ORCID Profile
0000-0002-5918-2190
Current Organisations
PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia
,
Curtin University
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Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 21-11-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0010754
Abstract: A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in a resident of the Tiwi Islands, in the Northern Territory of Australia in February 2021, preceding the large JE outbreak in south-eastern Australia in 2022. This study reports the detection, whole genome sequencing and analysis of the virus responsible (designated JEV/Australia/NT_Tiwi Islands/2021). Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing was performed on post-mortem brain specimens using a range of JE virus (JEV)-specific assays. Virus isolation from brain specimens was attempted by inoculation of mosquito and mammalian cells or embryonated chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken using a combination of Illumina next generation sequencing methodologies, including a tiling licon approach. Phylogenetic and selection analyses were performed using alignments of the Tiwi Islands JEV genome and envelope (E) protein gene sequences and publicly available JEV sequences. Virus isolation was unsuccessful and JEV RNA was detected only by RT-qPCR assays capable of detecting all JEV genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tiwi Islands strain is a ergent member of genotype IV (GIV) and is closely related to the 2022 Australian outbreak virus (99.8% nucleotide identity). The Australian strains share highest levels of nucleotide identity with Indonesian viruses from 2017 and 2019 (96.7–96.8%). The most recent common ancestor of this Australian-Indonesian clade was estimated to have emerged in 2007 (95% HPD range: 1998–2014). Positive selection was detected using two methods (MEME and FEL) at several sites in the E and non-structural protein genes, including a single site in the E protein (S194N) unique to the Australian GIV strains. This case represents the first detection of GIV JEV acquired in Australia, and only the second confirmed fatal human infection with a GIV JEV strain. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Tiwi Islands strain and recent Indonesian viruses is indicative of the origin of this novel GIV lineage, which we estimate has circulated in the region for several years prior to the Tiwi Islands case.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 04-1993
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 06-2010
Abstract: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a globally emerging arbovirus responsible for unprecedented outbreaks in the western Indian Ocean, the Indian subcontinent and Italy. To assess the receptivity of Australia to CHIKV, we exposed 10 Australian mosquito species to a 2006 strain of CHIKV isolated from a viremic traveler from Mauritius. In susceptibility trials, the infectious dose required to infect 50% of the mosquitoes was 10(0.6) cell culture infectious dose (CCID)(50)/mosquito for Aedes procax, 10(1.7) CCID(50)/mosquito for Aedes albopictus, 10(2.1) CCID(50)/mosquito for Aedes vigilax, and 10(2.6) CCID(50)/mosquito for Aedes aegypti and Aedes notoscriptus. When exposed to blood meals containing between 10(3.5) and 10(4.1) CCID(50)/mosquito of CHIKV, infection rates in these five species, plus Coquillettidia linealis, were >or=81%. Subsequent transmission rates ranged between 20% for Ae. notoscriptus and 76% for Ae. vigilax. In contrast, Culex spp. were poor laboratory vectors, with infection and dissemination rates <or=20% and <or=12%, respectively. Although Australia has efficient laboratory vectors, the role a mosquito species plays in potential CHIKV transmission cycles will also depend on its geographical and temporal abundance, longevity, and association with humans.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
Abstract: The Japanese encephalitis (JE) serocomplex of flaviviruses comprises 10 members, 9 of which: Alfuy (ALF) Koutango (KOU) Kokobera (KOK) Kunjin (KUN) Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) JE Stratford (STR) Usutu (USU) and West Nile (WN) have been isolated from Africa, southern Europe, Middle East, Asia, and Australia. The tenth member, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, is confined to North, Central, and South America. For ALF, KOK, KOU, STR, and USU, no sequence data have as yet been reported, and little molecular phylogeny has been determined for this complex as a whole. Using a rapid, one-step RT-PCR and universal primers, we have lified and sequenced a 450-600 base pair region of the virus genome encompassing the N terminus of the nonstructural protein NS5 and the 5' end of the 3' noncoding region, for several strains of all of these viruses, except USU and SLE viruses. These data, as well as published sequence data for other flaviviruses, were analyzed with the ClustalW and Phylip computer packages. The resultant phylogenetic data were consistent with some of the current flavivirus serological classification, showing a close relationship between ALF and MVE viruses and between KOK and STR viruses, but suggested that KOK and STR are distantly related to the other viruses and should perhaps be reclassified in their own serocomplex. The data also confirmed the close relationship between KUN and WN viruses and showed that an isolate of KUN virus from Sarawak may represent a "link" between these two virus species. In addition, the primary sequence data revealed a polymorphic region just downstream of the stop codon in the 3' end of the viral genomes.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 09-1989
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00107-X
Abstract: Viral cultures were identified recently that contained both Kunjin virus and the closely related flavivirus West Nile. The observation that the KUN virus population grew more efficiently in a mosquito cell line (C6/36) while the WN population replicated more effectively in mammalian cells (Vero) allowed enrichment for either virus by culturing the mixture in the appropriate cell line. Limit dilution of the enriched virus preparations was then performed by infecting microtitre cultures with serial ten fold dilutions. Culture wells that contained a pure population of virus were then identified by immunostaining fixed cell monolayers with virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Subsequent passage of the 'cloned' viruses in either C6/36 or Vero cells and analysis of the infected cultures by specific monoclonal antibody staining, PCR and nucleotide sequencing confirmed the identity of the virus and that in each case an homogeneous virus population had been obtained. This procedure is particularly useful for isolating virus populations from heterogeneous mixtures that fail to develop discrete plaques in infected cell monolayers.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2003
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 02-2003
Abstract: The genetic ersity of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL) was investigated by comparing 24 ABL isolate glycoprotein (G) gene nucleotide sequences with those of 37 lyssaviruses representing Lyssavirus genotypes 1-6. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that ABL forms a monophyletic group separate from other lyssaviruses. This group differentiates into two clades: one associated with Pteropus (flying fox) species, the other with the insectivorous bat Saccolaimus flaviventris. Calculation of percentage nucleotide identities between isolates of the two clades revealed up to 18.7 % nucleotide sequence ergence between the two ABL variants. These observations suggest that ABL is a separate lyssavirus species with a similar epidemiology to chiropteran rabies virus (RV), where two distinct ABL variants co-exist in Australia in bat species with dissimilar ecology. Analyses of selection pressures in ABL G gene sequences provided some evidence of weak positive selection within the endodomain at amino acids 499 and 501, although in general the dominant evolutionary process observed was purifying selection. This intimates that, in nature, isolates of ABL, like those of RV, are subject to relatively strong selective constraints, suggesting a stability of host species, cell tropisms and ecological conditions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00063-2
Abstract: Flying foxes have been the focus of research into three newly described viruses from the order Mononegavirales, namely Hendra virus (HeV), Menangle virus and Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABL). Early investigations indicate that flying foxes are the reservoir host for these viruses. In 1994, two outbreaks of a new zoonotic disease affecting horses and humans occurred in Queensland. The virus which was found to be responsible was called equine morbillivirus (EMV) and has since been renamed HeV. Investigation into the reservoir of HeV has produced evidence that antibodies capable of neutralising HeV have only been detected in flying foxes. Over 20% of flying foxes in eastern Australia have been identified as being seropositive. Additionally six species of flying foxes in Papua New Guinea have tested positive for antibodies to HeV. In 1996 a virus from the family Paramyxoviridae was isolated from the uterine fluid of a female flying fox. Sequencing of 10000 of the 18000 base pairs (bp) has shown that the sequence is identical to the HeV sequence. As part of investigations into HeV, a virus was isolated from a juvenile flying fox which presented with neurological signs in 1996. This virus was characterised as belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, and was named ABL. Since then four flying fox species and one insectivorous species have tested positive for ABL. The third virus to be detected in flying foxes is Menangle virus, belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae. This virus was responsible for a zoonotic disease affecting pigs and humans in New South Wales in 1997. Antibodies capable of neutralising Menangle virus, were detected in flying foxes.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00035-06
Publisher: Springer Vienna
Date: 2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Springer Vienna
Date: 2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2016
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 03-1998
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-07-2017
DOI: 10.3390/V9070185
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-11-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP16105
Abstract: Dengue dynamics are driven by complex interactions between hosts, vectors and viruses that are influenced by environmental and climatic factors. Several studies examined the role of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in dengue incidence. However, the role of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon in the Indian Ocean, which controls the summer monsoon rainfall in the Indian region, remains unexplored. Here, we examined the effects of ENSO and IOD on dengue incidence in Bangladesh. According to the wavelet coherence analysis, there was a very weak association between ENSO, IOD and dengue incidence, but a highly significant coherence between dengue incidence and local climate variables (temperature and rainfall). However, a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) revealed that the association between dengue incidence and ENSO or IOD were comparatively stronger after adjustment for local climate variables, seasonality and trend. The estimated effects were nonlinear for both ENSO and IOD with higher relative risks at higher ENSO and IOD. The weak association between ENSO, IOD and dengue incidence might be driven by the stronger effects of local climate variables such as temperature and rainfall. Further research is required to disentangle these effects.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2003
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1999
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1071/MA22050
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 22-01-1977
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-2003
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 07-1995
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1984
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.1984.9
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 04-2014
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2010.05.005
Abstract: Australia is a climatically erse country varying from a tropical climate in the north to arid central desert and grassland regions, and to temperate climates in the south. There are many viral infections found in Australia that are common to developed countries worldwide, but this article will focus on those that pose a special risk for travellers to Australia, especially the mosquito-borne viruses. The commonest are the members of the alphavirus genus, particularly Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, which cause predominantly arthralgia with or without fever or rash. Less frequent but more serious illness is seen with the encephalitic flaviviruses, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, and the Kunjin strain of West Nile virus. In addition dengue occurs intermittently on the northern part of Queensland, and in recent years Japanese encephalitis virus has been found in the Torres Strait Islands and the tip of far north Queensland. Also of interest, but with a much lower risk, are the bat-borne viruses, Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus, that have caused a small number of human infections. However, it is important to remember that most tourists pass through other countries in the Asia/Pacific region on their way to and from Australia and may therefore have acquired infections prior to or after leaving Australia.
