ORCID Profile
0000-0001-9679-1481
Current Organisations
University of Sydney
,
South African Medical Research Council
,
University of New South Wales
,
Elsevier Ltd
,
Oxford University Press
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2004
DOI: 10.1111/J.1399-3062.2004.00061.X
Abstract: To examine the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) antibodies in a selected group of renal transplant recipients and blood donors, in relation to various socio-demographic variables. Anonymised serum s les were obtained from 306 black donors attending blood donations at the SA National Blood Transfusion Service, Johannesburg, and 430 recipients of renal transplants at Johannesburg General Hospital, from 1998 to 1999. Serum s les were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect IgG antibodies against HHV-8. Crude and adjusted seroprevalence, and odds ratios were calculated to examine the relationship between antibodies to HHV-8 and age, sex, population, and risk group. Adjusted HHV-8 seroprevalence at 'medium to high' antibody titres (at least 1:51,200) increased with age, from 2% (age 15-24 95% CI=0.7-5.2) to 10% (age 45+ 95% CI=6.3-15.2). Whites had the lowest % adjusted seroprevalence (1.8 95% CI:0.8-4.2), followed by blacks (7.4 95% CI=5.1-10.8), Asians/Indians (9.5 95% CI=3.6-22.9), and in iduals of mixed race (12.5 95% CI=4.5-30.2). Seroprevalence was not related to gender, or to occupation of blood donors. HHV-8 seroprevalence did not differ significantly between first-time blood donors, repeat donors, and transplant recipients (P=0.49). Transplant recipients had a greater proportion of persons with high HHV-8 antibody intensity however, this difference was statistically not significant (P=0.08). Blood donors and renal transplant patients had relatively high HHV-8 antibody titres. Given the strong association between HHV-8 seropostivity and the risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma, it may be prudent in settings where HHV-8 seroprevalence is high to screen for HHV-8 in donated blood used for these immunocompromised in iduals.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/PHP.12807
Abstract: Sun exposure is the main cause of squamous (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) although pattern and amount differ by cancer type, and sun sensitivity is the major host risk factor. Our study investigated risk factors and residential ambient UV in a population-based s le of Australian 45 and Up Study participants: 916 BCC cases, 433 SCC cases, 1224 controls. Unconditional logistic regression models adjusting for key covariates demonstrated 60% increased BCC risk and two-fold increased SCC risk with sun sensitivity, and three- and four-fold increased risk, respectively, with solar keratoses. BCC but not SCC risk increased with higher early-life residential UV in all participants (odds ratio (OR) = 1.54 95% CI 1.22-1.96 for intermediate OR = 1.31 95% CI 1.03-1.68 for high UV at birthplace) and similarly in Australian-born participants (P-values < 0.05). Risk of SCC but not BCC increased with long-term cumulative sun exposure assessed by self-reported outdoor work (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.21-2.49). In conclusion, sun sensitivity is important for both cancers, early-life UV but not cumulative UV appears to increase BCC risk, the former an apparently novel finding, and SCC risk appears only to be related to long-term cumulative sun exposure.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-11-2023
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYAC213
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2004
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 17-06-1999
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-1992
Abstract: Five family physicians in a group practice in rural Quebec have introduced a computer system to improve the delivery of preventive medicine. In addition to billing, the computer is used mainly to recall specific groups of patients for preventive measures, to prompt the physicians to carry out certain procedures at the patient's next visit, to indicate which procedures are required for the family members and to generate reminder letters. The physicians are conducting a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of computer-generated reminder letters on patient compliance and disease prevention among families in their practice.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-06-2022
DOI: 10.1002/JMV.27900
Abstract: We reviewed the literature on the importance of selected anti-high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) antibodies (namely, 16/18 and early oncoproteins E6 and E7) as potential serological markers for early detection of in iduals at high risk of cervical cancer. We searched for studies in PubMed and Embase databases published from 2010 to 2020 on antibodies against HR-HPV E6 and E7 early proteins and cervical cancer. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for HPV16 and HPV18 antibodies were calculated using a bivariate hierarchical random-effects model. A total of 69 articles were identified we included three studies with 1550 participants. For the three HPV16/18 E6 and E7 antibody tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based assays had a sensitivity of 18% for detecting CIN2+ (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15-21) and a specificity of 96% (95% CI: 92-98), for slot-blot, sensitivity was 28.9% (95% CI: 23.3-35.1) and specificity was 72% (95% CI: 66.6-77.0) for detecting CIN2+, and for multiplex HPV serology assay based on a glutathione S-transferase, sensitivity was 16% (95% CI: 8.45-28.6) and specificity was 98% (95% CI: 97-99) for detecting invasive cervical cancer. HR-HPV16/18 E6 and E7 serological markers showed high specificity, but sensitivity was suboptimal for the detection of cervical cancer in either population screening settings or as point-of-care screening tests.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-11-2019
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYY226
Abstract: We describe our experience in several settings, following a suggestion in 1983 to add questions on the smoking status of the deceased on the UK death certificate as an effective way to monitor the evolution of the smoking epidemic. In South Africa in 1997 and in Tianjin Municipality, China, in 2010, questions about the smoking habits of the deceased were inserted on the official death certificates. In both places a system now exists to routinely collect information on smoking status in relation to causes of death. Results from two million South African and 300 000 Chinese deceased in iduals have been reported, and the s le size in both places continues to grow. An unsuccessful attempt was made in 2008 to insert smoking questions on the Australian death notification forms but comments and concerns from the registrars of births, marriages and deaths have international applicability. In both China and South Africa, inserting questions on smoking on the death notification forms was not a trivial task-in each it required, as a minimum, significant commitment from several government agencies. Benefits, however, include a better local understanding of the smoking epidemic and allowing for planning and monitoring of tobacco control programmes. Documenting the varied experiences of collecting information on smoking on death notification forms is useful to those wishing to introduce such questions in their own settings. This is pertinent especially at a time when vital registration systems are being improved, with an aim to monitoring sustainable development goals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Abstract: Phenacetin is an analgesic that causes renal diseases and cancers of the upper-urinary tract (UUT). It was banned in most countries from the late 1960s. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the long-term population impact of the phenacetin ban on UUT cancer rates. We used cancer registry data from Australia, where phenacetin was widely used, to study age- and sex-specific incidence trends of cancers of the renal pelvis and the ureter after the phenacetin ban (1979). Incidence rate ratios and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated to quantify changes in rates over time. Incidence rates of renal pelvis cancer decreased by 52% in women and 39% in men between 1983-1987 and 2003-2007. The decline in women was stronger in states where the use of phenacetin was the most widespread, e.g. New South Wales (AAPC: -4.1% 95% CI -5.3, -2.9) and Queensland (AAPC: -3.3% 95% CI -4.9, -1.8), and after the mid-1990s. Incidence rates of ureteral cancer remained stable for both sexes throughout the study period. Our findings strongly suggest a beneficial impact of the ban on phenacetin on the incidence of renal pelvis cancer in Australia, particularly among women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2015.01.024
Abstract: Australia commenced a publically-funded, National Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Program in 2007 with a two year catch-up phase for females aged 12-26 years. To identify the factors associated with the uptake of the HPV vaccine (which has a recommended 3-dose schedule in Australia) by young adult women vaccinated by general practitioners and community-based programs within the catch-up phase. 1139 women who were eligible to receive the free HPV vaccine during the catch-up period were recruited in 2008-2009 (age 20-29 years at recruitment), in New South Wales, after having a normal (negative) cervical smear result recorded on the NSW Pap Test Register. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire providing information on vaccination status, and sociodemographic and other factors. Overall, 880 (77%) women reported receiving ≥ 1 dose of the vaccine and 777 women (68%) reported receiving ≥ 2 doses. In multivariable analysis (adjusting for the period for which each woman was eligible for free HPV vaccination), uptake of ≥ 1 dose of the vaccine was significantly associated with being born in Australia (p < 0.01), being single (p = 0.02), being nulliparous (p < 0.01), living in a higher socioeconomic status area (p-trend = 0.03), living in more remote areas (p = 0.03), drinking alcohol (p < 0.01) and using hormonal contraceptives (p < 0.01). Although vaccinated women were more likely to have fewer sexual partners than unvaccinated women (p-trend = 0.02), they were also more likely to report a prior sexually transmitted infection (STI) (p = 0.03). Similar factors were associated with receiving ≥ 2 doses. In this group, women living in higher socioeconomic status areas were more likely to be vaccinated against HPV in the catch-up phase of the national program. Although vaccinated women tended to have fewer sexual partners, they also reported prior STIs, which may be a marker of increased risk of prior exposure to HPV. The findings of this study reinforce the continuing need to prioritise equitable delivery of vaccination to various population subgroups.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2016.04.010
