ORCID Profile
0000-0002-8458-4159
Current Organisation
University of Melbourne
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1999
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 03-05-2020
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BFWXJPFN
Abstract: A pelvic nerve array is custom designed for implantation onto the pelvic nerve of male rats. This device is used for long-term (recovery) experiments. The device can electrically stimulate the pelvic nerve as well as record electrically evoked or spontaneous neural activity. Previously, we have successfully implanted rats for 2 months with no reports of biological adverse complications or damage sustained to the array. The surgical procedure is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation, including methods of anesthesia, surgical environment, and post-operative monitoring and care.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 14-12-2021
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.B2UEQETE
Abstract: This collection includes the protocols required to map the lower urinary tract afferent projections to the lumbosacral spinal cord of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Afferents can be visualized using 3D reconstruction of alternating sections in TissueMaker (MBF Bioscience), or through the immunolabelling and clearing method, iDISCO. The following protocols are performed, regardless of endpoint: STAGE 1: Use of cholera toxin subunit B to label neural projections to lower urinary tract organs. STAGE 2: Intracardiac perfusion with fixative for anatomical studies. The next set of protocols pertain to the 3D reconstruction of spinal cord from alternating sections. STAGE 3: Immunohistochemical labelling of lower urinary tract afferents in spinal cord. STAGE 4: Quantitation of lower urinary tract afferents in 3D reconstruction of lumbosacral spinal cord sections For the visualization of lower urinary tract afferents in the intact spinal cord, skip Stages 3 and 4, and instead use Stage 5: STAGE 5: Immunolabelling and clearing of intact spinal cord for visualization of lower urinary tract afferents
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BYQDPVS6
Abstract: The whole-mount immunolabeling and clearing method (iDISCO) was used to visualize cholera toxin subunit B-labelled lower urinary tract afferents in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. Imaging of spinal cord was performed on a light sheet microscope with a 12x lens. Concurrently, choline acetyltransferase identified preganglionic autonomic neurons and motoneurons within the spinal cord, which were used to confirm the rostrocaudal location of afferents.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-07-2014
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.23648
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 24-10-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-02-2009
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.21986
Abstract: Spinal cord injury commonly causes chronic, neuropathic pain. The mechanisms are poorly understood but may include structural plasticity within spinal and supraspinal circuits. Our aim was to determine whether structural remodeling within the dorsal horn rostral to an incomplete injury differs from a complete spinal cord transection. Four immunohistochemical populations of primary afferent C-fibers, and descending catecholamine and serotonergic projections, were examined in segments T9-T12 at 2 and 12 weeks after a T13 clip-compression injury in adult male rats. Dorsal root ganglia were also examined. Two weeks after injury, fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or GDNF-family receptors (GFRalpha1, GFRalpha2, GFRalpha3) showed distinct injury responses within the superficial dorsal horn. CGRP fibers decreased, but GFRalpha1, GFRalpha2 and GFRalpha3 fibers did not change. In contrast, all groups were decreased by 12 weeks after injury. Catecholamine fibers showed a decrease at 2 weeks followed by an increase in density at 12 weeks, whereas serotonergic fibers showed a decrease (restricted to deep dorsal horn) at 12 weeks. These results show that the dorsal horn of the spinal cord undergoes substantial structural plasticity rostral to a compression injury, with the most profound effect being a prolonged and possibly permanent loss of primary afferent fibers. This loss was more extensive and more prolonged than the loss that follows spinal cord transection. Our results provide further evidence that anatomical reorganization of sensory and nociceptive dorsal horn circuits rostral to an injury could factor in the development or maintenance of spinal cord injury pain.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.21025
Abstract: The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) orchestrates autonomic and other behavioral and physiological responses to conditioned stimuli that are aversive or elicit fear. As a related CeA function is the expression of hypoalgesia induced by conditioned stimuli or systemic morphine administration, we examined postsynaptic opioid modulation of neurons in each major CeA sub ision. Following electrophysiological recording, biocytin-filled neurons were precisely located in CeA regions identified by chemoarchitecture (enkephalin-immunoreactivity) and cytoarchitecture (DAPI nuclear staining) in fixed adult rat brain slices. This revealed a striking distribution of physiological types, as 92% of neurons in capsular CeA were classified as late-firing, whereas no neurons in the medial CeA were of this class. In contrast, 60% or more of neurons in the lateral and medial CeA were low-threshold bursting neurons. Mu-opioid receptor (MOPR) agonists induced postsynaptic inhibitory potassium currents in 61% of CeA cells, and this ratio was maintained in each sub ision and for each physiological class of neuron. However, MOPR agonists more frequently inhibited bipolar/fusiform cells than triangular or multipolar neurons. A subpopulation of MOPR-expressing neurons were also inhibited by delta opioid receptor agonists, whereas a separate population were inhibited kappa opioid receptors (KOPR). The MOPR agonist DAMGO inhibited 9/9 CeM neurons with projections to the parabrachial nucleus identified by retrograde tracer injection. These data support models of striatopallidal organization that have identified striatal-like and pallidal-like CeA regions. Opioids can directly inhibit output from each sub ision by activating postsynaptic MOPRs or KOPRs on distinct subpopulations of opioid-sensitive neurons.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.21464
