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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-02-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S11657-021-00894-W
Abstract: A surrogate FRAX® model for Pakistan has been constructed using age-specific hip fracture rates for Indians living in Singapore and age-specific mortality rates from Pakistan. FRAX models are frequently requested for countries with little or no data on the incidence of hip fracture. In such circumstances, the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation have recommended the development of a surrogate FRAX model, based on country-specific mortality data but using fracture data from a country, usually within the region, where fracture rates are considered to be representative of the index country. This paper describes the development and characteristics of a surrogate FRAX model for Pakistan. The FRAX model used the ethnic-specific incidence of hip fracture in Indian men and women living in Singapore, combined with the death risk for Pakistan. The surrogate model gave somewhat lower 10-year fracture probabilities for men and women at all ages compared to the model for Indians from Singapore, reflecting a higher mortality risk in Pakistan. There were very close correlations in fracture probabilities between the surrogate and authentic models ( r ≥ 0.998) so that the use of the Pakistan model had little impact on the rank order of risk. It was estimated that 36,524 hip fractures arose in 2015 in in iduals over the age of 50 years in Pakistan, with a predicted increase by 214% to 114,820 in 2050. The surrogate FRAX model for Pakistan provides an opportunity to determine fracture probability within the Pakistan population and help guide decisions about treatment.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-07-2020
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 26-08-2016
Publisher: ALIES
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan
Date: 08-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-09-2021
DOI: 10.3390/IJMS22189743
Abstract: Administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin, by means of topical drug delivery systems, is an advanced therapeutic approach. As the skin is the largest organ of the human body, primarily acting as a natural protective barrier against permeation of xenobiotics, specific strategies to overcome this barrier are needed. Liposomes are nanometric-sized delivery systems composed of phospholipids, which are key components of cell membranes, making liposomes well tolerated and devoid of toxicity. As their lipid compositions are similar to those of the skin, liposomes are used as topical, dermal, and transdermal delivery systems. However, permeation of the first generation of liposomes through the skin posed some limitations thus, a second generation of liposomes has emerged, overcoming permeability problems. Various mechanisms of permeation enetration of elastic/ultra-deformable liposomes into the skin have been proposed however, debate continues on their extent/mechanisms of permeation enetration. In vivo bioavailability of an API administered in the form of ultra-deformable liposomes is similar to the bioavailability achieved when the same API is administered in the form of a solution by subcutaneous or epi-cutaneous injection, which demonstrates their applicability in transdermal drug delivery.
Publisher: ALIES
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 07-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S12094-012-0912-1
Abstract: Cancer is a complex disease which includes many pathologies featuring abnormal growth of healthy cells, invasion and metastization. Cellular uncontrolled growth increases the amount of abnormal cells, these cells reach the blood stream and other healthy tissues giving rise to secondary tumors. Even though great progresses have been made in understanding cancer aetiology and in the development of new anticancer drugs, cancer still remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Most common cancers include breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and brain cancer. Conventional chemotherapeutics have proven to be inefficient in cancer treatment due to lack of specificity and poor drug accumulation in tumors. In addition, they cause severe side effects. Available treatments must be prolonged on time to achieve some therapeutic effect however, this often leads to the development of multidrug resistance by tumor cells. Nanotechnology platforms are, therefore, being exploited as potential alternatives. Nanosystems have been reported to target and deliver the drug in situ to selectively kill cancer cells, decreasing toxicity on healthy organs and tissues as well as side effects. Furthermore, some nanosystems have been reported to overcome tumor resistance, at least to some extent. Over the years several nanosystems have been proposed to diagnose and treat cancers, such as dendrimers, polymeric micelles, superparamagnetic iron oxide cores, gold nanoparticles, liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles. Due to their small size and biocompatibility, they can reach the target site without being detected by the immune system and suffer cellular uptake or deliver the drug in the tumor vicinity.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-07-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MA14154257