Abstract: Mobile phone use in Australia has increased rapidly since its introduction in 1987 with whole population usage being 94% by 2014. We explored the popularly hypothesised association between brain cancer incidence and mobile phone use. Using national cancer registration data, we examined age and gender specific incidence rates of 19,858 male and 14,222 females diagnosed with brain cancer in Australia between 1982 and 2012, and mobile phone usage data from 1987 to 2012. We modelled expected age specific rates (20-39, 40-59, 60-69, 70-84 years), based on published reports of relative risks (RR) of 1.5 in ever-users of mobile phones, and RR of 2.5 in a proportion of 'heavy users' (19% of all users), assuming a 10-year lag period between use and incidence. Age adjusted brain cancer incidence rates (20-84 years, per 100,000) have risen slightly in males (p 0.05) and are higher in males 8.7 (CI=8.1-9.3) than in females, 5.8 (CI=5.3-6.3). Assuming a causal RR of 1.5 and 10-year lag period, the expected incidence rate in males in 2012 would be 11.7 (11-12.4) and in females 7.7 (CI=7.2-8.3), both p<0.01 1434 cases observed in 2012, vs. 1867 expected. Significant increases in brain cancer incidence were observed (in keeping with modelled rates) only in those aged ≥70 years (both sexes), but the increase in incidence in this age group began from 1982, before the introduction of mobile phones. Modelled expected incidence rates were higher in all age groups in comparison to what was observed. Assuming a causal RR of 2.5 among 'heavy users' gave 2038 expected cases in all age groups. This is an ecological trends analysis, with no data on in idual mobile phone use and outcome. The observed stability of brain cancer incidence in Australia between 1982 and 2012 in all age groups except in those over 70 years compared to increasing modelled expected estimates, suggests that the observed increases in brain cancer incidence in the older age group are unlikely to be related to mobile phone use. Rather, we hypothesize that the observed increases in brain cancer incidence in Australia are related to the advent of improved diagnostic procedures when computed tomography and related imaging technologies were introduced in the early 1980s.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-08-2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2017.12.013
Abstract: Over two-thirds of the world's cancer deaths occur in economically developing countries however, the societal costs of cancer have rarely been assessed in these settings. Our aim was to estimate the value of productivity lost in 2012 due to cancer-related premature mortality in the major developing economies of Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). We applied an incidence-based method using the human capital approach. We used annual adult cancer deaths from GLOBOCAN2012 to estimate the years of productive life lost between cancer death and pensionable age in each country, valued using national and international data for wages, and workforce statistics. Sensitivity analyses examined various methodological assumptions. The total cost of lost productivity due to premature cancer mortality in the BRICS countries in 2012 was $46·3 billion, representing 0·33% of their combined gross domestic product. The largest total productivity loss was in China ($28 billion), while South Africa had the highest cost per cancer death ($101,000). Total productivity losses were greatest for lung cancer in Brazil, the Russian Federation and South Africa liver cancer in China and lip and oral cavity cancers in India. Locally-tailored strategies are required to reduce the economic burden of cancer in developing economies. Focussing on tobacco control, vaccination programs and cancer screening, combined with access to adequate treatment, could yield significant gains for both public health and economic performance of the BRICS countries.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: South African Medical Association NPC
Date: 30-09-2022
DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2022.V112I8B.16648
Abstract: Background. South Africa (SA) faces multiple health challenges. Quantifying the contribution of modifiable risk factors can be used to identify and prioritise areas of concern for population health and opportunities for health promotion and disease prevention interventions. Objective. To estimate the attributable burden of 18 modifiable risk factors for 2000, 2006 and 2012. Methods. Comparative risk assessment (CRA), a standardised and systematic approach, was used to estimate the attributable burden of 18 risk factors. Risk exposure estimates were sourced from local data, and meta-regressions were used to model the parameters, depending on the availability of data. Risk-outcome pairs meeting the criteria for convincing or probable evidence were assessed using relative risks against a theoretical minimum risk exposure level to calculate either a potential impact fraction or population attributable fraction (PAF). Relative risks were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) study as well as published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden was calculated for each risk factor for 2000, 2006 and 2012 by applying the PAF to estimates of deaths and years of life lost from the Second South African National Burden of Disease Study (SANBD2). Uncertainty analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulation, and age-standardised rates were calculated using the World Health Organization standard population. Results. Unsafe sex was the leading risk factor across all years, accounting for one in four DALYs (26.6%) of the estimated 20.6 million DALYs in 2012. The top five leading risk factors for males and females remained the same between 2000 and 2012. For males, the leading risks were (in order of descending rank): unsafe sex alcohol consumption interpersonal violence tobacco smoking and high systolic blood pressure while for females the leading risks were unsafe sex interpersonal violence high systolic blood pressure high body mass index and high fasting plasma glucose. Since 2000, the attributable age-standardised death rates decreased for most risk factors. The largest decrease was for household air pollution (–41.8%). However, there was a notable increase in the age-standardised death rate for high fasting plasma glucose (44.1%), followed by ambient air pollution (7%). Conclusion. This study reflects the continued dominance of unsafe sex and interpersonal violence during the study period, as well as the combined effects of poverty and underdevelopment with the emergence of cardiometabolic-related risk factors and ambient air pollution as key modifiable risk factors in SA. Despite reductions in the attributable burden of many risk factors, the study reveals significant scope for health promotion and disease prevention initiatives and provides an important tool for policy makers to influence policy and programme interventions in the country.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-03-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S13027-022-00418-2
Abstract: In populations with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfection, the nature of the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and -18 (L1, E6 and E7) antibodies and cervical cancer is still uncertain. We measured the association between seropositivity to HPV (L1, E6 and E7) proteins and cervical cancer among black South African women with and without HIV co-infection. We used questionnaire data and serum collected from consecutively recruited patients with a newly diagnosed cancer from the Johannesburg Cancer Study from 1346 cervical cancer cases and 2532 controls (diagnosed with other non-infection related cancers). Seropositivity to HPV proteins was measured using a multiplex serological assay based on recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. We measured associations between their presence and cervical cancer using unconditional logistic regression models and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of these HPV biomarkers. Among controls, HIV-negative women from rural areas compared to urban had significantly higher HPV seroprevalence, HPV16 E7 (8.6% vs 3.7%) and HPV18 E7 (7.9% vs 2.0%). HPV16 E6 and E7 antibodies were positively associated with cervical cancer in HIV-positive (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 33 95% CI 10–107) and HIV-negative women (AOR = 97 95% CI 46–203). In HIV-positive women, HPV E6/E7 antibodies had low sensitivity (43.0%) and high specificity (90.6%) for cervical cancer detection. In HIV-negative women, HPV E6/E7 antibodies sensitivity was 70.6% and specificity was 89.7%. Our data show that HPV (L1, especially E6 and E7) antibody positivity is associated with cervical cancer in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Nonetheless, being HIV-positive plays an important role in the development of cervical cancer.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-07-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-06-2006
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.21953
Abstract: The International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer has combined in idual data on 11,161 women with invasive carcinoma, 5,402 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)3/carcinoma in situ and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cervical carcinoma in relation to number of full-term pregnancies, and age at first full-term pregnancy, were calculated conditioning by study, age, lifetime number of sexual partners and age at first sexual intercourse. Number of full-term pregnancies was associated with a risk of invasive cervical carcinoma. After controlling for age at first full-term pregnancy, the RR for invasive cervical carcinoma among parous women was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.53-2.02) for > or => or =7 full-term pregnancies compared with 1-2. For CIN3/carcinoma in situ, no significant trend was found with increasing number of births after controlling for age at first full-term pregnancy among parous women. Early age at first full-term pregnancy was also associated with risk of both invasive cervical carcinoma and CIN3/carcinoma in situ. After controlling for number of full-term pregnancies, the RR for first full-term pregnancy at age or => or =25 years was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.42-2.23) for invasive cervical carcinoma, and 1.78 (95% CI: 1.26-2.51) for CIN3/carcinoma in situ. Results were similar in analyses restricted to high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive cases and controls. No relationship was found between cervical HPV positivity and number of full-term pregnancies, or age at first full-term pregnancy among controls. Differences in reproductive habits may have contributed to differences in cervical cancer incidence between developed and developing countries.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2015.09.004
