ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7917-8976
Current Organisation
Charles Sturt University
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Wildlife and Habitat Management | Environmental Science and Management | Veterinary Sciences | Virology | Conservation and Biodiversity | Microbiology | Fisheries Sciences | Pathology | Immunology | Pests, Health And Diseases | Aquaculture | Host-Parasite Interactions | Medical Virology | Veterinary Medicine | Veterinary Diagnosis and Diagnostics | Veterinary Epidemiology | Diagnostic Applications | Virology |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Forest and Woodlands Environments | Horses | Infectious diseases | Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity of environments not elsewhere classified | Control of Pests, Diseases and Exotic Species not elsewhere classified | Living resources (flora and fauna) | Livestock Raising not elsewhere classified | Aquaculture | Expanding Knowledge in the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences | Fish | Prevention—biologicals (e.g. vaccines) | Prevention—biologicals (e.g. vaccines) | Treatments (e.g. chemicals, antibiotics) | Fisheries—commercial | Treatments (e.g. chemicals, antibiotics) | Disease Distribution and Transmission (incl. Surveillance and Response) | Forest and Woodlands Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity
Related Links
Publications
The first complete mitogenome of Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2018
Pigeon circoviruses from feral pigeons in Australia demonstrate extensive recombination and genetic admixture with other circoviruses
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-07-2019
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1629391
Abstract: Like other avian circovirus species,
Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from an Australian passerine bird, mudlark (Grallina cyanoleuca)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
An efficient approach for recombinant expression and purification of the viral capsid protein from beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in Escherichia coli
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2015.02.005
Abstract: Structural insights into the biology of viruses such as beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) which do not replicate in cell cultures are increasingly reliant on recombinant methods for protein production and purification. Development of efficient methods for homogenous production of BFDV capsid protein is also essential for vaccine development and diagnostic purposes. In this study, two different plasmids (pMCSG21 and pMCSG24), three homologous BFDV capsid proteins, and two unique expression media (auto-induction and IPTG-induced expression) were trialled for over-expression of the BFDV in Escherichia coli. Over-expression was observed for all three recombinant targets of BFDV capsid protein using E. coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta 2 cell lines under IPTG induction. These proteins could be purified using an optimized, two-step purification process using a buffer containing 20mM N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPS), 500 mM NaCl and supplemented with 200 mM L-arginine at pH 10.5, to yield a soluble and stable protein of greater than 95% purity. The final concentration of purified protein was approximately fourteen-to-eighteen fold greater than that reported previously. Initial crystallization and X-ray diffraction confirm that the protein is structured in a manner consistent with icosahedral symmetry. Antigenicity of recombinant Cap was confirmed by immunoassay, verifying its validity for use in continued experimentation as a potential DNA vaccine, a reagent in diagnostic assays, and purified concentrated protein for structural and functional biology.
Spillover of avian haemosporidian parasites (Haemosporidia: Plasmodium) and death of captive psittacine species
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12671
Abstract: During February 2014, a yellow-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and glossy black cockatoo (C. lathami) housed in aviaries on a property in Wamuran, Queensland, were submitted for postmortem. Histopathology and molecular diagnostics demonstrated the presence of Plasmodium sp. infection. The Plasmodium isolate identified has previously only been reported as infecting a healthy wild rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons) in Australia. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first reported cases of Plasmodium in Calyptorhynchus. We hypothesised that the maintenance of these two cockatoo species in ground level aviaries in a low-altitude geographic zone resulted in exposure of birds to mosquito vectors of endemic avian Plasmodium. Black cockatoos roost and forage in the mid to high canopy of forests in the wild, outside the likely spatiotemporal distribution of relevant haemosporidian vectors. It is therefore likely that these birds had immunological naivety and susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium circulating in wild passerines.
Lesions and viral loads in racing pigeons naturally coinfected with pigeon circovirus and columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 in Australia
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-03-2023
DOI: 10.1177/10406387231156839
Abstract: Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CoHV1) is associated with oral or upper respiratory tract lesions, encephalitis, and occasional fatal systemic disease in naive or immunosuppressed pigeons. Clinical disease is often reported with CoHV1 and coinfecting viruses, including pigeon circovirus (PiCV), which may cause host immunosuppression and augment lesion development. A natural outbreak of CoHV1 and PiCV coinfection occurred in a flock of 60 racing rock pigeons ( Columba livia), in which 4 pigeons succumbed within 7 d of clinical onset. Lesions included suppurative stomatitis, pharyngitis, cloacitis, meningitis, and tympanitis, with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies consistent with herpesviral infection. In addition, large numbers of botryoid intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in the skin, oral mucosa, and bursa of Fabricius, suggestive of circoviral infection, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The concurrent viral load of CoHV1 and PiCV was high in liver, oropharynx, and bursa of Fabricius. We found PiCV in oro-cloacal swabs from 44 of 46 additional birds of variable clinical status, PiCV alone in 23 birds, and coinfection with CoHV1 in 21 birds. Viral copy numbers were significantly higher ( p 0.0001) for both viruses in clinically affected pigeons than in subclinical qPCR-positive birds. The CoHV1-induced lesions might have been exacerbated by concomitant PiCV infection.
Atypical multiple, papilliform, xanthomatous, cutaneous neoplasia in a goose (Anser anser)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2002
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2002.TB10838.X
Abstract: An 18-month-old, male greylag goose was presented for assessment of multiple, semi-pedunculated cutaneous masses limited to non-feathered areas of skin. Initial biopsy and histopathology revealed a mesenchymal neoplasm suggestive of lipoblastomatosis or atypical xanthoma. Immunohistochemistry was unsuccessful in determining the tissue type of origin. Surgical resection of all masses was prevented by the mucocutaneous location of several masses. Chemotherapy using intralesion cisplatin was unsuccessful in resolving the masses but was well-tolerated by the goose. Serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis revealed a persistent hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia without biochemical evidence of an underlying metabolic disease. The persistent hyperlipidaemia may have contributed to the formation of the masses identified in this case.
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Endangered powerful owl (Ninox strenua)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2016
Haematological responses of Australian owls to naturally occurring disease or injury
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-04-2013
A Novel pathogenic avipoxvirus infecting vulnerable cook's petrel (Pterodroma cookii) in Australia demonstrates a high genomic and evolutionary proximity with South African avipoxviruses
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 13-04-2023
DOI: 10.1128/SPECTRUM.04610-22
Abstract: Emerging viral disease is a significant concern with potential consequences for human, animal, and environmental health. Over the past several decades, multiple novel viruses have been found in wildlife species, including birds, and they can pose a threat to vulnerable and endangered species.
Development of a model for investigation of perennial ryegrass toxicosis in sheep
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-07-2018
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1492986
Abstract: AIMS To develop a clinical model of perennial ryegrass toxicosis (PRGT) based on feeding a known dose of lolitrem B and ergotamine, and to produce a consistent clinical presentation for assessment of disease pathophysiology, neurological changes and neurohistopathology. METHODS Male lambs, aged between 10-12 months, were randomly assigned to either Treatment (n=9) or Control (n=9) groups. Lambs in the Treatment group received feed containing a novel endophyte-infested perennial ryegrass seed, commencing on Day 0 of the Feeding phase with a low induction dose, then increasing after 3 days to provide 0.16 mg/kg live bodywight (LBW)/day of lolitrem B and 0.054 mg/kg LBW/day ergotamine. Lambs were examined daily and when defined signs of PRGT were observed they were transferred to the Testing phase. Neurological examinations, assessment of gait, surface electromyography (EMG) and mechanosensory nociceptive threshold testing were carried out and blood s les collected during both phases of the trial, with a full necropsy, histopathological examination and measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) performed on Day 2 of the Testing phase. RESULTS Typical clinical signs of PRGT, including ataxia of vestibulocerebellar origin leading to stumbling, were observed in all Treatment lambs. The median interval from the start of the Feeding phase to entry into the Testing phase was 21 (min 18, max 34) days. Histopathological characterisation of neurological lesions included the presence of Purkinje cell vacuolation, pyknotic granular layer neurons and proximal axonal Purkinje cell spheroids. Lesions were most apparent within the vestibulocerebellum. Mean root-mean-square voltages from triceps EMG increased in Treatment lambs between Feeding phase Day 0 and Testing phase Day 2 (p<0.001). Daily water intake during the Testing phase for the Treatment group was less than in Control group lambs (p=0.002), and concentrations of FCM at necropsy were higher in Treatment compared to Control lambs (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lolitrem B and ergotamine dosing in feed on a live weight basis combined with neurological/gait assessment provides an effective model for investigation of PRGT and potential therapeutics. Assessment of gait changes using defined criteria and RMS voltages from EMG appear to be useful tools for the assessment of the severity of neurological changes.