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2001
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 06-01-2020
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01234-19
Abstract: Ross River virus (RRV) causes the most common mosquito-borne infection in Australia and causes a significant burden of suffering to infected in iduals as well as being a large burden to the Australian economy. The genetic ersity of RRV and its evolutionary history have so far only been studied using partial E2 gene analysis with a limited number of isolates. Robust whole-genome analysis has not yet been conducted. This study generated 94 novel near-whole-genome sequences to investigate the evolutionary history of RRV to better understand its genetic ersity through comprehensive whole-genome phylogeny. A better understanding of RRV genetic ersity will enable better diagnostics, surveillance, and potential future vaccine design.
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 08-1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1111/IMJ.15967
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2008
Publisher: Springer US
Date: 2008
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-2001
DOI: 10.4269/AJTMH.2001.65.171
Abstract: The spatial and temporal variations of Ross River virus infections reported in Queensland, Australia, between 1985 and 1996 were studied by using the Geographic Information System. The notified cases of Ross River virus infection came from 489 localities between 1985 and 1988, 805 between 1989 and 1992, and 1,157 between 1993 and 1996 (chi2(df = 2) = 680.9 P < 0.001). There was a marked increase in the number of localities where the cases were reported by 65 percent for the period of 1989-1992 and 137 percent for 1993-1996, compared with that for 1985-1988. The geographic distribution of the notified Ross River virus cases has expanded in Queensland over recent years. As Ross River virus disease has impacted considerably on tourism and industry, as well as on residents of affected areas, more research is required to explore the causes of the geographic expansion of the notified Ross River virus infections.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-06-2022
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-10-2023
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 10-1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1987
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2020
Abstract: A cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. The cluster was largely associated with a seafood and animal market. A novel Betacoronavirus was quickly identified as the causative agent, and it is shown to be related genetically to SARS-CoV and other bat-borne SARS-related Betacoronaviruses. The number of cases increased rapidly and spread to other provinces in China, as well as to another four countries. To help control the spread of the virus, a “cordon sanitaire ” was instituted for Wuhan on January 23, 2020, and subsequently extended to other cities in Hubei Province, and the outbreak declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the Director General of the World Health Organization on January 30, 2020. The virus was named SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses, and the disease it causes was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. This article described the evolution of the outbreak, and the known properties of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical disease it causes, and the major public health measures being used to help control it’s spread. These measures include social distancing, intensive surveillance and quarantining of cases, contact tracing and isolation, cancellation of mass gatherings, and community containment. The virus is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but appears to be the only one with pandemic potential. However, a number of important properties of the virus are still not well understood, and there is an urgent need to learn more about its transmission dynamics, its spectrum of clinical severity, its wildlife origin, and its genetic stability. In addition, more research is needed on possible interventions, particularly therapeutic and vaccines.
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 08-2001
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 09-1996
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1977
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1986
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1038/NRMICRO824
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 10-2011
Abstract: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Most strains of MVEV cause potentially fatal cases of encephalitis in humans and horses, and have been shown to be highly neuroinvasive in weanling mice. In contrast, the naturally occurring subtype Alfuy virus (ALFV) has never been associated with human disease, nor is it neuroinvasive in weanling mice, even at high doses. To identify viral factors associated with ALFV attenuation, a chimeric infectious clone was constructed containing the structural genes premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) of ALFV swapped into the MVEV genome. The resulting virus (vMVEV/ALFVstr) was no longer neuroinvasive in mice, suggesting that motifs within prM–E of ALFV confer attenuation. To define these motifs further, mutants were constructed by targeting ergent sequences between the MVEV and ALFV E proteins that are known markers of virulence in other encephalitic flaviviruses. MVEV mutants containing a unique ALFV sequence in the flexible hinge region (residues 273–277) or lacking the conserved glycosylation site at position 154 were significantly less neuroinvasive in mice than wild-type MVEV, as determined by delayed time to death or increased LD 50 . Conversely, when the corresponding MVEV sequences were inserted into the vMVEV/ALFVstr chimera, the mutant containing the MVEV hinge sequence was more neuroinvasive than the parental chimera, though not to the same level as wild-type MVEV. These results identify the hinge region and E protein glycosylation as motifs that contribute to the attenuation of ALFV.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/MA18023
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 07-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-10-2005
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-09-2014
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 2005
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 03-1991
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-573
Abstract: Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus strain OR2 was serially passaged on Vero cells to establish a persistent infection which was maintained for over 300 days. Supernatants from infected cells protected Vero cells from c.p.e. and caused up to a 95% reduction of wild-type virus yield. These protective and interfering effects suggest that defective interfering (DI) particles are responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the MVE virus persistent infection. The persistently infected cell supernatant preparations shared several features with DI particle preparations from other viral systems, such as their lification to detectable levels after two to four passages of virus. However, results from this study suggest that DI particles of MVE virus differ from other studied systems in that they are able to affect only moderately the yield of infectious wild-type virus. The genetic drift of the parental virus during the course of a long term persistent infection in vitro appears to be minimal.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 07-2003
Abstract: Enhancement of flavivirus infection in vitro in the presence of subneutralizing concentrations of homologous or heterologous antiserum has been well described. However, the importance of this phenomenon in the enhancement of flavivirus infection in vivo has not been established. In order to study antibody-mediated enhancement of flavivirus infection in vivo, we investigated the effect of passive immunization of mice with Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) antiserum on the outcome of infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE). We show that prior treatment of mice with subneutralizing concentrations of heterologous JE antiserum resulted in an increase in viraemia titres and in mortality following challenge with wild-type MVE. Our findings support the hypothesis that subneutralizing concentrations of antibody may enhance flavivirus infection and virulence in vivo. These findings are of potential importance for the design of JE vaccination programs in geographic areas in which MVE co-circulates. Should subneutralizing concentrations of antibody remain in the population following JE vaccination, it is possible that enhanced disease may be observed during MVE epidemics.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-06-2022
DOI: 10.3390/V14061208
Abstract: In early 2022, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was identified as the cause of stillborn and mummified piglets in pig farms in southeastern Australia. Human cases and additional pig farms with infected piglets were subsequently identified across a widespread area encompassing four states. To inform surveillance and control programs, we synthesized existing information on Australian vectors of JEV, much of which was generated in response to incursions of JEV into the northern state of Queensland between 1995 and 2005. Members of the Culex sitiens subgroup, particularly Culex annulirostris, should be considered the primary vectors of JEV in Australia, as they yielded % of field detections of JEV, were highly efficient laboratory vectors of the virus, readily fed on pigs and birds (the key lifying hosts of the virus) when they were available, and are widespread and often occur in large populations. Three introduced species, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus may also serve as vectors, but more information on their geographical distribution, abundance and bionomics in the Australian context is required. Mosquitoes from other genera, such as Aedes and Verrallina, whilst considered relatively poor vectors, could play a regional or supplemental role in transmission, especially facilitating vertical transmission as a virus overwintering mechanism. Additional factors that could impact JEV transmission, including mosquito survival, dispersal and genetics, are also discussed. Possible directions for investigation are provided, especially in the context of the virus emerging in a region with different mosquito fauna and environmental drivers than northern Australia.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-07-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1863-2378.2008.01208.X