Abstract: The way in which lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease co-occur among people with different cultural backgrounds is largely unknown. This study investigated chronic disease risk among immigrants aged ≥45 years in Australia by combining common lifestyle risk factors into a weighted chronic disease risk index (CDRI). Among 64,194 immigrants and 199,908 Australian-born participants in the 45 and Up Study (2006-2009), Poisson regression was used to derive relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for five risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, overweight/obesity, physical activity, diet) by place of birth adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. Multiple linear regression was used to determine adjusted mean differences (AMDs) in CDRI score by place of birth and years lived in Australia. Immigrants had higher RRs of smoking than Australian-born participants, lower RRs of excessive alcohol consumption and overweight/obesity, and no difference in RR for physical inactivity and insufficient fruit/vegetable intake. Participants born in the Middle East/North Africa (AMD 3.5, 95% CI 2.7, 4.3), Eastern/Central Europe (1.3, 0.8, 1.9), and Western Europe (0.5, 0.1, 0.8) had higher mean CDRI scores than Australian-born participants, while participants born in East Asia (-7.2, -7.8, -6.6), Southeast Asia (-6.6, -7.2, -6.1), Central/South Asia (-3.1, -4.0, -2.1), Sub-Saharan Africa (-1.9, -2.6, -1.2) and the United Kingdom/Ireland (-0.2, -0.5, 0.0) had lower scores. CDRI score among immigrants generally approximated that of Australian-born participants with greater years lived in Australia. This study reveals differences in potential risk of chronic disease among different immigrant groups in Australia.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 06-05-2013
DOI: 10.5694/MJA12.11548
Abstract: To quantify relationships between erectile dysfunction (ED), ageing and health and lifestyle factors for men aged 45 years and older. Cross-sectional, population-based study seeking data on health, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors by questionnaire (the 45 and Up Study). 108 477 men aged 45 years or older, living in New South Wales, and recruited into the 45 and Up Study between 10 January 2006 and 17 February 2010. Self-reported ED. In the 101 674 men reporting no prior diagnosis of prostate cancer, 39.31% (95% CI, 39.01%-39.61%) had no ED, 25.14% (95% CI, 24.87%-25.40%) had mild ED (ie, experienced ED sometimes), 18.79% (95% CI, 18.55%-19.03%) had moderate (ie, usually experienced) ED and 16.77% (95% CI, 16.55%-17.00%) had complete ED. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, the odds of moderate/complete ED increased by 11.30% (OR, 1.11 95% CI, 1.11-1.12) each year from the age of 45 years. Overall, the risk of moderate/complete ED was higher among men with low socioeconomic status, high body mass index, those who were sedentary, current smokers and those with diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and depression/anxiety, compared with men without these risk factors. Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a significantly reduced risk of ED in men aged 45-54 years, but not in older men. Almost all men aged 75 or older reported moderate/severe ED however, increased physical activity was associated with a lower odds of ED in this group. In a large population-based cross-sectional study, ED increased considerably with age. There are a range of potentially modifiable risk factors for ED, including smoking, low physical activity, and high body mass index.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-05-2019
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-03-2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-03-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.03.141
Abstract: Microbial community structure of sludge s led from an UASB treating potato starch processing wastewater (PSPW) was investigated. Operational taxonomic units revealed at 97% sequence identity tolerance was 2922, 2869 and 3919 for bottom, middle and top sections of the reactor, respectively. Overall abundant phylum observed within the UASB was low-G+C-Gram-positive bacteria affiliated to Firmicutes (26.01%) followed by Chloroflexi (16.70%), Proteobacteria (12.71%), Cloacimonetes (10.72%), Bacteroidetes (7.87%), Synergistetes (9.02%) and Euryarchaeota (8.82%). Whiles Firmicutes had dominated the bottom and top section by 34.01% and 28.64%, respectively, middle section was predominantly Euryarchaeota (24.32%) with major dominance in methanogens affiliated to genus Methanosaeta. The results demonstrated substantial stratification of the microbial community structure along the reactor height with various functional bacterial groups which subsequently allowed degradation of organics in PSPW in sequential mode. The findings herein would provide guidance for optimizing the anaerobic process and operation of the UASB.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-05-2009
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0400
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly prevalent worldwide and may have a role, with sun exposure, in causing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Little is known about the relationship of UV exposure and seroprevalence of cutaneous HPVs in the general population. Using multiplex serology, we estimated the seroprevalence of 23 beta and 7 gamma HPVs and 7 other antigens (mu HPV1, HPV63, nu HPV41, alpha HPV16 polyomaviruses HPyV7 and MCV p53) in a population-based s le of 1,161 Australian 45 and Up Study participants with valid data from blood specimens collected from 2010 to 2012. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) for the association of each antigen with residential ambient solar UV and other UV-related variables. Seropositivity for at least one beta or gamma HPV was high at 88% (beta HPVs 74%, gamma HPVs 70%), and less in women than men [e.g., PR beta-2 HPV38 = 0.70 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.56–0.87 any gamma = 0.90 95% CI, 0.84–0.97]. A high ambient UV level in the 10 years before study enrollment was associated with elevated seroprevalence for genus beta (PRtertile3vs1 any beta = 1.17 95% CI, 1.07–1.28), and beta-1 to beta-3 species, but not for gamma HPVs. Other UV-related measures had less or no evidence of an association. Seroprevalence of cutaneous beta HPVs is higher with higher ambient UV exposure in the past 10 years. The observed association between ambient UV in the past 10 years and cutaneous HPVs supports further study of the possible joint role of solar UV and HPV in causing skin cancer.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2004
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-1000
Abstract: Sun exposure causes cutaneous squamous (SCC) and basal cell (BCC) carcinomas. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection might cause SCC. We examined associations of β and γ HPV infection in skin-swab DNA and serum antibodies with skin cancer risk, and modification of the carcinogenic effects of sun exposure by them, in case–control studies of 385 SCC cases, 832 BCC cases, and 1,100 controls nested in an Australian prospective cohort study (enrolled 2006–2009). Presence of β-1 and β-3 HPV DNA appeared to increase risks for SCC and BCC by 30% to 40% (P adjusted & .01). BCC was also associated with genus β DNA, OR = 1.48 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10 to 2.00 (P adjusted & .01). Associations were strengthened with each additional positive β HPV DNA type: SCC (OR = 1.07 95% CI, 1.02–1.12) and BCC (OR = 1.06 95% CI, 1.03–1.10), Ptrend& .01. Positivity to genus β or γ in serology, and genus γ in DNA, was not associated with either cancer. There was little evidence that any β HPV type was more strongly associated than others with either cancer. A weaker association of sun exposure with SCC and BCC in the presence of β-3 HPVs than in their absence suggests that β-3 HPVs modify sun exposure's effect. Our substantive findings are at the level of genus β HPV. Like SCC, BCC risk may increase with increasing numbers of β HPV types on skin. The consistency in our findings that HPV infection may moderate the effects of sun exposure, the main environmental cause of SCC and BCC, merits further investigation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-12-2016
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.29942
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials and large-scale observational studies have found that current use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer this risk is higher for oestrogen-progestagen combination therapy than for oestrogen-only therapy. Our study was designed to estimate MHT-associated breast cancer risk in a population of Australian women. Data were analysed for postmenopausal women with self-reported incident invasive breast cancer (n = 1,236) and cancer-free controls (n = 862), recruited between 2006 and 2014 into a large case-control study for all cancer types, the NSW CLEAR study. Information on past and current MHT use was collected from all participants, along with other lifestyle and demographic factors, using a self-administered questionnaire. Unmatched multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for socio-demographic, reproductive and health behaviour variables, body mass index and breast screening history. Compared to never users of MHT, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for breast cancer in current users of any type of MHT was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.57-2.78 p < 0.0001) and for past users of any type of MHT was 1.03 (0.82-1.28 p = 0.8243). For current users of oestrogen-only and oestrogen-progestagen therapy, aORs were 1.80 (1.21-2.68 p = 0.0039) and 2.62 (1.56-4.38 p = 0.0003), respectively. These findings are consistent with those from other international observational studies, that current, but not past, use of MHT is associated with a substantially increased risk of breast cancer.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2015.03.006