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Australian little penguin (Eudyptula minor novaehollandia), J.R. Forster, 1781).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-07-2017
Acute paraplegia in a Thoroughbred race-horse after general anaesthesia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB10060.X
Abstract: Rezafungin is a semisynthetic, long-acting echinocandin with broad-spectrum activity against many
Structural insights into the assembly and regulation of distinct viral capsid complexes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2016
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS13014
Abstract: The assembly and regulation of viral capsid proteins into highly ordered macromolecular complexes is essential for viral replication. Here, we utilize crystal structures of the capsid protein from the smallest and simplest known viruses capable of autonomously replicating in animal cells, circoviruses, to establish structural and mechanistic insights into capsid morphogenesis and regulation. The beak and feather disease virus, like many circoviruses, encode only two genes: a capsid protein and a replication initiation protein. The capsid protein forms distinct macromolecular assemblies during replication and here we elucidate these structures at high resolution, showing that these complexes reverse the exposure of the N-terminal arginine rich domain responsible for DNA binding and nuclear localization. We show that assembly of these complexes is regulated by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and provide a structural basis of capsid assembly around single-stranded DNA, highlighting novel binding interfaces distinct from the highly positively charged N-terminal ARM domain.
Neuroangiostrongyliasis and other parasites in tawny frogmouths (Podargus strigoides) in south-eastern Queensland
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2010.00660.X
Abstract: The neurological, clinical and pathological findings and endoparasites in 10 wild tawny frogmouths ( Podargus strigoides ) presented to the Australian Wildlife Hospital in Beerwah, Queensland during a 28‐day period in May 2009 are reported. Affected birds had a history of being found in poor body condition on the ground and unable to fly. Clinical examination revealed paresis with variable but generally weakened deep pain responses, withdrawal reflexes and an inability to perch. Severely affected birds that failed to respond to anti‐inflammatory, antibiotic and anthelmintic treatments all had larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the brain and or spinal cord, with occasional larvae found in the visceral organs. Other parasites detected included the liver fluke, Brachylecithum podargi , the intestinal nematode, Allodapa suctoria, an unidentified species of Trichostrongylus and unidentified cestodes. Gametocytes of Leucocytozoon sp. were found in peripheral blood smears and low numbers of microfilariae were found in histological sections of various blood vessels of several birds. However, no adult filarioids were recovered. Unidentified subcutaneous mites were identified in the connective tissue of the thoracic inlet. Attempts to treat two birds with ivermectin or oxfendazole–praziquantel were unsuccessful, but a third bird treated with a combination of steroidal and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory therapy followed by moxidectin steadily recovered, such that by 6 weeks post presentation its ability to perch, grasp, fly and judge distances was considered normal and it was subsequently released.
Analysis of growth rate variables & postfeeding regurgitation in hand-reared Spix's macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) chicks
Publisher: Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1647/2007-050.1
Abstract: The Spix's macaw, or little blue macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), is one of the most critically endangered bird species in the world. In 1990, the Brazilian Nature Conservation Authority established a permanent committee to oversee the captive breeding of about 20 in idual Spix's macaws held in various locations throughout the world. Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) successfully bred 10 Spix's macaws in the 2005 and 2006 breeding seasons but intermittent episodes of postfeeding regurgitation in hand-raised chicks prompted the need to better understand and monitor the nutritional and physiologic requirements of growing nestlings. To ascertain and rank the possible causes of regurgitation in chicks, we undertook a critical analysis of the feeding, growth, and health data recorded for each in idual hand-raised chick. Factors such as the total daily food intake (TDFI), growth curves, nursery room climate (temperature and humidity), and nutritional requirements were investigated as well as any health issues. Chicks attained a maximum body weight of 375 +/- 25 g at 45 days and then gradually lost weight until they reached a weaning weight of 300 +/- 30 g. The maximum daily volume of food that each chick received was 101 +/- 29 g at 42 days of age, which was also the age at which a peak in postfeeding regurgitation episodes occurred. The TDFI as a percentage of body weight peaked (83.1 +/- 12.3%) at day 3 of age and dropped to 30.1 +/- 2.3% by day 45 and then to 19.6 +/- 1.1% at day 92. Detailed analyses of the 2005 and 2006 records indicate that the regurgitation episodes may be primarily the result of overfeeding during the second trimester of hand-rearing. Our results indicate that smaller meals during the period when chicks are attaining their maximum body weights may contribute to a decrease in the occurrence of regurgitation episodes in hand-reared Spix's macaws.
Genetic diversity of beak and feather disease virus detected in psittacine species in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2001
A non-invasive method to assess environmental contamination with avian pathogens
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 11-06-2020
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.9211
Abstract: Indirect transmission of pathogens can pose major risks to wildlife, yet the presence and persistence of wildlife pathogens in the environment has been little studied. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is of global conservation concern: it can infect all members of the Psittaciformes, one of the most threatened bird orders, with infection often being lethal. Indirect transmission of BFDV through contaminated nest hollows has been proposed as a major infection source. However, data on whether and for how long nest sites in the wild remain contaminated have been absent. We determined the BFDV status of birds (parents and nestlings) for 82 nests of Crimson Rosellas, Platycercus elegans and Eastern Rosellas, Platycercus eximius . In 11 of these nests (13.4%, 95% confidence interval 6.9–22.7), we found an infected parent or nestling. Using nest swabs, we then compared BFDV presence at three points in time (before, during and after breeding) in three groups of nest boxes. These were nest boxes occupied by infected birds, and two control groups (nest boxes occupied by uninfected birds, and unoccupied nest boxes). Detection of BFDV on nest swabs was strongly associated with the infection status of parents in each nest box and with the timing of breeding. During breeding, boxes occupied by BFDV-positive birds were significantly more likely to have BFDV-positive nest swabs than boxes occupied by BFDV-negative birds nest swabs tested BFDV-positive in 80% (28.4–99.5) of nests with parental antigen excretion, 66.7% (9.4–99.2) of nests occupied by parents with BFDV-positive cloacal swabs and 66.7% (22.3–95.7) of nests occupied by parents with BFDV–positive blood. 0% (0–52.2) of nests with BFDV–positive nestlings had BFDV–positive nest swabs. Across all boxes occupied by BFDV-positive birds (parents or nestlings), no nest swabs were BFDV–positive before breeding, 36.4% (95% CI 10.9–69.2) were positive during breeding and 9.1% (0.2–41.3) remained positive after breeding. BFDV was present on nest swabs for up to 3.7 months. Our study provides novel insights into the potential role of nest cavities and other fomites in indirect transmission of BFDV, and possibly other pathogens, and offers a non-invasive method for surveillance of pathogens in wild bird populations.
Assessing barotrauma among angled snapper (Pagrus auratus) and the utility of release methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Necrotising ventriculitis due to combined infection with Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis and Candida krusei in an eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-04-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2012.00929.X
Abstract: Acute necrosis of the ventriculus is a very uncommon lesion in birds. We describe a fatal case of acute necrotising ventriculitis caused by Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis in a mature female eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus). The bird presented acutely dull and lethargic, was vomiting and had bright green droppings, suggestive of acute heavy metal poisoning. It was treated with fluids and chelation therapy, but died within 12 h. Necropsy, cytology, histopathology and culture results demonstrated fungal invasion of the ventriculus associated with transmural necrosis, haemorrhage, acute inflammation and abundant R. microsporus var. chinensis and lesser numbers of Candida krusei.
Characterization of beak and feather disease virus genomes from wild musk lorikeets (Glossopsitta concinna)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 27-10-2016
Abstract: Three complete genomes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) were recovered from wild musk lorikeets ( Glossopsitta concinna ). The genomes consisted of 2,008 to 2,010 nucleotides (nt) and encode two major proteins transcribing in opposing directions. This is the first report of BFDV complete genome sequences obtained from this host species.
Whole-genome sequences of two beak and feather disease viruses in the endangered swift parrot (Lathamus discolor)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 26-12-2013
Abstract: Two complete genomes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) were characterized from Lathamus discolor , the Australian swift parrot. This is the first report of BFDV complete genome sequences in this host. The completed BFDV genomes consist of 1,984 nucleotides encoding two open reading frames with 99.7% pairwise nucleotide identity.