Abstract: The lateral sub ision of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) comprises two groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons that express corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and enkephalin. Regulation of the expression and release of these neuropeptides by glucocorticoids and other factors has been suggested to have a regulatory function on the erse somatic, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses that are coordinated by the CeA. Because another opioid peptide, dynorphin, has been reported to be also expressed by neurons in the lateral CeA, this study examined the neuronal expression of this kappa-opioid (KOP) receptor-preferring ligand by using immunohistochemistry for the precursor peptide prodynorphin. Prodynorphin neurons in the extended amygdala were observed mostly in the medial and central regions of the lateral CeA and the oval of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). About one-third of the prodynorphin neurons in the CeA coexpressed CRH, whereas no coexpression with CRH was detected in the BST. Prodynorphin was not expressed by calbindin neurons in the medial part of the lateral CeA, and indirect evidence suggested that it was not expressed by enkephalin neurons. Coexpression of prodynorphin in extrahypothalamic CRH neurons in the CeA could provide an anatomical basis for regulation of the stress responses and other CRH-related functions by the brain dynorphin/KOP receptor system.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1989
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90069-4
Abstract: Immunoreactivity (IR) to galanin (GAL) was detected in a wide range of peripheral autonomic neurons in the toad Bufo marinus. Forty percent of adrenergic nerve cell bodies in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia had GAL-IR in addition to neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR. Some of these neurons projected to systemic arteries. GAL-IR was localized in parasympathetic neurons supplying the heart, lung, pulmonary artery, bladder, rectum and tongue. Eighty-two percent of intracardiac vagal nerve cell bodies had both GAL-IR and somatostatin (SOM)-IR. GAL-IR and SOM-IR were also co-localized in cholinergic post-ganglionic vagal neurons supplying the lung musculature and the pulmonary artery, and in neurons intrinsic to the bladder. Many postganglionic glossopharyngeal neurons in the tongue contained both GAL-IR and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR. Therefore, in Bufo marinus, a GAL-like peptide, in combination with other peptides or with adrenaline or acetylcholine, may be involved in neurotransmission in several different functional classes of autonomic neurons.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROPHARM.2007.05.017
Abstract: Opioid-induced analgesia can be followed by spontaneous pain in humans, and hyperalgesia in rodents. In this study, opioid-induced hyperalgesia was measured by the tail-flick test when acute abstinence was precipitated by administering naloxone to drug naive rats that had experienced morphine analgesia for only 30 min. In a further experiment, the drug treatment that previously caused opioid-induced hyperalgesia was found to increase neurons expressing nuclear c-Fos or zif268 proteins in extended amygdalar regions targeted by projections of the ascending spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid nociceptive pathway. Transcription factor induction, however, was not detected in multiple brain regions known to respond in parallel with the same extended amygdalar structures when (1) rats are exposed to interoceptive hysical stressors, or (2) naloxone is used to precipitate abstinence in opioid dependent rats. Surprisingly, in many regions c-Fos induction by morphine was reduced or blocked by naloxone, even though these subjects had also experienced the effects of morphine for 30 min prior to antagonist administration. It is suggested transcription factor induction during opioid hyperalgesia in non-dependent rats could support the induction or consolidation of neural plasticity in nociceptive amygdaloid circuitry previously suggested to function in bi-directional control of pain and expression of pain-related behaviors.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKDICS6
Abstract: This protocol describes confocal microscopy and image analysis procedures for characterizing neuronal cell bodies and their associated synaptic boutons in thick (50 µm) cryosections. The protocol has been applied to rat pelvic ganglia, where neuronal cell bodies have been identified using immunohistochemical markers of specific neuron populations and/or fluorescent retrograde tracer.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 25-11-2021
Abstract: Objective. Neuromodulation of visceral nerves is being intensively studied for treating a wide range of conditions, but effective translation requires increasing the efficacy and predictability of neural interface performance. Here we use computational models of rat visceral nerve to predict how neuroanatomical variability could affect both electrical stimulation and recording with an experimental planar neural interface. Approach. We developed a hybrid computational pipeline, Vi sceral N erve E nsemble R ecording and S timulation (ViNERS), to couple finite-element modelling of extracellular electrical fields with biophysical simulations of in idual axons. Anatomical properties of fascicles and axons in rat pelvic and vagus nerves were measured or obtained from public datasets. To validate ViNERS, we simulated pelvic nerve stimulation and recording with an experimental four-electrode planar array. Main results. Axon diameters measured from pelvic nerve were used to model a population of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and simulate recordings of electrically evoked single-unit field potentials (SUFPs). Across visceral nerve fascicles of increasing size, our simulations predicted an increase in stimulation threshold and a decrease in SUFP litude. Simulated threshold changes were dominated by changes in perineurium thickness, which correlates with fascicle diameter. We also demonstrated that ViNERS could simulate recordings of electrically-evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) that were qualitatively similar to pelvic nerve recording made with the array used for simulation. Significance. We introduce ViNERS as a new open-source computational tool for modelling large-scale stimulation and recording from visceral nerves. ViNERS predicts how neuroanatomical variation in rat pelvic nerve affects stimulation and recording with an experimental planar electrode array. We show ViNERS can simulate ECAPS that capture features of our recordings, but our results suggest the underlying NEURON models need to be further refined and specifically adapted to accurately simulate visceral nerve axons.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.CELREP.2022.110852
Abstract: The eye is considered immune privileged such that immune responses are d ened to protect vision. As the most anterior compartment of the eye, the cornea is exposed to pathogens and can mount immune responses that recruit effector T cells. However, presence of immune memory in the cornea is not defined. Here, we use intravital 2-photon microscopy to examine T cell responses in the cornea in mice. We show that recruitment of CD8
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BYQFPVTN
Abstract: This protocol details the 3D reconstruction of the lumbosacral spinal cord using alternating cryosections, and then goes through the steps required to quantify lower urinary tract afferents. Using TissueMaker (MBF Bioscience), images of alternating sections can be ordered and aligned prior to the production of a single image stack. In Neurolucida 360 (MBF Bioscience), regions of interest can be defined within the image stack, and the bouton-like immunolabelling of cholera toxin B can be segmented. Once saved, this data can then be extracted using Neurolucida Explorer (MBF Bioscience).
