on the left and right sides of the colorectum display important phenotypic differences, suggesting they may also have different risk factors. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Western Australia to examine the relationship between intake of both natural dietary folate and supplements containing folic acid and the risk of left- and right-sided CRC. Data were available for 850 cases (575 left-sided and 275 right-sided) and 958 controls. Odds ratios were calculated using multinomial logistic regression models. There was no association between natural dietary folate intake and risk of either left-or right-sided CRC. Supplement use similarly had no significant effect on right-sided CRC. However, long-term supplement users (4+ yr) were at lower risk of left-sided CRC than those who had not taken supplements (OR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.50-0.86) and there was a significant trend in risk reduction as duration of use increased (P < 0.01).
Publisher: Japan Epidemiological Association
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-07-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-007-9033-5
Abstract: With increases in cancer survival, promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviors among survivors is receiving considerable attention. This study compared health behaviors among a large s le of Australian adult cancer survivors with an age- and sex-matched cohort of people with no cancer history. Using the Australian National Health Survey, 968 cancer survivors were identified, and randomly matched by age and sex to 5,808 respondents without a history of cancer. Six health behaviors were compared (smoking, physical activity, servings of vegetables, servings of fruit, alcohol use, skin checks), along with overweight and obesity, using polytomous logistic regression analyses controlling for selected chronic conditions. Models were applied across both groups and by tumor site. Compared to the non-cancer comparison group, cancer survivors were significantly more likely to be current (OR = 1.35) smokers, particularly those under 40 years (OR = 1.69), and more likely to have regular skin checks (OR = 1.76). Although not significant, there was consistent evidence that cancer survivors were slightly more likely to be overweight or obese (p = 0.065) and have higher levels of alcohol consumption (p = 0.088). There was no evidence of differences between survivors and controls for levels of physical inactivity, vegetable consumption or fruit consumption. Women with a history of gynecological cancers were much more likely to be current smokers (OR = 2.37), while other differences by sex and cancer site were consistent with overall patterns. Cancer survivors were also significantly more likely to report having a range of co-morbid chronic medical conditions. Given their increased risk of second cancers and co-morbid chronic conditions, the lack of difference in behavioral risk factors confirms the need for a focus on improving the health behaviors of cancer survivors. Collaborative chronic disease management models may be particularly appropriate in this regard.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
Abstract: Blue asbestos was mined and milled at Wittenoom, Western Australia, from 1943 until 1966. Various public records were used to establish a cohort of residents of the nearby township. Mine tailings were distributed throughout the town. To report the incident number of malignant mesotheliomas that have occurred in residents of the town who did not work at the mine or mill and to determine if female subjects are more susceptible to asbestos exposure than male subjects, and if children are more susceptible than adults. A total of 4,768 residents of the town of Wittenoom have been followed up in cancer and death registries. There were 67 cases of mesothelioma, and 64 deaths with mesothelioma to the end of 2002. The mortality rate with mesothelioma increased with increasing residence duration, time since first exposure, and estimated cumulative exposure. The mesothelioma mortality rate was consistently lower for female subjects when compared with male subjects, but the dose-response curve was steeper for female subjects. The rate was lower in those first exposed as children compared with those first exposed at > or = 15 years of age. The dose-response slope for asbestos exposure and mortality from mesothelioma was not different between those who were first exposed as children than those who were first exposed at > or = 15 years of age. Former residents of a crocidolite mining town have a high rate of mesothelioma. The rate is higher in male subjects and those > or = 15 years of age at first exposure, but women have a steeper dose-response curve.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NG.3785
Publisher: Japan Epidemiological Association
Date: 2014
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 11-2020
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0595
Abstract: Scalp and neck (SN) melanoma confers a worse prognosis than melanoma of other sites but little is known about its determinants. We aimed to identify associations between SN melanoma and known risk genes, phenotypic traits, and sun exposure patterns. Participants were cases from the Western Australian Melanoma Health Study (n = 1,200) and the Genes, Environment, and Melanoma Study (n = 3,280). Associations between risk factors and SN melanoma, compared with truncal and arm/leg melanoma, were investigated using binomial logistic regression. Facial melanoma was also compared with the trunk and extremities, to evaluate whether associations were subregion specific, or reflective of the whole head/neck region. Compared with other sites, increased odds of SN and facial melanoma were observed in older in iduals [SN: OR = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92–1.80, Ptrend = 0.016 Face: OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 3.34–6.35, Ptrend & 0.001] and those carrying IRF4-rs12203592*T (SN: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.12–1.63, Ptrend = 0.002 Face: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10–1.50, Ptrend = 0.001). Decreased odds were observed for females (SN: OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.37–0.64, P & 0.001 Face: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53–0.82, P & 0.001) and the presence of nevi (SN: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49–0.89, P = 0.006 Face: OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52–0.83, P & 0.001). Differences observed between SN melanoma and other sites were also observed for facial melanoma. Factors previously associated with the broader head and neck region, notably older age, may be driven by the facial subregion. A novel finding was the association of IRF4-rs12203592 with both SN and facial melanoma. Understanding the epidemiology of site-specific melanoma will enable tailored strategies for risk factor reduction and site-specific screening c aigns.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 17-12-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.16.21267946
Abstract: Although average contraceptive use has increased globally in recent decades, an estimated 222 million (26%) of women of child-bearing age worldwide face an unmet need for family planning — defined as a discrepancy between fertility preferences and contraception practice, or failing to translate desires to avoid pregnancy into preventative behaviours and practices. While many studies have reported relationships between availability of contraception, infant mortality, and fertility, these relationships have not been evaluated quantitatively across a broad range of low- and middle-income countries. Using publicly available data from 46 low- and middle-income countries, we collated test and control variables in six themes: ( i ) availability of family planning, ( ii ) quality of family planning, ( iii ) maternal education, ( iv ) religion, ( v ) mortality, and ( vi ) socio-economic conditions. We predicted that higher nation-level availability/quality of family-planning services, maternal education, and wealth reduce average fertility, whereas higher infant mortality and religious adherence increase it. Given the s le size, we first constructed general linear models to test for relationships between fertility and the variables from each theme, from which we retained those with the highest explanatory power within a final general linear model set to determine the partial correlation of dominant test variables. We also applied boosted regression trees, generalised least-squares models, and a generalised linear mixed-effects models to account for non-linearity and spatial autocorrelation. On average among all countries, we found an association between all main variables and fertility, with reduced infant mortality having the strongest relationship with reduced fertility. Access to contraception was the next-highest correlate with reduced fertility, with female secondary education, home health visitations, and adherence to Catholicism having weak, if any, explanatory power. Our models suggest that decreasing infant mortality and increasing access to contraception will have the greatest effect on decreasing global fertility. We thus provide new evidence that progressing the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals for reducing infant mortality can be accelerated by increasing access to any form of family planning.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 07-12-2016
DOI: 10.2196/RESPROT.6549
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-12-2019