Pathogenesis and epidemiology of spontaneous exophthalmos in the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2001
Skin disease affecting the conservation of the western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1998.TB12304.X
Abstract: To review the present position of the western sw tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) as an endangered species and significant health issues affecting efforts to save it from extinction. A retrospective analysis of the husbandry, hospital and pathology records of the western sw tortoise captive breeding program at Perth Zoo. In 1987 a captive breeding project was developed to prevent the extinction of the western sw tortoise but an outbreak of a necrotising dermatitis in 1989 threatened the survival of the captive bred hatchlings. Less severe outbreaks occurred in 1990 and 1993, with isolated cases in between. Of 283 tortoises that were born in captivity or came into captivity from the wild, 37 (13.1%) were affected, comprising 37% of all males, 26% of all females and 13% of animals of unknown gender. Of the affected animals, 70% were less than 2 years of age and 29% were older. Males were 1.6 times more likely to be infected than females but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.27). Culture of the lesions consistently yielded unidentified Pseudomonas sp. Improved husbandry, such as strict maintenance of water quality and temperature conditions similar to that of the animal's natural habitat, and monitoring the health of in idual tortoises have successfully controlled skin disease in the captive breeding of the western sw tortoise.
Surgical removal of retrobulbar hemangioma a gold fish (Carassius auratus).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2006.05.028
Abstract: The surgical removal of retrobulbar hemangioma is described in a mature fantail goldfish (Carassius auratus) with a 6-week history of a swollen right eye. The fish was anesthetized using alfaxalnone at a concentration in the water of 5 mg/L to facilitate fine-needle aspiration and surgical removal of the eye. The fish was treated with enrofloxacin 5 mg intraperitoneally and recovered with major buoyancy deficits that corrected 20 minutes after treatment with methadone at a dose of 0.4 mg intramuscularly. Histologic examination of the excised tissue demonstrated that the tumor was a compact hemangioma.
Knemidocoptes intermedius in a wild currawong (Strepera graculina)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2003
The structural features of henipavirus matrix protein driving intracellular trafficking
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 02-2021
Abstract: Henipaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that have recently emerged as zoonotic pathogens, capable of causing severe acute respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans. The prototypical henipaviruses,
Haemochromatosis in a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in an Australian zoo
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2011.00867.X
Abstract: A 23‐year‐old Brazilian, or lowland, tapir with a 6‐month history of loss of body condition developed clinical signs and laboratory findings consistent with liver failure. The animal was euthanased and a diagnosis of hepatic haemochromatosis was made based on histopathology. Two other healthy tapirs in the same collection had chronically elevated serum and tissue iron concentrations. The excessive accumulation of iron in tissues with resultant tissue damage (i.e. haemochromatosis) has been reported in a range of captive species. This and other reported cases of haemochromatosis in the Brazilian tapir would suggest that this condition is an important consideration in the management of this species in zoos. Further research into the endogenous regulation of iron metabolism, especially the role of hepcidin, in tapirs and other species at risk of iron storage disorders may be helpful in the prevention of this condition.
Mycobacteriosis in gang gang cockatoos (Callocephalon fimbriatum)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2006.05.020
Abstract: This report presents three cases of mycobacteriosis in gang gang cockatoos (Callocephalon fimbriatum) that highlight the potential variation in clinical presentation of this important avian disease. The first case was a female gang gang cockatoo with widespread skeletal disease that presented with a chronic history of weight loss and nonpainful, bilaterally symmetric, distal-wing and leg nodular swellings. The second case was a mature female in good muscle condition with a nodular granulomatous pericarditis and myocarditis causing severe hydropericardium and cardiac t onade it was presented for respiratory distress. The third case was one of alimentary mycobacteriosis that presented with a chronic history of weight loss. Some difficulties associated with confirming a premortem diagnosis of mycobacteriosis are discussed.
Erratum: Sarker et al., Molecular Characterization of genome sequences of beak and feather disease virus from the Australian twenty-eight parrot (Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus) [Genome Announcements, 2, 6, e01255-14, (2014)] DOI 10.1128/genomeA.01255-14
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 26-02-2015
Structural basis for nuclear import selectivity of pioneer transcription factor SOX2
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-01-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-020-20194-0
Abstract: SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) transcription factors perform critical functions in development and cell differentiation. These roles depend on precise nuclear trafficking, with mutations in the nuclear targeting regions causing developmental diseases and a range of cancers. SOX protein nuclear localization is proposed to be mediated by two nuclear localization signals (NLSs) positioned within the extremities of the DNA-binding HMG-box domain and, although mutations within either cause disease, the mechanistic basis has remained unclear. Unexpectedly, we find here that these two distantly positioned NLSs of SOX2 contribute to a contiguous interface spanning 9 of the 10 ARM domains on the nuclear import adapter IMPα3. We identify key binding determinants and show this interface is critical for neural stem cell maintenance and for Drosophila development. Moreover, we identify a structural basis for the preference of SOX2 binding to IMPα3. In addition to defining the structural basis for SOX protein localization, these results provide a platform for understanding how mutations and post-translational modifications within these regions may modulate nuclear localization and result in clinical disease, and also how other proteins containing multiple NLSs may bind IMPα through an extended recognition interface.
Confocal microscopic analysis of erythrocytes and erythroplastids from Major Mitchell’s cockatoos (Lophochroa leadbeateri)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-08-2015
Genome sequence of an Australian strain of canid alphaherpesvirus 1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-12-2017
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12659
Abstract: Characterisation of a complete genome sequence of an Australian strain of canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and its phylogenetic relationship with other varicellovirus species. Standard pathology and PCR methods were used to initially detect herpesvirus in hepatic tissue from an infected 4-week-old Labrador Retriever puppy. The complete CHV-1 genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology followed by de novo and reference assembly, and genome annotation. The CHV-1 genome was 125 kbp in length and contained 74 predicted open reading frames encoding functional proteins, all of which have counterparts in other alphaherpesviruses. Phylogenetic analysis using the DNA polymerase gene revealed that the newly sequenced CHV-1 clustered with canid alphaherpesvirus isolated from the UK and shared a 99% overall nucleotide sequence similarity. This is the first complete genome of an Australian strain of CHV-1, which will contribute to our understanding of the genetics and evolution of herpesvirus.
Beak and feather disease virus genotypes in Australian parrots reveal flexible host-switching
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-11-2015
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12389
Abstract: To discover beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) genotypes in Australian parrots that might threaten vulnerable and endangered psittacine bird species. Phylogenetic analyses of new DNA sequence data from Australian birds including the Rep gene (n = 55) and nine whole genomes, were compared with all available published BFDV genomes to assess host- and geographically-based ergence as well as probable host-switch events. Strong support for flexible host-switching and recombination was detected, indicating active cross-species transmission in various subpopulations. The data suggested that all endangered Australian psittacine bird species are equally likely to be infected by BFDV genotypes from any other close or distantly related host reservoir species.
The haemagglutination spectrum of psittacine beak and feather disease virus
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-1994
DOI: 10.1080/03079459408419032
Abstract: A simple method for concentrating psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) from crude feather suspensions is described. The addition of 10% polyethylene glycol (MW 6000 to 9000) to feather suspensions facilitated the precipitation and pelleting of PBFDV by low speed centrifugation. Pellets were resuspended in one-twentieth of the original volume with caesium chloride (CsCl) buffer and subjected to isopycnic ultracentrifugation. Peak haemagglutination activity (HA) occurred at 1.35 g/ml in PBFDV CsCl gradients. CsCl purified virus agglutinated galah (Eolophus roseicapillus), eastern long-billed corella (Cacatua tenuirostris), sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita), Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Cacatua lead-beateri) and gang gang cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) erythrocytes, but not those of 19 other avian or five mammalian species. PBFDV agglutinated galah erythrocytes at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C over a wide range of pH and no change in HA titre was observed when PBFDV was treated with chloroform. HA persisted in PBFDV suspensions heated to 80 degrees C for 30 min, but was not detected after incubation at higher temperatures. High HA titres were detected in the feathers, serum, liver and kidneys of PBFD-affected birds.
A review of psittacine beak and feather disease and its effect on Australian endangered species
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-11-2015
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12388
Abstract: Since it was first described in the early 1980s, psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has become recognised as the dominant viral pathogen of psittacine birds in Australia. Our aim was to evaluate and review the effect of PBFD and its position as a key threatening process to Australian psittacine bird species. We review the origin/evolutionary pathways and potential threat of PBFD to endangered psittacine bird populations and captive-breeding flocks. The most recent beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) phylogenetic analyses indicate that all endangered Australian psittacine bird species are susceptible to, and equally likely to be infected by, BFDV genotypes from a range of host psittacine species. Management of the disease in captive-breeding programs has relied on testing and culling, which has proven costly. The risk of PBFD should be considered very carefully by management teams contemplating the establishment of captive-breeding flocks for endangered species. Alternative disease prevention tools, including vaccination, which are increasingly being used in wildlife health, should be considered more seriously for managing and preventing PBFD in captive flocks of critically endangered species.
