ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8042-410X
Current Organisations
Flinders University
,
University of South Australia
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2014.02.005
Abstract: Simple, low-cost central obesity measures may help identify in iduals with increased cardiometabolic disease risk, although it is unclear which measures perform best in African adults. We aimed to: 1) cross-sectionally compare the accuracy of existing waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC) thresholds to identify in iduals with hypertension, pre-diabetes, or dyslipidaemia 2) identify optimal WC and WHtR thresholds to detect CVD risk in this African population and 3) assess which measure best predicts 5-year CVD risk. Black South Africans (577 men, 942 women, aged >30years) were recruited by random household selection from four North West Province communities. Demographic and anthropometric measures were taken. Recommended diagnostic thresholds (WC > 80 cm for women, >94 cm for men WHtR > 0.5) were evaluated to predict blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipids, and glycated haemoglobin measured at baseline and 5 year follow up. Women were significantly more overweight than men at baseline (mean body mass index (BMI) women 27.3 ± 7.4 kg/m(2), men 20.9 ± 4.3 kg/m(2)) median WC women 81.9 cm (interquartile range 61-103), men 74.7 cm (63-87 cm), all P 0.5 appears to be more consistently supported and may provide a better predictor of future cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan Africa.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-12-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 03-09-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FMICB.2021.704247
Abstract: Since the 1960s, the frequency of methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a recurrent cause of nosocomial infections has increased. Since multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus has overcome antimicrobial treatment, the development of putative vaccines based on virulence factors could be a great help in controlling the infections caused by bacteria and are actively being pursued in healthcare settings. This mini-review provides an overview of the recent progress in vaccine development, immunogenicity, and therapeutic features of some S. aureus macromolecules as putative vaccine candidates and their implications against human S. aureus -related infections. Based on the reviewed experiments, multivalent vaccines could prevent the promotion of the diseases caused by this bacterium and enhance the prevention chance of S. aureus infections.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-10-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2005
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-08-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9090939
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers
Date: 31-08-2020
Publisher: Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering
Date: 31-12-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-11-2022
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2017-020404
Abstract: The WHO’s global targets for non-communicable disease reduction recommend consumption of g salt/day. In 2016, South Africa was the first country to legislate maximum salt levels in processed foods. South Africa’s salt iodisation fortification programme has successfully addressed iodine deficiency but information is dated. Simultaneous monitoring of sodium reduction and iodine status is required to ensure compatibility of the two public health interventions. A nested cohort design within WHO’s 2015 Study on global AGEing and adult health (n=2887) including in iduals from households across South Africa. Randomly selected adults (n=875) provided 24-hour and spot urine s les for sodium and iodine concentration analysis (the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively). Median 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and spot urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were compared by salt intakes of g/day, 5–9g/dayand g/day. Median daily sodium excretion was equivalent to 6.3 g salt/day (range 1–43 g/day) 35% had urinary sodium excretion values within the desirable range ( g salt/day), 37% had high values (5–9 g salt/day) and 28% had very high values ( g salt/day). Median UIC was 130 µg/L (IQR=58–202), indicating population iodine sufficiency (≥100 µg/L). Both UIC and UIE differed across salt intake categories (p .001) and were positively correlated with estimated salt intake (r=0.166 and 0.552, respectively both p .001). Participants with salt intakes of g/day were not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for iodine intake (95 µg/day). In a nationally representative s le of South African adults, the association between indicators of population iodine status (UIC and UIE) and salt intake, estimated using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, indicate that low salt intakes may compromise adequacy of iodine intakes in a country with mandatory iodisation of table salt. The iodine status of populations undergoing salt reduction strategies needs to be closely monitored to prevent re-emergence of iodine deficiency.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 08-10-2014
Abstract: Severe underweight may be a risk factor for hypertension in developing countries, although the manner whereby this occurs is unknown. Leptin is known to exert both beneficial and detrimental vascular effects, and is predictive of poor cardiovascular outcome at high levels, but also at low levels. We explored the relationship between blood pressure and leptin in black men from South Africa with a body mass index (BMI) in the underweight to normal range. We included 113 African men (BMI≤25 kg/m(2)) and took anthropometric, biochemical and cardiovascular measures. The blood pressure-leptin relationship was then investigated along quintiles of leptin and within BMI stratified median split (20 kg/m(2)) groups. Blood pressure increased across leptin quintiles 1-3 (p for trend≤0.040), whereas no relationship was observed along quintiles 3 to 5 (p for trend≥0.14) (adjusted for age and waist circumference). Blood pressure was similar in the two BMI median split groups (p≥0.083). In the low BMI group only, blood pressure associated positively with leptin following unadjusted, partial, and full adjustment (systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure: R(2)=0.20-0.27, β=0.32-0.34, p≤0.009). Decreasing leptin levels are not likely to contribute to hypertension prevalence in the underweight. Rather, in African men with a BMI≤20 kg/m(2), low leptin levels are positively and independently associated with elevated blood pressure, which is not seen at higher BMI (20-25 kg/m(2)). Our findings suggest a differential concentration dependent vascular effect of leptin in underweight and normal weight African men.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
Publisher: Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp.