Abstract: Wound care has been clinically demanding due to inefficacious treatment that represents an economic burden for healthcare systems. In Europe, approximately 7 million people are diagnosed with untreated wounds, leading to a cost between 6.000€ and 10.000€ per patient/year. In the United States of America, 1.5 million people over 65 years old suffer from chronic wounds. A promising therapeutic strategy is the use of exogenous growth factors because they are decreased at the wound site, limiting the recovery of the skin. Insulin is one of the cheapest growth factors in the market able to accelerate the re-epithelialization and stimulate angiogenesis and cell migration. However, the effectiveness of topical insulin in wound healing is h ered by the proteases in the wound bed. The encapsulation into nanoparticles improves its stability in the wound, providing adhesion to the mucosal surface and allowing its sustained release. The aim of this review is to perform a standing point about a promising strategy to treat different types of wounds by the topical delivery of insulin-loaded nanocarriers.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-11-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S11657-013-0151-2
Abstract: Bone health assessed in three towns of Karachi, Pakistan in females showed poor calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and high bone turnover. Correlates of high bone turnover included females residing in Saddar Town, underweight females less than 30 years of age from low socio-economic status, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. To assess bone health and association of dietary calcium and 25 hydroxy vitamin D with bone turnover in the community-dwelling females of Karachi. Bone health was assessed in three randomly selected towns of Karachi, Pakistan. One premenopausal female fulfilling the inclusion criteria from each household was included in the study. Dietary calcium was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire and biochemical markers including calcium, phosphates, albumin, magnesium, creatinine, and SGPT, intact parathyroid hormone, 25 hydroxy vitamin D, and N-telopeptide of type I collagen were measured to assess the bone health. Three hundred and five females were included from three towns. Overall, 90.5% of females had vitamin D deficiency with 42.6 and 23.3% having secondary hyperparathyroidism and high bone turn over respectively. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and high bone turnover was significantly different among towns. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly low and iPTH levels significantly high in females with high bone turnover. Calcium intake was not significantly different among females with normal, high, and low bone turnover. Correlates of high bone turnover included females residing in Saddar Town, underweight females less than 30 years of age belonging to low socio-economic status, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Compromised bone health is seen in community-dwelling females of Karachi. There is a need to perform large-scale community-based studies in all age groups to understand the interplay of markers in our population to understand the impact of these variables translating into the risk of osteoporosis.
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 15-02-2019
DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190112162817
Abstract: Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chemotherapeutic agents currently used in cancer treatment are associated with severe side effects and development of resistance. Thus, there is a pressing need for novel and more potent anticancer drugs with high selectivity for tumor cells and reduced toxicity to normal tissue. Natural products remain an important source of bioactive compounds and drug prototypes that can lead to new and more effective antitumor agents. Coniferous plants are rich in abietane diterpenoids with a wide range of biological activities that provide useful templates for synthetic modification. Abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid (DHA), the major diterpenic resin acids from Pinus rosin, and dehydroabietylamine found in commercial disproportionated rosin amine, display antibacterial and antitumor properties. These compounds and their synthetic derivatives have been reported as promising anticancer agents with potent growth inhibitory activity against several types of human cancer cell lines, including breast, ovarian, prostate, colon, liver, lung and cervical carcinoma cells. Their mechanisms of action are erse and include DNA binding, induction of apoptosis or oncosis, tubulin polymerization inhibition and disruption of intracellular cholesterol transport. This review covers the main aspects of natural rosin abietane diterpenoids (abietic acid, DHA and DHAA) and synthetic derivatives concerning their anti-proliferative, cytotoxic and antitumor activities, mechanisms of action and structure- activity relationships relevant for the development of novel anticancer agents for cancer chemotherapy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 31-01-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJFOODMICRO.2010.11.024