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKKICUW
Abstract: This protocol is used for immunohistochemical visualisation of immediate early gene expression (c-Fos or Egr-1) in cryosections of rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Free-floating sections are processed in a double labelling protocol to distinguish immediate early gene expression in different neurochemical classes of spinal cord neurons: ChAT [choline acetyltransferase]: preganglionic neurons TH [tyrosine hydroxyls]: dopaminergic neurons Pax2: inhibitory interneurons
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKMICU6
Abstract: This protocol is used for analysing expression pattens of immediate early gene products (e.g., c-Fos) in immunostained transverse sections of spinal cord.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2004.11.043
Abstract: DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer)-the receptor of the netrin-1 neuronal guidance factor-is expressed and is active in the central nervous system (CNS) during development, but is down-regulated during maturation. The substantia nigra contains the highest level of netrin-1 mRNA in the adult rodent brain, and corresponding mRNA for DCC has also been detected in this region but has not been localized to any particular neuron type. In this study, an antibody raised against DCC was used to determine if the protein was expressed by adult dopamine neurons, and identify their distribution and projections. Significant DCC-immunoreactivity was detected in midbrain, where it was localized to ventrally displaced A9 dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, and ventromedial A10 dopamine neurons predominantly situated in and around the interfascicular nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity was not detected in dopamine neurons found elsewhere, or in non-dopamine-containing neurons in the midbrain. Terminal fields selectively labeled with DCC antibody corresponded to known nigrostriatal projections to the dorsolateral striatal patches and dorsomedial shell of the accumbens, and were also detected in prefrontal cortex, septum, lateral habenular and ventral pallidum. The unique distribution of DCC-immunoreactivity in adult ventral midbrain dopamine neurons suggests that netrin-1/DCC signaling could function in plasticity and remodeling previously identified in dopamine projection pathways. In particular, a recent report that DCC is regulated through the ubiquitin-proteosome system via Siah/Sina proteins, is consistent with a potential involvement in genetic and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1993
DOI: 10.1007/BF00327991
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0364-21.2021
Abstract: Sensorimotor circuits of the lumbosacral spinal cord are required for lower urinary tract (LUT) regulation as well as being engaged in pelvic pain states. To date, no molecular markers have been identified to enable specific visualization of LUT afferents, which are embedded within spinal cord segments that also subserve somatic functions. Moreover, previous studies have not fully investigated the patterning within or across spinal segments, compared afferent innervation of the bladder and urethra, or explored possible structural sex differences in these pathways. We have addressed these questions in adult Sprague Dawley rats, using intramural microinjection of the tract tracer, B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). Afferent distribution was analyzed within in idual sections and 3D reconstructions from sections across four spinal cord segments (L5-S2), and in cleared intact spinal cord viewed with light sheet microscopy. Simultaneous mapping of preganglionic neurons showed their location throughout S1 but restricted to the caudal half of L6. Afferents from both LUT regions extended from L5 to S2, even where preganglionic motor pathways were absent. In L6 and S1, most afferents were associated with the sacral preganglionic nucleus (SPN) and sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCom), with very few in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Spinal innervation patterns by bladder and urethra afferents were remarkably similar, likewise the patterning in male and female rats. In conclusion, microscale to macroscale mapping has identified distinct features of LUT afferent projections to the lumbosacral cord and provided a new anatomic approach for future studies on plasticity, injury responses, and modeling of these pathways.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROPHARM.2005.03.014
Abstract: In opiate addicts or patients receiving morphine treatment, it has been reported that the immune system is often compromised. The mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects of opioids on responses to infection are not clear but it is possible that central and/or peripheral opioid receptors may be important. We have utilised an experimental immune challenge model in rats, the systemic administration of the human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) to study the effects of selectively blocking peripheral opioid receptors only (using naloxone methiodide) or after blocking both central and peripheral opioid receptors (using naloxone). Pre-treatment with naloxone methiodide decreased (15%) IL-1beta-induced Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (mPVN) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons but increased responses in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) C1 (65%) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) A2 (110%) catecholamine cell groups and area postrema (136%). However no effect of blocking peripheral opioid receptors was detected in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) or dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We next determined the effect of blocking both central and peripheral opioid receptors with naloxone and, when compared to the naloxone methiodide pre-treated group, a further 60% decrease in Fos-IR mPVN CRH neurons induced by IL-1beta was detected, which was attributed to block of central opioid receptors. Similar comparisons also detected decreases in Fos-IR neurons induced by IL-1beta in the VLM A1, VLM C1 and NTS A2 catecholamine cell groups, area postrema, and parabrachial nucleus. In contrast, pre-treatment with naloxone increased Fos-IR neurons in CeA (98%) and dorsal BNST (72%). These results provide novel evidence that endogenous opioids can influence central neural responses to systemic IL-1beta and also suggest that the differential patterns of activation may arise because of actions at central and/or peripheral opioid receptors that might be important in regulating behavioural, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system responses during an immune challenge.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-07-2007
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.21412
Abstract: Sprouting of peptidergic nociceptive and descending supraspinal projections to the dorsal horn following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been proposed as a mechanism of neuropathic pain. To identify structural changes that could initiate or maintain SCI pain, we used a complete transection model in rats to examine how structural remodeling in the dorsal horn rostral to the lesion relates to distance from injury, laminar region, and duration of injury. The major classes of C-fiber primary afferents differed greatly in their susceptibility to structural and chemical changes and their ability to undergo plasticity. Peptidergic primary afferents showed a widespread loss throughout the dorsal horn of segments approaching the injury site. Some of this loss may have been due to decreased neuropeptide expression. The reduction in peptidergic fibers was transient, indicating compensatory sprouting and perhaps also increased neuropeptide expression within the cord. Nonpeptidergic afferents expressing GFRalpha1 were largely unaffected by SCI. In contrast, in GFRalpha2-expressing nonpeptidergic afferents SCI caused a permanent loss of dorsal horn innervation. Unexpectedly, GFRalpha2 was transiently induced throughout deeper laminae but this was not due to upregulation of GFRalpha2 in dorsal root ganglia. We also observed permanent sprouting of catecholamine terminals of supraspinal origin. This was restricted to the superficial laminae. Our results show that SCI caused a loss of sensory input as well as structural remodeling such that the balance of nociceptive inputs and descending modulation was permanently altered. These changes may contribute to mechanisms rostral to the site of SCI that trigger and maintain neuropathic pain.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2017