Date: 11-03-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-11-2015
DOI: 10.1038/HR.2015.123
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/SU12010351
Abstract: Residential buildings are responsible for a considerable portion of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Correspondingly, many attempts have been made across the world to minimize energy consumption in this sector via regulations and building codes. The focus of these regulations has mainly been on reducing operational energy use, whereas the impacts of buildings’ embodied energy are frequently excluded. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in analyzing the energy performance of buildings via a life cycle energy assessment (LCEA) approach. The increasing amount of research has however caused the issue of a variation in results presented by LCEA studies, in which apparently similar case studies exhibited different results. This paper aims to identify the main sources of variation in LCEA studies by critically analyzing 26 studies representing 86 cases in 12 countries. The findings indicate that the current trend of LCEA application in residential buildings suffers from significant inaccuracy accruing from incomplete definitions of the system boundary, in tandem with the lack of consensus on measurements of operational and embodied energies. The findings call for a comprehensive framework through which system boundary definition for calculations of embodied and operational energies can be standardized.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-01-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JCH.12768
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-03-2017
DOI: 10.1038/JHH.2017.18
Abstract: Consistent reports indicate that hypertension is a particularly common finding in black populations. Hypertension occurs at younger ages and is often more severe in terms of blood pressure levels and organ damage than in whites, resulting in a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This review provides an outline of recent advances in the pathophysiological understanding of blood pressure elevation and the consequences thereof in black populations in Africa. This is set against the backdrop of populations undergoing demanding and rapid demographic transition, where infection with the human immunodeficiency virus predominates, and where under and over-nutrition coexist. Collectively, recent findings from Africa illustrate an increased lifetime risk to hypertension from foetal life onwards. From young ages black populations display early endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular tone and reactivity, microvascular structural adaptions as well as increased aortic stiffness resulting in elevated central and brachial blood pressures during the day and night, when compared to whites. Together with knowledge on the contributions of sympathetic activation and abnormal renal sodium handling, these pathophysiological adaptations result in subclinical and clinical organ damage at younger ages. This overall enhanced understanding on the determinants of blood pressure elevation in blacks encourages (a) novel approaches to assess and manage hypertension in Africa better, (b) further scientific discovery to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies and
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.3141/2535-09
Abstract: Urban linear ferry systems are an emerging form of public transport in cities worldwide. The travel behavior of passengers who used CityCat ferries in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, was investigated with data from 1,675,821 smart card fare transactions for ferry trips made over a 6-month period. Although services used small vessels and had only one main route, about 2.3% of all paid public transport journeys in Brisbane were made on CityCat and the related cross-river ferries. The ferries were used more for commuting and university trips on weekdays with significant patronage in the morning and afternoon peak periods. Use was consistent on weekend days. Although use was strong, most users were infrequent patrons this use suggested that leisure travel was a significant component of the system. Key terminals with high use rates included those where transfer to cross-river ferry services was possible. The system offered single-stop cross-river travel at many points. However, only 15.8% of paid trips in March 2013 were made this way 84.2% of trips continued farther up- or downriver. Integration with other buses and trains was significant about 15% of all ferry journeys were linked to another mode of public transport. Additional investigation into how users access terminals and interact with other public transport modes is suggested. With expansion planned, the CityCat system could increase its contribution to public transport in Brisbane. Increasing the use frequency of the large pool of infrequent riders could increase patronage of the system.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-05-2023
Abstract: Brownfields particularly in old city centers reveal the story of abandonment and concealment, shaping the identity and collective memory of urban areas. Therefore, research and practice must prioritize both reutilization and heritage values. This study centers on the regeneration of historical brownfields in Tehran, the capital of Iran, and assesses public perceptions of redeveloped historical brownfields. Based on their approach to patrimony, the study categorized reclaimed brownfields as interpretive, cultural, or ecological sites. A questionnaire was administered to citizens who visited three s led sites (n = 385) to collect data. According to the results of principal component analysis (PCA), women preferred the non-economic component, which includes environmental, social, heritage, and aesthetic dimensions, while men and older, highly educated respondents preferred the economic dimension in relation to brownfields. Despite positive attitudes towards brownfield regeneration, environmental and heritage dimensions, especially intangible heritage, are less well-known. However, heritage justifies and determines brownfield redevelopment. Increasing commitment to preserving heritage during brownfield regeneration has a positive effect on the perception of respondents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-11-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/JCH.13586
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-01-2016
Publisher: Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika/Nicolaus Copernicus University
Date: 03-2019
Abstract: Providing appropriate and equal healthcare to the various classes of society is among the major issues in social welfare. The spatial distribution and locating of health service centres are significant in addressing the healthcare needs of citizens. This issue needs to be evaluated using quantitative and qualitative approaches throughout those cities with high populations and activity density levels. By taking Isfahan metropolitan area as the case study area, in this study, a combination of Network Analyst tool within Geographic Information System (GIS) and an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used to evaluate the catchment areas of the 26 existing hospitals within the study area. Thus, with effective data collection in the form of layers of information such as transportation network, population density, land use, etc. using (GIS), the authors categorised urban land in seven categories from poor to very good for the construction of hospitals. The result of analysis indicated that existing hospitals covered approximately 24% of active urban areas within a standard access time. The result can be used for policy making and healthcare planning.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-10-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S12602-017-9343-1