Abstract: The New South Wales (NSW) Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR) is an open epidemiological bioresource, using an all cancer unmatched case-spouse control design. Participant characteristics and selected confirmed associations are compared to published estimates: current smoking and lung cancer country of birth and melanoma body mass index (BMI) and bowel cancer and paternal history of prostate cancer and prostate cancer, to illustrate the validity of this design. Cases are NSW residents, ≥18 years, with an incident cancer of any type. Controls are cancer-free spouses of cases. Participants complete a consent form, a questionnaire, and provide an optional blood s le. For analyses, odds ratios for males and females are calculated for cancers and exposures of interest, by sex-matching controls to cases. 10,816 participants (8569 cases, 2247 controls, 54% female) recruited to-date, median age: 61.6 y cases, 61.3 y controls. The top five cancer types are female breast (n=1691), prostate (n=1102), bowel (n=888), melanoma (n=608), and lung (n=265). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were: 20.65 (95% CI: 13.25-32.19) for lung cancer in current versus never smokers 1.16 (1.05-1.28) for bowel cancer per 5 kg/m(2) increment in BMI 1.41 (1.01-1.96) for melanoma in Australian-born compared to those born in UK/Ireland and 2.47 (1.82-3.37) for prostate cancer in men with versus without a paternal history of prostate cancer. This study design, where controls are the spouses of cases diagnosed with a variety of cancers and which are analysed unmatched, avoids potential biases due to overmatching, considered problematic in standard case-spouse control studies, and illustrates that risk estimates analysed are consistent with the published literature. CLEAR methodology provides a practical design to advance local knowledge on the causes of various leading and emerging cancers.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-10-2017
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.30471
Abstract: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men worldwide. The relationships between PC and possible risk factors for PC cases (n = 1,181) and male controls (n = 875) from the New South Wales (NSW) Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR) were examined in this study. The associations between PC risk and paternal history of PC, body mass index (BMI), medical conditions, sexual behaviour, balding pattern and puberty, after adjusting for age, income, region of birth, place of residence, and PSA testing, were examined. Adjusted risk of PC was higher for men with a paternal history of PC (OR = 2.31 95%CI: 1.70-3.14), personal history of prostatitis (OR = 2.30 95%CI: 1.44-3.70), benign prostatic hyperplasia (OR = 2.29 95%CI: 1.79-2.93), being overweight (vs. normal OR = 1.24 95%CI: 0.99-1.55) or obese (vs. normal OR = 1.44 95%CI: 1.09-1.89), having reported more than seven sexual partners in a lifetime (vs. < 3 partners OR = 2.00 95%CI: 1.49-2.68), and having reported more than 5 orgasms a month prior to PC diagnosis (vs. ≤3 orgasms OR = 1.59 95%CI: 1.18-2.15). PC risk was lower for men whose timing of puberty was later than their peers (vs. same as peers OR = 0.75 95%CI: 0.59-0.97), and a smaller risk reduction of was observed in men whose timing of puberty was earlier than their peers (vs. same as peers OR = 0.85 95%CI: 0.61-1.17). No associations were found between PC risk and vertex balding, erectile function, acne, circumcision, vasectomy, asthma or diabetes. These results support a role for adult body size, sexual activity, and adolescent sexual development in PC development.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2016.02.001
Abstract: The Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, which includes the former Transkei has high rates of squamous cell oesophageal cancer (OC), thought to be caused mainly by nutritional deficiencies and fungal contamination of staple maize. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at three of the major referral hospitals in this region to measure, among other suspected risk factors, the relative importance of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption for the disease in this population. Incident cases (n=670) of OC and controls (n=1188) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire which included questions on tobacco and alcohol-related consumption. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for each of the risk factors were calculated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models. A monotonic dose-response was observed across the categories of each tobacco-related variable in both sexes. Males and females currently smoking a total of >14g of tobacco per day were observed to have over 4-times the odds of developing OC (males OR=4.36, 95% CI 2.24-8.48 females OR=4.56, 95% CI 1.46-14.30), with pipe smoking showing the strongest effect. Similar trends were observed for the alcohol-related variables. The quantity of ethanol consumed was the most important factor in OC development rather than any in idual type of alcoholic beverage, especially in smokers. Males and females consuming >53g of ethanol per day had approximately 5-times greater odds in comparison to non-drinkers (males OR=4.72, 95% CI 2.64-8.41 females OR=5.24, 95% CI 3.34-8.23) and 8.5 greater odds in those who smoked >14g tobacco daily. The attributable fractions for smoking and alcohol consumption were 58% and 48% respectively, 64% for both factors combined. Tobacco and alcohol use are major risk factors for OC development in this region. This study provides evidence for further reinforcement of cessation of smoking and alcohol consumption to curb OC development.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2016.02.002
Abstract: Stomach cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, despite its incidence and mortality falling in many places. The discovery in 1984 that a bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori could cause stomach and duodenal ulcers prompted work in its role in causing gastritis, and led to the first prospective study in 1991 by Forman et al., showing that infection with H.pylori increased the risk of stomach cancer in those infected by almost three-fold. Prior to then, it was hypothesized that stomach was caused by poor diets. While diets may still play a role, the falls in stomach cancer incidence have been associated with reductions in population prevalence of H. pylori. Discovery of the link was accelerated by the use of stored sera from other unrelated studies, and the use of serological assays. Since those discoveries the treatment landscape of gastric disorders has changed significantly, with a rapid uptake of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitors (triple) therapies in those who are H. pylori positive. Over time we have seen falls in gastric cancer, peptic and duodenal ulcers and in many of the procedures previously used to cure peptic ulcer disease, such as vagotomies and gastrectomies. Further still, an oral vaccine against H. pylori, first trialled in China, holds much promise of being the third vaccine against a cancer causing infection. If successful this would lead to a further reduction in H. pylori related conditions, and ultimately gastric cancer, an otherwise lethal disease.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-11-2023
DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.51792
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-01-2012
DOI: 10.1093/JNCI/DJR499
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 17-06-1999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-03-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1987
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/16.4.606
Abstract: The mother tongue of the majority of black workers in the industrial workforces of the Witwatersrand is either Zulu or S Sotho/Tswana, and these are also the main languages spoken in the area. However a substantial minority cite one of several other languages as their mother tongue. In consequence, in occupational surveys using a respiratory questionnaire, the accepted practice has been to use multilingual interviewers who administer the questionnaire in whichever of the two main languages the interviewee requests, but work from an English language version. To test the reproducibility of the information so gathered, a standardized questionnaire was administered to 56 subjects on two occasions approximately three weeks apart by each of two interviewers, one of whose mother tongue was Zulu and the other S Sotho. Reproducibility was little affected by whether the interviewer used her mother tongue or not, pointing to the multilingual competence of both interviewers. Reproducibility was, however, less in subjects not interviewed in their mother tongue compared to those who were. In general, reproducibility was also less for symptom than for history questions, though the phlegm question performed comparably to that reported for more homogeneous language/ethnic groups. Thus, even if internally valid, respiratory symptom information obtained by this method may have limited generalizability. However respiratory history information appears more reliable and may prove of value in the investigation of the natural history of chronic lung disease in this and similar communities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
Publisher: International Global Health Society
Date: 19-08-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2015.05.007
Abstract: To provide a temporal analysis of lung cancer prevalence over two decades in New South Wales (NSW), Australia and projections of future lung cancer prevalence up to 2017. Data for lung cancer cases diagnosed in 1983-2007 with survival follow-up to the end of 2007 were extracted from the population-based NSW Central Cancer Registry. Five-year prevalence was calculated by the counting method at five time points (1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007) for which data were available, then historical prevalence trends (1987-2007) were extrapolated into 2008-2017. For men, 5-year prevalence of lung cancer in NSW increased slowly in number from 1748 in 1987 to 2151 in 2007, although there was a 15% reduction in prevalence rates over the same time period. For women, there was a greater increase both in number (2.55 times) and rates (88%) between 1987 and 2007. Despite the narrowing gap in lung cancer prevalence between men and women, in 2007 the 5-year prevalence for men was still higher than that for women. However, if the past trends continue, it is expected that in 2017 the 5-year lung cancer prevalence for women in NSW will surpass that for men. Our projections suggest that by 2017 the prevalence of lung cancer for women will be greater than that of men in NSW Australia. Further strengthening the current tobacco control measures should be considered a high priority in Australia, particularly for adolescents and women.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.23391