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-08-2020
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BJVXKN7N
Abstract: A pelvic nerve array is custom designed for implantation onto the pelvic nerve of male rats. This device is used for long-term (recovery) experiments. The device can electrically stimulate the pelvic nerve as well as record electrically evoked or spontaneous neural activity. Previously, we have successfully implanted rats for 2 months with no reports of biological adverse complications or damage sustained to the array. The surgical procedure is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation, including methods of anesthesia, surgical environment, and post-operative monitoring and care.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKXICXN
Abstract: This collection describes the procedures required to visualize and characterize lumbosacral spinal neurons that are activated by cystometry of awake adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. This collection includes protocols for: STAGE 1: Surgery to cannulate the bladder, followed by recovery then cystometry STAGE 2: Intracardiac perfusion with fixative to preserve the spinal cord tissue STAGE 3: Immunohistochemical labelling of spinal cord sections to visualise immediate early gene expression in specific spinal regions and neuronal populations STAGE 4: Microscopy and image analysis to assess patterns of immediate early gene expression in different spinal cord regions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2018
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0397-19.2019
Abstract: Visceral sensory neurons encode distinct sensations from healthy organs and initiate pain states that are resistant to common analgesics. Transcriptome analysis is transforming our understanding of sensory neuron subtypes but has generally focused on somatic sensory neurons or the total population of neurons in which visceral neurons form the minority. Our aim was to define transcripts specifically expressed by sacral visceral sensory neurons, as a step towards understanding the unique biology of these neurons and potentially leading to identification of new analgesic targets for pelvic visceral pain. Our strategy was to identify genes differentially expressed between sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that include somatic neurons and sacral visceral neurons, and adjacent lumbar DRG that comprise exclusively of somatic sensory neurons. This was performed in adult and E18.5 male and female mice. By developing a method to restrict analyses to nociceptive Trpv1 neurons, a larger group of genes were detected as differentially expressed between spinal levels. We identified many novel genes that had not previously been associated with pelvic visceral sensation or nociception. Limited sex differences were detected across the transcriptome of sensory ganglia, but more were revealed in sacral levels and especially in Trpv1 nociceptive neurons. These data will facilitate development of new tools to modify mature and developing sensory neurons and nociceptive pathways.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PAIN.2010.07.007
Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of persistent neuropathic pain of central origin. Recent evidence suggests neuropathic pain in clinically complete SCI patients correlates with limited sensory function below the lesion (sensory discomplete). On this basis we examined if the onset of mechanical hyperalgesia was different in rodents after a severe incomplete clip-compression SCI versus a complete spinal cord transection at thoracic segment T13. Above-level withdrawal behaviors evoked by forepaw stimulation provided evidence of mechanical hyperalgesia after incomplete but not complete SCI, whereas below-level responses evoked by hindpaw stimulation revealed hypersensitivity after both injuries. The latency of the above-level response was 4-5 wks but was longer after a moderate clip-compression injury. Mechanical hyperalgesia was fully reversed by three analgesic drugs used in treating neuropathic SCI pain, but their duration of action differed significantly, showing a rank order of amitriptyline (24-48 h)≫morphine (6 h)>gabapentin (2 h). Evidence of central sensitization in cervical spinal cord segments that receive sensory projections from the forelimbs was provided by immunohistochemistry for Zif268, a functional marker of neuroplasticity. Zif268-immunoreactive neurons in laminae I/II increased in response to repetitive noxious forepaw stimulation in the incomplete SCI group, and this response was reduced in the complete transection and sham-operated groups. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that neuropathic pain of cord origin is more likely to develop after SCI when there is an incomplete loss of axons traversing the lesion.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-09-1970
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1990
DOI: 10.1113/JPHYSIOL.1990.SP018185
Abstract: 1. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) from rat (n = 128) and guinea-pig (n = 115). Two types of cells were found in each, primary (103 in rat, 27 in guinea-pig) and secondary cells (25 in rat, 88 in guinea-pig). 2. Primary cells had input resistances of 186 +/- 9 M omega (n = 9) in rat and 255 +/- 50 M omega (n = 11) in guinea-pig. The action potential in each was about 1.5 ms in duration. Synaptic potentials were evoked by focal electrical stimulation and consisted of both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and excitatory amino acid components. 3. Morphine, [Met5]enkephalin (ME) and [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) depressed the litude of the GABA-mediated synaptic potential by a maximum of 50-65% and had little effect on the excitatory amino acid-mediated synaptic potential. There was no effect of these opioids on the resting membrane potential or input resistance of primary cells in rat or guinea-pig. 4. Secondary cells had short duration action potentials (less than 1 ms) and an input resistance of 354 +/- 47 M omega in rat (n = 6) and 290 +/- 40 M omega in guinea-pig (n = 15). The synaptic potential observed in the cells of this group was mediated by activation of only excitatory amino acid receptors. 5. ME hyperpolarized and/or abolished the spontaneous firing in sixteen out of twenty-four neurons in the secondary group from rat and eight out of eighty-four neurons from guinea-pig. ME induced an outward current at -60 mV that reversed polarity at potentials more negative than -92 +/- 3 mV in rat (n = 6) and -98 +/- 2 mV in guinea-pig (n = 18). The reversal potential of the opioid current was shifted to less negative potentials when the external potassium concentration was increased, as predicted by the Nernst equation. 6. The morphology of the two types of cells were distinguishable in that primary cells were oval (29 x 18 microns in rat 36 x 19 microns in guinea-pig) with two to four thick tapering dendrites that branched within 50 microns of the cell body. Secondary cells were generally round or oval (about 24 x 13 microns in rat 27 x 17 microns in guinea-pig) with two to five thin non-tapering dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-06-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JOA.13221
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 14-01-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.W3EFGJE
Abstract: This protocol is used for studies of neurons containing retrograde tracer dye in adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or pelvic ganglia (PG synonym, major pelvic ganglia). Cryosections of ganglia are mounted directly on slides for immunohistochemical staining. Antibodies have been selected to distinguish different neurochemical classes of PG neurons or to specifically identify subclasses of sensory neurons that are myelinated (immunoreactive for NF200 [neurofilament, 200 kD]) or nociceptive (immunoreactive for TRPV1).
