ORCID Profile
0000-0003-3564-6285
Current Organisation
Oregon State University
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Volcanica
Date: 09-11-2022
DOI: 10.30909/VOL.05.02.349384
Abstract: We present Thermobar, a new open-source Python3 package for calculating pressures, temperatures, and melt compositions from mineral and mineral-melt equilibrium. Thermobar allows users to perform calculations with popular parametrizations involving liquid, olivine-liquid, olivine-spinel, pyroxene only, pyroxene-liquid, two pyroxene, feldspar-liquid, two feldspar, hibole only, hibole-liquid, and garnet equilibria. Thermobar is the first open-source tool which can match up all possible pairs of phases from a given region, and apply various equilibrium tests to identify pairs from which to calculate pressures and temperatures (e.g. pyroxene-liquid, two pyroxene, feldspar-liquid, two feldspar, hibole-liquid). Thermobar also contains functions allowing users to propagate analytical errors using Monte-Carlo methods, convert pressures to depths using different crustal density profiles, plot mineral classification and mineral-melt equilibrium diagrams, calculate liquid viscosities, and convert between oxygen fugacity values, buffer positions and Fe speciation in a silicate melt. Thermobar can be downloaded using pip and extensive documentation is available at thermobar.readthedocs.io/.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1002/2017GC007080
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-11-2011
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 07-1995
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1039/B505734E
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2002
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1130/GES01323.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1994
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-06-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-11-2021
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 1996
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2008
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.2138/AM.2006.1984
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld
Date: 11-10-2018
DOI: 10.1130/L1001.1
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1002/GGGE.20207
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld
Date: 29-12-2014
DOI: 10.1130/L399.1
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-07-2023
DOI: 10.1093/PETROLOGY/EGAD050
Abstract: The chemistry of erupted clinopyroxene crystals (±equilibrium liquids) have been widely used to deduce the pressures and temperatures of magma storage in volcanic arcs. However, the large number of different equations parameterizing the relationship between mineral and melt compositions and intensive variables such as pressure and temperature yield vastly different results, with implications for our interpretation of magma storage conditions. We use a new test dataset composed of the average Clinopyroxene-Liquid (Cpx-Liq) compositions from N = 543 variably hydrous experiments at crustal conditions (1 bar to 17 kbar) to assess the performance of different thermobarometers and identify the most accurate and precise expressions for application to subduction zone magmas. First, we assess different equilibrium tests, finding that comparing the measured and predicted Enstatite-Ferrosillite and KD (using Fet in both phases) are the most useful tests in arc magmas, whereas CaTs, CaTi and Jd tests have limited utility. We then apply further quality filters based on cation sums (3.95–4.05), number of analyses (N & 5) and the presence of reported H2O data in the quenched experimental glass (hereafter ‘liquid’) to obtain a filtered dataset (N = 214). We use this filtered dataset to compare calculated versus experimental pressures and temperatures for different combinations of thermobarometers. A number of Cpx-Liq thermometers perform very well when liquid H2O contents are known, although the Cpx composition contributes little to the calculated temperature relative to the liquid composition. Most Cpx-only thermometers perform very badly, greatly overestimating temperatures for hydrous experiments. These two findings demonstrate that the Cpx chemistry alone holds very little temperature information in hydrous systems. Most Cpx-Liq and Cpx-only barometers show similar performance to one another (mostly yielding root mean square errors [RMSEs] of 2–3.5 kbar), although the best Cpx-only barometers currently outperform the best Cpx-Liq barometers. We also assess the sensitivity of different equations to melt H2O contents, which are poorly constrained in many natural systems. Overall, this work demonstrates that Cpx-based barometry on in idual Cpx only provides sufficient resolution to distinguish broad storage regions in continental arcs (e.g. upper, mid, lower crust). Significant averaging of Cpx compositions from experiments reported at similar pressures can reduce RMSEs to ~1.3–1.9 kbar. We hope our findings motivate the substantial amount of experimental and analytical work that is required to obtain precise and accurate estimates of magma storage depths from Cpx ± Liq equilibrium in volcanic arcs.