Haemoglobin and oxygen transport of the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson, and other species
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2002
Sequence comparison of pigeon circoviruses.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.RVSC.2007.03.007
Abstract: The genome sequences of eight pigeon circoviruses (PiCV) were determined and compared with four previously published sequences. The viruses compared were from the USA, five European countries, China and Australia and included PiCVs from racing, feral, ornamental and meat pigeons and a Senegal dove (Streptopelia senegalensis). The 12 PiCV genomes, ranging from 2032 to 2040 nucleotides in length, displayed similar organizations. Pairwise comparisons showed that the genome nucleotide sequence identities ranged from 85.1% to 97.8% and that the amino acid identities of the putative replication associated (Rep) and putative capsid (Cap) proteins displayed ranges of 91.5-99.1% and 73.0-99.3%, respectively. Comparative analyses identified conserved nucleotide sequences within the Rep gene and 3' intergenic regions, which would be suitable for diagnostic PCR primers, and variable amino acid sequences within the capsid proteins, which should be considered when selecting virus isolates for vaccine development.
Molecular characterization of a beak and feather disease virus genome from a purple crowned 2 lorikeet (Glossopsitta porphyrocephala)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 27-10-2016
Abstract: The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a purple crowned lorikeet ( Glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) was characterized. The genome consists of 2,010 nucleotides and encodes replicase-associated protein and capsid protein. This is the first evidence of BFDV infectivity and complete genome sequence for this novel host.
Psittacine beak and feather disease
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-10-2018
Evolution of circoviruses in lorikeets lags behind its hosts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2016.04.024
Abstract: The presence of endogenous viral elements in host genomes hints towards much older host-virus relationships than predicted by exogenous phylogenies, with highly mutable single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses and RNA viruses often occupying entangled multispecies ecological niches. The difficulty lies in unravelling the long-term evolutionary history of vertebrate virus-host relationships and determining the age of a potentially ancient tree based only fresh shoots at the tips. Resolving such lineages, and the sometimes great discrepancy amongst evolutionary timescales, is problematic, especially when purifying selection or recombination can significantly alter the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstruction methods. Pathogens which occupy entangled multispecies ecological niches add a further layer of complexity but we show that multi-host scenarios may also provide opportunities to identify allopatric or sympatric paleobiological signals that can unlock longer term phylogenies. We identified host-based, cryptic, sympatric differentiation in beak and feather disease virus in the Psittaciformes tribe Loriini along with endogenous circovirus motifs in Kea (Nestor notabilis) and Gondwanan vicariance estimates to infer the evolutionary timescale of the circoviruses. This demonstrated a chronology of psittacine circovirus speciation aligned to conservative Zealandic ergences for relic circovirus motifs in Kea and a 10million year ergence coinciding with the Papuan central range orogeny that triggered the radiation of Loriini and segregation of an antecedent viral clade in Australian lorikeets. Estimates of circovirus speciation in birds highlighted a Gondwanan dominant group in Neoaves with passerine, columbid and larid circoviruses deeply separated from those in waterfowl, consistent with a Triassic ergence of Galloanserae. The circovirus tree had a deep ancestry in invertebrates with a Palaeozoic expansion in fish and mammals. We show that longer term evolutionary relationships in viruses which have a high rate of mutation and admixture can be disentangled, highlighting that contemporary virus host-switching can be explained by deep intra-lineage host phylogeny.
Pox in ostrich chicks
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1996.TB09952.X
Abstract: Products no longer exist simply as carriers of useful functions, but more and more consumers are beginning to pay attention to the spiritual aspects of the feelings brought by products. This paper brings machine learning algorithms to the discipline of industrial design and proposes a method to evaluate the design of product shapes using a multilayer perceptron genetic algorithm neural network (GA-MLP-NN) algorithm, quantifying the product shape, using computer-aided design technology to achieve shape optimization, shape, and color scheme generation, and using interactive feedback with users to finally generate a product shape with market demand. In this paper, we use the combinatorial innovation method to arrange and combine the detail elements in the solution library to generate the modeling solution, combine the multilayer perceptron genetic algorithm neural network algorithm with product modeling, and establish the interactive genetic modeling system for the product, use this system to design the product modeling solution, and finally get the product modeling solution satisfied by the target users using the multilayer perceptron genetic algorithm neural network method to evaluate the product modeling items. The mapping relationship model between morphological feature space and imagery cognitive space was constructed based on multiple linear regression equations, and the multiple regression model for each affective dimension was ideal. The results show that the model performance is reliable. The weights are calculated, and the appropriate people are selected to score and calculate the modeling scheme, and finally, the satisfactory product modeling scheme is obtained.
Hematology of vaccinated and non-vaccinated long-billed corellas following infection with beak and feather disease virus (BFDV)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2009
Structural determination of importin alpha in complex with beak and feather disease virus nuclear localization signal.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBRC.2013.07.122
Abstract: Circoviruses represent a rapidly increasing genus of viruses that infect a variety of vertebrates. Replication requires shuttling viral molecules into the host cell nucleus, a process facilitated by capsid-associated protein (Cap). Whilst a nuclear localization signal (NLS) has been shown to mediate nuclear translocation, the mode of nuclear transport remains to be elucidated. To better understand this process, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) Cap NLS was crystallized with nuclear import receptor importin-α (Impα). Diffraction yielded structural data to 2.9Å resolution, and the binding site on both Impα and BFDV Cap NLS were well resolved. The binding mechanism for the major site is likely conserved across circoviruses as supported by the similarity of NLSs in circovirus Caps. This finding illuminates a crucial step for infection of host cells by this viral family, and provides a platform for rational drug design against the binding interface.
Molecular and microscopic characterisation of a novel pathogenic herpesvirus from Indian ringneck parrots (Psittacula krameri)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETMIC.2019.108428
Abstract: A high morbidity, high mortality disease process caused flock deaths in an Indian ringneck parrot (Psittacula krameri) aviary flock in Victoria, Australia. Affected birds were either found dead with no prior signs of illness, or showed clinical evidence of respiratory tract disease, with snicking, sneezing and dyspnoea present in affected birds. Necropsy examinations performed on representative birds, followed by cytological and histopathological examination, demonstrated lesions consistent with a herpesvirus bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of lung tissue demonstrated typical herpesvirus virions measuring approximately 220 nm in diameter. Next generation sequencing of genomic DNA from lung tissue revealed a highly ergent novel Psittacid alphaherpesvirus of the genus Iltovirus. Iltoviruses have been previously reported to cause respiratory disease in a variety of avian species, but molecular characterisation of the viruses implicated has been lacking. This study presents the genome sequence of a novel avian herpesvirus species designated Psittacid alphaherpesvirus-5 (PsHV-5), providing an insight into the evolutionary relationships of the alphaherpesviruses.
Visualizing neutrophil extracellular traps in septic equine synovial and peritoneal fluid samples using immunofluorescence microscopy
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-09-2023
Microsporidiosis in a flock of tricolor parrot finches (Erythrura tricolor).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2006.05.032
Abstract: The lesions caused by a microsporidian infection in a flock of tricolor parrot finches (Erythrura tricolor) are described. Affected birds had a widespread nodular to diffuse granulomatous inflammation of the serosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, perirenal airsacs and connective tissue, bone marrow, dura, and conjunctiva. This was composed predominantly of foamy macrophages containing numerous intracytoplasmic microsporidia measuring 1 to 2 microm. Ultrastructural features consistent with microsporidia were the presence of a coiled polar filament and an electrode-dense outer surface and thick electron-lucent capsule. Differential diagnoses included infection with intracellular organisms, including coccidian and other apicomplexan parasites, such as lsospora, Eimeria, and blood parasites Chlamydophilosis disseminated mycobacteriosis and other bacterial and fungal species.
A universal polymerase chain reaction for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00070-X
Abstract: A universal PCR assay was designed that consistently detected psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in psittacine birds affected with psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) from different geographic regions across Australia. Primers within open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the BFDV genome consistently lified a 717 bp product from blood and/or feathers of 32 birds with PBFD lesions. The PCR did not lify a product from the feathers or blood from 7 clinically normal psittacine birds. Primers based on regions outside of ORF1 did not consistently produce a PCR product, suggesting there was some genomic variation outside ORF1. The lified ORF1 PCR products of 10 BFDV isolates, from different psittacine species and from various regions around Australia, were cloned and comparative DNA sequence analysis demonstrated 88-99% of the ORF1 fragments. The derived amino acid sequences of the lified ORF1 fragments demonstrated similar identity between all 10 isolates. Within ORF1, there was complete conservation of the putative nucleotide binding site and marked conservation of 2 other motifs previously identified as essential components of the replication-associated proteins of other circoviruses and geminiviruses.