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 16-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKCICSW
Abstract: This protocol describes immunohistochemical procedures applied to thick (50 µm) cryosections mounted directly on slides. It is used when the structures to be analysed are too large to remain intact within thin (10-20 µm) cryosections. Antibodies have been selected to distinguish different neurochemical classes of autonomic ganglion neurons and synaptic boutons associated with these neurons. The protocol can also be used to characterize neurons containing retrograde tracer.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00101-0
Abstract: This study examined if brain pathways in morphine-dependent rats are activated by opioid withdrawal precipitated outside the central nervous system. Withdrawal precipitated with a peripherally acting quaternary opioid antagonist (naloxone methiodide) increased Fos expression but caused a more restricted pattern of neuronal activation than systemic withdrawal (precipitated with naloxone which enters the brain). There was no effect on locus coeruleus and significantly smaller increases in Fos neurons were produced in most other areas. However in the ventrolateral medulla (A1/C1 catecholamine neurons), nucleus of the solitary tract (A2/C2 catecholamine neurons), lateral parabrachial nucleus, supramamillary nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, accumbens core and medial prefrontal cortex no differences in the withdrawal treatments were detected. We have shown that peripheral opioid withdrawal can affect central nervous system pathways.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-01-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-37138-W
Abstract: Determining the mechanism of action (MOA) of novel or naturally occurring compounds mostly relies on assays tailored for in idual target proteins. Here we explore an alternative approach based on pattern matching response profiles obtained using cultured neuronal networks. Conolidine and cannabidiol are plant-derivatives with known antinociceptive activity but unknown MOA. Application of conolidine/cannabidiol to cultured neuronal networks altered network firing in a highly reproducible manner and created similar impact on network properties suggesting engagement with a common biological target. We used principal component analysis (PCA) and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) to compare network activity profiles of conolidine/cannabidiol to a series of well-studied compounds with known MOA. Network activity profiles evoked by conolidine and cannabidiol closely matched that of ω-conotoxin CVIE, a potent and selective Cav2.2 calcium channel blocker with proposed antinociceptive action suggesting that they too would block this channel. To verify this, Cav2.2 channels were heterologously expressed, recorded with whole-cell patch cl and conolidine/cannabidiol was applied. Remarkably, conolidine and cannabidiol both inhibited Cav2.2, providing a glimpse into the MOA that could underlie their antinociceptive action. These data highlight the utility of cultured neuronal network-based workflows to efficiently identify MOA of drugs in a highly scalable assay.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-12-2020
DOI: 10.3389/FNINS.2020.619275
Abstract: Bioelectronic medical devices are well established and widely used in the treatment of urological dysfunction. Approved targets include the sacral S3 spinal root and posterior tibial nerve, but an alternate target is the group of pelvic splanchnic nerves, as these contain sacral visceral sensory and autonomic motor pathways that coordinate storage and voiding functions of the bladder. Here, we developed a device suitable for long-term use in an awake rat model to study electrical neuromodulation of the pelvic nerve (homolog of the human pelvic splanchnic nerves). In male Sprague-Dawley rats, custom planar four-electrode arrays were implanted over the distal end of the pelvic nerve, close to the major pelvic ganglion. Electrically evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) were reliably detected under anesthesia and in chronically implanted, awake rats up to 8 weeks post-surgery. ECAP waveforms showed three peaks, with latencies that suggested electrical stimulation activated several subpopulations of myelinated A-fiber and unmyelinated C-fiber axons. Chronic implantation of the array did not impact on voiding evoked in awake rats by continuous cystometry, where void parameters were comparable to those published in naïve rats. Electrical stimulation with chronically implanted arrays also induced two classes of bladder pressure responses detected by continuous flow cystometry in awake rats: voiding contractions and non-voiding contractions. No evidence of tissue pathology produced by chronically implanted arrays was detected by immunohistochemical visualization of markers for neuronal injury or noxious spinal cord activation. These results demonstrate a rat pelvic nerve electrode array that can be used for preclinical development of closed loop neuromodulation devices targeting the pelvic nerve as a therapy for neuro-urological dysfunction.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BYQBPVSN
Abstract: This protocol is used to visualise sensory and autonomic neurons innervating organs of the lower urinary tract in an experimental adult male or female rat. The protocol is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation, including methods of anesthesia, surgical environment, and post-operative monitoring and care.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90052-H
Abstract: Voltage-dependent potassium currents were measured in Xenopus oocytes previously injected with RNAs generated in vitro from each of three cloned cDNAs (RBK1, RBK2, and RGK5). The currents differed in their sensitivities to blockade by tetraethylammonium (TEA respective KDs 0.3, greater than 100, and 10 mM) and in their inactivation during a depolarizing pulse. Injections of RNA combinations (RBK1/RBK2 and RBK1/RGK5) caused currents that had TEA sensitivities different from those expected from the sum, in any proportion, of the two native channels. It is concluded that novel potassium channels are formed by the oocytes injected with two RNAs, presumably by heteropolymerization of subunits such heteropolymerization would contribute functional ersity to voltage-dependent potassium channels in addition to that provided by a large gene family.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 14-01-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.W3FFGJN
Abstract: This protocol is suitable for preserving tissues for anatomical studies of organs, ganglia, spinal cord or brain in adult rats. The protocol is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-12-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.22378