Publisher: California Fish and Wildlife Journal, California Department of Fish and Wildlife
Date: 09-08-2021
DOI: 10.51492/CFWJ.107.7
Abstract: To inform management and conservation of the species, we investigated the distribution of anadromy and residency of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Eel River of northwestern California. We determined maternal anadromy versus residency for 106 juvenile O. mykiss using otolith microchemistry. To attempt to relate patterns of anadromy with environmental factors known to influence its distribution in O. mykiss in other places, fish were collected from 52 sites throughout the drainage covering a range of stream size (0.1–7.7 m3/s estimated mean annual run-off) and distance from the ocean (23–219 km). Sixty-one of 91 fish s led below prospective barriers had anadromous mothers, while 1 of 15 fish s led above barriers had an anadromous mother. We did not detect any influence of stream size or distance from the ocean on the occurrence of anadromy. Fish with resident mothers were found at 21 of 46 sites below barriers. The current broad distribution of fish with resident mothers indicates the importance of maintaining freshwater conditions suitable for resident adults and juveniles age-1 and older, such as preserving dry-season streamflows.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1029/2010GC003050
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 29-12-0009
DOI: 10.1093/PETROLOGY/EGAC126
Abstract: The composition of clinopyroxene and clinopyroxene-liquid (Cpx-Liq) pairs are frequently used to calculate crystallization/equilibration pressures in igneous systems. While canonical uncertainties are often assigned to calculated pressures based on fits to calibration or test datasets, the sources of these uncertainties (and thus ways to reduce them) have not been rigorously assessed. We show that considerable uncertainties in calculated pressures arise from analytical error associated with Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA) measurements of Cpx. Specifically, low X-ray counts during analysis of elements with concentrations & wt% resulting from insufficient count times and/or low beam currents yield highly imprecise measurements (1σ errors of 10–40% for Na2O). Low analytical precision propagates into the calculation of pressure-sensitive mineral components such as jadeite. Using Monte Carlo approaches, we demonstrate that elemental variation resulting from analytical precision alone generates pressures spanning ~4 kbar (~15 km) for a single Cpx and ~6 kbar for a single Cpx-Liq pair using popular barometry expressions. In addition, analytical uncertainties in mineral compositions produce highly correlated arrays between pressure and temperature that have been previously attributed to transcrustal magma storage. Before invoking such geological interpretations, a more mundane origin from analytical imprecision must be ruled out. Most importantly, low analytical precision does not just affect the application of barometers to natural systems it has also affected characterization of Cpx in experimental products used to calibrate and test barometers. The impact of poor precision on each in idual measurement is often magnified by the small number of measurements made within experimental charges, meaning that low analytical precision and true variability in mineral compositions have not been sufficiently mediated by averaging multiple EPMA analyses. We compile the number of Cpx measurements performed in N = 307 experiments used to calibrate existing barometers, and N = 490 new experiments, finding ~45% of experiment charges were characterized by ≤5 in idual Cpx analyses. Insufficient characterization of the true composition of experimental phases likely accounts for the fact that all Cpx-based barometers exhibit large errors (± 3 kbar) when tested using global experimental datasets. We suggest specific changes to analytical and experimental protocols, such as increased count times and/or higher beam currents when measuring low concentration elements in relatively beam resistant Cpx in experiments and natural s les. We also advocate for increasing the number of analyses per experimental charge, resolving interlaboratory analytical offsets and improving data reporting. Implementing these changes is essential to produce a more robust dataset to calibrate and test the next generation of more precise and accurate Cpx-based barometers. In turn, this will enable more rigorous investigation of magma storage geometries in a variety of tectonic settings (e.g. distinguishing true transcrustal storage vs. storage in discrete reservoirs).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1997
