ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6167-0145
Current Organisations
CSIRO
,
CSIRO Mineral Resources
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Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MIN11070679
Abstract: Ferruginous nodules and pisoliths that cap deeply weathered profiles and transported cover are characteristic of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Here we show how ferruginous nodules and pisoliths formed in the paleochannel sediments during Miocene can be used to locate buried Au mineralization. Three types of ferruginous nodules and pisoliths were identified in paleochannel sediments and saprolite, representing different parent materials and environments covering the Garden Well Au deposit: (i) ferruginous nodules formed in saprolite on the flanks of the paleochannel (NSP), (ii) ferruginous pisoliths formed in the Perkolilli Shale in the middle of the paleochannel (PPS) and (iii) ferruginous nodules formed in the Wollubar Sandstone at the bottom of the paleochannel (NWS). The appearance, mineralogy and geochemistry of ferruginous nodules and pisoliths vary according to their origin. The PPS and NWS are goethite-rich whereas NSP is a mixture of goethite and hematite which make them all suitable for (U–Th)/He dating. The average age of goethite in the NSP is 14.8 Ma, in the NWS is 11.2 Ma and in the PPS is 18.6 and 14 Ma. The goethite ages in ferruginous nodules and pisoliths are thought to be younger than the underlying saprolite (Paleocene-Eocene) and were formed in different environmental conditions than the underlying saprolite. Anomalous concentrations of Au, As, Cu, Sb, In, Se, Bi, and S in the cores and cortices of the NWS and the PPS reflect the underlying Au mineralization, and thus these nodules and pisoliths are useful s le media for geochemical exploration in this area. These elements originating in mineralized saprolite have migrated both upwards and laterally into the NWS and the PPS, to form spatially large targets for mineral exploration.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/GBI.12011
Abstract: Peritidal ferruginous microbialites form the main bulk of the Middle Eocene ironstone deposits of the Bahariya Depression, Western Desert, Egypt. They include ferruginous stromatolites and microbially coated grains (ferruginous oncoids and ooids). Their internal structures reveal repeated cycles of microbial and Fe oxyhydroxide laminae. The microbial laminae consist of fossilised neutrophilic filamentous iron-oxidising bacteria. These bacteria oxidised the Fe(II)-rich acidic groundwater upon meeting the marine water at an approximately neutral pH. The iron oxyhydroxide laminae were initially precipitated as amorphous iron oxhydroxides and subsequently recrystallised into nanocrystalline goethite during early diagenesis. Organic remains such as proteinaceous compounds, lipids, carbohydrates and carotenoids are preserved and can be identified by Raman spectroscopy. The ferruginous microbialites were subjected to post-depositional subaerial weathering associated with sea-level retreat and subsurface alteration by continued ascent of the Fe(II)-rich acidic groundwater. At this stage, another iron-oxidising bacterial generation prevailed in the acidic environment. The acidity of the groundwater was caused by oxidation of pyrite in the underlying Cenomanian Bahariya formation. The positive iron isotopic ratios and presence of ferrous and ferric iron sulphates may result from partial iron oxidation along the redox boundary in an oxygen-depleted environment.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2015
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-04-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Date: 09-02-2021
DOI: 10.7554/ELIFE.61142
Abstract: This study sought to redefine the concept of fracture risk that includes refracture and mortality, and to transform the risk into "skeletal age". We analysed data obtained from 3521 women and men aged 60 years and older, whose fracture incidence, mortality, and bone mineral density (BMD) have been monitored since 1989. During the 20-year follow-up period, among 632 women and 184 men with a first incident fracture, the risk of sustaining a second fracture was higher in women (36%) than in men (22%), but mortality risk was higher in men (41%) than in women (25%). The increased risk of mortality was not only present with an initial fracture, but was accelerated with refractures. Key predictors of post-fracture mortality were male gender (hazard ratio [HR] 2.4 95% CI, 1.79–3.21), advancing age (HR 1.67 1.53–1.83), and lower femoral neck BMD (HR 1.16 1.01–1.33). A 70-year-old man with a fracture is predicted to have a skeletal age of 75. These results were incorporated into a prediction model to aid patient-doctor discussion about fracture vulnerability and treatment decisions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-11-2019
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/MIN12070879
Abstract: The ferricrete units (Fe oxide cemented colluvial-alluvial sediment) of the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia formed during the humid tropical and sub-tropical climates of the Cenozoic. Ferricretes are generally developed on long-lived paleodrainage systems and are products of the ferruginisation of detritus provided by the continuous erosion of upslopes. These iron-rich accumulations can become Au-enriched, as is the case in several locations previously discovered in the Yilgarn Craton many of these host economic secondary gold deposits (e.g., Moolart Well, Mt Gibson, and Bulchina), typically occurring downslope of low saprolite hills and near paleovalleys (i.e., inset-valleys). Inset-valleys are a common paleotopographic feature buried under Quaternary alluvial and colluvial sedimentary cover. Maps of these ancient channel networks can be used as a proxy for targeting ferricrete gold deposits. These inset-valley systems generally form dendritic and noisy patterns in high-resolution aeromagnetic data due to the presence of maghemite-rich nodules and detrital magnetic pisoliths on their flanks. The main aim of this study was to use high-resolution aeromagnetic data to target ferricrete units related to inset-valleys systems across the Yilgarn Craton. A spatial predictive model was used to learn and predict the geological units of interest from pre-processed aeromagnetic data. The predicted inset-valleys systems were able to confine the exploration space and define a new exploration frontier for ferricrete gold deposits.