Abstract: The effect of the evolving HIV epidemic on cancer has been sparsely documented in Africa. We report results on the risk of cancer associated with HIV-1 infection using data from an ongoing study. A case-control analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (odds ratio, OR) of cancer types known to be AIDS defining: Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 333), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, n = 223) and cancers of the cervix (n = 1,586), and 11 cancer types possibly associated with HIV infection: Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 154), cancers of other anogenital organs (n = 157), squamous cell cancer of the skin (SCC, n = 70), oral cavity and pharynx (n = 319), liver (n = 83), stomach (n = 142), leukemia (n = 323), melanoma (n = 53), sarcomas other than Kaposi's (n = 93), myeloma (n = 189) and lung cancer (n = 363). The comparison group comprised 3,717 subjects with all other cancer types and 682 subjects with vascular disease. ORs were adjusted for age, sex (except cervical cancer), year of diagnosis, education and number of sexual partners. Significantly increased risks associated with HIV-1 infection were found for HIV/AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma (OR = 47.1, 95% CI = 31.9-69.8), NHL (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 4.3-8.1) and cancer of the cervix (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0) Hodgkin's disease (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0-2.7), cancers of anogenital organs other than the cervix (OR = 2.2 95% CI = 1.4-3.3) and SCC (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4-4.9) were also significantly increased. No significant associations were found between HIV and any of the other cancers examined. Risks for HIV-related cancers are consistent with previous studies in Africa, and are lower when compared to those observed in developed countries.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268803001146
Abstract: HIV-infected in iduals with high levels of IgG antibodies against human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) are at increased risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma. The aim of this study was to measure the association between HHV-8 viraemia and IgG antibody responses (by immunofluorescence) in a group of 201 HIV-infected in iduals attending outpatient clinics, 91 in-patients with AIDS and 87 HIV-infected patients admitted with Kaposi's sarcoma. Compared to HIV-infected outpatients, the adjusted odds ratio in relation to Kaposi's sarcoma was 15·4 (95% CI 4·4–54·2) in those with viraemia, 25·1 (95% CI 6·6–95·6) in those with a positive immunofluorescent signal and ∞ (lower exact CI 33·6) in those with a high immunofluorescent signal (all P trend ·001). Among those without HHV-8 viraemia, 23% were IgG-positive, but only 5·5% had a high immunofluorescent signal. In those who were viraemic, 89·1% were IgG-positive, and 28·2% had a high immunofluorescent signal, suggesting viraemia is associated with high HHV-8 immunofluorescence IgG signal.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2013.09.010
Abstract: Australia has one of the highest rates of cancer incidence worldwide and, despite improving survival, cancer continues to be a major public health problem. Our aim was to provide simple summary measures of changes in cancer mortality and incidence in Australia so that progress and areas for improvement in cancer control can be identified. We used national data on cancer deaths and newly registered cancer cases and compared expected and observed numbers of deaths and cases diagnosed in 2007. The expected numbers were obtained by applying 1987 age-sex specific rates (average of 1986-1988) directly to the 2007 population. The observed numbers of deaths and incident cases were calculated for 2007 (average of 2006-2008). We limited the analyses to people aged less than 75 years. There was a 28% fall in cancer mortality (7827 fewer deaths in 2007 vs. 1987) and a 21% increase in new cancer diagnoses (13,012 more diagnosed cases in 2007). The greatest reductions in deaths were for cancers of the lung in males (-2259), bowel (-1797), breast (-773) and stomach (-577). Other notable falls were for cancers of the prostate (-295), cervix (-242) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (-240). Only small or no changes occurred in mortality for cancers of the lung (female only), pancreas, brain and related, oesophagus and thyroid, with an increase in liver cancer (267). Cancer types that showed the greatest increase in incident cases were cancers of the prostate (10,245), breast (2736), other cancers (1353), melanoma (1138) and thyroid (1107), while falls were seen for cancers of the lung (-1705), bladder (-1110) and unknown primary (-904). The reduction in mortality indicates that prevention strategies, improvements in cancer treatment, and screening programmes have made significant contributions to cancer control in Australia since 1987. The rise in incidence is partly due to diagnoses being brought forward by technological improvements and increased coverage of screening and early diagnostic testing.
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 14-10-1999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-03-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2018.05.013
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines protect against HPV types 16/18, but do not eliminate the need to detect pre-cancerous lesions. Australian women vaccinated as teenage girls are now entering their mid-thirties. Since other oncogenic HPV types have been shown to be more prevalent in women ≥30 years old, understanding high grade cervical lesions in older women is still important. Hormonal contraceptives (HC) and smoking are recognised cofactors for the development of pre-malignant lesions. 886 cases with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 and 3636 controls with normal cytology were recruited from the Pap Test Register of NSW, Australia. All women were aged 30-44 years. Conditional logistic regression was used to quantify the relationship of HC and smoking to CIN 2/3 adjusted for various factors. Current-users of HC were at higher risk for CIN 2/3 than never-users [odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.03-2.17] and risk increased with increasing duration of use [ORs:1.13 (0.73-1.75), 1.51 (1.00-2.72), 1.82 (1.22-2.72) for <10, 10-14, ≥15 years of use p-trend = 0.04]. Ex-users had risks similar to never-users (OR 1.08, 95%CI = 0.75-1.57) regardless of duration of use. Current smoking was significantly associated with CIN 2/3 (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.14-1.80) and risk increased with increasing number of cigarettes/day (p-trend = 0.02). Among ex-smokers, the risk of CIN 2/3 decreased with increasing time since quitting (p-trend = 0.04). In this benchmark study, current, long term users of HC and current smokers of ≥5 cigarettes/day were each at increased risk of developing CIN 2/3. Findings support smoking cessation in relation to decreasing the risk of pre-cancerous lesions and reinforce the continuing need for cervical screening for cancer prevention in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2017.11.002
Abstract: Older people represent increasing proportions of the population with cancer. To understand the representivity of cancer treatments in older people, we performed a systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines of the age distribution of clinical trial participants for three leading cancer types, namely breast, prostate, and lung. We used PubMed to identify articles detailing meta or pooled-analyses of phase III, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of survival for breast, prostate and lung cancer, published ≤5 years from 2016. We compared the age distribution of participants to that of these cancers for "More developed regions". 4993 potential papers were identified, but only three papers on breast cancer, three on lung cancer, and none on prostate cancer presented the age distribution of their participants. Except for one paper of breast cancer, participants ≥70 years in all other papers were underrepresented. We recommend the age distribution of patients be clearly reported in all clinical trials, as per guidelines. Clinical trials ought to be more representative of the populations most affected by the disease for which treatments are being tested. This should lead to better knowledge of effectiveness of treatments and better translation of trial results to optimal care of older cancer patients.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S11764-015-0510-7
Abstract: Limited research has examined smoking amongst recent cancer survivors or the relative contribution of factors on smoking behaviour. This study aimed to describe amongst recent Australian cancer survivors (i) prevalence of smoking by cancer type, (ii) characteristics associated with continued smoking following diagnosis, (iii) intention to quit among those who continue to smoke and (iv) characteristics associated with quitting following diagnosis. Cross-sectional data were analysed from 1299 cancer survivors diagnosed with their first primary cancer recruited from two Australian cancer registries in Australia between 2006 and 2008. Of participants, 8.6 % reported current smoking. Participants who were younger and single or widowed reported higher odds of current smoking. Participants who had a certificate/diploma or tertiary education reported lower odds of smoking. Among current smokers, 53 % intended to quit in the future. Lung cancer survivors reported more than four times the odds of quitting smoking since diagnosis compared to other cancer types. Of recent Australian cancer survivors who were smokers, 14% reported that they never expected to quit smoking [corrected]. Smoking following a cancer diagnosis is associated with increased risk of mortality and further morbidity. There is a need to target cessation efforts towards survivors who are younger, without a partner and with a low level of education.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0170
Abstract: Background: Serologic testing for antibodies against epitopes from pathogens is a valuable tool for investigating the relationship between infection and disease. This study comprehensively evaluates the impact of preanalytic variation on antibody seropositivities to a selected set of antigens arising from delays in processing of blood s les, preprocessing storage temperature, and vacutainer type. Methods: We assessed peripheral blood collected from 29 volunteers in four different Vacutainer types [ethylenediaminoetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), lithium heparin (LH), serum separator tubes (SST)], and stored at 4°C or room temperature for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days before processing. Multiplex serology was used to determine antibody reactivity against 35 antigens derived from human papillomaviruses, human polyomaviruses, Epstein–Barr virus, and Helicobacter pylori. Cohen's κ statistic was used to measure agreement on seropositivity status between s les exposed to standard and nonstandard clinical practice conditions. Results: For s les processed without delay, κ was not associated with storage-temperature (P value range 0.23 to 0.95) or vacutainer type (P value range, 0.35–0.89). Kappa did not significantly decline with increasing delays in processing for any vacutainer-type storage temperature combination (P slope range, 0.06–1.00). Conclusions: Antibodies to epitopes from various pathogenic infectious agents can be measured reliably from s les stored in SST, EDTA, ACD, or LH vacutainers at either room temperature or 4°C for up to 6 days before processing. Impact: Serologic testing is robust to several preanalytic options. These findings are particularly important for epidemiologic studies recruiting participants from remote settings where s le exposure to preanalytic conditions can vary considerably. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 26(8) 1337–44. ©2017 AACR.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 16-11-2004