Abstract: Untreated drinking water is frequently overlooked as a source of antibiotic resistance in developed countries. To gain further insight on this topic, we isolated the indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. from water s les collected in wells, fountains and natural springs supplying different communities across Portugal, and characterized their antibiotic resistance profile with both phenotypic and genetic approaches. We found various rates of resistance to seven antibiotic families. Over 50% of the isolates were resistant to at least ciprofloxacin, tetracyclines or quinupristin-dalfopristin and 57% were multidrug resistant to ≥3 antibiotics from different families. Multiple enterococcal species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. casseliflavus and other Enterococcus spp) from different water s les harbored genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines, erythromycin or gentamicin [tet(M)-46%, tet(L)-14%, tet(S)-5%, erm(B)-22%, aac(6´)-Ie-aph(2″)-12%] and putative virulence factors [gel-28%, asa1-16%]. The present study positions untreated drinking water within the spectrum of ecological niches that may be reservoirs of or vehicles for antibiotic resistant enterococci/genes. These findings are worthy of attention as spread of antibiotic resistant enterococci to humans and animals through water ingestion cannot be dismissed.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 21-01-2020
DOI: 10.3389/FENDO.2020.601562
Abstract: Bone quality and peak bone mass are greatly affected by lifestyle factors. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationships between anthropometry, dietary and caloric intake, body composition measurements, physical activity, and vitamin D status with quantitative ultrasound-based bone parameters among medical students. Both male and female medical college students were included in this study. A detailed questionnaire was administered, collecting clinical, dietary, physical activity information, physical examination details, including body mass index (BMI). Body composition (total body fat, total body water, muscle mass, mean visceral fat mass, basal metabolic rate, bone mass using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer) and calcaneal heel ultrasound parameters were measured using an Osteosys Sonost-3000, Ultrasound Bone Densitometer were measured, respectively. In this cross-sectional study, 211 healthy students with a mean age of 20.1 ± 1.1 years, 51.7% (n = 109) were males. Majority (79.4%) of the young adults had vitamin D deficiency. The mean BMI, calcium intake, and vitamin D levels were 22.35 ± 3.43 kg/m 2 , 788.7 ± 364.8 mg/day, and 15.02 ± 8.63 ng/ml, respectively. Female subjects compared to males had statistically significantly lower daily energy intake, muscle mass, visceral fat mass, calcium intake, and vitamin D levels. In addition the median Z-scores in females [−1.40 (−0.57 to −1.82)] was significantly poorer than the male [−0.50 (0.20 to −1.3)] counterparts, p -value & .001. Multiple regression analysis showed that overall body fat percent (p-value 0.016) and visceral fat percent (p-value 0.029) were the only significant negative predictors to the calcaneal bone quality index (BQI) values. Adolescent lifestyle patterns can influence young adult bone strength. The young Pakistani females exhibited significantly lower dietary intakes and more inadequate bone parameters compared to males. Our data suggest that total body and visceral fat percent are the predominant negatively associated determinant of bone strength for this cohort. Calcaneal ultrasound can be utilized for mass screening of young adults for identification of low BMD.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.4158/EP15680.OR
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-08-2014
DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.823989
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to design and characterize a rutin-loaded nanoemulsion (RT-NE) and determine the release profile of the drug in vitro. RT-NE was prepared by a high pressure homogenization technique. The obtained droplets were analyzed by optical microscopy and were shown to be of spherical shape. By dynamic light scattering, characterization of RT-NE showed an average diameter of 127 nm, polydispersity index of 0.168 and zeta potential values near neutrality (-3.49 mV). Encapsulation efficiency was of ∼82% (82.3 ± 1.62%). Drug release was characterized by an initial burst which decreased over the time, showing a sustained release profile. After 24 h, rutin released from NE reached nearly 65%. The developed system proved to be stable and suitable to encapsulating poorly water-soluble drugs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPHARM.2022.122114
Abstract: This study examined a number of factors that can impact the outcomes of in vitro human epidermal permeation coefficients for aliphatic alcohols and steroids, including receptor phase composition and study conditions. We determined experimentally the solubilities and IVPT permeation of a homologous series of