Abstract: The genus Flaviviridae comprises about 70 members, of which about 30 are found in southern, south‐eastern and eastern Asia and Australasia. These include major pathogens such as Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), tick‐borne encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, and the dengue viruses. Other members are known to be associated with mild febrile disease in humans, or with no known disease. In addition, novel flaviviruses continue to be discovered, as demonstrated recently by New Mapoon virus in Australia, Sitiawan virus in Malaysia, and ThCAr virus in Thailand. About 19 of these viruses are mosquito‐borne, six are tick‐borne, and four have no known vector and represent isolates from rodents or bats. Evidence from phylogenetic studies suggest that JE, MVE and Alfuy viruses probably emerged in the Malaya‐Indonesian region from an African progenitor virus, possibly a virus related to Usutu virus. WN virus, however, is believed to have emerged in Africa, and then dispersed through avian migration. Evidence suggests that there are at least seven genetic lineages of WN virus, of which lineage 1b spread to Australasia as Kunjin virus, lineages 1a and 5 spread to India, and lineage 6 spread to Malaysia. Indeed, flaviviruses have a propensity to spread and emerge in new geographic areas, and they represent a potential source for new disease emergence. Many of the factors associated with disease emergence are present in the region, such as changes in land use and deforestation, increasing population movement, urbanization, and increasing trade. Furthermore, because of their ecology and dependence on climate, there is a strong likelihood that global warming may significantly increase the potential for disease emergence and/or spread.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11262-005-3253-0
Abstract: The 5' non-coding region (5'-NCR) of 27 classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates from Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) during 1997 and 1999 were lified by RT-PCR. A 150-bp region of the 5'-NCR licons was analysed and compared with reference CSFV of European and Asian origin and a phylogenetic dendrogram constructed. Following analysis, all viruses were determined to belong to genogroup 2. Viruses from Lao PDR grouped on a geographical basis with the majority of northern/central isolates falling into subgroup 2.1 and southern/central isolates falling into subgroup 2.2. These results concur with previous studies of CSF viruses from Lao PDR, although this study recognized the first occurrence of subgroup 2.1 in southern Lao PDR.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Abstract: Our previous studies have shown that two distinct genotypes of Sindbis (SIN) virus occur in Australia. One of these, the Oriental/Australian type, circulates throughout most of the Australian continent, whereas the recently identified south-west (SW) genetic type appears to be restricted to a distinct geographic region located in the temperate south-west of Australia. We have now determined the complete nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences of a SW isolate of SIN virus (SW6562) and performed comparative analyses with other SIN viruses at the genomic level. The genome of SW6562 is 11,569 nucleotides in length, excluding the cap nucleotide and poly (A) tail. Overall this virus differs from the prototype SIN virus (strain AR339) by 23% in nucleotide sequence and 12.5% in amino acid sequence. Partial sequences of four regions of the genome of four SW isolates were determined and compared with the corresponding sequences from a number of SIN isolates from different regions of the World. These regions are the non-structural protein (nsP3), the E2 gene, the capsid gene, and the repeated sequence elements (RSE) of the 3'UTR. These comparisons revealed that the SW SIN viruses were more closely related to South African and European strains than to other Australian isolates of SIN virus. Thus the SW genotype of SIN virus may have been introduced into this region of Australia by viremic humans or migratory birds and subsequently evolved independently in the region. The sequence data also revealed that the SW genotype contains a unique deletion in the RSE of the 3'UTR region of the genome. Previous studies have shown that deletions in this region of the SIN genome can have significant effects on virus replication in mosquito and avian cells, which may explain the restricted distribution of this genotype of SIN virus.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1992
Abstract: Detection of viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires the prior reverse transcription of the viral RNA. In order to minimise the number of manual manipulations required for processing large numbers of s les, we attempted to design a system whereby all the reagents required for both reverse transcription and lification can be added to one tube and a single, non-interrupted thermal cycling program performed. Whilst attempting to set up such a one-tube system with Taq polymerase (Taq Biotech International) and avian myoblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase (RT), we noticed a substantial decrease in the sensitivity of detection of viral RNA. Investigation of this phenomenon has revealed direct interference of RT with Taq polymerase. Evidence supporting this conclusion includes the following observations: (1) increasing the ratio of Taq to RT improves sensitivity (2) adding non-homologous RNA improves sensitivity (3) RT that has been heat inactivated prior to Taq addition does not exert this effect (4) the effect is not sequence restricted (5) the Mg2+ ions are not sequestered by RT. In addition, the effect is not limited to AMV RT, Moloney murine leukaemia virus RT also affects Taq activity.
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 12-2001
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 04-1973
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2005
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF01728662
Abstract: Pityriasis rosea (PR) is an acute papulosquamous cutaneous disorder that classically presents with a herald patch rapidly followed by a widespread rash along skin cleavage lines. Although the exact pathogenesis of PR is unknown, current evidence suggests that an inflammatory reaction due to a viral trigger may lead to the cutaneous manifestations. COVID-19 has been reported as one such viral trigger for PR. Previously, PR has been reported in temporal association with various viral inoculations. This article presents a case of PR in a 66-year-old black male 1 week after administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1980
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-1989
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 10-07-2017
Abstract: Electricity grid operators and planners need to deal with both the rapidly increasing integration of renewables and an unprecedented level of uncertainty that originates from unknown generation outputs, changing commercial and regulatory frameworks aimed to foster low-carbon technologies, the evolving availability of market information on feasibility and costs of various technologies, etc. In this context, there is a significant risk of locking-in to inefficient investment planning solutions determined by current deterministic engineering practices that neither capture uncertainty nor represent the actual operation of the planned infrastructure under high penetration of renewables. We therefore present an alternative optimization framework to plan electricity grids that deals with uncertain scenarios and represents increased operational details. The presented framework is able to model the effects of an array of flexible, smart grid technologies that can efficiently displace the need for conventional solutions. We then argue, and demonstrate via the proposed framework and an illustrative ex le, that proper modelling of uncertainty and operational constraints in planning is key to valuing operationally flexible solutions leading to optimal investment in a smart grid context. Finally, we review the most used practices in power system planning under uncertainty, highlight the challenges of incorporating operational aspects and advocate the need for new and computationally effective optimization tools to properly value the benefits of flexible, smart grid solutions in planning. Such tools are essential to accelerate the development of a low-carbon energy system and investment in the most appropriate portfolio of renewable energy sources and complementary enabling smart technologies. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Energy management: flexibility, risk and optimization’.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(89)90091-8
Abstract: A convenient method employing a commercially available apparatus for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of RNase T1 resistant oligonucleotides using ultrathin gels has been developed. The methodology overcomes problems commonly associated with the establishment of good, bubble-free, fusion of the first and second dimension gels. The use of ultrathin gels results in autoradiograms with well resolved oligonucleotide spots.