Abstract: This paper presents a summary of the key findings of the special issue of Atmosphere on Air Quality in New South Wales and discusses the implications of the work for policy makers and in iduals. This special edition presents new air quality research in Australia undertaken by (or in association with) the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes hub, which is funded by the National Environmental Science Program on behalf of the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment and Energy. Air pollution in Australian cities is generally low, with typical concentrations of key pollutants at much lower levels than experienced in comparable cities in many other parts of the world. Australian cities do experience occasional exceedances in ozone and PM2.5 (above air pollution guidelines), as well as extreme pollution events, often as a result of bushfires, dust storms, or heatwaves. Even in the absence of extreme events, natural emissions play a significant role in influencing the Australian urban environment, due to the remoteness from large regional anthropogenic emission sources. By studying air quality in Australia, we can gain a greater understanding of the underlying atmospheric chemistry and health risks in less polluted atmospheric environments, and the health benefits of continued reduction in air pollution. These conditions may be representative of future air quality scenarios for parts of the Northern Hemisphere, as legislation and cleaner technologies reduce anthropogenic air pollution in European, American, and Asian cities. However, in many instances, current legislation regarding emissions in Australia is significantly more lax than in other developed countries, making Australia vulnerable to worsening air pollution in association with future population growth. The need to avoid complacency is highlighted by recent epidemiological research, reporting associations between air pollution and adverse health outcomes even at air pollutant concentrations that are lower than Australia’s national air quality standards. Improving air quality is expected to improve health outcomes at any pollution level, with specific benefits projected for reductions in long-term exposure to average PM2.5 concentrations.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-06-2020
Abstract: Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is one of the most common yet preventable occupational diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of ONIHL in the Australian working population by quantifying and monetising ONIHL—related loss of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and Productivity Adjusted Life Years (PALYs). Methods: We simulated the number of moderate-to-severe ONIHL by multiplying the age-specific prevalence of occupational noise exposure by the excess risks of ONIHL. Life table modelling was applied to workers with ONIHL. The QALY and PALY weights attributable to hearing loss were sourced from published data. The 2016 Gross Domestic Product per full-time equivalent worker in Australia was used to estimate the cost of productivity loss due to ONIHL. The cost due to the loss of well-being was quantified using willingness to pay thresholds derived from an Australian longitudinal study. Results: Under current occupational noise exposure levels in Australia, we estimated that over 80,000 male workers and over 31,000 female workers would develop ONIHL over 10 years of exposure. Following this cohort until the age of 65 years, the estimated loss of QALYs and PALYs were 62,218 and 135,561 respectively, with a projected loss of AUD 5.5 billion and AUD 21.3 billion due to well-being and productivity loss, respectively. Reducing noise exposure at work would substantially reduce the economic burden of ONIHL. Conclusion: ONIHL imposes substantial burden on Australian economy. Interventions to reduce occupational noise exposure are warranted.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-1051
Abstract: Introduction: One possible mechanism for the postulated link between high consumption of meat and colorectal cancer (CRC) is the content of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in meat. Methods: We investigated this association in a population-based case-control study in Western Australia (567 cases and 713 controls). Participants' self-report of meat consumption and lifestyle was used in conjunction with the CHARRED carcinogen database to estimate their BaP intake. Results: Dietary exposure to BaP from meat consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. Conclusions: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that BaP exposure from meat consumption is a risk factor for CRC. Impact statement: This large-scale case-control study used a detailed meat questionnaire in conjunction with the CHARRED database in a large population with high meat intake but was unable to find any association between intake of BaP and colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(12) 3182–4. ©2010 AACR.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2019.01.075
Abstract: Natural outdoor environments may mitigate harmful environmental factors associated with city living. We studied the longitudinal relationship between natural ('green and blue') outdoor environments and mortality in a cohort of older men residing in Perth, Western Australia. We studied a cohort of 9218 men aged 65 years and older from the Health In Men Study. Participants were recruited in 1996-99 and followed until 2014, during which 5889 deaths were observed. Time-varying residential surrounding greenness based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the number and size of parks, natural space and waterbodies were defined to characterize the natural outdoor environment. All-cause non-accidental and cause-specific mortality was ascertained with the Western Australian Data Linkage System. The association of the natural outdoor environment with mortality was examined using Cox regression analysis. After adjusting for age, men living in the highest quartile of cumulative average surrounding greenness had a 9% lower rate of all-cause non-accidental mortality (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84, 0.98 p = .013) compared with those in the lowest quartile. This association was no longer present after adjustment for other risk factors, especially level of education. Living within 500 m of one (vs. no) natural space was associated with decreased mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio 0.93 95% CI 0.86, 1.00 p = .046), but no association with mortality was found for two or more natural spaces compared to none and for parks. Associations between waterbodies and mortality were inconsistent, showing non-linear beneficial and harmful associations. In this longitudinal study of older men residing in Perth, we observed evidence suggestive of an association between access to natural spaces and decreased mortality. Associations between surrounding greenness and mortality seemed to be confounded by level of education, and associations with waterbodies were complex and need to be studied further.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 22-08-2022
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2006
DOI: 10.1080/09603120500538325
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a questionnaire to estimate water exposure through drinking, showering, bathing or swimming. Forty-seven pregnant women were recruited from antenatal or exercise classes and were randomly allocated into three groups. The first group completed the water exposure questionnaire one-week apart. The second group completed a three-day diary and then the questionnaire. The third group completed the questionnaire first followed by the diary. Agreement was assessed by the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Kappa statistic. The questionnaire demonstrated good reliability (ICC 0.93 for water consumption and 0.91 for time spent showering). With regard to validity, average daily water consumption was estimated to be 8.1 glasses/day (2 litres) from the diary compared with 12.2 (3 litres) from the questionnaire. The ICCs comparing the diary and questionnaire responses were 0.31 for water consumption and 0.72 for showering. The water exposure questionnaire overestimated levels of exposure when compared with diary-reporting of consumption. While a water exposure questionnaire may be a less intrusive research instrument than a diary, further development is required to improve the validity of this instrument.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41523-019-0127-5
Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1 , BRCA2 , PALB2 , ATM , and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM , which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM :p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2 . These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM −/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM :p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79 P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM :p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM :p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96 P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM :p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM -associated tumors.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 22-06-2023
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 04-2017
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 07-03-2021
DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.50964
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2018.08.050
Abstract: Short- and long-term spatiotemporal variation in exposure to air pollution is associated with respiratory morbidity in areas with moderate-to-high level of air pollution, but very few studies have examined whether these associations also exist in areas with low level exposure. We assessed the association between spatial variation in long-term exposure to PM We recorded data on hospitalisations for 100,084 participants, who were aged >45 years at entry in 2006-2009 until June 2014. Annual NO NO We found weak positive associations of exposure to air pollution with hospitalisation for asthma while there was no evidence of an association for all respiratory diseases.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2011.643231
