ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6451-7859
Current Organisation
University of Sheffield
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Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 31-03-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2746976/V1
Abstract: In this digital era, in iduals are regularly exposed to sexual objectification in a variety of media types, which may negatively affect body image. However, existing measures do not fully capture exposure to and direct experiences of sexual objectification in different media. The purpose of the current programme of research was to develop and evaluate the Women-Sexually Objectifying Media Exposure Scale (W-SOMES) and Men-Sexually Objectifying Media Exposure Scale (M-SOMES), to measure exposure to and experiences of sexual objectification in the media. In Study 1, drawing from existing literature and two online surveys (women = 80, men = 76, age representative s les), items for the W-SOMES and M-SOMES were developed. Optimal items solely reflected exposure to sexual objectification in the media. In Study 2, exploratory factor analysis (women = 340, men = 100) suggested an underlying structure of three correlated factors for the W-SOMES and a single factor for the M-SOMES. In Study 3, confirmatory factor analysis (women = 331, men = 328) supported a higher-order model for the W-SOMES (15 items across three subscales: Importance of Physical Appearance, Sexualised Body Representation and Body Evaluation) and a single factor model for the M-SOMES (4 items measuring Sexualised Body Representation). The W-SOMES and M-SOMES displayed satisfactory internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and differentiation by known groups but did not adequately display convergent and discriminant validity. The M-SOMES also displayed satisfactory incremental validity. Future research should further examine the psychometric properties of the W-SOMES and M-SOMES for measuring exposure to sexual-objectification in the media.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 16-10-2015
Abstract: The ability to differentiate in iduals from their group memberships (in iduation) is useful in forming impressions when social categorization fails to do so. This method is particularly valuable when encountering incongruent social category conjunctions (e.g., female bricklayer). We tested the notion that in iduation is initiated when applying cognitively effortful explanatory, emergent attributes to incongruent conjunctions. Incongruent category conjunctions were more likely to be comprised of emergent attributes and in iduation moderated the application of these attributes in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, in iduation again moderated emergent attribute application for incongruent conjunctions, but cognitive load attenuated the relationship. Allowing or preventing the generation of attributes did not affect in iduation for incongruent conjunctions in Experiment 3. This ruled out the possibility that emergent attributes cause increased in iduation, but does not rule out the notion that in iduation precedes such explanatory attributes. Together these findings suggest that in iduating those whose category memberships clash may be applied in the effortful application of explanatory emergent attributes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2017.03.037
Abstract: The question-behaviour effect (QBE) refers to the finding that survey questions about a behaviour can change that behaviour. However, little research has tested how the QBE can be maximized in behavioural medicine settings. The present research tested manipulations of cognitive targets (questions about anticipated regret or beneficence) and survey return rates (presence vs. absence of a sticky note requesting completion of the questionnaire) on the magnitude of the QBE for influenza vaccination in older adults. Participants (N = 13,803) were recruited from general practice and randomly allocated to one of eight conditions: control 1 (no questionnaire) control 2 (demographics questionnaire) intention and attitude questionnaire (with or without a sticky note) intention and attitude plus anticipated regret questionnaire (with or without a sticky note) intention and attitude plus beneficence questionnaire (with or without a sticky note). Objective records of subsequent influenza vaccination from general practice records formed the dependent variable. Intention-to-treat analyses indicated that receiving an influenza vaccination questionnaire significantly increased vaccination rates compared to the no questionnaire, OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.36 and combined control conditions, OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.25. Including the sticky note significantly increased questionnaire return rates, OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.50. However, there were no differences in vaccination rates between questionnaires containing different cognitive targets, a sticky note or not, and no interactions. There were no significant differences in the per-protocol analyses, i.e. among respondents who completed and returned the questionnaires. The QBE is a simple, low-cost intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates. Increasing questionnaire return rates or asking anticipated regret or beneficence questions in addition to intention and attitude questions did not enhance the QBE.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-03-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JASP.12437
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.2044-8295.2011.02037.X
Abstract: We investigated the effect of age-related decline in executive ability on the application of emergent features to incongruent social category conjunctions (e.g., male midwife). When forming an impression of an incongruent conjunction, older adults used more emergent attributes (attributes associated exclusively with the category conjunction and not the constituents), relative to younger adults. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by a reduction in inhibitory ability (measured using a Stroop task) and processing speed (measured using a Digit Symbol Substitution Test, DSST). These findings are consistent with the notion that executive ability is pivotal in understanding social functioning in older adults. We discuss the implications of these findings for the continuing development of models outlining the processes and stages involved in perceiving social category conjunctions.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0019486