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 10-07-2008
DOI: 10.1210/EN.2008-0278
Abstract: There is mounting evidence that estrogens act directly on the nervous system to affect the severity of pain. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed by sensory neurons, and in trigeminal ganglia, 17β-estradiol can indirectly enhance nociception by stimulating expression and release of prolactin, which increases phosphorylation of the nociceptor transducer transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1). Here, we show that 17β-estradiol acts directly on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons to reduce TRPV1 activation by capsaicin. Capsaicin-induced cobalt uptake and the maximum TRPV1 current induced by capsaicin were inhibited when isolated cultured DRGs neurons from adult female rats were exposed to 17β-estradiol (10–100 nm) overnight. There was no effect of 17β-estradiol on capsaicin potency, TRPV1 activation by protons (pH 6–4), and P2X currents induced by α,β-methylene-ATP. Diarylpropionitrile (ERβ agonist) also inhibited capsaicin-induced TRPV1 currents, whereas propylpyrazole triol (ERα agonist) and 17α-estradiol (inactive analog) were inactive, and 17β-estradiol conjugated to BSA (membrane-impermeable agonist) caused a small increase. TRPV1 inhibition was antagonized by tamoxifen (1 μm), but ICI182870 (10 μm) was a potent agonist and mimicked 17β-estradiol. We conclude that TRPV1 in DRG sensory neurons can be inhibited by a nonclassical estrogen-signalling pathway that is downstream of intracellular ERβ. This affects the vanilloid binding site targeted by capsaicin but not the TRPV1 activation site targeted by protons. These actions could curtail the nociceptive transducer functions of TRPV1 and limit chemically induced nociceptor sensitization during inflammation. They are consistent with clinical reports that female pelvic pain can increase after reductions in circulating estrogens.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2013
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2013
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 03-1992
Abstract: Voltage-gated potassium channels play important functional roles in the development and maintenance of human lymphocyte functions. One such channel, known as the type n channel, has been well defined in human T cells and exhibits unique functional properties that distinguish it from other species of potassium channels. We report the characterization of a human genomic DNA clone, HGK5, encoding a 523-amino-acid potassium channel protein encoded by an open reading frame on a single exon. RNA transcribed in vitro from HGK5 genomic DNA directs expression of functional voltage-dependent potassium currents in Xenopus oocytes. The functional characteristics of the expressed channels are strikingly similar to those of the type n channel on human T lymphocytes. This, together with the presence of significant levels of HGK5 mRNA in human T lymphocytes, supports the notion that HGK5 encodes the human type n voltage-gated potassium channel. The effects of concanavalin A treatment on HGK5 mRNA levels in cultured human T lymphocytes was also examined. Mitogenic concentrations of concanavalin A induced a time-dependent decrease in HGK5 mRNA levels, suggesting that previously observed increases in potassium current density following concanavalin A treatment of human T lymphocytes are not due to increased transcriptional activity of the type n potassium channel gene.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 14-01-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.W3GFGJW
Abstract: This collection describes the procedures required to label, visualise, characterise and quantify neurons that innervate the lower urinary tract tissues of adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. This collection includes protocols for: STAGE 1: Surgery to micro-inject fluorescent retrograde tracer dyes into one or more sites within the lower urinary tract STAGE 2: Intracardiac perfusion with fixative to preserve neural tissues of interest STAGE 3: Fluorescence immunohistochemistry of ganglion cryosections.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2002
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKJICUN
Abstract: This protocol is used for bladder cannulation and cystometry in an experimental adult male or female rat. The surgery is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation, including methods of anesthesia, surgical environment, and post-operative monitoring and care.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 14-01-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.W3DFGI6
Abstract: This protocol is used to visualise sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the bladder body (dome), bladder trigone or proximal urethra in an experimental adult male or female rat. The protocol is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation, including methods of anesthesia, surgical environment, and post-operative monitoring and care.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 2003
Abstract: Androgens have potent effects on the maturation and maintenance of a number of neural pathways involved in reproductive behaviors in males. Most studies in this area have focused on central pathways, but androgen receptors are expressed by many peripheral neurons innervating reproductive organs, and previous studies have demonstrated structural and chemical changes in these neurons at puberty and after castration. We have performed the first electrophysiological comparison of pelvic autonomic ganglion neurons in male rats before and after puberty and following pre- or postpubertal castration. Studies were performed in vitro on intact ganglia with hypogastric and pelvic nerves attached to allow synaptic activation of sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons, respectively. Pelvic ganglion neurons underwent many changes in their passive and active membrane properties over the pubertal period, and some of these changes were dependent on exposure to circulating androgens. The most pronounced steroid-dependent effects were on membrane capacitance (soma size) in sympathetic neurons and duration of the action potential afterhyperpolarization in tonic neurons. Our study also showed that rat pelvic ganglion cells and their synaptic inputs were more erse than previously reported. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that rat pelvic ganglion neurons undergo considerable postnatal changes in their electrophysiological properties. The steroid dependence of some of these changes indicates that circulating androgens may influence reproductive behaviors at many locations within the nervous system not just in the brain and spinal cord.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 22-05-2020
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BGRMJV46