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268804002845
Abstract: Between January 1994 and October 1997, we interviewed 2576 black in-patients with newly diagnosed cancer in Johannesburg and Soweto, South Africa. Blood was tested for HIV-1 and HHV-8 antibodies and the study was restricted to 2191 HIV-1 antibody-negative patients. We examined the relationship between infection with HHV-8 and sociodemographic and behavioural factors using unconditional logistic regression models. Of the 2191 HIV-1 negative patients who did not have Kaposi's sarcoma, 854 (39·1%) were positive for antibodies against the latent nuclear antigen of HHV-8 encoded by orf73 in a immunofluorescence assay. Infection with HHV-8 was independently associated with increasing age ( P trend=0·02). For females, independent risk factors also included working in a paid domestic capacity (OR 1·63, 95% CI 1·09–2·44, P =0·02), defining occupational status as economically non-active unemployed (OR 1·70, 95% CI 1·06–2·72, P =0·03), having a state pension or being on a disability grant (OR 1·49, 95% CI 1·05–2·11, P =0·02), using oral contraceptives (OR 1·43, 95% CI 1·03–1·99, P =0·03) and having a delayed age at menarche ( P trend=0·04). The relationship between these variables and HHV-8 antibody status requires further, prospective study.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/18.2.320
Abstract: Malignant mesothelioma is a rare tumour known to be associated with prior exposure to asbestos. Previous studies have described the occupational and clinical features of cases of mesothelioma in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) but none has set out to determine incidence of this disease. To estimate incidence, a case register was compiled for 1976-84 by contacting all medical practitioners and institutions likely to have seen cases of mesothelioma in this period demographic, diagnostic and exposure details were sought. Cases were accepted if they provided evidence of histological diagnosis of mesothelioma. Fifty-two per cent of 1347 cases identified were in whites, 31% in blacks, 16% in coloureds and 1% in Asians. Seventy-three per cent of cases occurred in males. The majority of whites were aged 51-70 years, while the majority in other race groups were aged 41-60 years. The ratio of only pleural to only peritoneal mesothelioma was 11:1, although there were marked differences by race. Eighty-five per cent of males with exposure information available had prior exposure to asbestos, mostly occupational. A similar proportion of women had contact with asbestos but mostly through other types of exposure. Standardized incidence rates per million population aged 15 years and over were calculated for sex-race subgroups and were highest in white males (32.9 per million per year, 95% Cl 22.7-46.4), coloured males (24.8 per million per year, 95% Cl 16.2-36.9) and coloured females (13.9 per million per year, 95% Cl 7.7-23.5). These incidence rates are amongst the highest ever reported for a national population. Age-specific standardized incidence rates were highest in white males (over 100 per million per year in men over 55 years). Reasons for the differing rates by population group are likely to include differential access to health services. More rigorous control of asbestos exposure in the RSA is recommended.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-08-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1002/JMV.20874
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) types causing anogenital lesions and cancer are accepted as being sexually transmitted. The methods whereby children acquire these anogenital type HPV infections are unclear. The present study determined the prevalence of anti-HPV-16, HPV-11 and HPV-18 IgG antibodies in mothers and their children in an attempt to identify evidence of HPV transmission from mother to child. HPV virus-like particles (VLP) VLP-16, VLP-11 and VLP-18 were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify IgG antibodies in serum from 100 mothers and their 111 children. Antibodies to VLP-16, VLP-11 and VLP-18 were found in serum from 17%, 21% and 16% of mothers, respectively and seroprevalences were 9%, 11.7% and 9.9%, respectively amongst the children. Of the 111 children, 23 (20.7%) showed antibodies to one or more of the three HPV types tested. Seven of these (30.4%) HPV IgG positive children had the same antibodies to one or more HPV types as their mothers. The prevalence of HPV-11 was similar in children of seropositive compared with seronegative mothers (14% and 11%, respectively). The prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 was higher in children of seropositive mothers compared with seronegative mothers (for HPV-16, 18% and 7%, respectively, P = 0.1, for HPV-18, 19% and 8%, respectively, P = 0.2). None of these differences were statistically significant indicating a lack of correlation between antibodies in mothers and children and no evidence to support vertical or horizontal mother to child transmission of HPV infection. Indications were of multiple sources of HPV infection in the children.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2008
Abstract: To compare the characteristics of people who utilize colorectal cancer screening tests with those who do not. Self-reported questionnaire data from 15,900 women and 14,953 men aged 50 or over who had never had colorectal cancer were taken from the 45 and Up Study cohort in Australia in 2006. A cross-sectional analysis of colorectal cancer test behaviour within the last five years by faecal occult blood test (FOBT), or by any test (FOBT, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy) was performed. A total of 36.2% of participants reported colorectal cancer testing and 17.9% reported having a FOBT. Both FOBT and any testing were reduced significantly in groups with the following attributes compared with the remaining population ages 50–59 and 80+ female no family history of colorectal cancer lower education lower income not speaking English at home lack of private health insurance not being retired not living with a partner and not having other screening tests. Compared with other participants, test uptake was particularly low among current smokers (relative risk 0.76, 95% CI 0.71–0.80), sedentary participants (0.71, 95% CI 0.66–0.77), those without fruit (0.77, 95% CI 0.71–0.84) or vegetables (0.79, 95% CI 0.69–0.90) in their daily diet and those with a disability (0.91, 95% CI 0.85–0.97). Compared with participants from major cities, outer regional area participants were significantly more likely to report a FOBT (1.31, 95% CI 1.23–1.39) however participants in remote areas were significantly less likely to have had any colorectal cancer test (0.75, 95% CI 0.67–0.85). Subgroups of the Australian population may require targeted intervention to ensure equity in colorectal cancer screening.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-1992
Abstract: This study compares the incidence rates of histologically confirmed gastric carcinoma in Oxfordshire in two five year periods (1960-64, 1984-88). Data were available for 215 patients in the first period, and 200 in the second. The overall incidence fell from 18/100,000 to 15/100,000 but when analysed for site, the incidence of antral tumours fell from 10 to 4.5/100,000. In contrast, there was an increase from 2.8 to 5.2/100,000 of tumours of the cardia. These changes were more pronounced in men. There was a marked association between smoking and tumours of the cardia (relative risk 4.5). Helicobacter pylori was associated with 37.5% of tumours in the 1960s series compared with 25% in the later series. The changing patterns of incidence of gastric carcinoma may, in part, be related to changes in smoking habits and perhaps a change in incidence of H pylori infection.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-09-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2012.02.041
Abstract: We used cross-sectional data to investigate whether current, past and never smokers report different levels of social interaction and whether the level of social interaction varied according to the type of interaction being measured. Self-reported questionnaire data were obtained from 239,043 men and women aged 45 years or older living in Australia between February 2006 and February 2010. The study participation rate was 18%. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the percentage differences in the mean values of four social interaction outcomes according to smoking status after adjusting for age, place of residence, income, education, health insurance status, physical limitation, psychological distress and exposure to passive smoke: number of times 1) spent with friends/family, 2) spoken on the telephone, 3) attended social meetings in the past week, and 4) number of people outside of home that can be depended upon. 7.6% of males and 6.9% of females were current smokers, 43.6% of males and 28.6% of females were ex-smokers and 48.8% of males and 64.5% of females had never smoked. Compared to never smokers, current smokers reported significantly fewer social interactions in the past week and had fewer people outside the home that they could depend on. Men and women current smokers attended 24.0% (95% CI, 20.3, 27.5) and 31.1% (95% CI, 28.1, 34.1) fewer social group meetings on average than never smokers. Smokers exposed to passive smoke reported higher levels of social interaction than those not exposed. Past smokers reported levels of social interaction that were intermediate to those of current and never smokers and the more years they had abstained from smoking, the more social interaction they reported on average. Our data are in line with previous research showing that smokers are not only worse off economically, physically and mentally, but are also less likely to be socially connected.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2017.01.002
Abstract: Physical activity (PA) has been associated with lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, but the evidence linking PA with lower cancer risk is inconclusive. We examined the independent and interactive effects of PA and obesity using body mass index (BMI) as a proxy for obesity, on the risk of developing prostate (PC), postmenopausal breast (BC), colorectal (CRC), ovarian (OC) and uterine (UC) cancers. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for cancer specific confounders, in 6831 self-reported cancer cases and 1992 self-reported cancer-free controls from the Cancer Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study, using unconditional logistic regression. For women, BMI was positively associated with UC risk specifically, obese women (BMI≥30kg/m These findings suggest that PA and obesity are independent cancer risk factors.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-01-2016