Publisher: Springer Japan
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1289/EHP.8568
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1983
DOI: 10.1007/BF01311106
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00143-X
Abstract: We describe herein the molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of Kokobera (KOK) virus, a flavivirus found in Australia and Papua New Guinea. We sequenced a region encompassing the 200 nucleotides of the 3' terminus of the NS5 gene, and the first 300 nucleotides of the 3' untranslated region (UTR). The study included 25 isolates of the virus, including an isolate from PNG, and several recent isolates from the south-west of Western Australia (WA), where the virus had not previously been detected. We found that the KOK isolates clustered according to geographic location and time of isolation into three distinct topotypes: one covering Queensland and New South Wales another represented by the single isolate from PNG and a third covering the Northern Territory and WA. This latter group was further sub ided into northern and south-west isolates. This molecular epidemiology is significantly different from other Australian flaviviruses, such as Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin (KUN) viruses, which exist as single genetic types across the entire Australian continent. However, it is similar to the molecular epidemiology of the alphavirus Ross River (RR) virus. This may be explained by the fact that MVE and KUN viruses are known to have birds as their main vertebrate hosts, whereas RR virus utilises macropods, which have also been implicated as the vertebrate host for KOK virus. In addition, the south-west isolates exhibited a degree of sequence heterogeneity, including one isolate that has a nine nucleotide deletion in the 3'UTR. This suggests that KOK virus has been in the south-west of WA for some time, and was not recently introduced.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2007
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2002
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2007
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1996
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 09-1996
Abstract: The appropriate number of systematic biopsy cores to retrieve during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted prostate biopsy is not well defined. We aimed to demonstrate a biopsy s ling approach that reduces required core count while maintaining diagnostic performance. We collected data from a cohort of 971 men who underwent MRI-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy for suspected prostate cancer. A regional targeted biopsy (RTB) was evaluated retrospectively only cores within 2 cm of the margin of a radiologist-defined region of interest were considered part of the RTB. We compared detection rates for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) and cancer upgrading rate on final whole mount pathology after prostatectomy between RTB, combined, MRI-targeted, and systematic biopsy. A total of 16,459 total cores from 971 men were included in the study data sets, of which 1,535 (9%) contained csPCa. The csPCa detection rates for systematic, MRI-targeted, combined, and RTB were 27.0% (262/971), 38.3% (372/971), 44.8% (435/971), and 44.0% (427/971), respectively. Combined biopsy detected significantly more csPCa than systematic and MRI-targeted biopsy (p <0.001 and p=0.004, respectively) but was similar to RTB (p=0.71), which used on average 3.8 (22%) fewer cores per patient. In 102 patients who underwent prostatectomy, there was no significant difference in upgrading rates between RTB and combined biopsy (p=0.84). A RTB approach can maintain state-of-the-art detection rates while requiring fewer retrieved cores. This result informs decision making about biopsy site selection and total retrieved core count.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2006
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2001
DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.581
Abstract: Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus first appeared in Australia in 1995, when three clinical cases (two fatal) were diagnosed in residents on Badu Island in the Torres Strait, northern Queensland. More recently, two confirmed human JE cases were reported in the Torres Strait Islands and Cape York Peninsula, in northern Queensland in 1998. Shortly after JE virus activity was detected in humans and sentinel pigs on Badu Island in 1998, adult mosquitoes were collected using CO2 and octenol-baited CDC light traps 43 isolates of JE virus were recovered. Although Culex sitiens group mosquitoes yielded the majority of JE isolates (42), one isolate was also obtained from Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse). Four isolates of Ross River virus and nine isolates of Sindbis (SIN) virus were also recovered from members of the Culex sitiens group collected on Badu Island in 1998. In addition, 3,240 mosquitoes were speciated and pooled after being anesthetized with triethylamine (TEA). There was no significant difference in the minimum infection rate of mosquitoes anesthetized with TEA compared with those sorted on refrigerated tables (2.8 and 1.6 per 1,000 mosquitoes, respectively). Nucleotide analysis of the premembrane region and an overlapping region of the fifth nonstructural protein and 3' untranslated regions of representative 1998 Badu Island isolates of JE virus reveled they were identical to each other. Between 99.1% and 100% identity was observed between 1995 and 1998 isolates of JE from Badu Island, as well as isolates of JE from mosquitoes collected in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1997 and 1998. This suggests that the New Guinea mainland is the likely source of incursions of JE virus in Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF00360653
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 08-1988
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1979
DOI: 10.1111/J.1423-0410.1979.TB02292.X
Abstract: An attempt was made to confirm a previously reported association between HLA type B16 and resistance to infection with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine. No differences were found either in the ability of influenza virus to attach to fractionated white blood cells from HLB B16 subjects compared to cells from subjects of other HLA types, nor in the incidence of antibodies to three consecutive epidemic strains of influenza in sera from B16 subjects and control subjects. The association between HLA B16 and resistance to influenza could not be confirmed in a retrospective analysis of a clinical trial of a live attenuated influenza vaccine.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2008
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 12-1993
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 03-1995
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1996
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-1977
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 15-09-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268808001222
Abstract: Salmonella infections in Antarctic wildlife were first reported in 1970 and in a search for evidence linking isolations with exposure to human activities, a comparison was made of serovars reported from marine fauna in the Antarctic region from 1982–2004 with those from marine mammals in the Northern hemisphere. This revealed that 10 (83%) Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from Antarctic penguins and seals were classifiable in high-frequency (HF) quotients for serovars prevalent in humans and domesticated animals. In Australia, 16 (90%) HF serovars were isolated from marine birds and mammals compared with 12 (86%) HF serovars reported from marine mammals in the Northern hemisphere. In Western Australia, HF serovars from marine species were also recorded in humans, livestock, mussels, effluents and island populations of wildlife in urban coastal areas. Low-frequency S. enterica serovars were rarely detected in humans and not detected in seagulls or marine species. The isolation of S . Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4), PT8 and PT23 strains from Adélie penguins and a ersity of HF serovars reported from marine fauna in the Antarctic region and coastal areas of Australia, signal the possibility of transient serovars and endemic Salmonella strains recycling back to humans from southern latitudes in marine foodstuffs and feed ingredients.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 02-2006
Abstract: Alfuy virus (ALFV) is classified as a subtype of the flavivirus Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) however, despite preliminary reports of antigenic and ecological similarities with MVEV, ALFV has not been associated with human disease. Here, it was shown that ALFV is at least 10 4 -fold less neuroinvasive than MVEV after peripheral inoculation of 3-week-old Swiss outbred mice, but ALFV demonstrates similar neurovirulence. In addition, it was shown that ALFV is partially attenuated in mice that are deficient in α/β interferon responses, in contrast to MVEV which is uniformly lethal in these mice. To assess the antigenic relationship between these viruses, a panel of monoclonal antibodies was tested for the ability to bind to ALFV and MVEV in ELISA. Although the majority of monoclonal antibodies recognized both viruses, confirming their antigenic similarity, several discriminating antibodies were identified. Finally, the entire genome of the prototype strain of ALFV (MRM3929) was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. Nucleotide (73 %) and amino acid sequence (83 %) identity between ALFV and MVEV confirmed previous reports of their close relationship. Several nucleotide and amino acid deletions and/or substitutions with putative functional significance were identified in ALFV, including the abolition of a conserved glycosylation site in the envelope protein and the deletion of the terminal dinucleotide 5′-CU OH -3′ found in all other members of the genus. These findings confirm previous reports that ALFV is closely related to MVEV, but also highlights significant antigenic, genetic and phenotypic ergence from MVEV. Accordingly, the data suggest that ALFV is a distinct species within the serogroup Japanese encephalitis virus .
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1982
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 04-1975
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 06-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1987
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1991
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90180-8
Abstract: A novel approach was used to select the most suitable antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) and elution conditions for immunoaffinity purification of the NS1 protein of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE). Crude NS1 protein was subjected to a variety of chemical conditions produced by common elution buffers, and tested with a panel of NS1-specific mAbs by ELISA to determine which buffers denatured antigenic epitopes. Buffers that caused least structural damage to NS1 epitopes were tested by ELISA for dissociation of NS1-mAb complexes adsorbed to the solid phase. For each mAb analysed, the conditions required to break the mAb-NS1 complex on the solid phase were similar to those required to release antigen bound to mAb-sepharose beads. From these results we selected an appropriate antibody for affinity purification of the non-structural viral protein NS1 on CNBr-activated sepharose columns. Elution at pH 11.5 yielded good recoveries of highly pure and antigenically intact NS1 dimer. The results demonstrate that the appropriate ligand and optimal elution conditions can be rapidly determined generally by immunoassay in microtitre plates.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1981
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 04-1981
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 09-2003
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 05-2000
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.4137/EBO.S4966
Abstract: Edge Hill virus (EHV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus isolated throughout Australia during mosquito surveillance programs. While not posing an immediate threat to the human population, EHV is a taxonomically interesting flavivirus since it remains the only member of the yellow fever virus (YFV) sub-group to be detected within Australia. Here we present both an antigenic and genetic investigation of collected isolates, and confirm taxonomic classification of the virus within the YFV-group. Isolates were not clustered based on geographical origin or time of isolation, suggesting that minimal genetic evolution of EHV has occurred over geographic distance or time within the EHV cluster. However, two isolates showed significant differences in antigenic reactivity patterns, and had a much larger ergence from the EHV prototype (19% nucleotide and 6% amino acid ergence), indicating a distinct subtype or variant within the EHV subgroup.