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2014
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2015
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2017
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-10-0002
DOI: 10.3390/MIN11101131
Abstract: Areas under a thick Permian glacial cover in Western Australia formed as glaciers gouged fresh bedrock and deposited diamictites in disconnected valleys and basins. These areas now present the greatest challenge for mineral exploration in the northeast Yilgarn Craton. At the Lancefield North gold prospect, in the southern part of the Duketon Greenstone Belt, Permian diamictites on average 40 m thick cover unweathered basalt hosting gold mineralization. The basal Permian diamictites consist of fresh, very poorly sorted, angular to rounded, pebble- to boulder-sized, polymictic clasts supported by a matrix of coarse-grained sand and mud. The framework and matrix are cemented by calcite, dolomite, chlorite, and pyrite. These diamictites are stable under alkaline and reducing conditions below the water table. Detrital fresh sulfides gold and opaque oxides, such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, gersdorffite, cobaltite, pentlandite, scheelite and galena, chromite, ilmenite, and magnetite, are identified in the framework and matrix of the fresh diamictites, and these are identical to those in the primary gold mineralization. Weathering of diamictites and oxidation of detrital and diagenetic sulfides above the water table produced several Fe- and Mn-rich redox fronts and secondary chalcocite and bornite. Interface s ling across the Archean–Permian unconformity shows Au, As, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cd anomalism over the mineralization compared to the background. However, these elements are low in concentration in the redox fronts, where Fe is correlated with As, Cu, Mo, and Sb and Mn is correlated with Co, Ni, and Ba. Gold shows elevated levels in the fresh basal diamictites and decreases in the weathered diamictites over the mineralization. A s ling at or near the Archean–Permian unconformity (interface s ling) only delineates gold mineralization, with no hydromorphic dispersion halo beyond the peripheries. At the Lancefield North prospect, the detrital indicator sulfides are mechanically dispersed up to 500 m to the east of the mineralization in the direction of ice flow. This dispersal distance is controlled by the rough topography of the Archean–Permian unconformity, and it may be greater, but the estimation of the actual distance of transport is limited by the distribution of drill hole locations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-10-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-09-2012
DOI: 10.1002/JRS.3047
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 08-12-2016
DOI: 10.1130/G38591.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 03-01-2201
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-03-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-11-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-05-2014
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAA.2014.10.090
Abstract: Application of thermoanalyses, FTIR, XPS and Mössbauer spectroscopic methods can differentiate between iron ores formed in different geological environments. Two types of iron ore are formed in shallow marine environments in the Bahariya Depression, Egypt, yellowish brown ooidal ironstones (type 1) and black mud and fossiliferous ironstones (type 2). Both types were subjected to subaerial weathering, producing a dark brown lateritic (pedogenic) iron ore (type 3). Microscopic investigation indicates goethite is the main mineral in types 1 and 3, while hematite is the main mineral in type 2 and also occurs in type 3. Thermoanalyses indicated the dehydroxylation endothermic peak of goethite of type 1 occurs between 329 and 345°C, while in type 3 occurs between 284 and 330°C. This variation can be attributed to the nanocrystalline nature of the pedogenic goethite. The presence of an exothermic peak at 754°C in type 3 is probably attributed to goethite-hematite phase transformation. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that goethite of type 1 is characterized by the presence of the δ-OH band between 799 and 802cm(-1), the γ-OH between 898 and 904cm(-1) and the bulk hydroxyl stretch between 3124 and 3133cm(-1). Goethite of type 3 is characterized by the absence of the bulk hydroxyl stretch band and the δ-OH and γ-OH are shifted to higher Wavenumbers that can attributed to a relative Al-for Fe-substitution. Hematite is identified by two IR bands the first is between 464 and 475cm(-1) and at the second is between 540 and 557cm(-1). Quartz is identified in all iron ore types, nitrates are identified in types 1 and 2, but absent in type 3 and Kaolinite is identified in type 2. The Mössbauer spectrum of type 1 is fitted with one magnetic sextet corresponding to goethite with an isomer shift (IS)=0.374mms(-1), a quadruple splitting (QS)=-0.27mms(-1) and a hyperfine magnetic field (BHF)=∼37. The Mössbauer spectrum of type 2 is fitted with one magnetic sextet corresponding to hematite with IS=0.363mms(-1), QS=-0.23mms(-1) and BHF=∼50. The Mössbauer spectrum of type 3 is best fitted with a single doublet corresponding to ferrihydrite and one sextet corresponding to hematite. The XPS survey scans and the high resolution of the Fe 2p3/2 can differentiate between the yellowish-brown and green ooidal laminae of type 1. The XPS survey scans indicate the presence of Fe, O, C, N, Na, Cl, Ca and Si in all laminae, while S, Zn, Ti and P are only restricted to the green laminae. The high resolution of the Fe 2p3/2 indicates that Fe is linked to OH(-) ligand in the yellowish-brown laminae that correspond to goethite, while Fe is linked to SO4(2-) ligand in the green laminae. The XPS survey scans of types 2 and 3 indicate that Fe is linked to O(2-) ligand that corresponds to hematite.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-11-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAA.2013.08.059
Abstract: The mineral composition of the Upper Cretaceous Duwi phosphorite deposits and underlying Quseir Variegated Shale from Safaga district, Red Sea Range, Egypt, was investigated by dispersive and Fourier transformed Raman spectroscopy. The only phosphorous containing mineral detected in the phosphorite deposits was carbonate fluorapatite. Often carbonate fluorapatite appears associated with calcium sulfate and seldom with calcium carbonate in the investigated s les. Iron is present in the form of goethite and pyrite in the phosphorite layer, while pyrite, marcasite and hematite were identified in the Quseir Shale s les. Also, a high amount of disordered carbon was detected in the black shale layers. The Raman results confirm the hypothesis that the formation of the phosphorites took place in a marine environment. During the formation of black shale, the redox conditions changed, with the pH reaching values of 4 or even lower. Diagenetic and weathering transformations had taken place in the phosphorite deposits, calcium sulfate and goethite being products of these types of processes.
Publisher: CSIRO
Date: 2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/SED.12106
Abstract: Lower and middle Eocene ironstone sequences of the Naqb and Qazzun formations from the north‐east Bahariya Depression, Western Desert, Egypt, represent a proxy for early Palaeogene climate and sea‐level changes. These sequences represent the only Palaeogene economic ooidal ironstone record of the Southern Tethys. These ironstone sequences rest unconformably on three structurally controlled Cenomanian palaeohighs (for ex le, the Gedida, Harra and Ghorabi mines) and formed on the inner r of a carbonate platform. These palaeohighs were exposed and subjected to subaerial lateritic weathering from the Cenomanian to early Eocene. The lower and middle Eocene ironstone sequences consist of quiet water ironstone facies overlain by higher energy ironstone facies. The distribution of low‐energy ironstone facies is controlled by depositional relief. These deposits consist of lagoonal, burrow‐mottled mud‐ironstone and laterally equivalent tidal flat, stromatolitic ironstones. The agitated water ironstone facies consist of shallow subtidal–intertidal nummulitic–ooidal–oncoidal and back‐barrier storm‐generated fossiliferous ironstones. The formation of these marginal marine sequences was associated with major marine transgressive–regressive megacycles that separated by subaerial exposure and lateritic weathering. The formation of lateritic palaeosols with their characteristic dissolution and reprecipitation features, such as colloform texture and alveolar voids, implies periods of humid and warm climate followed major marine regressions. The formation of the lower to middle Eocene ironstone succession and the associated lateritic palaeosols can be linked to the early Palaeogene global warming and eustatic sea‐level changes. The reworking of the middle Eocene palaeosol and the deposition of the upper Eocene phosphate‐rich glauconitic sandstones of the overlying Hamra Formation may record the initial stages of the palaeoclimatic transition from greenhouse to icehouse conditions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Location: Australia
No related grants have been discovered for Walid Salama.