Abstract: At present, the extent of environmental health research in Australia is unclear and there are no recent overarching reviews of national publications on the subject. This study investigates the current status of environmental health research in Australia using a bibliometric analysis. Three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and AUSTHealth) were used to access original, peer-reviewed journal articles with Australian data published between 1 January 2001 and 11 June 2010. A total of 337 articles from 174 different journal titles were used in the analysis and were classified according to 15 pre-determined environmental health areas. The highest number of articles related to water health and resources (66 articles), exposure to hazardous chemicals (57 articles), and air pollution including indoor air (58 articles). These areas made up 54% of the total publication output over the past 10 years. The amount of environmental health research published in Australia over the past 10 years, and the topics explored in these studies, is comparable to that of other countries of similar socio-economic status.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 28-05-2020
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2019-106315
Abstract: Increased mammographic density is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Night shiftwork and its related factors, which include light at night, phase shift and sleep disruption, are believed to increase breast cancer risk however, their effects on mammographic density have barely been studied. This study included 1821 women enrolled in the Breast Cancer Environment and Employment Study between 2009 and 2011. Mammographic density was measured using the Cumulus software program. The association of night shiftwork factors with square root transformed absolute dense area (DA) and percentage dense area (PDA) were modelled using linear regression adjusted for confounders. Ever doing graveyard shiftwork (between 24:00 and 05:00 hours) was not associated with PDA (β=−0.10 95% CI −0.27 to 0.08)) and DA (β=−0.12 95% CI −0.33 to 0.09)). No association was found between night shiftwork related factors (light at night, phase shift and sleep disturbance) with PDA or DA. Shiftwork and its related factors are not associated with mammographic density. Using high-quality, comprehensive shiftwork data from a large population-based breast cancer case–control study, this study suggests that mammographic density does not play a role in the relationship between shiftwork and breast cancer risk.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-01-2020
Abstract: Epidemiological evidence has shown an association between exposure to high temperatures and occupational injuries, an issue gaining importance with environmental change. The aim of this study was to better understand contributing risk factors and preventive actions based on personal experiences. Interviews were conducted with 21 workers from five Australian states using a critical phenomenological approach to capture the lived experiences of participants, whilst exploring contextual factors that surround these experiences. Two case studies are presented: a cerebrovascular injury and injuries among seasonal horticulture workers. Other accounts of heat-related injuries and heat stress are also presented. Risk factors were classified as in idual, interpersonal and organizational. In terms of prevention, participants recommended greater awareness of heat risks and peer-support for co-workers. Adding value to current evidence, we have provided new insights into the etiology of the health consequences of workplace heat exposure with workers identifying a range of influencing factors, prevention measures and adaptation strategies. Underpinning the importance of these are future climate change scenarios, suggesting that extended hot seasons will lead to increasing numbers of workers at risk of heat-stress and associated occupational injuries.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-10-2013
DOI: 10.1111/PCMR.12166
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2001
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-842X.2001.TB00588.X
Abstract: To compare the prevalence of respiratory illness and non-specific health symptoms among adults and children aged 4-15 years living in Portland and Warrnambool, Victoria. A postal survey of 3,903 adults in Portland and Warrnambool systematically selected from the electoral roll was undertaken. Both an adults and children's questionnaire were enclosed in the mailing to each adult. If there were children aged 4-15 years in the household, an adult was asked to complete a questionnaire for the child who would next celebrate a birthday. Questionnaires were returned by 2,111 adults (54%) and for 585 children. No significant differences in the prevalence of self-reported asthma or wheeze were observed among adults or children residing in Portland and Warrnambool. The likelihood of itchy eyes, skin rash and stuffy nose was significantly higher in Portland adults and children compared with those in Warrnambool. Dry cough at night was increased among Portland children, but not significantly so. Higher rates of non-specific symptoms were observed in Portland but from a cross-sectional survey such as this, it is not possible to identify the cause of these higher rates. They may be related to environmental factors such as pollens or emissions from aluminium production, fertiliser production or bulk handling activities on the wharf, or they may be attributable to other factors such as response or recall bias.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-02-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-013-0168-2
Abstract: It has been acknowledged by those in the field of sleep epidemiology that the current measures of sleep used in many epidemiological studies do not adequately capture the complexity and variability of sleep. A number of ways to improve the measurement of sleep have been proposed. This study aimed to assess the relationship between novel 'sleep disturbance' metrics, as expanded measures of sleep, and breast cancer risk. Data for this study were derived from a population-based case-control study conducted in Western Australia between 2009 and 2011. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions about demographic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors in addition to questions on sleep. Four metrics of exposure to sleep disturbance (cumulative, average, duration, and peak) were developed. Unconditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between metrics of sleep disturbance and breast cancer risk. There was no evidence to support an association between any of the sleep disturbance metrics and breast cancer risk. Compared with the reference group of unexposed women, the fully adjusted ORs for cumulative sleep disturbance (harm) metric were as follows: 1st tertile 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.72-1.13) OR for the 2nd tertile 1.04 (95 % CI: 0.84-1.29) and OR for the 3rd tertile 1.02 (95 % CI: 0.82-1.27). This study found no association between several metrics of sleep disturbance and risk of breast cancer. Our experience with developing metrics of sleep disturbance may be of use to others in sleep epidemiology wishing to expand their scope of sleep measurement.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-02-2018
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2017-104657
Abstract: Research indicates that shiftwork may be associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes, including some cancers. However, the evidence of an association between shiftwork and colorectal cancer risk is limited and inconclusive. Further, while several possible pathways through which shiftwork might result in cancer have been proposed, few studies have taken these factors into account. We investigated the association between two types of shiftwork (graveyard shiftwork and early-morning shiftwork) and six mechanistic shiftwork variables (including light at night and phase shift) and the risk of colorectal cancer among females in an Australian population-based case–control study. Graveyard shiftwork was the primary exposure of interest. Participants (350 cases and 410 controls) completed a lifetime occupational history, and exposure to each of the eight shiftwork variables was assigned to participants through a job exposure matrix. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between different shiftwork variables and the risk of colorectal cancer, adjusting for potential demographic, lifestyle and medical confounders. Working in an occupation involving long-term exposure ( .5 years) to graveyard shiftwork was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (adjusted OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.58). Similarly, no increased risks of colorectal cancer were seen for any of the other seven shiftwork variables examined. No evidence of an increased risk of colorectal cancer among females who had worked in occupations involving shiftwork was observed in this study.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUINT.2019.104615
Abstract: Epidemiological studies have reported contradictory results regarding the effects of ambient air pollution on Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated the associations between long-term exposure to particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of long-term exposure to PM Among the 236,390 participants with complete data, 1,428 (0.6%) reported physician-diagnosed PD. Annual mean PM Overall, we found limited evidence of associations between long-term exposure to NO
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-08-2010
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWQ275
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-05-2021
