ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0516-1394
Current Organisations
University of Queensland
,
Riga Stradiņš Univeristy
,
University of Oxford
,
OP Jindal Global University
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2021
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 10-08-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-08-2021
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/KEM.758.273
Abstract: The activity of antibacterial material is conventionally estimated by using an indirect method – a bacteria suspension is inoculated onto a surface, and then the bacteria are collected from the surface and examined as to whether they can form colonies on the agar plate. In the present study, the presence of bacteria was examined by direct detection. Our study is based on FTIR-PAS with an interferometer cantilever detector. Our work discusses the possibility of identifying and distinguishing the presence of different bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the possibility to evaluate the crystallization processes on the pressed calcium phosphate surface.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 21-04-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-07-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-07-2021
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/KEM.720.125
Abstract: The incorporation of biomaterials in human tissue requires methods to study the interface of the implant with the biological setting. We set out to study whether Photoacoustic spectroscopy with a higher level of sensitivity from the cantilever detector could simultaneously detect amorphous calcium phosphate and the bacteria. The calcium phosphate was synthesized, pressed into tablets, and then immersed in a solution containing S.epidermidis bacteria. Spectra were recorded after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. Deconvolution of the spectra at different time periods was able to separate bands belonging to the bacteria and carbonate bands arising from the calcium phosphate. This allowed the simultaneous identification of the biomaterial and bacteria. It was found that the PAS spectra could not identify the bacterial adhesion process due to the low concentration, but the amide peaks at 3 days inferred colonization of bacteria. This was confirmed by SEM that shoed an increase in the bacteria concentration. This is the first step in showing the simultaneous detection of calcium phosphate and bacteria by Photoacoustic spectroscopy, a method that required more research to show changes on the surface of the implant.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-06-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S40318-022-00222-5
Abstract: While the principles of procedural fairness apply in anti-doping disputes pursuant to Article 8 of the Word Anti-Doping Code, 2021 (the Code), there has been limited research assessing whether due process requirements are applied consistently by national anti-doping tribunals. This paper investigates the extent to which the procedural requirements set out under the Code are followed in practice, with a focus on India, New Zealand and Canada, facilitating comparison between developed and developing jurisdictions. By providing an evidence-based examination of first instance anti-doping procedures, this study confirms existing theories on the overall lack of harmonization in anti-doping procedures. We undertook a frequency analysis on the full-text awards handed down by first instance anti-doping tribunals in the comparative jurisdictions and the findings highlight inconsistent application of timeliness requirements and access to legal representation. Critically, in India, disputes take significantly longer to be resolved than in Canada and New Zealand, while far fewer Indian athletes are represented by legal counsel. In all jurisdictions, athletes who were represented by counsel were more likely to see a reduction in their sanctions. The study provides empirical evidence of systemic issues associated with timeliness and access to justice in anti-doping tribunals across jurisdictions and reinforces the need to focus on capacity building and enforcement of procedural safeguards, especially in developing countries. Practical recommendations include strategies to better achieve compliance and harmonization in protecting the procedural rights of athletes, particularly those athletes affected by the current application of the Code where cultural and socio-economic barriers may exacerbate procedural issues.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-05-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S40318-022-00220-7
Abstract: The World Anti-Doping Agency aims to promote clean sport through the introduction and implementation of harmonised rules under the World Anti-Doping Code, 2021 (the Code). Since WADA relies heavily on National Anti-Doping Organisations to implement the Code, the experience of anti-doping differs across countries. Some scholars argue that the current framework disproportionately impacts athletes from developing countries. This paper contributes to this debate by analysing systemic issues in the implementation of the Code in one such country—India. The legitimacy of anti-doping in India has been questioned as a result of the recent suspension of the National Dope-Testing Laboratory, a series of false positive tests, accusations of significant procedural and substantive errors by domestic tribunals, and access to justice challenges. Given the prevalence of doping in India, alongside the accumulation of recent controversies and push for reform, a deeper analysis of anti-doping in the country is warranted. The lack of compliance in India with certain requirements set out in the Code, as well as the failure to meet “best practice” standards set by other jurisdictions, is evidence that there is a lack of harmonisation in implementing anti-doping rules and procedures across countries. This paper contributes to the debate on the impact that a lack of harmonisation in the implementation of the Code can have on the legitimacy of the anti-doping framework. From a policy perspective, the proposed research agenda and recommendations can be applied to promote reform in India and other jurisdictions, especially in developing and emerging countries.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 29-08-2023
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/KEM.587.171