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-2023
DOI: 10.1093/PETROLOGY/EGAD058
Abstract: Ignimbrite flare-ups are rare periods of intense silicic volcanism during which the pyroclastic volume and eruptive frequency is more than an order of magnitude higher than background activity. Investigating the compositional differences between flare-up and steady-state magmas provides critical constraints on the petrogenetic causes for the event and can offer unique opportunities to investigate the role of large-scale tectonic or geodynamic processes in arc magmatism. In this study, we focus on the bimodal Deschutes Formation ignimbrite flare-up of Central Oregon, which erupted unusually high volumes of pyroclastic material 6.25–5.45 Ma from a new axis of volcanism in the Cascades arc. This episode is marked by increased eruption rates and eruption of more silicic compositions relative to the Quaternary Cascade arc, which rarely erupts rhyolites. Ignimbrites are crystal-poor (& %) dacite to rhyolites (mostly 65–77 wt.% SiO2) with anhydrous mineral assemblages and higher FeO/MgO, Y, Eu/Eu*, MREE and Zr/Sr, indicating drier magmatic evolution compared to the Quaternary arc, and are more similar to those from the rear-arc High Lava Plains (HLP) province that lies to the east. Magnetite-ilmenite oxybarometry indicates that Deschutes Formation felsic magmas tend to be hotter and more reduced (NNO-1 to NNO) than the Quaternary arc (NNO to NNO + 1.5). Rhyolite-MELTS geobarometry suggests complex storage of erse Deschutes Formation magmas within the shallow crust (50–250 MPa), and the common co-eruption of multiple plagioclase populations, pumice compositions, and compositionally banded pumice suggest variable degrees of mixing and mingling of distinct magmas. Deschutes magmas also have low δ18Oplagioclase values that indicate partial melting and assimilation of hydrothermally altered shallow crust. Trace element systematics and rhyolite-MELTS modeling suggests that felsic pumice cannot be produced by simple fractionation of co-erupted mafic pumice or basaltic lavas, and requires a crustal melting origin, and trace elements and Pb isotopes suggest that young mafic crust may have been the primary protolith. We suggest that partial melting produced low-Si rhyolite melt (~72 wt.%) that acted as both a parent for the most evolved rhyolites, and as a mixing endmember to create the dacite to rhyodacite magmas with heterogenous plagioclase populations. Unlike the predominantly calc-alkaline basalts erupted in the Quaternary Cascade arc, Deschutes Formation primary basalts are mostly low-K tholeiites, indicative of decompression melting. These are similar to the compositions erupted during a contemporaneous pulse of low-K tholeiite volcanism across the whole HLP that reached into the Cascades rear-arc. We suggest that intra-arc extension focused decompression melts from the back-arc into the arc and that tensional stresses allowed this high flux of hot-dry-reduced basalt throughout the crustal column, causing partial melting of mafic protoliths and the production of hot-dry-reduced rhyolite melts. Depletion of incompatible elements in successive rhyolites implies progressive depletion in fertility of the protolith. Extension also allowed for the establishment of a robust hydrothermal system, and assimilation of hydrothermally-altered rocks by magmas residing in a shallow, complex storage network lead to low δ18O melts. Our findings suggest the integral role that extensional tectonics played in producing an unusual ignimbrite flare-up of hot-dry-reduced rhyolite magmas that are atypical of the Cascades arc and may be an important contributor to flare-ups at arcs worldwide.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2004
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 22-12-2017
Abstract: In a recent paper, we used Li concentration profiles and U-Th ages to constrain the thermal conditions of magma storage. Wilson and co-authors argue that the data instead reflect control of Li behavior by charge balance during partitioning and not by experimentally determined diffusion rates. Their arguments are based on (i) a coupled diffusion mechanism for Li, which has been postulated but has not been documented to occur, and (ii) poorly constrained zircon growth rates combined with the assumption of continuous zircon crystallization.
