ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9308-9782
Current Organisations
Public Health Foundation of India
,
Australian National University
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Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-02-2019
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.L94
Abstract: To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Systematic analysis. Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Equinox Publishing
Date: 18-09-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.FORSCIINT.2017.06.040
Abstract: Compared to other forensic comparative sciences, studies of the efficacy of the likelihood ratio (LR) framework in forensic authorship analysis are lagging. An experiment is described concerning the estimation of strength of linguistic text evidence within that framework. The LRs were estimated by trialling three different procedures: one is based on the multivariate kernel density (MVKD) formula, with each group of messages being modelled as a vector of authorship attribution features the other two involve N-grams based on word tokens and characters, respectively. The LRs that were separately estimated from the three different procedures are logistic-regression-fused to obtain a single LR for each author comparison. This study used predatory chatlog messages s led from 115 authors. To see how the number of word tokens affects the performance of a forensic text comparison (FTC) system, token numbers used for modelling each group of messages were progressively increased: 500, 1000, 1500 and 2500 tokens. The performance of the FTC system is assessed using the log-likelihood-ratio cost (C
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-03-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0025100311000478
Abstract: The pitch realisations of the accentual systems in Osaka Japanese (OJ) and Kagoshima Japanese (KJ) have been auditorily described in detail, and analysed within various phonological frameworks. However, little linguistic-phonetic descriptive research has been undertaken on the accent types of Japanese dialects in such a way as to enable a cross-dialectal comparison of their acoustic realisation. In this study, linguistic-tonetic representations of OJ and KJ tonalities are derived from normalised acoustic representations for pitch patterns conventionally described as LH, LHL, LLH and LLLH. A comparison of these representations across the two dialects demonstrates some significant differences in the acoustic realisation of the H/L units. The implications of these observed differences for surface tonal representation of KJ within Autosegmental-Metrical theory are also explored.
Publisher: Equinox Publishing
Date: 26-06-2014
Abstract: An experiment in forensic text comparison (FTC) within the likelihood ratio (LR) framework is described. The experiment attempts to determine the strength of authorship attribution evidence modelled with N-grams, which is perhaps one of the most basic automatic modelling techniques. The SMS messages of multiple authors selected from the SMS corpus compiled by the National University of Singapore were used for same- and different-author comparisons. I varied the number of words used for the N-gram modelling (200, 1000, 2000 or 3000 words), and then assessed the performance of each set. The performance of the LR-based FTC system was assessed with the log likelihood ratio cost (Cllr). It is shown in this study that N-grams can be employed within an LR framework to discriminate same-author and different-author SMS texts, but a fairly large amount of data are needed to do it well (i.e. to obtain Cllr 0.75). It is concluded that the LR framework warrants further examination with different features and processing techniques.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 04-2017
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-01-2020
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2019-043296
Abstract: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm—the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1109/CTC.2014.9
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Equinox Publishing
Date: 14-06-2017
DOI: 10.1558/IJSLL.30305
Abstract: An experiment in forensic text comparison (FTC) within the likelihood ratio (LR) framework is described, in which authorship attribution was modelled with word- and character-based stylometric features. Chatlog messages of 115 authors were selected from a chatlog archive containing real pieces of chatlog evidence used to prosecute paedophiles. Four different text lengths (500, 1000, 1500 or 2500 words) were used for modelling in order to investigate how system performance is influenced by s le size. Strength of authorship attribution evidence (or LR) is estimated with the Multivariate Kernel Density formula. Performance was primarily assessed with the log-likelihood ratio cost (Cllr), but assessments of other metrics, e.g. credible interval and equal error rate, are also given. Taking into account the small number of features used for modelling authorship attribution, results are promising. Even with a small s le size of 500 words, the system achieved a discrimination accuracy of c. 76% (Cllr = 0.68258). With a s le size of 2500 words, a discrimination accuracy of c. 94% (Cllr = 0.21707) was obtained. Larger s le size is beneficial to FTC, resulting in an improvement in discriminability, an increase in the magnitude of the consistent-with-fact LRs and a decrease in the magnitude of the contrary-to-fact LRs. It was found that ‘Average character number per word token’, ‘Punctuation character ratio’, and vocabulary richness features are robust features, which work well regardless of s le sizes. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the LR framework for analysing authorship attribution evidence.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 28-08-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-04-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41591-020-0807-6
Abstract: A double burden of malnutrition occurs when in iduals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of % in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2017
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 07-12-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-01-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2017
Publisher: Equinox Publishing
Date: 18-02-2015
Abstract: This article investigates to what extent and in what ways the size of the background population affects the outcome of likelihood ratio (LR) based forensic voice comparison. While s le size is known to affect the accuracy of statistical modelling, specific effects in the context of forensic voice comparison are not yet understood. Forensic voice comparison analysts need to work with limited data, but it is unclear how this might impact on the LR-based evaluation of evidence. In this article, we report LR-based speaker comparison experiments using variously sized datasets for background population. They use features derived from long term F0 distribution. We examined their performance in terms of accuracy (closeness to the true value) and precision (reproducibility).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2017
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-01-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41586-019-1878-8
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally 1 . Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood 2 . Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards 3–5 . The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z -score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population 6 . Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for ex le, states or provinces) 7 the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes 8 . Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa 9 , here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live 1 , aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for ex le, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-12-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41586-019-1872-1
Abstract: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health 1–3 . As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting 4–6 . The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness 7,8 however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health 9–11 . Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of in iduals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of in iduals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries 12–14 . By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Location: India
Start Date: 2010
End Date: 2010
Funder: Australian Research Council
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