Infectious disease and emergency conservation interventions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-07-2020
DOI: 10.1111/COBI.13558
A comparison of PCR assays for beak and feather disease virus and high resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis of replicase associated protein and capsid genes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2016.08.015
Abstract: Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) threatens a wide range of endangered psittacine birds worldwide. In this study, we assessed a novel PCR assay and genetic screening method using high-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis for BFDV targeting the capsid (Cap) gene (HRM-Cap) alongside conventional PCR detection as well as a PCR method that targets a much smaller fragment of the virus genome in the replicase initiator protein (Rep) gene (HRM-Rep). Limits of detection, sensitivity, specificity and discriminatory power for differentiating BFDV sequences were compared. HRM-Cap had a high positive predictive value and could readily differentiate between a reference genotype and 17 other erse BFDV genomes with more discriminatory power (genotype confidence percentage) than HRM-Rep. Melt curve profiles generated by HRM-Cap correlated with unique DNA sequence profiles for each in idual test genome. The limit of detection of HRM-Cap was lower (2×10
Beak and feather disease virus carriage by Knemidocoptes pilae in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12649
Abstract: This paper describes the pathology associated with psittacine beak and feather disease in a wild sulphur-crested cockatoo with concurrent knemidocoptic mange, cestodiasis and mycotic encephalitis. Large numbers of Knemidocoptes pilae Lavoipierre and Griffiths, 1951 (Acari: Epidermoptidae, Knemidokoptinae) were identified in affected skin associated with enhanced expression of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) determined by immunohistochemistry. Also, BFDV antigen was demonstrated in high concentration in the gut and faecal sacs of mites, raising the possibility of ectoparasites as fomites and vectors of BFDV transmission. Large numbers of Raillietina spp. cestodes were present in the intestines. Within the brain there was a focally extensive region of necrosis and inflammation associated with branching, septate, pigmented hyphae consistent with zygomycete fungal infection. This case highlights the potential immunosuppressive effects of BFDV infection and its potential as a keystone pathogen in the Australian environment.
A quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for beak and feather disease virus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2009.03.009
Abstract: PCR-based assays for the detection of BFDV DNA are in widespread use throughout the world. Quantitative real-time PCR assays are extremely sensitive and have the advantages over standard PCR assays that they do not require post-reaction processing to visualise PCR products and can quantify the amount of DNA present in a s le. This study describes a quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection of BFDV DNA, using primers designed to lify a conserved 81 bp fragment of ORFV1 and SYTO9, a fluorescent intercalating dye. A synthetic oligonucleotide was used to make standard curves for the quantitation of viral load in blood and feather preparations. The assay was very sensitive, with a detection limit of 50 copies/microL. The assay was developed using DNA extracts from the feathers of 10 different species of birds which had tested BFDV-positive previously and was validated with blood and feather s les from corellas vaccinated with an experimental BFDV vaccine, then challenged with live virus. Viral DNA was detected consistently in the blood of all control (non-vaccinated) birds and in some vaccinated birds. Contamination of the environment with feather dander from BFDV-infected birds meant that feather preparations used for the haemagglutination assay were unreliable for the detection and quantitation of viral excretion. Nonetheless, the assay should prove to be a useful and sensitive test for the detection of viral DNA in a range of s les.
Infectious disease
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
Molecular characterisation of a haplosporidian parasite infecting rock oysters Saccostrea cuccullata in north Western Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JIP.2006.11.009
Abstract: A haplosporidian parasite was identified in rock oysters (Saccostrea cuccullata Born, 1778) from the Montebello Islands (latitude -20.4'S longitude 115.53'E) off the northern coast of Western Australia by histopathological examination, PCR lification and DNA sequencing of a segment of the SSU region of the parasite's rRNA gene. An oligonucleotide probe was constructed from the parasite's SSU rRNA gene in order to confirm its presence by in situ hybridisation. The parasite was disseminated throughout the gonad follicles of the host and to a lesser extent in the gills. The only parasite life stages thus far observed in this study were a uninucleate naked cell assumed to be a precursor to multinucleate plasmodial stages and a binucleate plasmodial stage. Whilst no parasite spores were detected in affected rock oysters, a phylogenetic analysis of the SSU region of the parasite's rRNA gene indicates the parasite belongs to the genus Minchinia. A PCR and in situ hybridisation assay for the Minchinia sp. was used to identify haplosporidians described by Hine and Thorne [Hine, P.M.., Thorne, T., 2002. Haplosporidium sp. (Haplosporidia: Haplosporidiidae) associated with mortalities among rock oysters Saccostrea cuccullata in north Western Australia. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 51, 123-13], in archived rock oyster tissues from the same coastline.
Atomic structure of the world's smallest virus‐like particles
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2021
Beak and feather disease virus infection in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-01-2008
DOI: 10.1080/03079450701802206
Abstract: Psittacine beak and feather disease is known to occur in a wide range of psittacine species however, there are no scientific or credible anecdotal reports of psittacine beak and feather disease occurring in the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) despite it being one of the world's most commonly kept companion bird species. Consequently, this has resulted in speculation that the species may have some innate resistance to beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection. To investigate this hypothesis we conducted a survey of cockatiels (n=88) at commercial aviaries to investigate whether BFDV infection occurs in cockatiels, and found that all birds were virus-free by polymerase chain reaction and haemagglutination assay and had no detectable antibody titre by haemagglutination-inhibition assay. In addition to this, we sequenced the genome of two BFDV isolates obtained from diseased cockatiel feathers and performed cross-reactivity assays using virus eluted from these feathers and sera from naturally immune psittacine birds. Serological cross-reactivity results and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that the cockatiel virus isolates were serologically and genetically different to other BFDV isolates. This is the first paper to report evidence of an antigenically distinct BFDV in psittacine birds.
Haematopoietic necrosis in a goldfish (Carassius auratus) associated with an agent morphologically similar to herpesvirus
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2004.TB12650.X
Abstract: One of 14 goldfish (Carassius auratus) died 4 weeks after purchase and was investigated by necropsy and histological examination. Routine formalin fixation of the goldfish was followed by histopathology. Formalin fixed spleen and kidney from the fish was further processed by embedding in epoxy resin and examined by transmission electron microscopy (EM). Severe, diffuse necrosis of haematopoietic tissue in the spleen, thymus and kidney and severe, diffuse hyperplasia in the gill epithelial cells were seen. In the spleen there was severe, diffuse necrosis of lymphocytes and many nuclei with marginated chromatin and intranuclear inclusions were scattered throughout the necrotic tissue. EM of affected tissues demonstrated intranuclear particles morphologically similar to herpesvirus. The presence of an agent similar to a herpesvirus in a goldfish with severe haematopoietic necrosis suggests that the herpesvirus responsible for haematopoietic necrosis in cyprinid species throughout the world has entered the goldfish population in Australia.
Characterization of the Complete Genome Sequence of a Beak and Feather Disease Virus from a Moluccan Red Lory (Eos bornea)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 26-12-2013
Abstract: The complete genome sequence of a beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) encoding two major open reading frames (ORFs) was characterized in a wild Moluccan red lory ( Eos bornea ). This is the first report of a BFDV genome from Indonesia and the first reported BFDV infection for this host species.
Central nervous disease and blindness in Nankeen kestrels (Falco cenchroides) due to a novel Leucocytozoon-like infection
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2000
Abstract: The histopathological and electronmicroscopic features of a novel parasitic infection causing seasonal epizootics of central nervous disease in Nankeen kestrels (Falco cenchroides) from Western Australia is described. Thorough necropsy, haematological and transmission electronmicroscopical examinations were performed on thirteen affected kestrels between 1996 and 1999. All had an extensive vasculocentric granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, pectenitis and proliferative arteritis with endothelial parasitic cysts measuring 40 to 60 mu m in diameter. Arterioles in the brain, optic papillae, pecten and kidney were most consistently affected. In some birds there was severe haemorrhage from the pecten. Less commonly, parasitic cysts were seen in the arterioles of the lung, liver, heart and intestines. Endothelial schizonts contained many spherical merozoites measuring 1 mu m in diameter that were also present free within the lumen of affected arterioles. Haematological examination in three of seven affected kestrels tested demonstrated rare, basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in leucocytes with distorted nuclei consistent with Leucocytozoon-like gametocytes. Day-old chickens inoculated with brain homogenate failed to develop similar lesions.