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 07-1996
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-01-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-1998
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-07-2009
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.2138/AM.2006.1818
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 04-05-2007
DOI: 10.1021/AC070648V
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1029/2005GC001060
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-09-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2002
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 31-03-2023
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.22479843
Abstract: Supplementary Figure S4. Combination of the BET bromodomain inhibitor I-BET762 and chemotherapy agents, but not proteasome inhibitors, induces cytotoxicity to normal cells.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1039/B801046C
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 17-12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2002
Publisher: Volcanica
Date: 17-08-2023
DOI: 10.30909/VOL.06.02.161172
Abstract: Understanding the processes that initiate volcanic eruptions after periods of quiescence are of paramount importance to interpreting volcano monitoring signals and mitigating volcanic hazards. However, studies of eruption initiation mechanisms are rarely systematically applied to high-risk volcanoes. Studies of erupted materials provide important insight into eruption initiation, as they provide direct insight into the physical and chemical changes that occur in magma reservoirs prior to eruptions, but are also often underutilized. Petrologic and geochemical studies can also constrain the timing of processes involved in eruption initiation, and the time that might be expected to elapse between remote detection of increased activity and eventual eruption. A compilation and analysis of literature data suggests that there are statistical differences in the composition, volume, style and timescales between eruptions initiated by different mechanisms. Knowledge of the processes that initiate eruptions at a given volcano may thus have significant predictive power.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1029/2012GC004192
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1038/NGEO924
Publisher: Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
Date: 05-10-2021
Abstract: Vietnam implemented numerous measures to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 among school students, including study-at-home/self-quarantine. During the study-at-home period, adolescents may engage in more video gaming than usual, potentially contributing to gaming disorder. However, the regionally-representative prevalence of gaming disorder and its association with parenting practice and discipline practice have not been described. We assessed the prevalence of gaming disorder among Vietnamese adolescents during the initial 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associations between gaming disorder and parenting practice and discipline practice. We conducted a school-based, self-administered cross-sectional survey of 2,084 students in Hanoi, Vietnam (response rate = 97.1%). The survey included standardized instruments translated from English to Vietnamese. We performed multilevel logistic regressions to assess the associations between parenting practice, discipline practice, and gaming disorder. The prevalence of gaming disorder among the respondents was 11.6%. Healthy parent-child relationship was protective against gaming disorder (Adj OR = 0.36 95% CI = 0.21, 0.62). Non-supervision, non-discipline, violent discipline were positively associated with gaming disorder. We found associations between gaming disorder and parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and parental discipline. Future interventional studies should consider assessing the effect of fostering healthy parent-child relationships and appropriate discipline on the occurrence or prognosis of gaming disorders.
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 20-11-2015
DOI: 10.1130/G37333.1
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.2138/AM-2018-6331
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2003
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 10-2002
DOI: 10.2138/AM-2002-1020
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 25-11-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-08-2008
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-08-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-06-2006
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.2138/AM-2017-6053
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1029/2009GC002847
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 2010
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 02-2023
DOI: 10.2138/AM-2022-8139
Abstract: Interpretation of chemical zoning within igneous minerals is critical to many petrologic studies. Zoning in minerals, however, is commonly observed in thin sections or grain mounts, which are random 2D slices of a 3D system. Use of these 2D sections to infer 3D geometries requires a set of assumptions, often not directly tested, introduces several issues, and results in partial loss of zoning information. Computed X-ray microtomography (microCT) offers a way to assess 3D zoning in minerals at high resolution. To observe 3D mineral zoning using microCT, however, requires that zoning is observable as differences in X-ray attenuation. Sanidine, with its affinity for Ba in the crystal lattice, can display large, abrupt variations in Ba that are related to various magma reservoir processes. These changes in Ba also significantly change the X-ray attenuation coefficient of sanidine, allowing for discrete mineral zones to be mapped in 3D using microCT. Here we utilize microCT to show 3D chemical zoning within natural sanidines from a