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S11262-007-0091-2
Abstract: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a medically important mosquito-borne flavivirus found in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Partial envelope gene nucleotide sequences of 28 isolates of MVEV from Western Australia (WA) between 1972 and 2003 were aligned and compared phylogenetically with the prototype MVE-1-51 from Victoria in 1951 and isolates from northern Queensland and PNG. Monoclonal antibody-binding patterns were also investigated. Results showed that the majority of isolates of MVEV from widely disparate locations in WA were genetically and phenotypically homogeneous. Furthermore, isolates of MVEV from WA and northern Queensland were almost identical, confirming results from earlier studies. Recent isolates of MVEV from Western Province in PNG were more similar to Australian isolates of MVEV than to isolates from PNG in 1956 and 1966, providing further evidence for the movement of flaviviruses between PNG and Australia. Additional representatives of a unique variant of MVEV (OR156) from Kununurra in the northeast Kimberley region of WA were also detected. This suggests that the OR156 lineage is still intermittently active but may be restricted to a small geographic area in northern WA, possibly due to altered biological characteristics.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1071/MA20013
Abstract: At the end of December, 2019, a new disease of unknown aetiology appeared in Wuhan, China. It was quickly identified as a novel betacoronavirus, and related to SARS-CoV and a number of other bat-borne SARS-like coronaviruses. The virus rapidly spread to all provinces in China, as well as a number of countries overseas, and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the Director-General of the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. This paper describes the evolution of the outbreak, and the known properties of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical disease it causes, COVID-19, and comments on some of the important gaps in our knowledge of the virus and the disease it causes. The virus is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but appears to be the only one with pandemic potential.
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 02-1999
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2003
DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.249
Abstract: Incursions of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus into northern Queensland are currently monitored using sentinel pigs. However, the maintenance of these pigs is expensive, and because pigs are the major lifying hosts of the virus, they may contribute to JE transmission. Therefore, we evaluated a mosquito-based detection system to potentially replace the sentinel pigs. Single, inactivated JE-infected Culex annulirostris Skuse and C. sitiens Wiedemann were placed into pools of uninfected mosquitoes that were housed in a MosquitoMagnet Pro (MM) trap set under wet season field conditions in Cairns, Queensland for 0, 7, or 14 d. JE viral RNA was detected (cycling threshold [CT] = 40) in 11/12, 10/14, and 2/5 pools containing 200, 1,000, and 5,000 mosquitoes, respectively, using a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The ability to detect virus was not affected by the length of time pools were maintained under field conditions, although the CT score tended to increase with field exposure time. Furthermore, JE viral RNA was detected in three pools of 1,000 mosquitoes collected from Badu Island using a MM trap. These results indicated that a mosquito trap system employing self-powered traps, such as the MosquitoMagnet, and a real-time PCR system, could be used to monitor for JE in remote areas.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 1976
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1445-5994.2008.01688.X
Abstract: Climate change is unequivocal. The fourth assessment report of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change has recently projected that global average surface temperature will increase by 1.1 to 6.4 degrees C by 2100. Anthropogenic warming during the twenty-first century would be much greater than that observed in the twentieth century. Most of the warming observed over the last six decades is attributable to human activities. Climate change is already affecting, and will increasingly have profound effects on human health and well-being. Therefore, there is an urgent need for societies to take both preemptive and adaptive actions to protect human populations from adverse health consequences of climate change. It is time to mainstream health risks and their prevention in relation to the effects of climate change on the medical research and policy agenda.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1991
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-5381.1991.TB12526.X
Abstract: 1. The effects of a respiratory tract viral infection on beta-adrenoceptor density, distribution and function were investigated in murine airways. 2. Following intranasal inoculation of CBA/CaH mice with influenza A/PR-8/34 virus, the virus proliferated rapidly in trachea (peak titres 2 days post-inoculation) and lung (peak titres 4-6 days post-inoculation). Respiratory tract viral infection was associated with a significant increase in lung weight (88% higher than control mice at day 6 post-inoculation) that was related temporally to the development of peripheral lung inflammation and consolidation. 3. Analysis of specific binding of [125I]-cyanopindolol to beta-adrenoceptors revealed that on days 2, 4 and 8 post-inoculation with virus, mouse isolated tracheal sections contained, on average, 40% more beta-adrenoceptors than tracheal sections from time matched control mice. Subsequent quantitative autoradiographic studies demonstrated that this increase in total tracheal beta-adrenoceptors was due primarily to a 90% increase in the density of beta-adrenoceptors in the tracheal epithelium in virus-infected mice. 4. In contrast, virus-infection had no significant effect on the density of beta-adrenoceptors in tracheal airway smooth muscle, although within 2 days of inoculation with virus, mouse tracheal smooth muscle segments were approximately 2 fold less sensitive to the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, noradrenaline (mean pD2 = 6.57 +/- 0.04, n = 24) and to the adenylyl cyclase-activator forskolin (mean pD2 = 6.78 +/- 0.04, n = 12) compared to segments from control mice (mean pD2 = 6.84 +/- 0.06 for noradrenaline mean pD2 = 7.03 +/- 0.07 for forskolin). Similar values were obtained 8 days post-inoculation. At day 2, but not day 8 post-inoculation with virus, relaxation responses to theophylline were also marginally attenuated compared with controls.5. Mouse isolated tracheal segments obtained 2 days after virus inoculation and segments from timematched control mice were equisensitive to the spasmogenic actions of the muscarinic cholinoceptor agonist, carbachol. However, tracheal segments from mice inoculated with virus were less responsive to carbachol on day 4 (mean pD2 = 6.45 + 0.04, n = 8) and day 8 (mean pD2 = 6.45 +/- 0.02, n = 12) compared to control preparations (day 4, mean pD2 = 6.73 +/- 0.06, n = 8 day 8, mean pD2= 6.65 +/- 0.04, n = 12, P < 0.05). In contrast, endothelin-l-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle were notaffected by virus-infection.6. These data demonstrate that respiratory tract viral infection can produce significant tissue-selective changes in airway /beta-adrenoceptor density as well as small reductions in airway smooth muscle muscarinic cholinoceptor and /beta-adrenoceptor function.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1976
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1995
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-2002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF01321074
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 03-1999
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-6-1287
Abstract: The lack of an effective animal model has been a major obstacle in attempts to define the role of humoral and cellular immune responses in protection against flavivirus infection. We have used F1 hybrid mice (BALB/c x C3H/RV) that are heterozygous for the flavivirus resistance allele F1vr and show reduced virus replication in the brain after intracerebral inoculation. F1 hybrid mice challenged by intracerebral inoculation with Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus developed encephalitis 2-3 days later than a genetically susceptible strain (BALB/c) but showed a similar mortality rate. This delay in the onset of disease provided more opportunity for virus clearance by primed immune responses. Using F1 hybrid mice we were able to demonstrate protective immunity induced by structural and non-structural proteins of MVE virus by immunization with pure NS1 protein or recombinant vaccinia viruses that expressed various regions of the MVE genome. These constructs included VV-STR (C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A), VV-delta C (prM-E-Ns1-NS2A) and VV-NS1 (NS1-NS2A). VV-delta C vaccinated mice were completely protected (100% survival)from challenge with 1000 infectious units of MVE virus, while mice inoculated with VV-STR, VV-NS1 or pure NS1 were partially protected (40%, 47% and 85% respectively). Analysis of prechallenge sera and in vivo depletion studies revealed that the solid protection induced by VV-delta C was mediated by neutralizing antibody to the E protein and did not require a CD8+ T cell response. The partial protection provided by VV-STR, VV-NS1 and pure NS1 occurred after induction of antibody to NS1. However, depletion of CD8+ cells prior to virus challenge ablated the protection provided by VV-NS1 indicating some requirement for class I restricted cytotoxic T cells.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 08-2000
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-1927
Abstract: Since it was first described in Australia in 1994, Hendra virus (HeV) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. Our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to HeV in bats of the genus Pteropus , but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with HeV or a related virus. We developed the hypothesis that HeV excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tract for virus isolation. Three virus isolates were obtained from the uterine fluid and a pool of foetal lung and liver from one grey-headed flying-fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ), and from the foetal lung of one black flying-fox ( P. alecto ). Antigenically, these isolates appeared to be closely related to HeV, returning positive results on immunofluorescent antibody staining and constant-serum varying-virus neutralization tests. Using an HeV-specific oligonucleotide primer pair, genomic sequences of the isolates were lified. Sequencing of 200 nucleotides in the matrix gene identified that these three isolates were identical to HeV. Isolations were confirmed after RNA extracted from original material was positive for HeV RNA when screened on an HeV Taqman assay. The isolation of HeV from pteropid bats corroborates our earlier serological and epidemiological evidence that they are a natural reservoir host of the virus.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 03-1995
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 20-10-2016
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 8
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1979
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.1979.16
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6822(95)80018-2