EVIDENCE OF PSITTACINE BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE VIRUS SPILLOVER INTO WILD CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ORANGE-BELLIED PARROTS (NEOPHEMA CHRYSOGASTER)
Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.7589/2013-05-121
Abstract: We report the recent emergence of a novel beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) genotype in the last remaining wild population of the critically endangered Orange-bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). This virus poses a significant threat to the recovery of the species and potentially its survival in the wild. We used PCR to detect BFDV in the blood of three psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD)-affected wild Orange-bellied Parrot fledglings captured as founders for an existing captive breeding recovery program. Complete BFDV genome sequence data from one of these birds demonstrating a 1,993-nucleotide-long read encompass the entire circular genome. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic analysis supported the solitary position of this viral isolate in a genetically isolated branch of BFDV. On Rep gene sequencing, a homologous genotype was present in a second wild orange-bellied parrot and the third bird was infected with a distantly related genotype. These viruses have newly appeared in a population that has been intensively monitored for BFDV for the last 13 yr. The detection of two distinct lineages of BFDV in the remnant wild population of Orange-bellied Parrots, consisting of fewer than 50 birds, suggests a role for other parrot species as a reservoir for infection by spillover into this critically endangered species. The potential for such a scenario to contribute to the extinction of a remnant wild animal population is supported by epidemiologic theory.
Disease surveillance in wild Victorian cacatuids reveals co-infection with multiple agents and detection of novel avian viruses
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETMIC.2019.07.012
Abstract: Wild birds are known reservoirs of bacterial and viral pathogens, some of which have zoonotic potential. This poses a risk to both avian and human health, since spillover into domestic bird populations may occur. In Victoria, wild-caught cockatoos trapped under licence routinely enter commercial trade. The circovirus Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV), herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia psittaci have been identified as significant pathogens of parrots globally, with impacts on both aviculture and the conservation efforts of endangered species. In this study, we describe the results of surveillance for psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV), BFDV and C. psittaci in wild cacatuids in Victoria, Australia. S les were collected from 55 birds of four species, and tested using genus or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of known and novel pathogens. There were no clinically observed signs of illness in most of the live birds in this study (96.3% n = 53). Beak and Feather Disease Virus was detected with a prevalence of 69.6% (95% CI 55.2-80.9). Low prevalences of PsHV (1.81% 95% CI 0.3-9.6), PsAdV (1.81% 95% CI 0.3-9.6), and C. psittaci (1.81% 95% CI 0.3-9.6) was detected. Importantly, a novel avian alphaherpesvirus and a novel avian adenovirus were detected in a little corella (Cacatua sanguinea) co-infected with BFDV and C. psittaci. The presence of multiple potential pathogens detected in a single bird presents an ex le of the ease with which such infectious agents may enter the pet trade and how novel viruses circulating in wild populations have the potential for transmission into captive birds. Genomic identification of previously undescribed avian viruses is important to further our understanding of their epidemiology, facilitating management of biosecurity aspects of the domestic and international bird trade, and conservation efforts of vulnerable species.
Genomic characterization of two novel pathogenic avipoxviruses isolated from pacific shearwaters (Ardenna spp.)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-04-2017
Comparative renal anatomy of exotic species
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2005.09.001
Abstract: All living organisms consume nutrients that are required for the production of both tissue and energy. The waste products of this process include nitrogenous materials and inorganic salts. They are removed from the body by excretory organs, which in vertebrate shave developed into kidneys and into salt glands in some birds and reptiles. Many invertebrates use a series of excretory organs called nephridia to perform the same function. Even though they perform similar functions, there is no evolutionary connection between invertebrate nephridia and vertebrate kidneys. Both evolved independently.
Forensic genetic evidence of beak and feather disease virus in a Powerful Owl, Ninox strenua
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1071/MU15063
Erythroplastidcytosis in a Major Mitchell’s cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-03-2013
Gram-negative bacterial infections and cardiovascular parasitism in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1998.TB12392.X
Abstract: To investigate causes of ill health and mortality in juvenile wild green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) found along the mid-north west coast of Western Australia between June and October of 1997. Department of Conservation and Land Management rangers submitted four dead or dying green sea turtles from separate incidents for veterinary examination, necropsy, and bacteriological, parasitological and histopathological examination. Numerous different species of trematodes belonging to the families Pronocephalidae, Microscaphidiidae and Par histomidae were detected in the intestines of two turtles examined, and in all turtles there was severe spirorchid fluke infection including Haemoxenicon sp, Amphiorchis sp and Hapalotrema sp. Histopathological examination demonstrated severe multifocal to diffuse granulomatous vasculitis, aggregations of spirorchid fluke eggs and microabscesses throughout various tissues including intestines, kidney, liver, lung and brain. Cultures and or histopathological examination demonstrated disseminated Gram-negative bacterial infections including salmonella, E coli, Citrobacter freundii and Moraxella sp. Infections caused by salmonellae, E coli and other Gram-negative bacteria should be considered as causes of systemic illness and death in wild green sea turtles infected with spirorchid cardiovascular flukes and other internal parasites.
The pathology of normobaric oxygen toxicity in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2001
Abstract: The effects of normobaric oxygen exposure were investigated in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Sixty birds were randomly ided into four equal groups of 15. These groups were randomly allocated as control, acute exposure, repeated acute exposure or chronic exposure. Control birds were exposed to 72 continuous hours of 21% oxygen in a sealed, enclosed chamber. Acute exposure, repeated acute exposure and chronic exposure groups were exposed oxygen at minimum concentration of 95% for a single 3-h period, a 3-h period daily for three sequential days, or a single 72-h period in a sealed, enclosed chamber, respectively. Oxygen exposure resulted in significant alteration in the histological morphology of respiratory exchange tissue, with severe oedema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Electron micrographs revealed thickening of the blood-gas barrier with the tissue harmonic thickness increasing from 226 +/-90 nm in control birds to 639 +/-393nm following repeated acute exposure, with the total harmonic thickness increasing from a control value of 345 +/-146nm to 837 +/-423 nm at the same time. Chronic oxygen exposure resulted in significant changes in cell morphology including thickening of endothelial cells, ruffling of type I respiratory endothelial cells and interstitial vacuolation. These results indicate that budgerigars undergo significant morphological and ultrastructural changes in respiratory exchange tissue following exposure to 100% oxygen.
The first complete mitogenome of Indian ringneck (Psittacula krameri) demonstrates close phylogenetic relationship with Eclectus parrot
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2019
The first complete mitogenome of red-bellied parrot (Poicephalus rufiventris) resolves phylogenetic status within Psittacidae
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2018
Comparative renal physiology of exotic species
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2005.09.002
Abstract: In this article the osmoregulatory, acid-base homeostasis, and excretory functions of the renal system of invertebrates and vertebrates are reviewed. The mammalian renal system is the most highly evolved in terms of the range of functions performed by the kidneys. Renal physiology in other animals can be very different, and a sound knowledge of these differences is important for understanding health and disease processes that involve the kidneys, as well as ion and water homeostasis. Many animals rely on multiple organs along with the kidneys to maintain osmotic, ionic, and pH balance. Some animals rely heavily on postrenal modification of urine to conserve water and salt balance this can influence the interpretation of disease signs and treatment modalities.
Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB15363.X
Abstract: To estimate the prevalence of infection with Trichomonas gallinae and other parasites of the alimentary tract in psittacine and columbid birds in Perth and to determine in vitro the effectiveness of drugs commonly recommended for treating trichomoniasis. S les of crop contents were collected from aviary flocks of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and other psittacine and columbid birds in both private and commercial collections in Perth. Similar s les from wild Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) also were collected. Crop contents were examined and cultured for Trichomonas gallinae and in vitro studies were conducted on the susceptibility of isolates to several drugs used commonly. Other parasites also were detected by faecal examination and/or necropsy. T gallinae was recovered from birds in 1 of 13 private collections of budgerigars (2/289 birds in total). Direct wet-mount examination of crop fluid identified 36.4% of s les at four commercial bird dealers which were later determined by culture to contain T gallinae. The prevalence of T gallinae infection range from 0 to 11.4% in budgerigars. The prevalence of T gallinae infection of wild Senegal doves was 46% and from one flock of racing pigeons was 59%. The in vitro minimum lethal concentrations of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ronidazole ranged from 40 to 96, 30 to 80 and 40 to 92 micrograms/mL respectively for six isolates of T gallinae. Other alimentary parasites detected during the survey included Spironucleus sp (syn. Hexamita sp), coccidia, Ascaridia platycerci and Raillietina sp. Thirteen budgerigar flocks belonging to members of avicultural societies in Perth had a low prevalence of trichomoniasis and other parasitic infections. The dose rate currently recommended for ronidazole may not result in complete protozoacidal activity against T gallinae infection.