Abstract: To estimate the prevalence of hand-arm vibration (HAV) in Australian workplaces. The Australian Workplace Exposure Survey (AWES)—Hearing was a cross-sectional telephone survey of Australian workers conducted in 2016–2017. Respondents were asked about the time spent using tools or performing tasks known to be associated with HAV during their most recent working day. We created a library of HAV magnitude levels for each tool/task and estimated each worker’s daily HAV exposure level using standard formulae. We categorized each worker as to whether they exceeded the daily occupational limits of 2.5 and 5.0 m/s2. Results were extrapolated to the Australian working population using a raked weighting method. In our s le of 4991 workers, 5.4% of men and 0.7% of women exceeded the HAV action limit of 2.5 m/s2 on their most recent working day. We estimate that 3.8% of the Australian workforce exceeds the HAV limit of 2.5 m/s2 and 0.8% exceeds the 5 m/s2 limit. Men were more likely to exceed the HAV limits than women, as were those with trade qualifications, and those who worked in remote locations. Workers in the construction, farming, and automobile industries had the highest prevalence of HAV exposure. Tool groups that contributed to higher exposure levels included: compactors, rollers, and t ers power hammers and jackhammers and underground mining equipment. HAV is common in the Australian working population. Given the health risks associated with this exposure, reduction strategies and interventions should be developed, with engineering controls as the starting point for exposure reduction strategies.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-05-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00403-012-1240-6
Abstract: All patients with primary cutaneous malignant melanoma undergo surgical excision to remove the tumour, resulting in scar formation. There is marked variation in the aesthetic appearance of scars following surgery but limited knowledge about the genetic factors affecting non-keloid, surgical scar outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the role of known clinical factors and genetic polymorphisms in pigmentation and wound repair genes in non-keloid scar outcome, following melanoma excision. Participants were 202 cases who underwent a standardized scar assessment following surgical melanoma excision and provided a DNA s le. Genetic association analyses between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 24 candidate genes and scar outcome data were performed, controlling for relevant clinical factors. Following adjustment for multiple testing, SNP rs8110090 in TGFβ1 was significantly associated with both the primary scar outcome (a combination score reflecting vascularity, height and pliability, p = 0.0002, q = 0.01) and the secondary scar outcome (a combination score reflecting vascularity, height, pliability and pigmentation, p = 0.0002, q = 0.006). The minor allele G was associated with a poorer scar outcome. Younger age, time elapsed since excision, absence of kidney failure and eczema, presence of thyroid problems and infection were also associated with poorer scar outcome and were adjusted for in the final model, along with scar site. Results from this study suggest that genes involved in wound healing may play a role in determining scar outcome. Associations observed between scar outcome and clinical factors reinforce current clinical knowledge regarding factors affecting scarring. Replication studies in larger s les are warranted and will improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of scarring, potentially help to identify patients at risk of poor scar outcomes.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 14-07-2023
DOI: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000255
Abstract: Exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) is associated with increased risk of heart disease, but less is known about the relationship at low concentrations. This study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and risk of incident ischemic heart disease (IHD), incident heart failure (HF), and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in older men living in a region with relatively low ambient air pollution. PM 2.5 exposure was estimated for 11,249 older adult males who resided in Perth, Western Australia and were recruited from 1996 to 1999. Participants were followed until 2018 for the HF and AF outcomes, and until 2017 for IHD. Cox-proportional hazards models, using age as the analysis time, and adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors were used. PM 2.5 was entered as a restricted cubic spline to model nonlinearity. We observed a mean PM 2.5 concentration of 4.95 μg/m 3 (SD 1.68 μg/m 3 ) in the first year of recruitment. After excluding participants with preexisting disease and adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, PM 2.5 exposure was associated with a trend toward increased incidence of IHD, HF, and AF, but none were statistically significant. At a PM 2.5 concentration of 7 μg/m 3 the hazard ratio for incident IHD was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86, 1.25) compared with the reference category of 1 μg/m 3 . We did not observe a significant association between long-term exposure to low-concentration PM 2.5 air pollution and IHD, HF, or AF.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0122
Abstract: Background: Despite considerable knowledge about the effect of cancer during the early stages of treatment and survivorship, understanding the longer-term effect of cancer has only recently become a priority. This study investigated the health implications of longer-term cancer survivorship in an Australian, population-based s le. Methods: Using the Australian National Health Survey, 968 longer-term cancer survivors were identified, along with 5,808 age- and sex-matched respondents without a history of cancer. Four measures of health effect were compared (quality of life, health status, days out of role, and mental well-being), using polytomous and logistic regression analyses controlling for other selected chronic conditions. These models were applied across both groups overall, across groups stratified by presence/absence of cancer, and other chronic conditions, as well as by tumor site. Results: Compared with matched respondents without cancer, longer-term cancer survivors reported significant decrements in health status, days out of role, and mental well-being (all P & 0.02), but not in quality of life. The likelihood of poor health outcomes (including quality of life) was much higher among survivors who also reported comorbid chronic conditions. Despite mixed results across tumor site, melanoma and prostate cancer survivors fared better across most outcomes. Conclusions: Clear evidence of excess morbidity among Australian longer-term cancer survivors seems to be further exacerbated by the presence of comorbid chronic conditions. Consistent with recent U.S. studies, these results further support the importance of ongoing surveillance of the growing number of cancer survivors worldwide along with increased attention to interventions to improve long-term health outcomes. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 (10):1969–76)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-12-2020
Abstract: Ambient fine particulate matter .5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution increases premature mortality globally. Some PM2.5 is natural, but anthropogenic PM2.5 is comparatively avoidable. We determined the impact of long-term exposures to the anthropogenic PM component on mortality in Australia. PM2.5-attributable deaths were calculated for all Australian Statistical Area 2 (SA2 n = 2310) regions. All-cause death rates from Australian mortality and population databases were combined with annual anthropogenic PM2.5 exposures for the years 2006–2016. Relative risk estimates were derived from the literature. Population-weighted average PM2.5 concentrations were estimated in each SA2 using a satellite and land use regression model for Australia. PM2.5-attributable mortality was calculated using a health-impact assessment methodology with life tables and all-cause death rates. The changes in life expectancy (LE) from birth, years of life lost (YLL), and economic cost of lost life years were calculated using the 2019 value of a statistical life. Nationally, long-term population-weighted average total and anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations were 6.5 µg/m3 (min 1.2–max 14.2) and 3.2 µg/m3 (min 0–max 9.5), respectively. Annually, anthropogenic PM2.5-pollution is associated with 2616 (95% confidence intervals 1712, 3455) deaths, corresponding to a 0.2-year (95% CI 0.14, 0.28) reduction in LE for children aged 0–4 years, 38,962 (95%CI 25,391, 51,669) YLL and an average annual economic burden of $6.2 billion (95%CI $4.0 billion, $8.1 billion). We conclude that the anthropogenic PM2.5-related costs of mortality in Australia are higher than community standards should allow, and reductions in emissions are recommended to achieve avoidable mortality.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0746