Abstract: nclusion of zinc in apatites is not completely understood due to complexes in solution preventing the incorporation or the inclusion of defects. Some work has shown zinc addition by alternative synthesis routes, but the level of incorporation has not been reassessed. This work uses a newly developed approach whereby zinc is included in an amorphous phase and subsequently crystallized. Different phosphate reactants (ammonium, sodium or potassium phosphates) were mixed together with calcium salts (calcium nitrate or calcium acetate) and the pH level adjusted (with ammonia or KOH) to investigate the ease of forming an amorphous phase and the inclusion of zinc. X-ray diffraction revealed that all reactants showed a tendency to form an amorphous phase, supporting the requirement of a high pH to prevent crystallization. X-ray fluorescence showed higher inclusion in the absence of ammonia. Potassium phosphate led to the highest zinc incorporation, accompanied by simultaneous inclusion of potassium. Crystallization at 700 °C indicated that zinc levels close to 20% replacement of calcium were the highest possible before the onset of tricalcium phosphate formation. FTIR-DRIFT showed a change in bonding conditions at higher zinc concentrations. This work shows the importance of reactants for including zinc, the larger zinc inclusion accompanied by potassium and zinc levels that can maintain the apatite structure.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-03-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10991-022-09308-4
Abstract: In Australia and the UK, contracts with minors in sports and entertainment are not uncommon. Generally, such contracts are voidable at the option of the minor. However, when contracts fall within the category of beneficial service, as is the case with most professional sports or entertainment contracts, they will be enforceable against the minor. Indian courts do not prescribe to this view holding contracts with minors, void ab initio and unenforceable against contractual parties, with few exceptions. The policy rationale is embedded in protecting minors from their own rash decisions and preventing unscrupulous parties from taking advantage of a minor’s nascent mental capacity. By analysing ergent approaches on the validity of minors’ contracts in three common law jurisdictions—Australia, India and the UK—the authors highlight inadequacies in legal pronouncements by Indian courts. In India, the legal non-existence and unenforceability of service contracts with minors renders it futile for them or their representatives from negotiating favourable contractual terms beyond welfare measures provided by law as these are unlikely to be upheld. This paper argues that India’s narrow approach fails to acknowledge practical realities of minors’ participation in the increasingly commercialised sports and entertainment industry. In light of more practical approaches in other common law jurisdictions, the authors set out policy recommendations and suggest reforms to the legal position on minors’ capacity to contract in India.
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/KEM.758.204
Abstract: The present work investigated dried calcium phosphate powders which still retain an amorphous or poorly crystalline structure under a variety of conditions. In previous studies, freeze-drying was found to be the optimum drying condition. However, several publications, as well as our previous studies, have shown that calcium phosphate amorphous, or a poorly crystalline structure, can retain their structure even if the s les are dried immediately after synthesis up to 200°C. In our study, we used the thermokinetic studies FTIR and XRD and showed that the s les are amorphous, or poorly crystalline, but were unable to answer the questions: Is there a difference between the differently dried amorphous calcium phosphates? What are the optimum drying conditions under which the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) structure loses the physically bounded water, but still retains the chemically bounded water?
Publisher: Concurrent Disorders Society Press
Date: 18-02-2021
Abstract: The recent exponential increase in the presence of loot boxes and other forms of microtransactions in online games, together with the consequential development of a “token economy,” have created regulatory challenges around the world. The similarities between loot boxes and traditional forms of gambling give rise to serious and long-term psychological and financial risks, particularly among a largely minor, vulnerable audience. Regulators must, therefore, decide whether loot boxes and microtransactions should be addressed in the same manner as traditional gambling activities. Recognizing that the legal definition of gambling is a policy matter for different legislatures, this paper proposes a new classification framework for loot boxes and microtransactions that could be adopted as a guide by regulators and gaming publishers operating in the global, hyper-connected landscape of online gaming. The framework is designed to assist policy makers to achieve consumer welfare goals while also not unduly restricting the ability of adult consumers to make informed decisions as to when they participate in gambling-like activities or inappropriately interfering with the legitimate commercial endeavors of game developers. This paper advances nascent commentary in relation to the growing integration of microtransactions and loot boxes in the structure and content of video games and outlines a reform agenda informed by regulatory global responses to the issue.RésuméLa récente augmentation exponentielle des coffres à butin et d’autres formes de microtransactions qui sont intégrées aux jeux en ligne et favorisent une « économie de jetons » a donné lieu à des défis réglementaires dans le monde entier. Les similarités entre les coffres à butin et les formes traditionnelles de jeux de hasard ont entraîné de graves risques psychologiques et financiers à long terme, particulièrement chez un public en grande partie mineur et vulnérable. Les organismes de réglementation doivent donc décider si les coffres à butin et les microtransactions devraient être abordés de la même façon que les activités liées aux jeux de hasard traditionnels. Cet article reconnaît que la définition juridique des jeux de hasard est une question de politique relevant de différentes assemblées législatives, et propose pour les coffres à butin et les microtransactions un nouveau cadre de classification que pourraient adopter à titre de guide les organismes de réglementation et les distributeurs de jeux vidéo qui exercent leurs activités dans le contexte mondial hyperbranché des jeux en ligne. Ce cadre vise à aider les décideurs à atteindre des objectifs en matière de bien-être des consommateurs tout en ne restreignant pas indûment la capacité des consommateurs adultes à prendre des décisions éclairées concernant leur participation à des activités de type jeux de hasard, et en ne nuisant pas de manière inappropriée aux entreprises commerciales légitimes des développeurs de jeux. Cet article enrichit le discours naissant sur l’intégration croissante de microtransactions et de coffres à butin à la structure et au contenu des jeux vidéo, et décrit un programme de réforme éclairé par la réaction mondiale à la question sur le plan de la réglementation.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-09-2022
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Shaun Star.