Abstract: This collection describes the procedures required to implant a pelvic nerve array and bladder catheter into male Sprague-Dawley rats as well as cystometry and electrophysiological testing in awake animals. This collection includes protocols for: STAGE 1: Implantation of a pelvic nerve array in rats STAGE 2: Cystometry in awake rats STAGE 3: Electrophysiological recording of electrically-evoked compound action potentials
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1995
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-5381.1995.TB15899.X
Abstract: 1. Acute homologous desensitization of mu-opioid receptor-induced currents was pharmacologically characterized in locus coeruleus (LC) neurones by use of intracellular and whole cell recording in superfused brain slices. 2. Following desensitization of opioid receptors by perfusion with a high concentration of [Met5] enkephalin (ME) for 5 min, there was a reduction in the maximum response and a rightward shift of the concentration-response curves for ME, [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) and normorphine. 3. By simultaneously fitting the operational model to the paired pre- and post-desensitization concentration-response data for each agonist, estimates of the level of desensitization were obtained. The values obtained for the three agonists (between 88% and 96%) were similar and did not vary according to the efficacy of the agonist used. 4. Use of whole cell patch recording techniques caused a slow rundown in the litude of ME currents (approx. 40% reduction over 60 min) but did not greatly affect the expression of acute desensitization of opioid currents. 5. When included in the patch recording solution, the phosphatase inhibitors, microcystin (50 nM-4 microM) and okadaic acid (1 microM) had no effect on the induction of desensitization or the normal ability of opioid or alpha 2-adrenoceptors to produce currents. Microcystin decreased the rate of recovery of the ME (300 nM) currents following desensitization however, okadaic acid had little effect on the rate of recovery from desensitization. 6. Strong calcium buffering with BAPTA (10-20 mM) had no effect on desensitization or the recovery from desensitization. 6. Strong calcium buffering with BAPTA (10-20 mM) had no effect on desensitization or the recovery from desensitization.7 These results suggest that acute homologous desensitization of micro-opioid receptors in LC neurones entails a rapid loss of responsiveness that involves a majority of the receptor population. The mechanism by which desensitization is reversed may involve a non-calcium-dependent protein phosphatase but the processess that cause desensitization remain unclear.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-06-2021
DOI: 10.1002/CNE.24949
Abstract: Storage and voiding of urine from the lower urinary tract (LUT) must be timed precisely to occur in appropriate behavioral contexts. A major part of the CNS circuit that coordinates this activity is found in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Immediate early gene (IEG) activity mapping has been widely used to investigate the lumbosacral LUT‐related circuit, but most reports focus on the effects of noxious stimulation in anesthetized female rats. Here we use c‐Fos and EGR‐1 (Zif268) activity mapping of lumbosacral spinal cord to investigate cystometry‐induced micturition in awake female and male rats. In females, after cystometry c‐Fos neurons in spinal cord segments L5–S2 were concentrated in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN), dorsal horn laminae II–IV, and dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCom). Comparisons of cystometry and control groups in male and female revealed sex differences. Activity mapping suggested dorsal horn laminae II–IV was activated in females but showed net inhibition in males. However, inhibition in male rats was not detected by EGR‐1 activity mapping, which showed low coexpression with c‐Fos. A class of catecholamine neurons in SPN and SDCom neurons were also more strongly activated by micturition in females. In both sexes, most c‐Fos neurons were identified as excitatory by their absence of Pax2 expression. In conclusion, IEG mapping in awake male and female rats has extended our understanding of the functional molecular anatomy of the LUT‐related circuit in spinal cord. Using this approach, we have identified sex differences that were not detected by previous studies in anesthetized rats.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-6147(97)01045-6
Abstract: Identification of neuroadaptations in specific brain regions that generate withdrawal is crucial for understanding and perhaps treating opioid dependence. It has been widely proposed that the locus coeruleus (LC) is the nucleus that plays the primary causal role in the expression of the opioid withdrawal syndrome. MacDonald Christie, John Williams, Peregrine Osborne and Clare Bellchambers believe that this view and the interpretation of the literature on which it is based are at best controversial. Here, they suggest an alternative view in which regions close to the LC such as the periaqueductal grey, as well as other brain structures which are independent of the LC noradrenergic system, play a more important role in the expression of the opioid withdrawal syndrome.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MCN.2015.03.004
Abstract: Neurotrophic factors have been intensively studied as potential therapeutic agents for promoting neural regeneration and functional recovery after nerve injury. Artemin is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) that forms a signalling complex with GFRα3 and the tyrosine kinase Ret. Systemic administration of artemin in rodents is reported to facilitate regeneration of primary sensory neurons following axotomy, improve recovery of sensory function, and reduce sensory hypersensitivity that is a cause of pain. However, the biological mechanisms that underlie these effects are mostly unknown. This study has investigated the biological significance of the colocalisation of GFRα3 with TrkA (neurotrophin receptor for nerve growth factor [NGF]) in the peptidergic type of unmyelinated (C-fibre) sensory neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In vitro neurite outgrowth assays were used to study the effects of artemin and NGF by comparing DRG neurons that were previously uninjured, or were axotomised in vivo by transecting a visceral or somatic peripheral nerve. We found that artemin could facilitate neurite initiation but in comparison to NGF had low efficacy for facilitating neurite elongation and branching. This low efficacy was not increased when a preconditioning in vivo nerve injury was used to induce a pro-regenerative state. Neurite initiation was unaffected by artemin when PI3 kinase and Src family kinase signalling were blocked, but NGF had a reduced effect.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 07-2004