Abstract: Introduction: Animal studies have suggested an association between asbestos and ovarian cancer, and asbestos fibers have been detected in human ovaries. Sexual intercourse may introduce asbestos fibers into the vagina and to the cervix and ovaries. Occupational cohorts have reported excess mortality from reproductive cancers, but exposure-response relationships are inconsistent. We examine the incidence and exposure-response relationships of these cancers among 2,968 women and girls exposed to blue asbestos at Wittenoom, Western Australia. Methods: 2,552 women were residents of the town and 416 worked for the asbestos company (Australian Blue Asbestos). Standardized incidence ratios compared the Wittenoom women with the Western Australian population. A nested case-control design and conditional logistic regression examined exposure-response relationships. Results: Ovarian (standardized incidence ratio, 1.27), cervical (standardized incidence ratio, 1.44), and uterine cancer (standardized incidence ratio, 1.23) increased but not statistically significantly among the Wittenoom women compared with the Western Australian population. Among the Australian Blue Asbestos workers, cervical cancer was twice that of the Western Australian population (standardized incidence ratio, 2.38), but ovarian cancer was less (standardized incidence ratio, 0.65). Women who first arrived at Wittenoom aged ≥40 years had an odds ratio of 13.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-90.2) for cervical cancer compared with those aged & years at first arrival. Women who lived with or washed the clothes of an Australian Blue Asbestos worker did not have an increased risk for any of the gynecologic or breast cancers. Discussion: There is no consistent evidence of an increased risk for gynecologic and breast cancers among the women from Wittenoom. Ovarian cancers and peritoneal mesotheliomas were not misclassified in this cohort. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009 (1):OF140–8)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1080/09603120701628669
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between air pollution and respiratory symptoms in young children. A total of 263 children at high risk of developing asthma or atopy were recruited antenatally and all respiratory symptoms experienced by the children were recorded by their parents for five years. Daily pollutant concentrations and meteorological data (ambient temperature and humidity) were collected from network monitoring sites. Logistic regression models investigating relationships between in idual air pollutants and respiratory symptoms showed significant associations between Ozone (O3) (1 h and 8 h) concentrations and raised body temperature (lag 0) Carbon monoxide (CO) (8 h) and wheeze/rattle and runny/blocked nose (lag 5 and additive exposure over 5 days) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (24 h) concentrations and cough (lag 0 and additive exposure over 5 days) and PM2.5 and visibility (BSP) (1 h) with cough (lag 0). These associations were observed even though air pollutant concentrations were below national standards throughout the study period.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2005
Abstract: Routine data from cancer registries often lack information on stage of cancer, limiting their use. This study aimed to determine whether or not it is feasible to add cancer staging data to the routine data collections of a population-based Western Australian Cancer Registry (WACR). For each of the five most common cancer types (prostate, colorectal, melanoma, breast and lung cancers), 60 cases were selected for staging. For the 15 next most common cancer types, 20 cases were selected. Four sources for collecting staging data were used in the following order: the WACR, the hospital based cancer registries (HBCRs), hospital medical records, and letters to treating doctors. If the case was unable to be fully staged, due to lack of information on regional lymph node invasion or distant metastases, we made the following assumptions. Cases which had data available for tumour (T) and regional lymph nodes (N), but no assessment of distant metastasis (MX) were assumed to have no distant metastases (M0). Cases which had data for T and M, but no assessment of regional nodal involvement (NX) were assumed to have no regional nodal involvement (N0). The main focus of this project was the process of collecting staging data, and not the outcomes. For ovary, cervix and uterus cancers the existence of a HBCR increased the stageable proportion of cases so that staging data for these cancers could be incorporated into the WACR immediately. Breast and colorectal cancer could also be staged with adequate completeness if it were assumed that MX = M0. Similarly, melanoma and prostate cancer could be staged adequately if it were assumed that NX = N0 and MX = M0. Some cases of stomach, lung, pancreas, thyroid, testis and kidney cancers could be staged, but additional clinical input – on pathology request forms, for ex le – would be required to achieve useable levels of completeness. For the remaining cancer types either staging is widely regarded as not relevant, and no generally-accepted system exists, or an acceptable level of completeness is not achievable. Adding stage to routinely collected information in a cancer registry is possible for many cancer types, particularly if the assumptions regarding missing data are found to be acceptable or if the guidelines for MX = M0 asumptions are clarified. These findings should be generalizable to most cancer registries in developed countries, if hospital-based cancer registries or other specialized databases are accessible.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2012.01.006
Abstract: In developing countries including Arab countries breast cancer is one of the most common cancers found in women. Even though breast cancer incidence is lower in Arab developing countries than in western countries, Arabic women are more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier age than the women in western countries. A descriptive study was undertaken to investigate the type of breast cancer, lymph node involvement, side of breast and, region and age distribution of breast cancer patients registered in the National Oncology Centre in Yemen. From September 2004 to December 2010, 2654 women across Yemen diagnosed with breast cancer were registered in the National Oncology Centre for treatment. Between the years 2004 and 2010, breast cancer represented 22% of all cancers registered in women. Seventy-one per cent of the women were aged 50 or younger at the time of diagnosis. The most common age group affected was women aged 41-50 years, with (35%) of cases occurring in this age. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common pathology (76%) and 79% of the patients had lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis. Approximately 2% had bilateral disease and the frequency of left (44%) and right breast cancer (42%) were similar. This study has shown that breast cancer is a disease of young women in Yemen. The majority of women presented with lymph node involvement. Hence efforts are needed to increase breast cancer awareness in Yemen for early detection at all age groups, and to target women living in areas that have lower access to health care services.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.ANNEPIDEM.2010.10.005
Abstract: Contradictory results about the role of dietary factors in the causation of colorectal cancer (CRC) may partly be due to failure to discriminate between left- and right-sided CRC. We undertook a population-based case-control study comparing 577 cases of left-sided CRC and 277 cases of right-sided CRC (n = 277) with 958 age- and sex-matched controls. Dietary exposure was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated across quintiles of dietary intakes of micronutrients, adjusting for potential confounders. Compared to those in the lowest quartiles of intake, we found a protective role of phosphorus on CRC particularly for right-sided cancers (Q5 OR = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-1.02) and protective associations for iron and zinc were observed with left-sided cancers (Q5 OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.56-1.09 and Q5 OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46-0.92, respectively). An increased risk of left-sided cancer, was observed for vitamin E (Q5 OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.97-1.96). An increased risk of CRC was observed for vitamin E and decreased risks were seen for phosphorus, iron, and zinc. Differences in the risk of developing CRC according to subsite were observed for phosphorus and vitamin E.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-07-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2021
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S336802
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 27-03-2013
DOI: 10.1093/JNCI/DJT069
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2016.10.016
Abstract: While the breast cancer risk associated with increasing adult BMI in postmenopausal women can be explained by increases in concentrations of endogenous estrogens the biologic mechanisms behind the inverse association between adolescent BMI and breast cancer risk are still a subject of controversial debate. We investigated the association of breast cancer with body size and changes in body size across life time estimated by age-specific BMI Z scores and changes in BMI Z scores from teenage years to middle age in an age-matched population-based case-control study of 2994 Australian women. Logistic regression adjusted for the matching factor age and further potential confounders was used. Adolescent body leanness in postmenopausal women and excess adult weight gain in all study participants were associated with an increased breast cancer risk with an odds ratio [95% confidence interval] of 1.29 [1.08,1.54] and 1.31 [1.09,1.59], respectively. Interaction analyses restricted to postmenopausal women revealed an increased risk of breast cancer in those who were lean during adolescence and gained excess weight during adulthood (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.52 [1.19,1.95]) but not in women who were lean during adolescence and did not gain excess weight during adulthood (1.20 [0.97,1.48]) and not in women who were not lean during adolescence and but gained excess weight during adulthood (1.10 [0.95,1.27]) compared to postmenopausal women who were neither lean during adolescence nor gained excess weight. In postmenopausal women adolescent leanness was only associated with increased breast cancer risk when excess weight was gained during adulthood.