Abstract: Synbiotics are known to exert multiple beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of synbiotic supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress in people with overweight, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted and involved 60 people with overweight, diabetes, and CHD, aged 50-85 years old. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups to take either synbiotic supplements containing three probiotic bacteria spices Lactobacillus acidophilus strain T16 (IBRC-M10785), Lactobacillus casei strain T2 (IBRC-M10783), and Bifidobacterium bifidum strain T1 (IBRC-M10771) (2 × 10
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 09-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-05-2023
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 12-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-12-2017
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/EN15228464
Abstract: In recent years, research into autonomous vehicles (AVs) has become highly popular in industrialized nations due to their importance in the future success of smart cities. Research on this mobility technology and the critical elements affecting its development in developing countries, however, has been rather limited. This paper aims to shed light on the most influential elements of AV adoption in developing nations. A structural analysis approach is used, based on the primary qualitative data—that was gathered via an expert-opinion poll utilizing the fuzzy Delphi with a snowballing method and engaging 25 experts in the field in two rounds—, in accordance with the tradition of futurist research. The analysis has led to the identification of 11 key factors, from the initial factor pool of 54, affecting AV adoption in the case study context of Iran. The results of the analysis revealed the following conclusions, that fall under the policy and legislation domain, and present the most significant issues impacting AV adoption: (a) Future orientation of government—consistency and of accountability of policies, the long-term vision of the government for developing AVs industry (b) Managing the international sanctions for foreign investment, and (c) Funding mega projects to enable AVs. The results indicate that the establishment of legislation and the formulation of government policy regarding the provision of infrastructure, investment, and credit allocation are crucial for the development of AVs in Iran and other developing nations with comparable characteristics.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-01-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-02-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S11274-016-2195-0
Abstract: Quorum sensing (QS) system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be an important target for pharmacological intervention. The present study aimed to investigate the synergetic activity of sub-MIC concentrations of curcumin (C) with ceftazidime (CAZ) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) against P. aeroginusa QS system. We determined the MIC and synergistic activity of C, CAZ and CIP against P. aeroginusa PAO1 using broth microdilution and checkerboard titration methods. The activity of sub-MIC (1/4 and 1/16 MIC) concentrations of C on the QS signal molecules was assessed using a reporter strain assay. The influence of sub-MIC of C, CAZ and CIP alone and in combination on motility and biofilm formation was also determined and confirmed by RT-PCR to test the expression of QS regulatory genes lasI, lasR, rhlI and rhlR. The addition of C decreased the MIC of CAZ and CIP. Curcumin showed synergistic effects with CAZ and additive activity with CIP. Treated PAO1 cultures in the presence of C showed significant reduction of signals C12-HSL and C4-HSL (P < 0.05). Sub-MIC concentrations (1/4 and 1/16 MIC) of C, CAZ and CIP alone and in combination significantly reduced swarming and twitching motilities and biofilm formation. Expression of QS regulatory genes lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR using 1/4 MIC of C, CAZ and CIP alone and in combination was repressed significantly relative to untreated PAO1. Our results indicate that a combination of the sub-MIC concentration of C and CAZ exhibited synergism against P. aeroginusa QS system. This combination could lead to the development of a new combined therapy against P. aeruginosa.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-03-2022
DOI: 10.3390/SU14063485
Abstract: Cycling is a particularly favoured for short urban trips because it is a healthy and environmentally benign activity. As a result, urban mobility, quality of life, and public health are enhanced, while traffic congestion and pollution are decreased. In looking beyond the street network in terms of how it affects cyclists’ behavior choices, Bill Hillier’s (1984) outstanding legacy research on spatial space syntax is investigated in this study. The goal of this study is to determine if an urban area’s street network morphology influences commuters’ inclination to ride their bicycles to work. To further understand the nonlinear consequences of street network geometry on the estimation of cycling to work, a logarithmic-transformed regression model that includes base socioeconomic components, urban form, and street network variables represented by space syntax measure factors is developed. In conclusion, this model determined that bike commuting choice is significantly associated with the centrality index of Connectivity, although this is in combination with socioeconomic factors (age, gender, affluence, housing type, and housing price) and built environment factors (share of commercial, educational activities and distance to the CBD) factors. The findings of this study would be of value to planners and policy makers in support of evidence-based policy formulation to improve the design of bicycle networks in suburban regions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-03-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-10-1970
DOI: 10.3390/LAND11101715
Abstract: Long-term sustainable development in developing countries requires researching and projecting urban physical growth and land use/land cover change (LUCC). This research fills a gap in the literature by exploring the issues of modelling coupled LUCC and urban growth, their causes, and the role of policymakers. Tabriz metropolitan area (TMA), located at north-west Iran, was chosen as a case study to design an integrated framework using four well-established methods: cellular automata (CA), Markov chains (MC), logistic regression (LR), and stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA). Northern, north-west, and central TMA were affected the worst by urbanisation and the loss of cultivated and grassland between 1990 and 2020. The accessibility of arterial roadways and proximity to major cities influenced these changes. Three scenarios characterise LUCC dynamics: the uncontrolled growth scenario (UGS) and the historical trend growth scenario (HTGS) foresee significant loss of cultivated land and continued urban expansion above the long-term average in 2050, while the environmental protection growth scenario (EPGS) promotes sustainable development and compact urbanisation. The methods used in this research may be used to various contexts to examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of LUCC and urban growth.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-09-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S40795-020-00379-Y