suite of volcanic eruptions throughout the geologic record. We also show that changes in microCT grayscale in sanidine are largely controlled by changes in Ba. Starting with 3D mineral reconstructions, we simulate thin-section making by generating random 2D slices across a mineral zone to show that slicing orientation alone can drastically change the apparent width and slope of composition transitions between different zones. Furthermore, we find that chemical zoning in sanidine can commonly occur in more complex geometries than the commonly interpreted concentric zoning patterns. Together, these findings have important implications for methodologies that rely on the interpretation of chemical zoning within minerals and align with previously published numerical models that show how chemical gradient geometries are affected by random sectioning during common s le preparation methods (e.g., thin sections and round mounts).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1139/F2011-002
Abstract: Conservation planning often occurs only after a species has been extirpated from portions of its historical range and limited information is available on life history ersity prior to development. To provide information on Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) life history before and after local extirpation, we examined the chemical ( 87 Sr: 86 Sr, Sr:Ca) and structural composition of modern and archaeological otoliths from the upper Columbia River. We compared otoliths from modern spring (yearling migrant, n = 15) and summer–fall (yearling (n = 7) and subyearling (n = 12) migrants) runs with those from extirpated runs (n = 8) to estimate the number of and similarity among natal environments and reconstruct aspects of the migratory history. Presumptive natal sources were most similar between the archaeological collections and the modern summer–fall run. Chinook salmon represented by the archaeological otoliths also displayed life history traits, including size at freshwater emigration and adult size at return to fresh water, most similar to the summer–fall subyearling run. These data indicate that there is the potential to maintain aspects of predevelopment Chinook salmon life histories in the Columbia River, and strategies that promote maintenance of that life history ersity may be warranted.
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1130/G24920A.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1130/G33739.1
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1039/C2JA30075C
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 08-12-2018
DOI: 10.1130/G39690.1
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1002/2017GC007219
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1029/2011GC003778
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.2138/AM.2006.2030
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2003
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1130/G33746.1
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 12-1995
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1130/G25520A.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2000
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Date: 12-09-2014
DOI: 10.1144/SP385.10
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE13280
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 16-06-2017
Abstract: Taupo Volcanic Zone magma spent more than 90% of its life deep and crystalline before rapid shallow accumulation and eruption.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2019
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Date: 19-10-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-02-2014
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE12991
Abstract: The processes involved in the formation and storage of magma within the Earth's upper crust are of fundamental importance to volcanology. Many volcanic eruptions, including some of the largest, result from the eruption of components stored for tens to hundreds of thousands of years before eruption. Although the physical conditions of magma storage and remobilization are of paramount importance for understanding volcanic processes, they remain relatively poorly known. Eruptions of crystal-rich magma are often suggested to require the mobilization of magma stored at near-solidus conditions however, accumulation of significant eruptible magma volumes has also been argued to require extended storage of magma at higher temperatures. What has been lacking in this debate is clear observational evidence linking the thermal (and therefore physical) conditions within a magma reservoir to timescales of storage-that is, thermal histories. Here we present a method of constraining such thermal histories by combining timescales derived from uranium-series disequilibria, crystal sizes and trace-element zoning in crystals. At Mount Hood (Oregon, USA), only a small fraction of the total magma storage duration (at most 12 per cent and probably much less than 1 per cent) has been spent at temperatures above the critical crystallinity (40-50 per cent) at which magma is easily mobilized. Partial data sets for other volcanoes also suggest that similar conditions of magma storage are widespread and therefore that rapid mobilization of magmas stored at near-solidus temperatures is common. Magma storage at low temperatures indicates that, although thermobarometry calculations based on mineral compositions may record the conditions of crystallization, they are unlikely to reflect the conditions of most of the time that the magma is stored. Our results also suggest that largely liquid magma bodies that can be imaged geophysically will be ephemeral features and therefore their detection could indicate imminent eruption.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 11-2004
DOI: 10.1029/2004GC000743
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1002/GGGE.20273
No related grants have been discovered for Adam Kent.