Publisher: Swansea University
Date: 13-04-2017
Abstract: ABSTRACTObjectivesNational statistics for hospital admissions for acute CHD based on unlinked administrative data are inflated because of inter/intra-hospital transfers or related readmissions for further investigations or procedures. Our objective was to estimate the inflation of CHD inpatient counts using multiple approaches based initially on Western Australian data that can be applied to future National studies. ApproachWe used a linked hospital morbidity dataset from the Western Australian Data Linkage System to determine hospitalisations for each CHD subcategory from 1990-2010. Transfers were defined as contiguous admissions separated by ≤1 day. Episodes-of-care (EOC) were defined as admissions (with/without transfers) that were within 28 days of the initial CHD admission. As the principal diagnosis may vary between hospitals involved in transfers or admissions within an EOC, we explored four approaches for allocating a diagnosis:i. Hierarchical diagnosis: selection of diagnosis based on clinical severity (ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) non-STEMI unstable angina stable angina other CHD chest pain) ii. Hospital hierarchy: diagnosis based on highest hospital level (tertiary rivate other metropolitan non-tertiary rural) iii/iv. Temporal order of diagnosis: diagnosis based on first or last record in transfer/EOC. ResultsThe proportion of cases that were transferred varied according to disease severity and time: 13% (1990) to 27% (2010) for STEMI 5% to 7% for stable angina and unchanged at 4% for chest pain. Compared to transfer-level data using the first approach, unlinked data overestimated STEMI counts by 3% (1990) to 11% (2010), stable angina by 3% to 5% and chest pain by 6% to 6%. Similarly for EOC-level data, the overestimates were 5% (1990) to 12% (2010) for STEMI, 13% to 19% for stable angina and 20% to 14% for chest pain. The four approaches for allocating a diagnosis produced differing counts with the difference being larger for more clinically severe diagnoses than for less clinically severe diagnoses. For ex le, using transfer-level data, the differences between approaches i and iv in 2010 were 12%, 2% and 1% for STEMI, stable angina and chest pain respectively. ConclusionThere is a potential to overestimate counts of CHD in inpatient data if transfers and readmissions are not taken into account, and this inaccuracy can differ across disease subcategories and approach used. This has important implications where higher disease severity, such as myocardial infarction, is an indicator of population health. Transfer- or EOC-level data are more likely to reflect true CHD hospitalisation counts than unlinked-level data, and are more appropriate for epidemiological studies of CHD rates.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 18-08-2016
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2015-103537
Abstract: There is limited research on the association between sedentary behaviour and breast cancer risk, particularly whether sedentary behaviour is differentially associated with premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. We pooled data from 2 case-control studies from Australia and Canada to investigate this association. This pooled analysis included 1762 incident breast cancer cases and 2532 controls. Participants in both studies completed a lifetime occupational history and self-rated occupational physical activity level. A job-exposure matrix (JEM) was also applied to job titles to assess sedentary work. Logistic regression analyses (6 pooled and 12 study-specific) were conducted to estimate associations between both self-reported and JEM-assessed sedentary work and breast cancer risk among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. No association was observed in the 6 pooled analyses, and 10 of the study-specific analyses also showed null results. 2 study-specific analyses provided inconsistent and contradictory results, with 1 showing statistically significant increased risk of breast cancer for self-reported sedentary work among premenopausal women cancer in the Canadian study, and the other a non-significant inverse association between JEM-assessed sedentary work and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women in the Australian study. While a suggestion of increased risk was seen for premenopausal women in the Canadian study when using the self-reported measure, overall this pooled study does not provide evidence that sedentary work is associated with breast cancer risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-12-2018
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2017-104381
Abstract: Occupational noise exposure is a major cause of hearing loss worldwide. In order to inform preventative strategies, we need to further understand at a population level which workers are most at risk. We have developed a new questionnaire-based algorithm that evaluates an in idual worker’s noise exposure. The questionnaire and supporting algorithms are embedded into the existing software platform, OccIDEAS. Based on the tasks performed by a worker during their most recent working shift and using a library of task-based noise exposure levels, OccIDEAS estimates whether a worker has exceeded the full-shift workplace noise exposure limit (L Aeq,8h ≥85 dBA). We evaluated the validity of the system in a s le of 100 construction workers. Each worker wore a dosimeter for a full working shift and was then interviewed using the OccIDEAS software. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.90) indicating that the ability of OccIDEAS to identify construction workers with an L Aeq,8h ≥85 dBA was excellent. This validated noise questionnaire may be useful in epidemiological studies and for workplace health and safety applications.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-12-2018
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2017-104795
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in the world and is twice as common in developed countries when compared with low-income and middle-income countries. Few occupational risk factors for colorectal cancer have been identified. This case–control study aimed to assess the association between colorectal cancer and occupational exposure to selected solvents, combustion products, metals, dusts and other agents. Cases (n=918) were enrolled from the Western Australian Cancer Registry from June 2005 to August 2007. Controls (n=1021) were randomly selected from the Western Australian electoral roll. We collected lifetime occupational history from cases and controls, in addition to their demographic and lifestyle characteristics. We applied the INTEROCC job exposure matrix to convert the occupational history to occupational exposure for 18 selected agents. Three exposure indices were developed: (1) exposed versus non-exposed (2) lifetime cumulative exposure and (3) total duration of exposure. The associations between colorectal cancer and the selected agents were estimated using logistic regression models adjusting for sex and age. None of the 18 selected agents showed an association with colorectal cancer. No dose–response relationships with lifetime cumulative exposure or duration of exposure were observed. There was no evidence to suggest that occupational exposure to 18 selected agents increased the risk of colorectal cancer.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEHY.2011.06.002
Abstract: Shift work has been associated with various adverse health outcomes. In particular, there has been a recent flourish in investigating potential cancer risk associated with working night shifts and other shift schedules. Epidemiologic studies have revealed generally weak associations due to several methodological challenges such as lack of standard classifications of shift or night work. The field also has been hindered by a lack of clarity about the possible mechanisms by which shiftwork could have an effect on cancer risk. One possible mechanism is reduced production of melatonin caused by exposure to light at night. Although there is a growing body of evidence that provides some support for this mechanism, several other mechanisms also make sense from a biological point of view. Further, the relatively weak magnitude of the associations between light at night and melatonin level suggests that multiple factors may be operating along the pathway between shift work and adverse health consequences (including cancer risk). Here we propose four additional mechanisms that should be considered for a comprehensive investigation of these potential pathways. These are: phase shift sleep disruption lifestyle factors (such as poor quality diets, less physical activity and higher BMI) and lower vitamin D. Consideration of all these mechanisms is necessary in order to design effective preventative workplace strategies. In developed countries, approximately 20% of the population undertake shiftwork and, while we are unlikely to be able to eliminate shiftwork from current work practices, there are aspects of shiftwork that can be modified and there may be facets of in idual susceptibility that we may be able to identify and target for prevention.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE24284