Abstract: Though Ghana has high hypertension prevalence, the country lacks current national salt consumption data required to build and enhance advocacy for salt reduction. We explored the characteristics of a randomly selected sub s le that had valid urine collection, along with matched survey, anthropometric and BP data ( n = 839, mean age = 60y), from the World Health Organization’s Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE), Ghana Wave 3, n = 3053). We also investigated the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) among the cohort. BP was measured in triplicate and 24 h urine was collected for the determination of urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), creatinine (Cr) and iodine levels. Hypertension prevalence was 44.3%. Median salt intake was 8.3 g/day, higher in women compared to men (8.6, interquartile range (IQR) 7.5 g/day vs 7.5, IQR 7.4 g/day, p 0.01), younger participants (18–49 y) compared to older ones (50+ y) (9.7, IQR 7.9 g/day vs 8.1, IQR 7.1 g/day, p 0.01) and those with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) ( 30 kg/m 2 ) compared to a healthy BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ) (10.04, IQR 5.1 g/day vs 6.2, IQR 5.6 g/day, p 0.01). More than three quarters (77%, n = 647) of participants had salt intakes above the WHO maximum recommendation of 5 g/d, and nearly two thirds (65%, n = 548) had daily K intakes below the recommended level of 90 mmol. Dietary sodium to potassium (Na: K) ratios above 2 mmol/mmol were positively associated with increasing BP with age. Population-based interventions to reduce salt intake and increase K consumption are needed.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-01-2021
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0244807
Abstract: The prevalence of hypertension is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, however statistics are generally derived from cross sectional surveys that utilize different methodologies and population s les. We investigated blood pressure (BP) changes over 11–12 years in a large cohort of adults aged 50 years and older (n = 820) included in the World Health Organization’s Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE Ghana) Wave 1 (2007/8) with follow up in Wave 3 (2019). Participants’ BP were measured in triplicate and a survey completed at both time points. Survey instruments collected information on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, health behaviors and chronic conditions. While no significant difference was found in systolic BP between Waves 1 and 3, diastolic BP decreased by 9.7mmHg (mean = 88.6, 15.4 to 78.9, 13.6 respectively) and pulse pressure increased by 9.5mmHg (44.8, 13.7 to 54.3, 14.1). Awareness of hypertension increased by 37%, from (20% to 57%), but no differences were found for the proportion of hypertensives receiving treatment nor those that had controlled BP. Mixed effects modelling showed a decrease in diastolic BP was associated with increasing age, living in rural areas and having health insurance. Factors associated with an increased awareness of hypertension were residing in urban areas, having health insurance and increasing body mass index. While diagnosis of hypertension has improved over time in Ghana, there is an ongoing need to improve its treatment in older adults.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-08-2022
DOI: 10.3390/LAND11081222
Abstract: This paper is based on reviewing the literature in the past 10 years on the drivers of land use and land cover change (LULCC) in urban areas. It combines quantitative and qualitative keyword analysis of papers drawn out from the Scopus database. The analysis is primarily based on the number of mentions of keywords in the titles and abstracts of the papers, in addition to the number of keywords appearing in the papers. On the basis of content analysis, a three-level structural categorization of the driving factors was developed. These are presented in a schematic diagram, where the contextual factors are shown as influencing economic and financial factors and policy and regulation, which in turn influences transportation investments and availability, and industrial and residential location choices. Transportation availability was seen as the most frequent factor identified in the literature. This research contends that LULCC is mostly determined by interactions among these four themes in a three-level structure, and on this basis, a model is presented that illustrates LULCC drivers based on local circumstances across the globe.
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 21-06-2011
Abstract: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) rank in the top ten causes of the global burden of disease and injury, and Iran has one of the highest road traffic mortality rates in the world. This paper presents a spatiotemporal analysis of intra-urban traffic accidents data in metropolitan Shiraz, Iran during the period 2011-2012. It is tried to identify the accident prone zones and sensitive hours using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based spatio-temporal visualization techniques. The analysis aimed at the identification of high-rate accident locations and safety deficient area using Kernel Estimation Density (KED) method. The investigation indicates that the majority of occurrences of traffic accidents were on the main roads, which play a meta-region functional role and act as a linkage between main destinations with high trip generation rate. According to the temporal distribution of car crashes, the peak of traffic accidents incident is simultaneous with the traffic congestion peak hours on arterial roads. The accident-prone locations are mostly located in districts with higher speed and traffic volume, therefore, they should be considered as the priority investigation locations to safety promotion programs.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-02-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-01-2023
Abstract: This study investigates the influences of built environmental (BE) factors, network design, and sociodemographic factors on active school travel (AST). Although numerous studies have explored these relationships, this study is trying to assess this issue with a focus on gender differences. Data from a cross-sectional s le of children from first to sixth grades from 16 public primary schools exclusive for girls and boys (N = 1260) in Shiraz collected in November 2019 was used. The analysis of the data revealed that, on average, boys are more willing to walk than girls, but that the boys’ tendency to walk is less elastic with respect to distance. Moreover, it is shown that street connectivity for all distance thresholds has a positive relationship with walking level, but the street network choice parameter decreases the chance of walking within an 800 metre threshold. It is demonstrated the need to take gender differences into account in local planning policies to promote AST in a developing country context.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JCH.13329
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-02-2014
DOI: 10.1093/AJH/HPT288