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.29911
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-03-2021
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYAB053
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-09-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-07-2015
DOI: 10.1002/PON.3893
Abstract: Continued smoking following a cancer diagnosis has adverse impacts on cancer treatment and puts in iduals at risk of secondary cancers. Data on the prevalence and correlates of smoking among cancer patients are critical for successfully targeting smoking cessation interventions. To explore among a s le of medical oncology outpatients (a) the prevalence of self-reported current smoking and (b) the demographic and psychosocial factors associated with self-reported smoking. A heterogeneous s le of cancer patients aged 18 years or over was recruited from 1 of 11 medical oncology treatment centres across Australia. Patients completed a survey assessing the following: smoking status socio-demographic, disease and treatment characteristics time since diagnosis anxiety and depression. Factors associated with self-reported smoking were examined using a univariate and multivariate mixed-effects logistic regression. A total of 1379 patients returned surveys and 1338 were included in the analysis. The prevalence of current smoking was 10.9% (n = 146). After adjusting for treatment centre, patients aged 65 years and older and those without health concession cards were significantly less likely to smoke. Patients diagnosed with lung cancer and those without private health insurance were more likely to smoke. A minority of cancer patients reported continued smoking at an average time of 13 months post-diagnosis. Patients, who are younger, have been diagnosed with lung cancer and have lower socioeconomic status are at-risk groups and represent important targets for smoking cessation advice and intervention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001101)88:3<489::AID-IJC25>3.0.CO;2-Q
Abstract: Despite the high prevalence of infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in South Africa, information on its association with cancer is sparse. Our study was carried out to examine the relationship between HIV and a number of cancer types or sites that are common in South Africa. A total of 4,883 subjects, presenting with a cancer or cardiovascular disease at the 3 tertiary referral hospitals in Johannesburg, were interviewed and had blood tested for HIV. Odds ratios associated with HIV infection were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression models for 16 major cancer types where data was available for 50 or more patients. In the comparison group, the prevalence of HIV infection was 8.3% in males and 9.1% in females. Significant excess risks associated with HIV infection were found for Kaposi's sarcoma (OR=21.9, 95% CI=12.5-38.6), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR=5.0, 95%CI=2.7-9.5), vulval cancer (OR=4.8, 95%CI= 1.9-12.2) and cervical cancer (OR= 1.6, 95%CI= 1.1-2.3) but not for any of the other major cancer types examined, including Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma and lung cancer. In Johannesburg, South Africa, HIV infection was associated with significantly increased risks of Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the cervix and the vulva. The relative risks for Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with HIV infection were substantially lower than those found in the West.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2022.102158
Abstract: Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is endemic in several countries in Southern and Eastern Africa, relatively rare worldwide but a leading cancer among people living with HIV. KS has always been more common in adult males than females. We assessed the prevalence of known cancer modifying factors (parity, hormonal contraceptive use in females, sex-partners, smoking and alcohol consumption in both sexes), and their relationship to KS, and whether any of these could account for the unequal KS sex ratios. We calculated logistic regression case-control adjusted odds ratios (OR
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-08-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10552-011-9824-6
Abstract: To analyze Australian cancer patients' beliefs about factors contributing to the development of their cancer. As part of a case-control study (The Cancer Council NSW Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study), a total of 2,857 cancer patients (open to all types of cancer) were surveyed and via an open-ended question, were asked to specify factors they think contributed to the development of their cancer. Qualitative analysis and categorical techniques were used to analyze the data. About half, 53%, of patients specified at least one contributing factor. The odds of a person specifying a contributing factor increased with time period since diagnosis (p = 0.0006). Patients most frequently specified, respectively: "Stress" (15.4%), "Genetics/hereditary" (10.9%) and "Smoking" (6.2%). Among factors specified the largest proportion (24.1%) was perceived to be "Non-modifiable." Cancer patients specified a broad range of factors and agents to which their disease may be attributed. Some of these were poorly correlated with epidemiological rankings of attributable risk factors. The role of psychosocial and genetic factors was overstated. Misconceptions regarding the causes of cancer are a key consideration of health professionals when devising communication strategies around cancer prevention.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-12-2021
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0260319
Abstract: Aside from human papillomavirus (HPV), the role of other risk factors in cervical cancer such as age, education, parity, sexual partners, smoking and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been described but never ranked in order of priority. We evaluated the contribution of several known lifestyle co-risk factors for cervical cancer among black South African women. We used participant data from the Johannesburg Cancer Study, a case-control study of women recruited mainly at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital between 1995 and 2016. A total of 3,450 women in the study had invasive cervical cancers, 95% of which were squamous cell carcinoma. Controls were 5,709 women with cancers unrelated to exposures of interest. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR adj ) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We ranked these risk factors by their population attributable fractions (PAF), which take the local prevalence of exposure among the cases and risk into account. Cervical cancer in decreasing order of priority was associated with (1) being HIV positive (OR adj = 2.83, 95% CI = 2.53–3.14, PAF = 17.6%), (2) lower educational attainment (OR adj = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.44–1.77, PAF = 16.2%), (3) higher parity (3+ children vs 2–1 children (OR adj = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07–1.46, PAF = 12.6%), (4) hormonal contraceptive use (OR adj = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.24–1.77, PAF = 8.9%), (5) heavy alcohol consumption (OR adj = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.15–1.81, PAF = 5.6%), (6) current smoking (OR adj = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.41–1.91, PAF = 5.1%), and (7) rural residence (OR adj = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.44–1.77, PAF = 4.4%). This rank order of risks could be used to target educational messaging and appropriate interventions for cervical cancer prevention in South African women.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-09-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1465-3362.2010.00247.X
Abstract: Approximately 25% of the Australian population was born abroad, yet there has been very little tobacco control aimed at culturally and linguistically erse communities and limited data exist on smoking among Australian migrants. The aim of this study was to compare smoking characteristics of Australian migrants (in terms of place of birth and age migrated) to those of Australian-born residents. A cross-sectional analysis of self-reported questionnaire data from 53 207 women and 48 777 men aged 45 years or over in The 45 and Up Study in Australia (2006-2008) was performed. 52.6% (95% confidence intervals 52.1-53.0) of men and 35.5% (35.1-35.9) of women reported ever being a regular smoker and 7.6% (7.4-7.8) and 7.3% (7.1-7.5) reported current smoking, respectively. Compared with Australian-born men, a higher proportion of men born in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East were current smokers, with odds ratios adjusted for age, income, education and place of residence (OR 95% confidence intervals) ranging from 1.30 (1.16-1.45) to 1.96 (1.49-2.58). Compared with Australian-born women, a lower proportion of women from East (0.21 0.12-0.36) and Southeast Asia (0.38 0.26-0.54) were current smokers and a higher proportion of women from New Zealand (1.45 1.17-1.79) and the UK/Ireland (1.25 1.12-1.40) were current smokers. Among women born in Asia, the risk of smoking increased significantly the younger they migrated to Australia. Duration smoked and amount smoked per day were primarily lower among migrants than Australian-born. Smoking prevalence varies substantially across cultural subgroups. Understanding smoking dynamics across erse cultural groups will assist in better targeting of tobacco control programs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.5694/MJA15.00137
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-05-2013
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-08-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-02-2023
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.703
Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
Date: 10-11-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 19-02-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-05-2014
DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.916321