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-05-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-08-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00198-021-06087-Y
Abstract: We compared, for women in Pakistan, the utility of intervention thresholds either at a T-score ≤ - 2.5 or based on a FRAX probability equivalent to women of average body mass index (BMI) with a prior fragility fracture. Whereas the FRAX-based intervention threshold identified women at high fracture probability, the T-score threshold was less sensitive, and the associated fracture risk decreased markedly with age. The fracture risk assessment algorithm FRAX® has been recently calibrated for Pakistan, but guidance is needed on how to apply fracture probabilities to clinical practice. The age-specific 10-year probabilities of a major osteoporotic fracture were calculated in women with average BMI to determine fracture probabilities at two potential intervention thresholds. The first comprised the age-specific fracture probabilities associated with a femoral neck T-score of - 2.5. The second approach determined age-specific fracture probabilities that were equivalent to a woman with a prior fragility fracture, without bone mineral density (BMD). The parsimonious use of BMD was additionally explored by the computation of upper and lower assessment thresholds for BMD testing. When a BMD T-score ≤ - 2.5 was used as an intervention threshold, FRAX probabilities in women aged 50 years were approximately two-fold higher than in women of the same age but with no risk factors and average BMD. The relative increase in risk associated with the BMD threshold decreased progressively with age such that, at the age of 80 years or more, a T-score of - 2.5 was actually protective. The 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture by age, equivalent to women with a previous fracture, rose with age from 2.1% at the age of 40 years to 17%, at the age of 90 years, and identified women at increased risk at all ages. Intervention thresholds based on BMD alone do not effectively target women at high fracture risk, particularly in the elderly. In contrast, intervention thresholds based on fracture probabilities equivalent to a 'fracture threshold' target women at high fracture risk.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 24-09-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FBIOE.2021.742858
Abstract: Knowledge of the beneficial effects of perinatal derivatives (PnD) in wound healing goes back to the early 1900s when the human fetal amniotic membrane served as a biological dressing to treat burns and skin ulcerations. Since the twenty-first century, isolated cells from perinatal tissues and their secretomes have gained increasing scientific interest, as they can be obtained non-invasively, have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-fibrotic characteristics, and are immunologically tolerated in vivo . Many studies that apply PnD in pre-clinical cutaneous wound healing models show large variations in the choice of the animal species (e.g., large animals, rodents), the choice of diabetic or non-diabetic animals, the type of injury (full-thickness wounds, burns, radiation-induced wounds, skin flaps), the source and type of PnD (placenta, umbilical cord, fetal membranes, cells, secretomes, tissue extracts), the method of administration (topical application, intradermal/subcutaneous injection, intravenous or intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous implantation), and the type of delivery systems (e.g., hydrogels, synthetic or natural biomaterials as carriers for transplanted cells, extracts or secretomes). This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of the application of PnD in wound healing to assess its efficacy in preclinical animal models. We highlight the advantages and limitations of the most commonly used animal models and evaluate the impact of the type of PnD, the route of administration, and the dose of cells/secretome application in correlation with the wound healing outcome. This review is a collaborative effort from the COST SPRINT Action (CA17116), which broadly aims at approaching consensus for different aspects of PnD research, such as providing inputs for future standards for the preclinical application of PnD in wound healing.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2022.02.042
Abstract: The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a critical worldwide healthcare problem. In the specific case of wound care, new and effective alternatives to currently available solutions are urgently needed. Cellulose-based dressings, for ex le, could be made more attractive if rendered antimicrobial. This work proposes a new strategy to modify cellulose-based materials with the short antimicrobial hexapeptide MP196 (RWRWRW-NH
Publisher: Future Science Ltd
Date: 11-2020