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJHEH.2021.113899
Abstract: Environmental chemicals have been implicated in the etiology of impaired fetal growth. However, few studies have assessed the effects of chemical mixtures or considered the possibility of non-monotonic exposure-response relationships for chemicals that act through the endocrine system. We assessed exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine pesticides, metals, and perfluorinated alkyl substances in blood and urine s les collected approximately two weeks prior to delivery in 166 non-smoking pregnant women, and subsequent birth weight, length, and head circumference of neonates who were part of the Australian Maternal Exposures to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study. We used Bayesian structured additive regression models with spike-slab priors to estimate mixture effects, identify important exposures, and model non-linearity in exposure-response relationships. Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine pesticides, metals, and perfluorinated alkyl substances were not associated with fetal growth outcomes. Estimated change in fetal growth outcomes for an increase in exposure from the 25th to 75th percentile suggested no meaningful associations the strongest evidence was for a small inverse association between birth weight and cesium exposure measured in whole blood (-124 g, 90% credible interval: -240 to -3 g). We identified several chemicals that may be associated with fetal growth non-linearly however, 90% credible intervals contained small values consistent with no meaningful association. Using a Bayesian penalized regression method, we assessed the shapes of exposure-response relationships, controlled for confounding by co-exposure, and estimated the single and combined effects of a large mixture of correlated environmental chemicals on fetal growth. Our findings, based on a small s le of mother-neonate pairs, suggest that mixtures of persistent chemicals are not associated with birth weight, length, and head circumference. The potential for non-monotonic relationships between environmental chemicals and fetal growth outcomes warrants further study.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-12-2021
DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.51354
Abstract: To estimate the prevalence of tinnitus in Australian working people to identify occupational and demographic factors associated with tinnitus. Cross-sectional national telephone survey of self-reported frequency and duration of tinnitus. Australian Workplace Exposure Survey (AWES) - Hearing 4970 currently employed people aged 18-64 years, recruited by random digit dialling, representative by sex of the workforce population, 7 June 2016 - 20 March 2017. Prevalence of occasional, intermittent, and constant tinnitus, and of any tinnitus, by occupational group, sex, and other demographic characteristics estimated numbers of working people with constant or any tinnitus, by occupational group and sex. Of 4970 respondents, 1317 reported experiencing tinnitus (26.5%): 713 people had occasional tinnitus (14.3%), 259 intermittent tinnitus (5.2%), and 345 constant tinnitus (6.9%). The s le prevalence of constant tinnitus was greater among men (7.5% 95% CI, 6.2-8.7%) than women (3.3% 95% CI, 2.3-4.3%), and was higher in older age groups. After rake weighting our survey responses, we estimated that 2.4 million workers (24.8% 95% CI, 23.2-26.4%) experience tinnitus, including 529 343 with constant tinnitus (5.5% 95% CI, 4.6-6.3%). The estimated prevalence of constant tinnitus was highest for automotive workers (16.7% 95% CI, 9.5-23.8%), drivers (13.0% 95% CI, 7.3-18.6%), farmers (12.1% 95% CI, 5.9-18.4%), and workers in other trades (10.4% 95% CI, 4.6-16.2%). The prevalence of tinnitus in the Australian workforce is high, particularly in certain occupations. Workplace practices and conditions that increase the risk of tinnitus should be examined, and targeted workplace prevention strategies developed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCLINEPI.2011.11.007
Abstract: The Breast Cancer Environment and Employment Study (BCEES) is a case--control study that began in 2009. The study experienced a lower than expected response fraction, a trend that appears to be occurring internationally. A 32-page questionnaire was included in the initial invitation to participate, and previous research suggests that long questionnaires decrease response fractions. The aim of this study was to test whether removal of the questionnaire from the invitation package increased participation. A randomized controlled trial was undertaken among the BCEES controls from June to August 2010. One group of 250 received the questionnaire in the initial invitation package, and the other group of 250 received only the invitation package and was sent the questionnaire after their consent was received. The proportion of responses for the two groups was compared using contingency tables and chi-square statistics. Those who received the questionnaire with the invitation package were more likely to consent to participate than those who did not (40.8% and 33.2%, respectively). However, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.078). To improve response fractions and reduce time in following up nonresponses, questionnaires should be included in the invitation package.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-10-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-014-0470-7
Abstract: Although previous research has identified factors that may determine willingness to participate in research, relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the impact non-participation may have on exposure-disease associations. The aims of this study were to (a) investigate the associations between smoking, alcohol, diabetes, obesity, and socioeconomic status and the risk of colorectal cancer in a case-control study (59.7 and 47.2 % response fractions among cases and controls, respectively) and (b) perform sensitivity analyses to examine the possible influence of non-participation. Logistic regression was used to estimate the exposure-disease associations. We then investigated the associations between various demographic and health factors and the likelihood that an in idual would participate in the case-control study and then performed two sensitivity analyses (s ling weights and multiple imputation) to examine whether non-participation bias may have influenced the exposure-disease associations. The exposures alcohol, smoking, and diabetes were associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. We found some differences between cases and controls when examining the factors associated with the participation in the study, and in the sensitivity analyses, the exposure-disease associations were slightly attenuated when compared with those from the original analysis. Non-participation may have biased the risk estimates away from the null, but generally not enough to change the conclusions of the study.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.24324
Abstract: Etiological risk factors for proximal (right-sided) colon cancers may be different to those of distal colon and rectal (left-sided) cancers if these tumors develop along distinct pathways. The CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP+) occurs in approximately 15% of colorectal cancers (CRC) and predominantly in the proximal colon. CIMP+ tumors have frequent methylation of gene promoter regions and increased tissue folate levels. The aim here was to determine whether polymorphisms in 2 genes involved in cellular methyl group metabolism were associated with different risks for right- and left-sided CRC. This population-based case-control study involved 859 incident cases of CRC and 973 sex and age-matched controls. Information on dietary folate and alcohol intake was obtained from food frequency questionnaires and information on the anatomical site of tumors from pathology reports. DNA was collected using FTA cards and genotyping performed for the MTHFR C677T and DeltaDNMT3B C-149T polymorphisms. The MTHFR 677 T allele was associated with increased risk for proximal colon cancer (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.29) but decreased risk for distal cancers (AOR = 0.87). The increased risk for proximal cancers was especially pronounced in older in iduals (AOR = 1.49) and those with a low folate diet (AOR = 1.67) or high alcohol consumption (AOR = 1.90). The DeltaDNMT3B-149 TT genotype was protective against proximal colon cancers (AOR = 0.65), but showed no association with the risk of distal colon and rectal cancers (AOR = 1.02). Epidemiological studies on dietary and genetic risk factors for CRC should take into account these may confer different risks for right- and left-sided tumors.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 04-11-2016