Abstract: The ventral pallidum in rat is a basal forebrain structure that contains neurons that project in the limbic striatopallidal circuitry and magnocellular cholinergic corticopetal neurons. Because 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) terminals on dorsal raphe projections form close appositions with these neurons, we made patch-cl recordings in immature rat brain slices to determine whether they are modulated by postsynaptic 5-HT receptors. Inward currents were predominantly induced by 5-HT in noncholinergic neurons, which were distinguished from cholinergic neurons by immunohistochemical and electrophysiological criteria. The inward current induced by 5-HT was mimicked and occluded when adenylyl cyclase was stimulated with forskolin, and was almost abolished when h-currents in noncholinergic neurons were blocked with cesium. Consistent with 5-HT 7 receptor activation of h-curents by cAMP in other brain regions, we found inward currents were mimicked by the mixed 5-HT 1 /5-HT 7 agonists 5-methoxytryptamine, and by 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), which was more potent than 5-HT. In contrast, 5-HT 1 preferring 8-OH-DPAT was a weak partial agonist, and the 5-HT 1 –selective antagonist pindolol had no effect. However, despite this profile, antagonists that bind at the 5-HT 7 receptor only partly reduced the agonist inward current (SB-269970 and clozapine), or had no effect (mianserin and pimozide). We found in cholinergic neurons that 5-HT predominantly induced hyperpolarizing currents, which were carried by potassium channels, and were smaller than currents induced by 8-OH-DPAT and 5-CT. We conclude from this study that ascending 5-HT projections from the dorsal raphe could have direct and opposite effects on the activities of neurons within the limbic striatopallidal and cholinergic corticopetal circuitry in the ventral pallidum.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 13-01-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.W2XFGFN
Abstract: This protocol is used to visualise sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the bladder body (dome), bladder trigone or proximal urethra in an experimental adult male or female rat. The protocol is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation, including methods of anesthesia, surgical environment, and post-operative monitoring and care.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 15-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAHZIB76
Abstract: This protocol is suitable for preserving tissues for anatomical studies of organs, ganglia, spinal cord or brain in adult rats. The protocol is performed under anesthesia and should incorporate all local requirements for standards of animal experimentation.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 10-2021
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BYQCPVSW
Abstract: This protocol is used for immunohistochemical visualisation of cholera toxin subunit B within afferents innervating the lower urinary tract in cryosections of rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Free-floating sections are processed in a double labelling protocol to distinguish regions of innervation by these afferents. Cholera toxin B antibody [lower urinary tract afferents] Choline acetyltransferase antibody [preganglionic autonomic neurons and motoneurons]
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF00218806
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90377-L
Abstract: Mucosal intra-epithelial nerve terminals have been found in the colon of the toad, Bufo marinus. Co-localized in the fibres are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) and substance P (SP)-LI. The intraepithelial nerves are likely to be terminals of primary afferent sensory neurones. Fibres with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-LI or neuropeptide Y (NPY)-LI also supply the mucosa but do not penetrate the epithelium.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROPHARM.2009.01.003
Abstract: A history of intermittent exposures to drugs of abuse can cause long-term changes in acute behavioural responses to a subsequent drug exposure. In drug-naive rats, morphine can elicit intermittent cataleptic postures followed by sustained increases in locomotor activity. Chronic intermittent morphine treatment can reduce catalepsy and increase locomotor behaviour and stereotypy induced by morphine, even after prolonged periods of abstinence. The nucleus accumbens and limbic basal ganglia circuitry are implicated in the expression of various morphine-induced motor behaviours and catalepsy. We examined the effect of intermittent morphine exposure on the distribution of Fos proteins in the basal ganglia following a subsequent morphine challenge administered after a period of drug abstinence. We found that such exposures increased c-Fos induced by a morphine challenge in accumbens core regions that were immunoreactive for the micro-opioid receptor, and this correlated with the frequency of stereotypic behaviours displayed by the rats. We also found that a history of morphine exposures increased c-Fos in the ventrolateral striatum in response to a morphine challenge following 14 d but not 24 h of drug abstinence. In contrast, such a history induced acute Fras in the nucleus accumbens in response to a morphine challenge following 24 h but not 14 d of morphine abstinence. These data provide further confirmation that psychomotor sensitisation induced by repetitive morphine exposure involves long-term neuroadaptations in basal ganglia circuitry particularly at the level of the nucleus accumbens.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-12-2019
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.BAKIICUE
Abstract: This collection describes the procedures required to visualise and characterize synaptic boutons associated with functionally classified pelvic ganglion autonomic neurons of adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. This collection includes protocols for: STAGE 1: Surgery to micro-inject fluorescent retrograde tracer dyes into one or more sites within the lower urinary tract STAGE 2: Intracardiac perfusion with fixative to preserve neural tissues of interest STAGE 3: Immunohistochemical labeling of thick cryosections of pelvic ganglia STAGE 4: Confocal microscopy and image analysis of synaptic boutons associated with ganglion neurons.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1986
DOI: 10.1007/BF00505824
Start Date: 2016
End Date: 2023
Funder: Office of the Director
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1997
End Date: 1999
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 2026
Funder: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2012
End Date: 2016
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded Activity