Abstract: Previous studies have found Kunjin (KUN) virus isolates from within Australia to be genetically homogenous and that the envelope protein of the type strain (MRM61C) was unglycosylated and lacked a potential glycosylation site. We investigated the extent of antigenic variation between KUN virus isolates from Australia and Sarawak using an immunoperoxidase assay and a panel of six monoclonal antibodies. The glycosylation status of the E protein of each virus was also determined by N glycosidase F (PNGase F) digestion and limited sequence analysis. The results showed that KUN viruses isolated within Australia oscillated between three antigenic types defined by two epitopes whose expression was influenced by passage history and host cell type. In contrast an isolate from Sarawak formed a stable antigenic type that was not influenced by passage history and was distinct from all Australian isolates. PNGase F digestions of KUN isolates indicated that 19 of the 33 viruses possessed a glycosylated E protein. Nucleotide sequence of the 5' third of the E gene of selected KUN isolates revealed that a single base change in PNGase F sensitive strains changed the tripeptide N-Y-F (amino acids 154-156 of the published sequence) to the potential glycosylation site N-Y-S. Further analysis revealed that passage history also had a significant influence on glycosylation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-01-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 04-1989
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-1-23
Abstract: Natural resistance to flaviviruses in mice is controlled by a single genetic locus, FIv, on chromosome 5. Although the mechanism of this resistance is not fully understood, it is believed to operate at the level of virus replication rather than the immune response. It has been hypothesized that enhanced production of viral defective interfering (DI) particles is responsible for a substantial reduction in the titres of infectious virus in resistant mice. However, this has never been established at the molecular level since such particles have not been isolated and characterized. We have studied the products of virus replication in the brains of flavivirus-susceptible C3H/HeJ (Flv(s)) and -resistant congenic C3H/RV (Flv(r)) mice after an intracerebral challenge (i.c.) with Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and have found no evidence for the accumulation of truncated viral RNA in the brains of resistant mice. All three major viral RNA species, the replicative intermediate (RI), replicative form (RF) and virion RNA (vRNA) together with a subgenomic RNA species of 0.6 kb, which has not been previously described, were present in the brains of both mouse strains. However, the viral RF and RI RNA forms preferentially accumulated in the brains of resistant mice. Thus, we confirm that the resistance allele Flv(r) interferes with discrete steps in flavivirus replication, although the precise mechanism remains to be determined.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 06-1991
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2001
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 09-1973
Publisher: The Sax Institute
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/NB10076
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF01309729
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 1990
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-1-241
Abstract: The 5' non-coding region of the genomes of 11 isolates of Murray Valley encephalitis virus from Australia and Papua New Guinea were examined by primer extension sequencing. Although the 5' non-coding region of all isolates was found to be highly conserved, three isolates were significantly different in that they contained extra uridine residues. Two of these isolates from Papua New Guinea contained an extra uridine residue, nominally positioned after nucleotide 54, which was absent from all but one of the Australian isolates tested. This isolate (OR 156) contained a further uridine residue at the same site. These results provide further support for earlier observations on the genetic relationships between these isolates, in particular that OR 156 is more closely related to the Papua New Guinea strains than to the Australian strains.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 26-06-2014
Abstract: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) ( Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus), a mosquito-borne pathogen of humans and horses, is endemic to the Australasian region. We report here the complete genomes of the prototype strains of MVEV genotypes 2, 3, and 4.
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 2009
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 27-09-1969
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 06-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1991
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90110-L
Abstract: The design of oligonucleotides used for hybridisation studies often utilises available sequence information of the type strain of a particular virus. If hybridisation studies, using such oligonucleotides, are carried out with field isolates of the same virus, the problem of base pair mismatches and consequent difficulties in detection may arise. This study examined the effect of base pair mismatches on the hybridisation between membrane-bound Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) RNA derived from various strains and deliberately mismatched oligonucleotide probes. Under conditions of very low stringency, probes containing up to 5 mismatches were able to detect MVE RNA, but not yeast RNA. Under washing conditions of increased stringency, hybridisation could be detected between MVE virus RNA and probes with only 3 to 4 mismatches. However, the extent of this interaction was dependent on the number and type of mismatches and their relative sequence position.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 23-01-2012
DOI: 10.5694/MJA11.11026
Abstract: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is found across Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. MVEV is endemic to northern Australia and causes occasional outbreaks across south-eastern Australia. 2011 saw a dramatic increase in MVEV activity in endemic regions and the re-emergence of MVEV in south-eastern Australia. This followed significant regional flooding and increased numbers of the main mosquito vector, Culex annulirostris, and was evident from the widespread seroconversion of sentinel chickens, fatalities among horses and several cases in humans, resulting in at least three deaths. The last major outbreak in Australia was in 1974, during which 58 cases were identified and the mortality rate was about 20%. With the potential for a further outbreak of MVEV in the 2011-2012 summer and following autumn, we highlight the importance of this disease, its clinical characteristics and radiological and laboratory features. We present a suspected but unproven case of MVEV infection to illustrate some of the challenges in clinical management. It remains difficult to establish an early diagnosis of MVEV infection, and there is a lack of proven therapeutic options.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-1975
DOI: 10.1007/BF01320560
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 16-10-2008
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 12-2002
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-07-2020
DOI: 10.3390/V12070717
Abstract: Metagenomics revealed an impressive breadth of previously unrecognized viruses. Here, we report the virome of the Culex annulirostris Skuse mosquito, an important vector of pathogenic arboviruses in Australia. Mosquitoes were collected from three sites in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing (HTS) revealed the presence of 16 novel viral sequences that share less than 90% identity with known viruses. None were closely related to pathogenic arboviruses. Viruses were distributed unevenly across sites, indicating a heterogeneous Cx. annulirostris virome. Polymerase chain reaction assays confirmed HTS data and identified marked variation between the virus prevalence identified at each site.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 17-12-1999
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 10-1977
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2001
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1980
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.1980.19
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2023
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-11-2015
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-05-2019
DOI: 10.3390/V11050471
Abstract: In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of ersity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1979
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.1979.33
Publisher: World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
Date: 02-07-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-1998
Abstract: Inherited resistance to flaviviruses in laboratory mice is a rare trait conferred by an autosomal dominant gene (Flvr). To provide information on genetic resistance to flaviviruses in wild mice, we analysed (i) wild M. m. domesticus trapped in Australia, and (ii) mice representing other species and subspecies in the genus Mus. Mice were screened for resistance relative to C3H/HeJ mice by intracerebral challenge with Murray Valley encephalitis virus or yellow fever virus, and breeding studies were undertaken to identify inherited resistance factors. Widespread flavivirus resistance was demonstrated in Australian M. m. domesticus. A single, autosomal dominant Flvr-like gene appeared to be primarily responsible, but there was some evidence for additional inherited resistance factors. Flavivirus resistance was also identified in other taxonomic groups, and a genetic basis for this resistance was demonstrated in M. m. musculus (Skive), M. spretus, and M. spicilegus. Interestingly, M. m. musculus (CZI-O) were more susceptible than C3H/HeJ mice. Our findings show that genetic resistance to flaviviruses is common in ergent taxonomic groups in the genus Mus, suggesting that the trait has an ancient evolutionary origin, but whether flavivirus resistance genes have an anti-viral role or serve some other function is unknown.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-07-2020
DOI: 10.3390/V12070732
Abstract: Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a medically important mosquito-borne alphavirus endemic to Australia. Symptomatic disease can be a major cause of morbidity, associated with fever, rash, and debilitating arthralgia. BFV disease is similar to that caused by Ross River virus (RRV), the other major Australian alphavirus. Currently, just four BFV whole-genome sequences are available with no genome-scale phylogeny in existence to robustly characterise genetic ersity. Thirty novel genome sequences were derived for this study, for a final 34-taxon dataset s led over a 44 year period. Three distinct BFV genotypes were characterised (G1–3) that have circulated in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Evidence of spatio-temporal co-circulation of G2 and G3 within regions of Australia was noted, including in the South West region of Western Australia (WA) during the first reported disease outbreaks in the state’s history. Compared with RRV, the BFV population appeared more stable with less frequent emergence of novel lineages. Preliminary in vitro assessment of RRV and BFV replication kinetics found that RRV replicates at a significantly faster rate and to a higher, more persistent titre compared with BFV, perhaps indicating mosquitoes may be infectious with RRV for longer than with BFV. This investigation resolved a greater ersity of BFV, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and history was attained.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1995
DOI: 10.1016/0928-0197(95)00009-W