Abstract: Including satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2011.02.010
Abstract: Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a major public health issue in Australia and other nations. A greater understanding of the genetic determinants and their interactions with environmental factors may lead to better interventions and control of the disease. The Western Australian Melanoma Health Study (WAMHS) is a population-based case-collection and biospecimen resource established to investigate the genetic epidemiology of melanoma. This manuscript discusses the design of the WAMHS and the characteristics of the participants. Participants were recruited through the Western Australian Cancer Registry, which is notified of all incident cancers in the state of Western Australia by law. Once the diagnosing doctor's consent was obtained, all eligible, resident Western Australian, adult cases of melanoma diagnosed between January 2006 and September 2009, were contacted by mail and invited to participate. Clinical, questionnaire-based phenotypic and blood s les for extraction of DNA, RNA and serum were collected from consenting cases. Clinical data consisted of all pathological data recorded by the cancer registry and the questionnaire, administered by telephone interview, covered major risk factors for melanoma, such as sun exposure history and skin type. The final s le consisted of 1643 consenting cases out of 3420 cancer notifications (48.04%), of which 1455 cases completed one or more components of the study and 1157 completed all components. The WAMHS s le differed to all melanoma notifications only in age, with a bias towards older in iduals (P<0.0001). No significant differences were observed in sex, melanoma site, Breslow thickness or Clark's level. The WAMHS study is novel in its non-family based approach and focus on common (low penetrance) genetic determinants. This comprehensive resource will enable further steps to be taken towards understanding the complex pathways involved in melanoma.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-09-2017
DOI: 10.1136/OEMED-2016-103723
Abstract: Pesticides are widely used in some occupational settings. Some pesticides have been classified as carcinogens however, data on the number of workers exposed to pesticides are not available in Australia. The main aim of this study was to estimate the current prevalence of pesticide exposure in Australian workplaces. The analysis used data from the Australian Work Exposures Study, a series of nationwide telephone surveys which investigated work-related prevalence and exposure to carcinogens and asthmagens, including pesticides, among current Australian workers. Information about the respondents' current job and various demographic factors was collected in a telephone interview using the web-based tool OccIDEAS. Workers were considered exposed to pesticides if they reported applying or mixing pesticides in their current job. Of the 10 371 respondents, 410 (4%) respondents were assessed as being exposed to pesticides in the workplace, with exposure being more likely among males, in iduals born in Australia, in iduals with lower education level and those residing in regional or remote areas. Glyphosate was the most common active ingredient used by workers. This is the first study to describe the prevalence of occupational pesticide exposure in Australia and one of the few recent studies internationally.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-04-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-018-08053-5
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 170 breast cancer susceptibility loci. Here we hypothesize that some risk-associated variants might act in non-breast tissues, specifically adipose tissue and immune cells from blood and spleen. Using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) reported in these tissues, we identify 26 previously unreported, likely target genes of overall breast cancer risk variants, and 17 for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, several with a known immune function. We determine the directional effect of gene expression on disease risk measured based on single and multiple eQTL. In addition, using a gene-based test of association that considers eQTL from multiple tissues, we identify seven (and four) regions with variants associated with overall (and ER-negative) breast cancer risk, which were not reported in previous GWAS. Further investigation of the function of the implicated genes in breast and immune cells may provide insights into the etiology of breast cancer.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-09-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-017-3420-X
Abstract: Using the Short Form 12 Health Survey this cross-sectional study examined parental well-being in caregivers of children with one of three genetic disorders associated with intellectual disability Down syndrome, Rett syndrome and the CDKL5 disorder. Data were sourced from the Western Australian Down Syndrome (n = 291), Australian Rett Syndrome (n = 187) and International CDKL5 Disorder (n = 168) Databases. Among 596 mothers (median age, years 43.7 24.6-72.2), emotional well-being was poorer than general female populations across age groups. Multivariate linear regression identified the poorest well-being in parents of children with the CDKL5 disorder, a rare but severe and complex encephalopathy, and negative associations with increased clinical severity irrespective of diagnosis. These findings are important for those providing healthcare and social services for these populations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-02-2018
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1426911
Abstract: This study used medicolegal data to investigate fatal older road user (ORU) crash circumstances and risk factors relating to four key components of the Safe System approach (e.g., roads and roadsides, vehicles, road users, and speeds) to identify areas of priority for targeted prevention activity. The Coroners Court of Victoria's Surveillance Database was searched to identify coronial records with at least one deceased ORU in the state of Victoria, Australia, for 2013-2014. Information relating to the ORU, crash characteristics and circumstances, and risk factors was extracted and analyzed. The average rate of fatal ORU crashes per 100,000 population was 8.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0-10.2), which was more than double the average rate of fatal middle-aged road user crashes (3.6, 95% CI 2.5-4.6). There was a significant relationship between age group and deceased road user type (χ Road user error was the most significant risk factor identified in fatal ORU crashes, which suggests that there is a limited capacity of the Victorian road system to fully accommodate road user errors. Initiatives related to safer roads and roadsides, vehicles, and speed zones, as well as behavioral approaches, are key areas of priority for targeted activity to prevent fatal older road user crashes in the future.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-02-2022
DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2043360
Abstract: Most households in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) rely on biomass fuel for daily cooking. Studies investigating the association between early life exposure to household air pollution and health outcomes in children in LMICs are limited. To investigate the effects of biomass fuel for cooking and different types of stoves on wheeze and allergies in children of rural Sri Lankan communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 452 children aged 5 years and younger in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Mothers completed a questionnaire on the use of biomass fuel and respiratory and allergic outcomes in children. The associations between biomass fuel and outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. Use of biomass fuel for cooking was associated with increased risk of childhood wheeze (aOR 2.29 95% CI 1.04-5.08) and eczema (aOR 4.57 95% CI 1.24-16.89) compared with households that used clean fuel (liquid petroleum gas (LPG), electricity and/or biogas). Among households that used biomass fuel, use of traditional biomass stoves was associated with a higher risk of childhood wheeze (aOR 2.95 95% CI 1.19-7.33), allergic rhinitis (aOR 3.01 95% CI 1.42-6.39), and eczema (aOR 7.39 95% CI 1.70-32.06) compared with households that used clean stoves. Children living in households that use biomass fuel, especially traditional biomass cookstoves, have a higher risk of wheeze and allergic diseases. Access to affordable clean energy sources that reduce air pollution may help improve the health of children in rural LMICs. Supplemental data for this article is available online at at jas .
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Jane Heyworth.