Abstract: Increased urinary albumin excretion reflects general vascular damage and predicts adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Albuminuria can be determined from easily collected spot urine s les, especially in low-resource settings. However, no prognostic evidence exists for Africans. We followed clinical outcomes in 1,061 randomly selected non diabetic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative Africans (mean age: 51.5 years 62.0% women). Baseline urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio was assessed from spot urine s les. Over a median follow-up of 4.52 years, 132 deaths occurred, of which 47 were cardiovascular related. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio averaged 6.1 μg/mg (5th to 95th percentile interval 1.2-70.0). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, urinary albumin excretion predicted all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR), 1.26 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.48 P = 0.006), and a tendency existed for cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.26 95% CI, 0.97-1.63 P = 0.087), which seemed to be driven by fatal stroke (HR, 1.72 95% CI, 1.17-2.54 P = 0.006) rather than cardiac mortality (HR, 0.67 95% CI, 0.41-1.07 P = 0.094). The predictive value remained in 528 hypertensives for both all-cause (HR, 1.38 95% CI, 1.13-1.69 P = 0.001) and cardiovascular (HR, 1.45 95% CI, 1.07-1.96 P = 0.017) mortality, again driven by stroke. Our findings also remained significant after we excluded participants with macroalbuminuria, those on antihypertensive treatment, as well as participants who died within 1 year after enrollment. In nondiabetic HIV-negative Africans, albuminuria predicts all-cause and stroke mortality.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-06-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10060736
Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1142/S2345748118500215
Abstract: Crime and the insecurities relating to it within urban neighborhoods are currently amongst the major concerns of urban citizens, and such issues have resulted in significant harm to their social life, to the point that urban neighborhoods are even sometimes considered to be a subcategory of urban abnormality. Such a result has arisen largely due to a lack of security in cities. The qualitative and quantitative aspects associated with the sense of security are crucial to the positive existence of urban neighborhoods, both from physical and social perspectives. A particularly important issue to consider is the safety of women and girls and the elderly in urban areas, especially at night. The goal of this study is to evaluate the role that the physical characteristics of an area playing in improving the security perceptions of urban citizens within that area. The approach of the study, given its descriptive-analytic nature, might be applied to all kinds of applied research. The study’s data collection is of two forms: library documents and survey-based questionnaires. In this research, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among residents of Zones Five and Ten of Shiraz, Iran. After collecting the required data, SPSS is used for the study’s analysis. The study adopts a simple random s ling method, with the statistical population of the study areas being 281,341. In turn, the s le size used via application of the Cochran formula is 384. The results of the T-test and the F-test are used to analyze the differences between the independent and dependent variables. The findings of the research reveal that the average security perception in Zone Ten is 41.51, an amount higher than that in Zone Five, which is 37.41. The observed difference between the averages of the Zones Five and Ten confirms the hypotheses of the research. The analysis shows that such factors of physical characteristics, including parks, buildings, schools, street lighting and roads network patterns, influence the quantity of potential criminals and thus the security perceptions. In general, there is a significant difference among the physical characteristics of the study areas in terms of their security perceptions.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 07-01-2019
DOI: 10.1108/IJSHE-08-2018-0146
Abstract: This paper aims to clarify the differences between students’ travel behaviours in Australia and China and the association between students’ environmental attitudes and their travel behaviours in both countries. The paper extensively reviewed most of existing literature work on commuting patterns of higher education students with referring to different studies around the world and then used it to build a theoretical framework and conceptual model to relate the travel patterns of students to built environment, personal demographics and environmental knowledge/consideration. An online survey was used with 230 students at Mawson Lakes c us of University of South Australia and Beiyangyuan c us of Tianjin University (China). Statistical tests (i.e. mean test, one-way analysis of variance, factor analysis) were used to analyse the data. The study reveals that a high dependence on private vehicles amongst students at the Mawson Lakes c us, whilst a more environmentally sustainable modal choice dominated at the Beiyangyuan c us. Those who studied at Mawson Lakes c us tended to have stronger involvement in environmental activities than their counterparts at Beiyangyuan c us, which presented a clear association between environmental awareness and the travel behaviours of the s led students. The study focussed on two respective c uses of both universities in Australia and China. Future work could be expanded with students at all c uses of two universities. The study affirmed the value of nurturing environmental awareness for students in both universities to encourage more environmentally sustainable travel behaviours amongst students. The paper provides policy recommendations such as establishing infrastructure, and facilities for new stream of mobility included sharing bike schemes, which would be very practical due to flexibility and cost effectiveness within University c uses. The paper attempted to transfer lessons from Chinese bike friendly society to Adelaide’s car dominated c us. This study brings remarkable contributions as comparing university students’ travel behaviours in two different nations. It is the first one in Australia, which links the environmental concerns among university students with their travel behaviours. The paper was successful in getting the gap between theory and practice filled to some extent. The paper has a capability to be used as an evidence-base work in the area of sustainability education.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-05-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41371-019-0210-2
Abstract: Repeated 24-hour urine collection is considered to be the gold standard for assessing salt intake. This is often impractical in large-population studies, especially in low–middle-income countries. Equations to estimate 24-hour urinary salt excretion from a spot urine s le have been developed, but have not been widely validated in African populations. This study aimed to systematically assess the validity of four existing equations to predict 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24UNa) from spot urine s les in a nationally representative s le of South Africans. Spot and 24-hour urine s les were collected in a subs le ( n = 438) of participants from the World Health Organisation Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 in South Africa in 2015. Measured 24UNa values were compared with predicted 24UNa values from the Kawasaki, Tanaka, INTERSALT and Mage equations using Bland–Altman plots. In this subs le (mean age 52.8 ± 16.4 years body mass index 30.2 ± 8.2 kg/m 2 76% female 73% black African 42% hypertensive), all four equations produced a significantly different population estimate compared with the measured median value of 6.7 g salt/day (IQR 4.4–10.5). Although INTERSALT underestimated salt intake (−3.77 g/d −1.64 to −7.09), the other equations overestimated by 1.28 g/d (−3.52 1.97), 6.24 g/d (2.22 9.45), and 17.18 g/d (8.42 31.96) for Tanaka, Kawasaki, and Mage, respectively. Bland–Altman curves indicated unacceptably wide levels of agreement. Use of these equations to estimate population level salt intake from spot urine s les in South Africans is not recommended.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JASH.2014.12.003