Abstract: Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito borne alphavirus that has been found in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. It is aetiological agent of epidemic polyarthritis, a debilitating illness whose symptoms are arthritis, arthralgia, lethargy, rash and fever which may persist for weeks or months. Diagnosis is made on a serological basis, but in many cases is presumptive rather than definite. To apply the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detection of RRV in human sera to assess its suitability for application in disease diagnosis. Sensitivity of the nested RT-PCR assay was determined by detection of virus of known titre diluted in uninfected serum. Clinical serum s les from patients serologically diagnosed of having RRV infection were tested by nested RT-PCR to assess its diagnostic value. Sensitivity of the nested RT-PCR assay was determined to be detection of 0.01 PFU of virus stock in 100 mul serum. Clinical s les tested showed that 10 of 26 (38%) serum s les with low or negative (non-diagnostic) virus-specific antibody titres were PCR-positive, whereas all 22 specimens with high antibody titres were PCR-negative. PCR positivity was unaffected by repeated freezing and thawing of s les. While PCR cannot replace serology as a means of RRV diagnosis, it may be useful in conjunction with serological testing, particularly for forming definitive diagnoses in those s les with low (inconclusive) antibody titres. It is faster and more sensitive than virus isolation by tissue culture, and could also prove useful in investigations of disease pathogenesis.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1990
Abstract: A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in routine Papanicolaou (Pap) smears collected by general practitioners from Western Australian women in each of the years 1972, 1982, and 1987. HPV infection was detected by cytology, dot-blot hybridization, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was found that the prevalence of HPV infection remained unchanged over the 15 year study period, was independent of age, and was associated with normal cytology at a rate far greater than previously recognized. Indeed, the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions, as detected by cytology, was 3.0% in 1972 and 3.8% in 1982 and 1987. The prevalence of HPV infection, detected as koilocytosis or parakeratosis, was 6.5%, 6.8%, and 5.3% in smears collected in 1972, 1982, and 1987, respectively, from 1,800 women. In 237 cytologically normal smears reprocessed for HPV-DNA studies, the prevalence of HPV 16 was determined to be 15.6%, 11.2%, and 17.8% in 1972, 1982, and 1987, respectively, as determined by dot-blot hybridization. However, the PCR detected HPV 16 in an additional 55.5%, 62.9%, and 57.0% of cytologically normal and dot-blot negative smears. The prevalence of HPV 16 infection in cytologically normal smears was estimated to be 71.0%, 74.1%, and 74.8% in 1972, 1982, and 1987, respectively, by combining the HPV 16 dot-blot and PCR-positive results. The high prevalence of HPV 16 in cytologically normal Pap smears suggests that infection with HPV 16, as detected by PCR lification, does not place women in a high-risk category for cervical cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90054-X
Abstract: A sensitive nested RT-PCR that can be carried out in a single tube is described. The sensitivity of this system was determined, and compared to that of a single round of PCR, and a single round of PCR followed by hybridisation with a radiolabelled oligonucleotide probe. We found that with the one-tube nested RT-PCR we were able to detect 0.1 pfu/ml of Ross River virus. The nested RT-PCR was 100-times more sensitive than a single round of RT-PCR followed by hybridisation, and 10,000-times more sensitive than a single round of RT-PCR alone. This system provides a sensitive detection of Ross River virus, and can be adapted for detection of RNA from any source. The test material is added to a single tube at the outset, and by subsequent addition of two sets of reagents, the entire nested RT-PCR can be carried out in the same tube. This system has maximum sensitivity, minimises risk of contamination, and is amenable to automation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2000
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(200006)61:2<259::AID-JMV13>3.0.CO;2-M
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Abstract: To assess evidence of recent and past exposure to Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and West Nile clade Kunjin virus (KUNV) in residents of the Murray Valley, Victoria, during a period of demonstrated activity of both viruses in early 2011. A cross-sectional serosurvey using two convenience s les: stored serum specimens from a diagnostic laboratory in Mildura and blood donors from the Murray Valley region. Specimens were collected between April and July 2011. The main outcome measure was total antibody (IgM and IgG) reactivity against MVEV and KUNV measured using an enzyme immunoassay and defined as inhibiting binding of monoclonal antibodies by >50%, when compared to negative controls. Evidence of recent exposure was measured by the presence of MVEV and KUNV IgM detected by immunofluorescence. Of 1,115 specimens, 24 (2.2%, 95% CI 1.3-3.0%) were positive for MVEV total antibody, and all were negative for MVEV IgM. Of 1,116 specimens, 34 (3.1%, 95% CI 2.0-4.0%) were positive for KUNV total antibody, and 3 (0.27%) were KUNV IgM positive. Total antibody seroprevalence for both viruses was higher in residents born before 1974. Despite widespread MVEV and KUNV activity in early 2011, this study found that seroprevalence of antibodies to both viruses was low (<5%) and little evidence of recent exposure. Our findings suggest both viruses remain epizootic in the region and local residents remain potentially susceptible to future outbreaks.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1995
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2003
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 09-1996
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2001
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-1978
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1990
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 02-07-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2001
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-02-2019
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED4010038
Abstract: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disease in Asia. It is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted between water birds and/or pigs by Culex mosquitoes humans are dead-end hosts. In 1995, JEV emerged for the first time in northern Australia causing an unprecedented outbreak in the Torres Strait. In this article, we revisit the history of JEV in Australia and describe investigations of JEV transmission cycles in the Australian context. Public health responses to the incipient outbreak included vaccination and sentinel pig surveillance programs. Virus isolation and vector competence experiments incriminated Culex annulirostris as the likely regional vector. The role this species plays in transmission cycles depends on the availability of domestic pigs as a blood source. Experimental evidence suggests that native animals are relatively poor lifying hosts of JEV. The persistence and predominantly annual virus activity between 1995 and 2005 suggested that JEV had become endemic in the Torres Strait. However, active surveillance was discontinued at the end of 2005, so the status of JEV in northern Australia is unknown. Novel mosquito-based surveillance systems provide a means to investigate whether JEV still occurs in the Torres Strait or is no longer a risk to Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 09-2001
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-05-2019
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED4020088
Abstract: It has become increasingly clear over the past three decades that the majority of novel, emergent zoonotic infectious diseases originate in animals, especially wildlife [...]
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1976
DOI: 10.1017/S0022172400055790
Abstract: The effects of cigarette smoking on the incidence of epidemic influenza and on the serological response to influenza vaccination with killed subunit and live attenuated vaccines have been investigated during comparative vaccine trials in Western Australia. It was found that cigarette smokers with no pre-epidemic haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody (titres of ≤ 12) were significantly more susceptible to epidemic influenza than non-smokers. Smokers were no more susceptible however, if they had possessed detectable pre-epidemic HI antibody. A significantly higher proportion of smokers sero-converted after receiving the live virus vaccine than their non-smoking counterparts, but this could not be correlated with pre-vaccination HI antibody titres. The longevity of the immune response to the subunit vaccine was severely depressed 50 weeks post-vaccination in smokers who had possessed little or no immunity before vaccination (titres of ≤ 12). This antibody deficit was not observed in live virus vaccinees or subunit vaccinees with pre-vaccination HI antibody (titres of ≥ 24). Post-vaccinal symptoms were similar regardless of vaccine group or smoking history.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 07-1976
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-12-2014
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 10-1989
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-10-2819
Abstract: The genomes of 22 isolates of Kunjin virus (KUN) from Australia were characterized and compared using RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. The results show that all isolates belonged to one topotype, the distribution of which covered the entire Australian continent. This finding is similar to that of Murray Valley encephalitis virus, but in contrast to the results reported for some other flaviviruses such as Saint Louis encephalitis virus.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1007/S00705-003-0238-Y
Abstract: Inborn resistance to flaviviruses, conferred by a single chromosome 5 locus Flv, is a genetic trait operative in wild mice and a few strains of laboratory mice. In this study we have used in situ hybridisation to trace the spread of flavivirus genomic RNA within the brains of flavivirus susceptible C3H/HeJARC and congenic resistant C3H.PRI- Flv(r) mice following infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) in parallel to studying a brain histopathology and induction of cellular genes involved in antiviral response. We find that in contrast to a high viral RNA content in brains of susceptible mice, viral RNA was markedly reduced in the cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus and hypothalamus of resistant mice. Trace amounts of viral RNA were detected in the medulla oblongata while it was completely absent from the hippoc us, pons and cerebellum of resistant mice at different time points post infection. The low virus titres within brains of resistant mice coincided with a very mild inflammation, low counts of infiltrating inflammatory cells, and lower IFN I/II and TNFalpha gene induction than in susceptible mice. Furthermore, transcripts of several genes belonging to a 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase ( OAS) family, implicated in IFN I-inducible OAS/RNase L antiviral pathway, showed similar brain tissue induction in both strains of mice suggesting only minor contribution of this pathway to the resistance phenotype.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2009
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2002
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-1981
DOI: 10.1007/BF01314599
Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.1289/EHP.11680
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 11-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-03-2014