The first report of hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) in an Australian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
Assessing circovirus gene flow in multiple spill-over events
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2019
Surgical removal of an ovarian tumour in a koi carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2006.TB12776.X
Abstract: Ultrasonography, radiography and exploratory coeliotomy were used to diagnose and treat a large intracoelomic neoplasm from a female koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) presented for abdominal enlargement of several months duration. Feed was withheld for 1 week immediately prior to surgery and the fish was sedated with isoeugenol (AQUI-S) at a dose rate of 10 mL/L to facilitate diagnostic imaging techniques. Surgical anaesthesia was induced by adding tricaine (MS-222) 50 mg/L to the water and an exploratory coeliotomy and tumour removal was performed. The fish was allowed to recover in fresh water at 18 degrees C and salt was added slowly to the water over a period of 1 hour to a concentration of 5 g/L This concentration was maintained in a recovery pond for 1 week postoperatively. Enrofloxacin was administered intramuscularly (10 mg/kg) immediately, 3 days and 1 week postoperatively. A diagnosis of undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma was made on the basis of the histological appearance of the neoplasm and immunohistochemical staining.
Cryptosporidium meleagridis in an Indian ring-necked parrot (Psittacula krameri)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2000
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2000.TB10589.X
Abstract: To perform a morphological and genetic characterisation of a Cryptosporidium infection in an Indian ring-necked parrot (Psittacula krameri) and to compare this with C meleagridis from a turkey. Tissue and intestinal sections from an Indian ring-necked parrot were examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium. The organism was also purified from the crop and intestine, the DNA extracted and a portion of the 18S rDNA gene lified, sequenced and compared with sequence and biological information obtained for C meleagridis from a turkey as well as sequence information for other species of Cryptosporidium. Morphological examination of tissue sections from an Indian ring-necked parrot revealed large numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts attached to the apical border of enterocytes lining the intestinal tract. Purified Cryptosporidium oocysts measured about 5.1 x 4.5 microns, which conformed morphologically to C meleagridis. The sequence obtained from this isolate was identical to sequence information obtained from a C meleagridis isolate from a turkey. Cryptosporidium meleagridis was detected in an Indian ring-necked parrot using morphological and molecular methods. This is the first time that this species of Cryptosporidium has been reported in a non-galliform host and extends the known host range of C meleagridis.
Molecular characterization of genome sequences of beak and feather disease virus from the Australian twenty-eight parrot (Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 24-12-2014
Abstract: Three complete genomes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) were recovered from wild twenty-eight parrots ( Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides ). The genomes consisted of 1,996 bp with 1,934 identical sites and a typically content stem-loop structure between ORF1 and ORF2. This is the first report of BFDV infection as well as the complete genome sequences for this host species globally.
Whole-genome sequence of a beak and feather disease virus isolate from a fledging red-capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 27-10-2016
Abstract: The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a fledgling red-capped parrot ( Purpureicephalus spurius ) was assembled and characterized. The genome consists of 1,995 nucleotides and encodes two major proteins in opposing directions. This is the first evidence of BFDV infectivity and a complete genome sequence for this novel host.
Tracheal resection and anastomosis in a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii banksii)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-10-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2010.00634.X
Abstract: Tracheal stricture is an uncommon sequel to tracheitis in birds. We describe a case in a red-tailed black cockatoo that was attributed to a bacterial tracheitis associated with inhaled plant material and was successfully resolved by surgical resection and anastomosis of the trachea.
Laboratory diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease by haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1993.TB06104.X
Abstract: Simple and sensitive haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition assays were developed for psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus and serum antibody, respectively. The assays were used in the examination of s les from 73 birds clinically affected with PBFD. High antigen titres (log2 9 to log2 12) were detected in feathers, faeces and cloacal contents of PBFD-affected birds. Antigen was not detected in either faecal or feather s les from 20 normal galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) and 9 normal sulphur crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). After kaolin treatment and haemadsorption of serum, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres could not be detected in serum from 42 PBFD-affected birds, whereas serum HI titres from 64 normal psittacine birds ranged from less than log2 1 to log2 8. Serum and yolk HI antibody responses of 6 PBFD virus-inoculated layer hens were measured. Pre-inoculation chicken sera contained high concentrations of non-specific haemagglutination inhibitors (not detected in chloroform-extracted yolk), which were removed by kaolin treatment and haemadsorption.
Differential expression of two isolates of beak and feather disease virus capsid protein in Escherichia coli.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2013.01.020
Abstract: Expression of recombinant beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) capsid-associated protein (Cap) has relied on inefficient techniques that typically produce low yields or use specialized expression systems, which greatly increase the cost and expertise required for mass production. An Escherichia coli system was used to express recombinant BFDV Cap derived from two isolates of BFDV, from a Long-billed Corella (Cacatua tenuirostris) and an Orange-bellied parrot (OBP Neophema chrysogaster). Purification by affinity and size exclusion chromatography was optimized through an iterative process involving screening and modification of buffer constituents and pH. A buffer containing glycerol, β-mercaptoethanol, Triton X-100, and a high concentration of NaCl at pH 8 was used to increase solubility of the protein. The final concentration of the corella-isolated BFDV protein was fifteen- to twenty-fold greater than that produced in previous publications using E. coli expression systems. Immunoassays were used to confirm the specific antigenicity of recombinant Cap, verifying its validity for use in continued experimentation as a potential vaccine, a reagent in diagnostic assays, and as a concentrated s le for biological discoveries.
Chronic shoulder osteoarthritis in a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2006.00003.X
Abstract: This report describes the lesions seen in an extremely weak and emaciated adult male loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) found stranded near Perth, Western Australia. Blood collected from a dorsal cervical sinus immediately prior to euthanasia demonstrated severe anaemia, markedly elevated plasma concentrations of creatinine kinase (2263 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (58 U/L), urea (18.1 mmol/L) and hypoglycaemia (glucose 0.7 mmol/L). Necropsy examination demonstrated a severe chronic osteoarthritis of the right shoulder joint with marked remodelling of the glenoid fossa, coracoid, scapula and humerus. There was marked synovial effusion and periarticular fibrosis. Cytological examination and culture of synovial fluid failed to demonstrate an infectious agent. Other findings were low numbers of trypanorhynch cysts present on the surface of the liver and numerous spirorchid eggs in the attached mesentery. Several large and small spirorchid flukes were present in the heart and there was a localised endarteritis in the left aortic arch associated with this infection. Numerous nematode eggs and at least three species of spirorchid eggs were seen microscopically in faeces collected from the terminal colon. The pathogenesis and significance of these lesions is discussed.
Identification of a novel circovirus in Australian ravens (Corvus coronoides) with feather disease.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2006
DOI: 10.1080/03079450600597345
Abstract: The complete genome of a novel Circovirus isolated from an Australian raven (Corvus coronoides) with feather lesions similar to those that occur in psittacine beak and feather disease is reported. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to lify and sequence novel Circovirus DNA from affected feathers. Sequence analysis indicated that the tentatively named raven circovirus (RaCV) was 1898 nucleotides in size with two major open reading frames synonymous with other avian circoviruses, ORF C1 and ORF V1, likely to encode a putative capsid protein (Cap) and replicase-associated protein (Rep), respectively. In common with other circoviruses was the conservation of several nucleotide structures and amino acid motifs implicated in virus replication. Comparison with other members of the Circoviridae demonstrated that RaCV shares the greatest sequence homology with canary circovirus (CaCV) and pigeon circovirus (PiCV) and was more distantly related to the beak and feather disease virus, goose circovirus, duck circovirus and the two porcine circoviruses, PCV1 and PCV2. Phylogenetic analysis of the genome and the putative Cap and Rep proteins provided further evidence of the close relationship of RaCV with CaCV and PiCV.
Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from birds
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00164-8
Abstract: Avian isolates of Cryptosporidium species from different geographic locations were sequenced at two loci, the 18S rRNA gene and the heat shock gene (HSP-70). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data provided support for the existence of a new avian species of Cryptosporidium infecting finches and a second species infecting a black duck. The identity of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium meleagridis as valid species was confirmed. Also, C. baileyi was identified in a number of isolates from the brown quail extending the host range of this species.