Abstract: Evidence of the relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy and urinary albumin excretion is contradictory and limited in black adults in whom hypertensive heart disease is common. We aimed to investigate the relationship between subclinical left ventricular hypertrophy and albuminuria in non-diabetic hypertensive blacks. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was determined from 8-hour overnight urine collection. We recorded ambulatory blood pressure and 12-lead electrocardiogram during a typical working day. Cornell product (P = .002), UACR (P = .042), 24-hour systolic pressure (P < .0001), and 24-hour pulse pressure (P < .0001) were higher in the hypertensive group. Cornell product was associated with UACR in single (r = 0.25 P = .012), partial (P trend = .002), and multiple regression (β = 0.326 P = .0005) analyses in the hypertensive group only, even below the threshold for microalbuminuria and independent of 24-hour systolic pressure. Urinary albumin excretion is associated with subclinical left ventricular hypertrophy in non-diabetic hypertensive blacks and may be a useful marker of early cardiovascular disease in blacks.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-12-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-05-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJCARD.2017.08.070
Abstract: Pulse pressure lification (PPA), i.e. the lification from central arteries to the periphery, is inversely related to arterial stiffness, organ damage and mortality. It is known that arterial stiffness is higher in black than white populations, but it is unclear if this is due to early vascular aging. We therefore investigated whether PPA declines earlier in young normotensive black South Africans, when compared to their white counterparts. We included 875 black and white men and women from the African-PREDICT study (55% black, 41% men), aged 20-30years, with no prior diagnosis of chronic disease, screened for normotensive clinic blood pressure (BP). We determined supine central PP (cPP), and supine brachial systolic- and diastolic BP, from which brachial PP (bPP) was calculated. PPA was defined as the ratio of the litude of the PP between these distal and proximal locations (bPP/cPP). We found the mean PPA to be lower in black compared to white participants (1.43 vs. 1.46 P=0.013). In black adults PPA declined earlier with increasing age (P-trend<0.001), with a weak trend in whites (P=0.069) after adjustment for sex, socio-economic status, height, heart rate and mean arterial pressure. In multivariable-adjusted regression, we found an independent inverse association between PPA and age only in the black group (β=-0.18, P=0.002). PPA declines earlier with age in normotensive black adults younger than 30years, exemplifying early vascular aging which may predispose black in iduals to future cardiovascular outcomes.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-06-2022
DOI: 10.3390/SU14127338
Abstract: The goal of this study was to find out how suitable the existing design of urban forms is for adopting transit-oriented development (TOD) basic ideas. Within a major metropolis and a medium-sized city, three varieties of Iranian urban fabric (historic, transitional, and modern) around transit stations were selected using the case study research technique. Then, for two sizes of station areas (macro) and street scales (micro), several TOD design dimensions were evaluated. The results of the comparative research indicated that Iranian cities offer greater chances for TOD design in inner urban areas (including historical and transitional urban forms), whereas microscale characteristics are less reliant on the kind of urban form.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2022
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-04-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9040404
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-02-2023
Abstract: While there is a large body of research on sustainable development and urban resilience, the interaction between urban densification and urban resilience remains understudied. This study aims to investigate several facets of urban resilience and densification before analyzing their mutual relationship. Focusing on ecological, social, economic, and physical elements of urban resilience on the one hand and population density, residential density, built-up area ratio (BAR), and parcel density on the other, a combination of spatial and quantitative methodologies is applied. Our empirical investigation revealed that the spatial distribution of all resilience indicators is varied. In other words, the cumulative form of urban resilience indicators has a different significance than the in idual version. Similarly, different types of density have varying orientations and degrees of connection with measures of resilience that should be evaluated in empirical investigations. In addition, our research revealed that density has a stronger relationship with social and physical resilience than with ecological and economic resilience. The findings drawn from this research have the potential to inform the design of secure, resilient cities across a range of spatial dimensions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2210
Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd
Date: 11-04-2023
DOI: 10.1142/S0219622023500293
Abstract: Rapid motorization and uncertainty in urban growth patterns make parking space management a serious task, especially in middle-income developing countries, and this has severe social, economic, and environmental repercussions including increased congestion, crash frequency, fuel and time consumption, and air pollution. Due to the complexity of the urban transportation issue and the wide variety of variables involved, a multicriteria assessment is essential. This study used fuzzy logic and geographical information systems (GIS) to develop a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model for managing parking in Shiraz’s central business district (CBD). The literature was mined for information on the variables that affect parking site placement, and a poll of experts ([Formula: see text]) was used to determine their relative importance. The distance to travel attraction centers, distance to roads, land price, population density, and available land for multi-storey parking were among the factors considered. Meanwhile, the parking space shortage for each TAZ is calculated by subtracting the estimated parking space supply from the estimated parking space demand. An overlay of these two layers distinguishes locations that are in parking shortage zones and also meet multiple criteria. The results may aid policymakers in controlling parking demand by pinpointing the most promising places for investment.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-01-2021