Abstract: Aim: Quinic acid (QA) is a cyclic polyol exhibiting anticancer properties on several cancers. However, potential role of QA derivatives against glioblastoma is not well established. Methodology & results: Sixteen novel QA derivatives and QA-16 encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (QA-16-NPs) were screened for their anti-glioblastoma effect using standard cell and molecular biology methods. Presence of a tertiary hydroxy and silylether groups in the lead compound were identified for the antitumor activity. QA-16 have 90% inhibition with the IC 50 of 10.66 μM and 28.22 μM for LN229 and SNB19, respectively. The induction of apoptosis is faster with the increased fold change of caspase 3/7 and reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: QA-16 and QA-16-NPs shows similar cytotoxicity effect, providing the opportunity to use QA-16 as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-10-2020
DOI: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS12111032
Abstract: The delivery of therapeutic proteins remains a challenge, despite recent technological advances. While the delivery of proteins to the lungs is the gold standard for topical and systemic therapy through the lungs, the issue still exists. While pulmonary delivery is highly attractive due to its non-invasive nature, large surface area, possibility of topical and systemic administration, and rapid absorption circumventing the first-pass effect, the absorption of therapeutic proteins is still ineffective, largely due to the immunological and physicochemical barriers of the lungs. Most studies using spray-drying for the nanoencapsulation of drugs focus on the delivery of conventional drugs, which are less susceptible to bioactivity loss, compared to proteins. Herein, the development of polymeric nanoparticles by spray-drying for the delivery of therapeutic proteins is reviewed with an emphasis on its advantages and challenges, and the techniques to evaluate their in vitro and in vivo performance. The protein stability within the carrier and the features of the carrier are properly addressed.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-11-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S11657-012-0108-X
Abstract: Of the 305 premenopausal females in a cross-sectional study in randomly selected communities of Karachi, Pakistan, 90.1 % showed to be vitamin D deficient. Age, town of residence, and housing structure were significant predictors of vitamin D levels. Measures to address D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed. This study aims to find out the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in community-dwelling premenopausal females in Karachi. A cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected communities downtown (Saddar) and suburbs (Gulshan and Malir Town) in Karachi, Pakistan. Information related to sociodemographics (age, education, employment, and household income), housing structure, sunlight exposure, and skin pigmentation as well as dietary intake (using a food frequency questionnaire) was collected. Serum vitamins D(3) levels were also measured. Mean and SD was computed for continuous variables and frequency and proportions were computed for categorical variables. Data were further analyzed by Chi-square test and ANOVA. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to find out determinants of vitamin D (VD) levels. Total of 305 premenopausal females were recruited. Mean age, BMI, and waist circumference of the study participants was 31.97 ± 8 years, 25.06 ± 5.6 kg/m(2), and 88.42 ± 13.3 cm, respectively. Majority of the females were vitamin D deficient (91.50 %) with mean vitamin D levels of 21.77 ± 21.66 nm/L. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly different among females residing in downtown and suburbs. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency was observed in females dwelling in downtown (Saddar). According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, determinants of VD levels were age, town of residence, and housing structure. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is seen in females in the community of Karachi, Pakistan. Age, town of residence, and housing structure were the significant predictors of vitamin D levels. Measures to combat the issue of D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-09-2020
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12816
Abstract: To examine associations of education and occupation with handgrip strength (HGS), lower limb strength (LLS) and appendicular lean mass (ALM). Measures of HGS, LLS and ALM (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry) were ascertained at baseline in 1090 adults (50‐80 years, 51% women), ~3 and 5 years. Education and occupation were self‐reported, the latter categorised as high‐skilled white collar (HSWC), low‐skilled white collar (LSWC) or blue collar. Separate general estimating equations were performed. The highest education group had greater HGS than the middle (0.33 psi) and lowest (0.48 psi) education groups, and 0.34 kg greater ALM than the lowest education group. HGS was 0.46 psi greater for HSWC than LSWC groups. Compared to LSWC groups, LLS was 5.38 and 7.08 kg greater in HSWC and blue‐collar groups. Blue‐collar and HSWC groups each had ~ 0.60‐0.80kg greater ALM than LSWC. Progressive muscle loss can be prevented by targeted intervention thus, we suggest clinical attention be directed towards specific social groups.
