ORCID Profile
0000-0002-3580-0660
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 05-11-2013
DOI: 10.1159/000355211
Abstract: Immune priming is defined as enhanced protection upon secondary exposure to a pathogen. Such enhanced resistance after prior exposure has been demonstrated for a number of insect species including the red flour beetle, i Tribolium castaneum /i . In testing this phenomenon, the majority of studies have focused on introducing the pathogen into the insect's hemocoel via septic wounding through the cuticle. Although such septic injury can occur in nature, many pathogens enter their hosts via the oral route, i.e. by ingestion. i Bacillus thuringiensis /i bacteria are well-known insect pathogens that infect their host orally. We found that i T. castaneum /i larvae showed increased survival after oral exposure to i B. thuringiensis /i , when they had been orally primed with filter-sterilized media in which spores of i B. thuringiensis /i had been raised. Such priming was achieved only with a naturally pathogenic strain of i B. thuringiensis /i and a strain that was made pathogenic by transfer of plasmids. Moreover, primed larvae were smaller in size 24 h after priming and had a longer developmental time, indicating that investment in such a response comes at a cost. However, the increased survival in primed larvae was not caused by larval size differences upon challenge.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-09-2021
DOI: 10.1111/OIK.08201
Abstract: The outcomes of interspecific and intraspecific ecological interactions can be considered to fall along continua from cooperative (mutually beneficial) to antagonistic (detrimental to one or both parties). Furthermore, the position of an interaction outcome along the continuum, for ex le whether a symbiont provides net costs or benefits to its host, or whether two conspecifics cooperatively forage or compete for food, is often not fixed but can change over time or across contexts. In this systematic review, we investigate the role of intraspecific trait variation (‘ITV') in one or both interacting parties in determining the cooperative‐antagonistic outcome of inter‐ and intraspecific ecological interactions. Based on a literature collection of 96 empirical and theoretical publications meeting our inclusion criteria, we give an overview of the types of interaction continua involved traits related to outcome variance and mechanisms as well as constraints on shifts in interactions outcomes. We propose that ITV can lead to shifts in interaction outcomes via two interrelated mechanisms. First, trait frequency effects occur when there are changes in a population's composition of traits linked to cooperation or antagonism (e.g. aggressive personality types, cheater phenotypes etc.), leading to net shifts in interaction outcomes. Second, systemic variance effects occur where the level of ITV in a trait in a population (as opposed to the mean value) is the factor that influences the cooperative‐antagonistic outcome. Heritable trait differences and phenotypic plasticity are sources of phenotypic variation among in iduals, and both the degree of heritability and plasticity of the trait involved may determine whether shifts between cooperation and antagonism are likely to be short‐term (i.e. context‐dependent) or lead to more persistent shifts (e.g. mutualism breakdown). To guide future research, we describe knowledge gaps and ergences between empirical and theoretical literature, highlighting the value of applying evidence synthesis methods in ecology and evolution.
Location: Brazil
No related grants have been discovered for Gustavo Fernandes.