Abstract: Emerging evidence indicates that metformin has anti-inflammatory effect however, the results differ concerning randomized controlled trails of the effect of metformin on inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. This study reassessed the data on the effect of metformin treatment on inflammatory markers in T2D patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases to collect relevant published data up to September 2020. Data of each study was combined using random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed based on subgroups of the treatment duration, dose and target population. Thirteen RCTs including 1776 participants with T2D were analyzed. Although CRP levels significantly decreased [SMD: –0.76 mg/L 95% CI (–1.48, –0.049) P = 0.036] in patients with T2D following metformin treatment, circulating levels of TNF-α [SMD: –0.17 pg/mL 95% CI (–0.55, 0.20) P = 0.37] and IL-6 [SMD: –0.06 pg/mL 95% CI (–0.38, 0.25) P = 0.69] were insignificant after metformin treatment. Compared to treatment duration of less than 24 weeks, longer treatment duration (more than 24 weeks) was associated with reduced level of CRP. Based on available evidence from RCTs in this meta-analysis, metformin decreased CRP level. However, strategies for the treatment of inflammation should focus on metformin in patients with T2D. The present study evidences that therapy with metformin can reduce CRP level significantly in T2D patients compared to other inflammatory markers.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1155/2017/4060348
Abstract: Although several studies have been undertaken on the association between built environmental characteristics and travel patterns in western societies, the impacts of the local built environment on in iduals’ travel behavior considering the specific conditions of developing nations have remained largely unknown. Thus, this paper investigates the travel behavior effects of local planning and design in three residential neighborhoods of Shiraz, a city in the southwest of Iran. The data on land use and built environment characteristics were extracted primarily from an existing digital map and GIS, whereas the data on in iduals’ socioeconomics and their daily travel behavior were purposefully collected using a field questionnaire survey ( n = 393 ). A nested logit model (NLM) based on the microeconomic utility concept was then applied to discover the impacts of personal characteristics and built environment factors on the choice mode of the in iduals. The results and the associated policy implications can be helpful in defining a strategic agenda for neighborhood design and planning.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-10-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S11676-019-01063-Z
Abstract: The present study examines the extent of negative effects of traditional multiple land-use systems on oak coppices, from a forest management point of view. The study area was located in approximately 10,000 ha of hilly Brant’s oak ( Quercus brantii Lindl.) woodlands in the central Zagros Mountains. In the same site-quality class, three land-use systems were compared: simple coppice (Co), coppice in conjunction with small ruminant grazing (CoG), and coppice with understory rain-fed wheat cultivation plus grazing (CoCG). Data on total wood volume of trunk and major branches, and annual ring growth, were collected and analyzed from 74 stands in 15 coppiced woodland patches. The results showed the advantage of Co over CoG and CoCG land-uses by 43 and 60 m 3 of mean accumulated wood volume per hectare, respectively. The diameter growth analysis also revealed an annual increase in wood production of trees in Co land-uses over 43 years, with an exception of the recent decade, when growth coincided with a severe drought. Using a back-extrapolation method, the minimum rotation age of woodlands in Co land-use was found to be 23.6 years, 5 and 7 years shorter than those of CoG and CoCG land-uses, respectively. Unlike CoCG, woodlands located in Co and CoG land-use systems demonstrated a high level of agreement with self-thinning rule of − 3/2. Values for the stand density index for coppiced oak woodlands were between more than 1000 for the least disturbed (Co) and less than 400 for the most disturbed woodlands (CoCG). The structure and growth rate of the coppiced oak woodlands were irreversibly disrupted by understory tillage plus grazing and in less extent by grazing alone. It was concluded that ending undergrowth cultivation in semi-arid oak coppices should be addressed as a priority by adopting minimum regulations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2022
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.4018/IJSESD.2019040102
Abstract: The shortage of vegetation cover alongside urban structures and land hardscape in cities causes an artificial temperature increase in urban environments known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The artificial heat stress in cities has a particular threat for usability and health-safety of outdoor living in public space. Australia may face a likely 3.8°C increase in surface temperature by 2090. Such an increase in temperature will have a severe impact on regional and local climate systems, natural ecosystems, and human life in cities. This paper aims to determine the patterns of the UHI effect in micro-scale of Adelaide metropolitan area, South Australia. The urban near-surface temperature profile of Adelaide was measured along a linear east-west cross-section of the metropolitan area via mobile traverse method between 26 July 2013 and 15 August 2013. Results indicate that the while the maximum UHI effect occurs at midnight in the central business district (CBD) area in Adelaide, the afternoon urban warmth has more temperature variations (point-to-point variation), especially during the late afternoon when local air temperature is normally in its peak. Thus, critical measurement of heat-health consequences of the UHI effect need to be focused on the afternoon heat stress conditions in UHIs rather than the commonly known night time phenomenon. This mobile traverse urban heat study of Adelaide supports the hypothesis that the UHI effect varies in the built environment during daily cycles and within short distances. Classical UHI measurements are commonly performed during the night – when the urban-rural temperature differences are at their maximum. Thus, they fall short in addressing the issue of excess heat stress on human participants. However, having thermally comfortable urban microclimates is a fundamental characteristic of healthy and vibrant public spaces. Therefore, urban planning professionals and decision makers are required to consider diurnal heat stress alongside nocturnal urban heat islands in planning healthy cities. The results of this article show that the diurnal heat stress varies in the built environment during daily cycles and within short distances. This study confirms that the maximum urban heat stress occurs during late afternoon when both overall temperature and daily urban warmth are at their peak. Literature indicates that diurnal heat stress peaks in hard-landscapes urban settings while it may decrease in urban parklands and near water bodies. Therefore, urban greenery and surface water can assist achieving more liveable and healthy urban environments (generalisation requires further research). A better understanding of daily urban warmth variations in cities assists urban policy making and public life management in the context of climate change.