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 14-01-2020
DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191010095522
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus greatly affects the quality of life of patients and has a worldwide prevalence. Insulin is the most commonly used drug to treat diabetic patients and is usually administered through the subcutaneous route. However, this route of administration is ineffective due to the low concentration of insulin at the site of action. This route of administration causes discomfort to the patient and increases the risk of infection due to skin barrier disturbance caused by the needle. The oral administration of insulin has been proposed to surpass the disadvantages of subcutaneous administration. In this review, we give an overview of the strategies to deliver insulin by the oral route, from insulin conjugation to encapsulation into nanoparticles. These strategies are still under development to attain efficacy and effectiveness that are expected to be achieved in the near future.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-02-2022
DOI: 10.1002/JSF2.33
Abstract: The consumption of cold brew is relatively new, and guidelines with conditions and parameters to produce cold brew are still lacking. In this study, the parameters to obtain cold brew coffee from Coffea arabica were optimized to obtain a coffee extract rich in caffeine and soluble solids. The effects of extraction time, particle size of ground coffee, extraction temperature, coffee‐to‐water ratio, stirring on caffeine yield, and soluble solids on caffeine concentrations were studied. Optimized parameters showed 45 min sufficed to perform a cold extraction at 4°C and 24°C. The parameters selected for validation were 24°C, 30% coffee‐to‐water ratio, a stirring of 400 rpm resulting in 3.98 mg/ml of extracted caffeine, 11.20 °Brix, and 93.9% of caffeine yield. The smaller particle size (595 μm) displayed the higher caffeine extraction of about 4 mg/ml. This study reveals the high efficiency of cold brew extraction and its potential at the industrial scale, decreasing costs with energy and extraction time, and producing a coffee rich in caffeine and soluble solids.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-10-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MA14216421
Abstract: Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer and current treatment is still inadequate, with low patient survival rates. The polyphenol xanthohumol has been shown to inhibit tumourigenesis and metastasization, however its physicochemical properties restrict its application. In this work, we developed PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating xanthohumol and tested its antiproliferative, antitumour, and migration effect on B16F10, malignant cutaneous melanoma, and RAW 264.7, macrophagic, mouse cell lines. PLGA nanoparticles had a size of 312 ± 41 nm and a PdI of 0.259, while achieving a xanthohumol loading of about 90%. The viability study showed similar cytoxicity between the xanthohumol and xanthohumol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles at 48 h with the IC50 established at 10 µM. Similar antimigration effects were observed for free and the encapsulated xanthohumol. It was also observed that the M1 antitumor phenotype was stimulated on macrophages. The ultimate anti-melanoma effect emerges from an association between the viability, migration and macrophagic phenotype modulation. These results display the remarkable antitumour effect of the xanthohumol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and are the first advance towards the application of a nanoformulation to deliver xanthohumol to reduce adverse effects by currently employed chemotherapeutics.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 24-11-2012
DOI: 10.1155/2012/750891
Abstract: Lipids and lipid nanoparticles are extensively employed as oral-delivery systems for drugs and other active ingredients. These have been exploited for many features in the field of pharmaceutical technology. Lipids usually enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and when formulated as nanoparticles, these molecules improve mucosal adhesion due to small particle size and increasing their GIT residence time. In addition, lipid nanoparticles may also protect the loaded drugs from chemical and enzymatic degradation and gradually release drug molecules from the lipid matrix into blood, resulting in improved therapeutic profiles compared to free drug. Therefore, due to their physiological and biodegradable properties, lipid molecules may decrease adverse side effects and chronic toxicity of the drug-delivery systems when compared to other of polymeric nature. This paper highlights the importance of lipid nanoparticles to modify the release profile and the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs when administrated through oral route.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCONREL.2020.01.006
Abstract: The buccal route is considered patient friendly due to its non-invasive nature and ease of administration. Such delivery route has been used as an alternative for the delivery of drugs that undergo first-pass metabolism or are susceptible to pH and enzymatic degradation, such as occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the drug concentration absorbed in the buccal mucosa is often low to obtain an acceptable therapeutic effect, mainly due to the saliva turnover, tongue and masticatory movements, phonation, enzymatic degradation and lack of epithelium permeation. Therefore, the encapsulation of drugs into nanoparticles is an important strategy to avoid such problems and improve their buccal delivery. Different materials from lipids to natural or synthetic polymers and others have been used to protect and deliver drugs in a sustained, controlled or targeted manner, and enhance their uptake through the buccal mucosa improving their bioavailability and therapeutic outcome. Overall, the main aim of this review is to perform an overview about the nanotechnological approaches developed so far to improve the buccal delivery of drugs. Herein, several types of nanoparticles and delivery strategies are addressed, and a special focus on pipeline products is also given.
No related grants have been discovered for Ana Sofia Gonçalves Teixeira de Macedo.