Abstract: According to the strength model, self-control is a finite resource that determines capacity for effortful control over dominant responses and, once expended, leads to impaired self-control task performance, known as ego depletion. A meta-analysis of 83 studies tested the effect of ego depletion on task performance and related outcomes, alternative explanations and moderators of the effect, and additional strength model hypotheses. Results revealed a significant effect of ego depletion on self-control task performance. Significant effect sizes were found for ego depletion on effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. Small, nonsignificant effects were found for positive affect and self-efficacy. Moderator analyses indicated minimal variation in the effect across sphere of depleting and dependent task, frequently used depleting and dependent tasks, presentation of tasks as single or separate experiments, type of dependent measure and control condition task, and source laboratory. The effect size was moderated by depleting task duration, task presentation by the same or different experimenters, intertask interim period, dependent task complexity, and use of dependent tasks in the choice and volition and cognitive spheres. Motivational incentives, training on self-control tasks, and glucose supplementation promoted better self-control in ego-depleted s les. Expecting further acts of self-control exacerbated the effect. Findings provide preliminary support for the ego-depletion effect and strength model hypotheses. Support for motivation and fatigue as alternative explanations for ego depletion indicate a need to integrate the strength model with other theories. Findings provide impetus for future investigation testing additional hypotheses and mechanisms of the ego-depletion effect.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2016
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 13-03-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2674067/V1
Abstract: A large body of literature demonstrates that self-objectification can harm in iduals’ body image. However, measures of self-objectification are primarily designed for women and have not been adequately validated in men. This research investigated the psychometric properties of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (SOQ), the Objectified Body Consciousness Body Surveillance Scale (OBC-Surv), and the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (SOBBS) in cisgender heterosexual women and men. Study 1 (women = 180, men = 163) and Study 2 (women = 137, men = 138, age-representative s les) used an online longitudinal study design, with a follow up after two weeks to assess test-retest reliability. While the SOQ, OBC-Surv and SOBBS generally displayed satisfactory psychometric properties in women, only the OBC-Surv and SOBBS displayed satisfactory psychometric properties in men. In addition, while women scored significantly higher on the SOQ, OBC-Surv, SOBBS Factor 1 and SOBBS Total in both Studies 1 and 2, sexual objectification experience only adequately accounted for gender-differences in scores on the SOBBS, and not the SOQ or OBC-Surv. To confirm that the SOBBS is appropriate for measuring and comparing self-objectification across women and men, Study 3 reanalysed the data from Study 2 to examine measurement invariance. This analysis demonstrated measurement invariance of the SOBBS between women and men. Accordingly, the SOBBS is recommended for measuring and comparing self-objectification in women and men. Future research should further examine the psychometric properties of the SOBBS in men and potential explanations of gender-differences in scores on the OBC-Surv.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-03-2016
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1020814
Abstract: Recent research (e.g., Hutter, Crisp, Humphreys, Waters, & Moffit Siebler) has confirmed that combining novel social categories involves two stages (e.g., H ton Hastie, Schroeder, & Weber). Furthermore, it is also evident that following stage 1 (constituent additivity), the second stage in these models involves cognitively effortful complex reasoning. However, while current theory and research has addressed how category conjunctions are initially represented to some degree, it is not clear precisely where we first combine or bind existing social constituent categories. For ex le, how and where do we compose and temporarily store a coherent representation of an in idual who shares membership of "female" and "blacksmith" categories? In this article, we consider how the revised multi-component model of working memory (Baddeley) can assist in resolving the representational limitations in the extant two-stage theoretical models. This is a new approach to understanding how novel conjunctions form new bound "composite" representations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 07-2013
DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/A000108
Abstract: We investigated in iduation – attribute-based impressions associated with each unique in idual rather than their categorical membership – as a moderator of impressions formed when slower versus faster processors encounter conflicting social category conjunctions. Descriptions of incongruent (e.g., female bricklayer), but not congruent category conjunctions (e.g., female nurse) were moderated by in iduation in the application of emergent attributes (novel attributes associated exclusively with the category conjunction and not the constituents). However, this was only the case for slow processors. These findings suggest that the means by which slower processors relative to faster processors form impressions for poorly correlated category conjunctions vary systematically. In iduated impressions lead to emergent attribute application for perceivers with slower processing ability. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-07-2016
Abstract: The current meta-analysis estimated the magnitude of the impact of asking intention and self-prediction questions on rates of subsequent behavior, and examined mediators and moderators of this question–behavior effect (QBE). Random-effects meta-analysis on 116 published tests of the effect indicated that intention rediction questions have a small positive effect on behavior ( d + = 0.24). Little support was observed for attitude accessibility, cognitive dissonance, behavioral simulation, or processing fluency explanations of the QBE. Multivariate analyses indicated significant effects of social desirability of behavior/behavior domain (larger effects for more desirable and less risky behaviors), difficulty of behavior (larger effects for easy-to-perform behaviors), and s le type (larger effects among student s les). Although this review controls for co-occurrence of moderators in multivariate analyses, future primary research should systematically vary moderators in fully factorial designs. Further primary research is also needed to unravel the mechanisms underlying different variants of the QBE.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Chantelle Wood.