Publisher: Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering
Date: 30-06-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-12-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JCH.12455
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.INJURY.2017.01.032
Abstract: As a developing country, Iran has one of the highest crash-related deaths, with a typical rate of 15.6 cases in every 100 thousand people. This paper is aimed to find the potential temporal and spatial patterns of road crashes aggregated at traffic analysis zonal (TAZ) level in urban environments. Localization pattern and hotspot distribution were examined using geo-information approach to find out the impact of spatial/temporal dimensions on the emergence of such patterns. The spatial clustering of crashes and hotspots were assessed using spatial autocorrelation methods such as the Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* index. Comap was used for comparing clusters in three attributes: the time of occurrence, severity, and location. The analysis of the annually crash frequencies aggregated in 156 TAZ in Shiraz from 2010 to 2014, Iran showed that both Moran's I method and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics produced significant clustering of crash patterns. While crashes emerged a clustered pattern, comparison of the spatio-temporal separations showed an accidental spread in distinct categories. The local governmental agencies can use the outcomes to adopt more effective strategies for traffic safety planning and management.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 19-11-2016
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1159/000487270
Abstract: b i Objective: /i /b This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the recurrence and metabolic status of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 (CIN2/3). b i Methods: /i /b This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out among 58 women diagnosed with CIN2/3. Participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either 50,000 IU vitamin D3 ( i n /i = 29) or placebo ( i n /i = 29) every 2 weeks for 6 months. b i Results: /i /b The recurrence rate of CIN1/2/3 was 18.5 and 48.1% in the vitamin D and placebo groups respectively ( i /i = 0.02). When we excluded CIN1, the recurrence rate of CIN2/3 became nonsignificant. Vitamin D supplementation significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (–7.8 ± 9.2 vs. –1.1 ± 8.6 mg/dL, i /i = 0.006) and insulin levels (–3.2 ± 4.8 vs. –0.9 ± 3.4 µIU/mL, i /i = 0.03), and significantly increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (0.01 ± 0.02 vs. 0.002 ± 0.01, i /i = 0.02) compared with the placebo. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (–815.3 ± 1,786.2 vs. 717.5 ± 1,827.3 ng/mL, i /i = 0.002) and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (113.4 ± 137.4 vs. –53.7 ± 186.7 mmol/L, i /i & #x3c 0.001) following the supplementation of vitamin D compared with the placebo. b i Conclusions: /i /b Vitamin D3 supplementation for 6 months among women with CIN2/3 had beneficial effects on CIN1/2/3 recurrence and metabolic status however, it did not affect CIN2/3 recurrence.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 02-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JFPP.14964
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-07-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12072026
Abstract: Given a global focus on salt reduction efforts to reduce cardiovascular risk, it is important to obtain accurate measures of salt intake on a population level. This study determined firstly whether adjustment for intra-in idual variation in urinary sodium (Na) excretion using three repeated 24 h collections affects daily estimates and whether the use of repeated spot urine s les results in better prediction of 24 h Na compared to a single collection. Twenty three community-dwelling men and women from South Africa (mean age 59.7 years (SD = 15.6)) participating in the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE) Wave 3 study collected 24 h and spot early morning urine s les over three consecutive days to assess urinary Na excretion. INTERSALT, Tanaka, and Kawasaki prediction equations, with either average or adjusted spot Na values, were used to estimate 24 h Na and compared these against measured 24 h urinary Na. Adjustment was performed by using the ratio of between-person (sb) and total (sobs) variability obtained from repeated measures analysis of variance. Sensitivity of the equations to predict daily urinary Na values below 5 g salt equivalent was calculated. The sb/sobs for urinary Na using three repeated s les for spot and 24 h s les were 0.706 and 0.798, respectively. Correction using analysis of variance for 3 × 24 h collections resulted in contraction of the upper end of the distribution curve (90th centile: 157 to 136 mmoL/day 95th centile: 220 to 178 mmoL/day). All three prediction equations grossly over-estimated 24 h urinary Na excretion, regardless of whether a single spot urine or repeated collections corrected for intra-in idual variation were used. Sensitivity of equations to detect salt intake equivalent values of ≤5 g/day was 13% for INTERSALT, while the other two equations had zero sensitivity. Correcting for intra-in idual variability in Na excretion using three 24 h urine collections contracted the distribution curve for high intakes. Repeated collection of spot s les for urinary Na analysis does not improve the accuracy of predicting 24 h Na excretion. Spot urine s les are not appropriate to detect participants with salt intakes below the recommended 5 g/day.
Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education
Date: 29-09-2011
DOI: 10.5539/MAS.V5N5P184
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-01-2021
Abstract: Recent studies have suggested the common co-occurrence of hypertension and diabetes in South Africa. Given that hypertension and diabetes are known to share common socio-demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle risk factors, the aim of this study was to jointly model the shared and disease-specific geographical variation of hypertension and diabetes. The current analysis used the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) South Africa Wave 2 (2014/15) data collected from 2761 participants. Of the 2761 adults (median age = 56 years), 641 (23.2%) had high blood pressure on measurement and 338 (12.3%) reported being diagnosed with diabetes. The shared component has distinct spatial patterns with higher values of odds in the eastern districts of Kwa-Zulu Natal and central Gauteng province. The shared component may represent unmeasured health behavior characteristics or the social determinants of health in our population. Our study further showed how a shared component (latent and unmeasured health behavior characteristics or the social determinants of health) is distributed across South Africa among the older adult population. Further research using similar shared joint models may focus on extending these models for multiple diseases with ecological factors and also incorporating s ling weights in the spatial analyses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-01-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-08-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2023
No related grants have been discovered for ali soltani.