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 08-1998
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1995
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1988
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 10-2001
DOI: 10.4269/AJTMH.2001.65.379
Abstract: The flavivirus Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus has recently emerged in the Australasian region. To investigate the involvement of infections with related enzootic flaviviruses, namely Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and Kunjin (KUN) virus, on immunity of pigs to JE virus and to provide a basis for interpretation of serologic data, experimental infections were conducted with combinations of these viruses. Antibody responses to primary and secondary infections were evaluated using panels of monoclonal antibody-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and microtiter serum neutralization tests (mSNTs). Identification of the primary infecting virus was possible only using the mSNTs. Following challenge, unequivocal diagnosis was impossible due to variation in immune responses between animals and broadened and/or anamnestic responses. Viremia for JE virus was readily detected in pigs following primary infection, but was not detected following prior exposure to MVE or KUN viruses. Boosted levels of existing cross-neutralizing antibodies to JE virus suggested a role for this response in suppressing JE viremia.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-03-2021
DOI: 10.3390/V13030482
Abstract: Ross River virus (RRV) is the most medically significant mosquito-borne virus of Australia, in terms of human morbidity. RRV cases, characterised by febrile illness and potentially persistent arthralgia, have been reported from all Australian states and territories. RRV was the cause of a large-scale epidemic of multiple Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) from 1979 to 1980, involving at least 50,000 cases. Historical evidence of RRV seropositivity beyond Australia, in populations of Papua New Guinea (PNG), Indonesia and the Solomon Islands, has been documented. We describe the genomic characterisation and timescale analysis of the first isolate of RRV to be s led from PNG to date. Our analysis indicates that RRV has evolved locally within PNG, independent of Australian lineages, over an approximate 40 year period. The mean time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the unique PNG clade coincides with the initiation of the PICTs epidemic in mid-1979. This may indicate that an ancestral variant of the PNG clade was seeded into the region during the epidemic, a period of high RRV transmission. Further epidemiological and molecular-based surveillance is required in PNG to better understand the molecular epidemiology of RRV in the general Australasian region.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-1979
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1982
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 08-1988
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-8-1903
Abstract: The genomes of 21 isolates of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) from Australia and Papua New Guinea were characterized and compared using RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Most Australian isolates grouped in clusters that were linked with a similarity coefficient of greater than 75%, indicating substantial homogeneity. Two isolates grouped as a cluster that linked with other isolates at a level of 67%. These two isolates, one from the north and one from the south-east of Australia were very similar and could demonstrate the movement of MVE between these areas. This notion is substantiated by genetic homogeneity of isolates from the Kimberley region and from south-eastern Australia. One Australian isolate (OR 156) and the Papua New Guinea isolate (MK 6684) were substantially different from each other as well as from the other isolates. No evidence was found for a poly(A) tract in the genome of MVE.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1975
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1999
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 03-2001
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-1979
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1038/EMI.2017.103
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/V14112480
Abstract: A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in northern Australia in early 2021. Sequence studies showed that the virus belonged to genotype IV (GIV), a genotype previously believed to be restricted to the Indonesian archipelago. This was the first locally acquired case of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) GIV to occur outside Indonesia, and the second confirmed fatal human case caused by a GIV virus. A closely related GIV JEV strain subsequently caused a widespread outbreak in eastern Australia in 2022 that was first detected by fetal death and abnormalities in commercial piggeries. Forty-two human cases also occurred with seven fatalities. This has been the first major outbreak of JEV in mainland Australia, and geographically the largest virgin soil outbreak recorded for JEV. This outbreak provides an opportunity to discuss and document the factors involved in the virus’ spread and its ecology in a novel ecological milieu in which other flaviviruses, including members of the JE serological complex, also occur. The probable vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors are discussed with respect to virus spread and its possible endemicity in Australia, and the need to develop a One Health approach to develop improved surveillance methods to rapidly detect future outbreak activity across a large geographical area containing a sparse human population. Understanding the spread of JEV in a novel ecological environment is relevant to the possible threat that JEV may pose in the future to other receptive geographic areas, such as the west coast of the United States, southern Europe or Africa.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2023
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 10-2000
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-10-2471
Abstract: The complete genomic and predicted amino acid sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) FU strain, a human isolate recovered from the first outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in Australian territory, was determined. Comparison of the FU genome with 15 fully sequenced JEV genomes revealed high levels of sequence identity, ranging from 88·7% (GP78) to 89·7% (K94P05) for nucleotides and 96·8% (K94P05) to 98·0% (JaGAr01) for amino acid sequences. A total of 39 unique amino acid differences were found in the FU strain polyprotein. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available full-length JEV genomes and a selection of 64 E gene sequences from temporally and geographically erse JEV strains. For comparison with the E gene phylogeny, phylogenetic analysis using cognate prM gene sequences was also carried out. The FU strain was found to be most closely related to Korean isolate K94P05 in the full-length analysis and to Southeast Asian strains in the E and prM gene analyses. The E gene analysis corresponded well with the prM gene analysis and with previous genotyping studies using the prM gene. The epidemiological implications of this investigation are discussed.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1071/ZO03042
Abstract: A study was undertaken in the south-west of Western Australia to investigate potential vertebrate hosts of Barmah Forest virus (BFV), Sindbis virus (SINV) and Trubanaman virus (TRUV) following isolation of these viruses from mosquitoes collected during routine surveillance for arboviruses. Over 3000 animal and human sera collected between 1979 and 1995 were tested for the presence of neutralising antibodies to each of the viruses. The overall prevalence of antibodies to BFV, SINV and TRUV was 0.4%, 0.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Antibodies to BFV were detected only in quokkas (3.2%), horses (1.2%) and humans (0.9%). No definitive evidence of infection with BFV was detected in s les collected prior to 1992, supporting previous suggestions that BFV was introduced into the region after this time. Antibodies to SINV were detected in western native cats (16.7%), emus (4.5%), rabbits (0.8%) and horses (0.7%), and evidence of TRUV infection was most common in western grey kangaroos (21.1%), feral pigs (3.6%), rabbits (2.4%), foxes (2.3%), quokkas (1.6%) and horses (1.6%).
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 06-2001
Abstract: Over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include Japanese encephalitis, Barmah Forest, Ross River, and Chikungunya viruses. However, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. The first of these disease agents to emerge was Hendra virus, formerly called equine morbillivirus. This was followed by outbreaks caused by a rabies-related virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, and a virus associated with porcine stillbirths and malformations, Menangle virus. Nipah virus caused an outbreak of fatal pneumonia in pigs and encephalitis in humans in the Malay Peninsula. Most recently, Tioman virus has been isolated from flying foxes, but it has not yet been associated with animal or human disease. Of nonzoonotic viruses, the most important regionally have been enterovirus 71 and HIV.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(92)90084-Q
Abstract: A sensitive, single tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol for the detection of Ross River virus (RRV) is described. All components necessary for both reverse transcription and PCR were combined in a single tube, and reverse transcription and PCR carried out sequentially in a single, non-interrupted thermal cycling program. The antisense oligonucleotide from the two primers selected for use in the PCR also served to prime specifically for the reverse transcription. The 549 bp product was detected by electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. The detection limit using this system was 18 fg of purified viral RNA or 1.3 pfu of whole virus. Greater sensitivity cannot reasonably be expected unless a more sensitive method than electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining is used for PCR product detection, such as nested PCR or hybridisation with labelled probe. This PCR detection system will be adapted for detection of RRV in mosquito populations for virus surveillance programs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1995
Abstract: We examined the molecular epidemiology and evolution of Ross River (RR) virus in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Nucleotide sequences of the E2 and E3 genes of five RR virus strains revealed remarkable conservation between 1959 and 1989 with a maximum ergence of only 3.3%. Sequence data from a 505-base pair fragment of the E2 gene from 51 additional strains showed that RR virus has erged genetically into three separate groups although at least 95% sequence homology was still maintained between all 56 strains. Each genetic type predominates in a particular geographic region of Australia and can be broadly defined as occurring in the western, northeastern, and southeastern regions of Australia. However, some RR virus strains did not follow this pattern of geographic distribution indicating movement of virus by the travel of viremic humans or livestock across the continent. The Pacific Islands isolates all belong to the southeastern genotype. These findings suggest genetic ergence and independent evolution of RR virus within geographically isolated enzootic foci however, selective pressures maintain high nucleotide conservation in nature.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1998
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for John Mackenzie.