Abstract: A multicenter hospital-based case-control study comprising 670 incident cases of esophageal cancer (EC) and 1188 controls, frequency-matched for age and sex, was conducted to evaluate the role of diet on EC development in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A locally relevant lifestyle and dietary questionnaire was used. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using unconditional multivariable logistic regression. In idually, maize or sorghum consumption vs. never or rare consumption were not associated with EC (P > 0.1). Males and females consuming green leafy vegetables 5-7 days/wk had 38% (P = 0.04) and 50% (P = 0.007) reduced odds of developing EC, respectively, compared with consumption ≤1 day/wk. A similar reduction in odds was observed with fruit consumption. Principal component factor analysis revealed 3 distinct dietary patterns. In females, high vs. low consumption of Pattern 1 (sorghum, green leafy vegetables, green legumes, fruits, meat) was inversely associated with EC development (OR = 0.54 95% CI: 0.34-0.89), whereas for Pattern 2 (maize, wild greens-imifino, dry beans) the odds were elevated (OR = 1.67 95% CI: 1.04-2.67). Compared with low adherence, high adherence to Pattern 3 (wheat-based products) reduced the odds by 35% for both sexes. This study provides further evidence on the role of diet in minimizing EC risk in this population.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 07-1998
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.CANEP.2022.102167
Abstract: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has become a common AIDS-defining cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus strongly modulated by HIV-related immune suppression are the principal causes of this cancer. No other risk factors have been identified as playing a strong role. HIV prevention programs and good coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in developed countries resulted in a remarkable decline in HIV-KS incidence and better KS prognosis. By contrast, in sub-Saharan Africa, population ART rollout has lagged, but clinical studies have shown positive results in reduction of KS incidence and better KS prognosis. However, the effect of ART rollout in relation to population KS incidence is unclear. We describe the incidence of KS in sub-Saharan Africa, in four time-periods, (1) before 1980 (before HIV/AIDS era) (2) 1981-2000 (early HIV/AIDS era, limited or no ART coverage) (3) 2001-2010 (early ART coverage period) and (4) 2011-2016 (fair to good ART coverage period). We used KS incidence data available from WHO-International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) publications and the Africa Cancer Registry Network. National HIV prevalence and ART coverage data were derived from UNAIDS/WHO. A rapid increase in KS incidence was observed throughout sub-Saharan Africa as the HIV epidemic progressed, reaching peak incidences in Period 2 (pre-ART rollout) of 50.8 in males and 20.3 per 100 000 in females (Zimbabwe, Harare). The overall unweighted average decline in KS incidence between 2000 and 2010 and 2011-2016 was 27%, but this decline was not statistically significant across the region. ART rollout coincides with a decline in KS incidence across several regions in sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of other risk factors such as reductions in HIV incidence could not be ascertained.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-09-2022
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.34236
Abstract: South Africa's HIV epidemic has evolved over time in terms of numbers of people living with HIV, access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and age. These changes have profoundly influenced local cancer patterns. The Johannesburg Cancer Study has, over a period of 22 years (1995‐2016), recruited over 20 000 incident black cancer patients who consented to provide answers to a questionnaire and blood s les (serum, DNA). This has presented a unique opportunity to examine the evolving association of HIV with cancer in Africa. We used logistic regression models to explore case‐control associations between specific cancers and HIV, using participants with non‐infection related cancers as controls. Using data of 20 835 cancer patients with confirmed HIV status, we found the following cancers to be associated with HIV: Kaposi's sarcoma (OR adj 95%CI): (99.1 .6‐135.1), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (11.3 .3‐13.6), cervical cancer (2.7 .4‐3.0), Hodgkin lymphoma (3.1 .4‐4.2), cancer of the eye/conjunctiva (18.7 .1‐34.7), anogenital cancers (anus [2.1 .4‐3.2], penis [5.4 .7‐10.5], vulva [4.8 .5‐6.4], vagina [5.5 .0‐10.2]), oropharyngeal cancer (1.6 .3‐1.9), squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (3.5 .4‐4.9), melanoma (2.0 .2‐3.5) and cancer of the larynx (1.7 .3‐2.4). Kaposi's sarcoma odds ratios increased from the pre‐ART (1995‐2004) to the early ART (2005‐2009) period but declined in the late ART (2010‐2016) period. Odds ratios for cancers of the eye/conjunctiva, cervix, penis and vulva continued to increase in recent ART periods. Our study confirms the spectrum of HIV‐associated cancers found in other African settings. The odds ratios of conjunctival and HPV‐related cancers continue to rise in the ART era as the HIV positive population ages.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-04-2018
DOI: 10.1111/AJCO.12876
Abstract: Continued smoking in patients diagnosed with cancer affects treatment outcomes and overall survival. With national surveys of Australian medical oncologists (MO) and radiation oncologists (RO) we sought to determine current clinical practices, preferences and barriers in providing patient smoking cessation support. Oncologist members of the Medical Oncology Group of Australia (n = 452) and Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (n = 230) were invited to participate in a multiple choice survey exploring smoking cessation practices and beliefs. The survey response rate was 43%. At first consultations more than 90% of MO and RO regularly asked patients if they smoke or use tobacco products, closely followed by documentation of duration of smoking history and current level of consumption. Less common was asking the patient if they intended to quit (MO 63%, RO 53%) and advising cessation (MO 70%, RO 72%). Less than 50% of oncologists regularly asked about current smoking in follow-up consultations. Although a range of referral options for smoking cessation care were used by oncologists, only 2% of MO and 3% of RO actively managed the patients' smoking cessation themselves and this was the least preferred option. The majority believed they require more training in cessation interventions (67% MO, 57% RO) and cited multiple additional barriers to providing cessation care. Oncologists strongly prefer smoking cessation interventions to be managed by other health workers. A collaborative approach with other health professionals is needed to aid the provision of comprehensive smoking cessation care tailored to patients with cancer.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-09-2010
Abstract: To provide a more accurate estimate of early smoking-attributable mortality and potential years of life lost using data from a representative study of 103 study areas in China. Two datasets were employed as follows. Firstly, retrospective national mortality survey data, which included a population of 67 million in 103 study areas, and about 1 million adults who died in 1986-1988 secondly, nationally representative case-control comparative data was extracted from the survey data to measure the effect of smoking on age trends in smoking-attributable mortality. Potential years of life lost, and sex differences in life expectancy in smokers and non-smokers in the total population aged 35 and over were also estimated. Tobacco caused 11.2% (16.0% of men and 3.7% of women) of total deaths in 1987, and more than two-thirds of these excess deaths occurred between the ages of 50 and 74 years, but only less than 5% excess deaths occurred at ages under 50. Although life expectancies varied with region or sex differences, the years of life lost attributable to smoking was almost the same. Smokers at age 35 lost about 3 years of life expectancy in comparison with never smokers. The study also confirmed that more than 50% of the sex difference in life expectancy was accounted for by smoking. Fully understanding the consequences of smoking in relation to mortality can clarify its effects on the health and longevity of the entire population.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-10-2001
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2010
Abstract: Factors previously associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) transmission in Africa include sexual, familial, and proximity to river water. We measured the seroprevalence of KSHV in relation to HIV, syphilis, and demographic factors among pregnant women attending public antenatal clinics in the Gauteng province of South Africa. We tested for antibodies to KSHV lytic K8.1 and latent Orf73 antigens in 1740 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics who contributed blood to the "National HIV and Syphilis Sero-Prevalence Survey - South Africa, 2001". Information on HIV and syphilis serology, age, education, residential area, gravidity, and parity was anonymously linked to evaluate risk factors for KSHV seropositivity. Clinics were grouped by municipality regions and their proximity to the two main river catchments defined. KSHV seropositivity (reactive to either lytic K8.1 and latent Orf73) was nearly twice that of HIV (44.6% vs. 23.1%). HIV and syphilis seropositivity was 12.7% and 14.9% in women without KSHV, and 36.1% and 19.9% respectively in those with KSHV. Women who are KSHV seropositive were 4 times more likely to be HIV positive than those who were KSHV seronegative (AOR 4.1 95%CI: 3.4 - 5.7). Although, women with HIV infection were more likely to be syphilis seropositive (AOR 1.8 95%CI: 1.3 - 2.4), no association between KSHV and syphilis seropositivity was observed. Those with higher levels of education had lower levels of KSHV seropositivity compared to those with lower education levels. KSHV seropositivity showed a heterogeneous pattern of prevalence in some localities. The association between KSHV and HIV seropositivity and a lack of common association with syphilis, suggests that KSHV transmission may involve geographical and cultural factors other than sexual transmission.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 2017
End Date: 2021
Funder: Newton Fund
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2021
End Date: 2024
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2013
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2006
End Date: 2011
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 2011
Funder: Cancer Institute NSW
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2020
End Date: 2021
Funder: University of Oxford
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2020
End Date: 2021
Funder: Bloomberg Philanthropies
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2019
End Date: 2021
Funder: NSW Health
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2007
End Date: 2009
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded Activity