Persistence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection in wild Crimson Rosellas (Platycercus elegans)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-08-2019
Assessment of recombinant beak and feather disease virus capsid protein as a vaccine for psittacine beak and feather disease
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 03-2009
Abstract: Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a significant pathogen of wild Australasian and African psittacine birds. We assessed the immunogenicity of recombinant BFDV capsid (recBFDVcap) to protect against the development of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). Long-billed corellas ( Cacatua tenuirostris ) ( n =13) received (by injection) 1 ml vaccine containing 10 μg recBFDVcap on day 0 and 0.4 ml vaccine containing 66.8 μg recBFDVcap on day 11. All vaccinated corellas and five non-vaccinated control corellas were given 0.4 ml BFDV suspension [titre=log 2 12 haemagglutination units (HAU) 50 μl −1 ] intramuscularly and 0.1 ml orally 16 days after booster vaccination. Blood was collected during the vaccination period and blood and feathers were collected after BFDV administration. Testing of blood s les included BFDV DNA detection by PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) as well as antibody detection by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and on feather s les, BFDV DNA and antigen was detected by haemagglutination (HA) and qPCR. Four of 97 blood s les collected from vaccinated birds after virus challenge tested positive by PCR, whereas 17 of 35 s les taken from non-vaccinated control corellas tested positive. Vaccinated birds did not develop feather lesions, had only transient PCR-detectable viraemia and had no evidence of persistent infection 270 days post-challenge using PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Non-vaccinated control corellas developed transient feather lesions and had PCR, HI and HA test results consistent with PBFD. They were BFDV PCR-positive for up to 41 days post-challenge and qPCR demonstrated reduced virus replication in vaccinated birds compared with non-vaccinated control birds.
Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli using multiplex-PCR and high resolution melt curve analysis
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-09-2015
Intracellular ciliated protozoal infection in silverlip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JIP.2008.07.009
Abstract: The pathology associated with an intracellular ciliate infection in the digestive gland of pearl oysters Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901) is described. Histopathological and transmission electron microscopic examination were used to characterise the organism and its location within host cells. The parasite is tear-drop shaped measuring 5.53 microm (range of 2.73-7.47 microm, n=9) in width and 11.15 microm (range of 9.02-16.2 microm) in length with a centrally located lobulated nucleus and a large nucleus:cytoplasmic ratio. The ciliate has nine evenly spaced rows of cilia running obliquely along the length of cell, converging on the pointed end. Infected digestive glands typically had a moderate to severe infiltration with mononuclear hemocyte. A strong correlation existed between the burden of ciliates and the host response (p<0.001, C=0.315 Pearson Correlation). The use of a single tissue section upon microscopic examination was found to detect only 38-50% of the infections. However, examination of serial haematoxylin and eosin stained sections improved the reliability of detecting infection.
The Immunohistochemical characterization of devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) in the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1354/VP.43-6-896
Abstract: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to characterize the disfiguring and debilitating fatal neoplastic disease, devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), which has recently affected a significant proportion of the wild population of Tasmanian Devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii). The diagnostic values of a number of immunohistochemical stains were employed to further characterize 50 representative cases. The neoplasms were negative for cytokeratin (0/48), epithelial membrane antigen (0/42), von Willebrand factor (vWF) (0/11), smooth muscle actin (SMA) (0/26), desmin (0/47), glial fibrillary acid protein (0/13), CD16 (0/13), CD57 (0/43), CD3 (0/18), and LSP1 (0/16). DFTD cells were positive for vimentin (50/50), S-100 (41/48), melan A (11/39), neuron specific enolase (35/35), chromogranin A (12/12) and synaptophysin (29/30). The cells were negative for amyloid (0/30) and stained negatively with Singh's silver (0/34) but were weakly argyrophilic (3/40) using Grimelius histochemical stain. These staining characteristics are consistent with cells of neuroectodermal origin.
Chlamydia psittaci infection as a cause of respiratory disease in neonatal foals
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-09-2020
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13170
Abstract: During 2016-2018, 15 critically ill neonatal foals with acute respiratory distress associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection were presented to three referral hospitals in New South Wales. Chlamydia psittaci has not previously been associated with the development of neonatal respiratory disease. To investigate and describe the clinical features and outcome of C. psittaci infection in neonatal foals. Multicentre retrospective case series. The clinical, clinicopathological, necropsy and histological features of 15 foals with confirmed C. psittaci infection were reviewed and reported. Thirteen foals with C. psittaci infection died or were subjected to euthanasia within 36 h of hospitalisation and two foals survived to discharge. Findings during post-mortem examination of nonsurviving foals included bronchopneumonia, pulmonary congestion, hepatic congestion and hepatic inflammation. Detection of C. psittaci was achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of swabs of nasal secretions (4/6) and rectal mucosa (5/7) from live foals, lung tissues of foals at necropsy (11/14) and foetal membranes (4/5). Small numbers of confirmed cases of neonatal C. psittaci infection and inconsistent s ling methods. Chlamydia psittaci should be considered a differential diagnosis for neonatal foals with signs of severe systemic disease, including equine neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (EqNARDS). Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen and a personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn for the management of foals with suspected or confirmed infection.
Normobaric hyperoxic stress in budgerigars
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S1532-0456(00)00186-1
Abstract: The effects of acute (3 h), repeated acute (3 exposures each of 3 h) and chronic (72 h) normobaric hyperoxic exposure in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were evaluated by monitoring the effects on pulmonary enzymic antioxidants, and indicators of lipid peroxidation. All durations of oxygen exposure resulted in significant respiratory alkalosis and elevated pulmonary and blood glutathione peroxidase concentrations. The concentrations of other pulmonary enzymic antioxidants including glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase were not significantly altered by oxygen exposure. Pulmonary concentrations of the lipid peroxidation markers malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenal were not significantly elevated following oxygen exposure. Plasma concentrations of 8-epi isoprostane F(2alpha) were significantly elevated following both acute and repeated acute exposure. The results indicate that in budgerigars, both acute and chronic oxygen exposure can result in significant alteration in respiratory function and increased production of reactive oxygen species.
Phylogenetic analysis of beak and feather disease virus across a host ring-species complex
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 15-09-2014
Abstract: The roles of disease and species hybridization in maintaining bio ersity are of wide interest, yet are rarely studied simultaneously in wild populations. Using genomic analysis of beak and feather disease virus in an avian ring-species complex, Platycercus elegans , to our knowledge we find viral phylogenetic structure analogous to Mayr’s ring-species hypothesis for the first time in any pathogen. Across 8 y, the host’s viral prevalence and infection load was lower in hybrid birds and in phenotypically intermediate subspecies. Viral genetic variation did not explain host prevalence or infection load, supporting conclusions that the evolved host response is more important. We show how host–species complexes and viral genomic analyses can provide insight into maintenance of bio ersity.
Osteosarcoma in a woma python (Aspidites ramsayi)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-11-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2011.00853.X
Abstract: Osteosarcoma of the axial skeleton in an 18-month-old woma python (Aspidites ramsayi) is described. A subcutaneous mass overlying the costal arches enlarged progressively over a period of 5 months and, in that time, became ulcerated and more invasive of surrounding tissues. A punch biopsy of the lesion under general anaesthesia provided tissue for histopathology and diagnosis of low-grade osteosarcoma.
Detection of Minchinia sp., in rock oysters Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) using DNA probes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JIP.2007.07.002
Abstract: Haplosporidian parasites infect various invertebrate hosts including some commercially important shellfish. Haplosporidium nelsoni (along with Perkinsus marinus) has severely affected Eastern oyster production on the eastern seaboard of the United States and flat oyster production in Europe has been severely impacted by Bonamia ostreae. These parasites are also often present at a very low prevalence and there are a variety of morphologically similar species that can be difficult to differentiate during cytological or histological diagnosis hence the need to develop specific tests. Recently, a Minchinia sp. was described affecting rock oysters (Saccostrea cuccullata) in north Western Australia. In this study, two in situ hybridisation (ISH) assays and a PCR assay have been developed and optimised for use in investigating these parasites. The first ISH assay used a 166bp polynucleotide probe while the second used a 30bp oligonucleotide probe. The specificity of each ISH assay was assessed by applying each probe to a variety of haplosporidian (5), a paramyxian (1) or ciliophora (1) parasites. The polynucleotide probe produced strong hybridisation signals against all of the haplosporidian parasites tested (Minchinia sp., Minchinia teredinis, Bonamia roughleyi, H. nelsoni and Haplosporidium costale) while the oligonucleotide probe recognised only the Minchinia sp. Both probes failed to detect the paramyxian (Marteilia sp.) or the Rhynchodid-like ciliate. The PCR assay lifies a 220bp region and detected Minchinia sp. DNA from 50ng of genomic DNA extracted from the tissues of infected oysters and 10fg of lified Minchinia sp. DNA. The assay did not react to oysters infected with H. nelsoni or H. costale. The ability of the PCR and oligonucleotide ISH assay to diagnose Minchinia sp. infected oysters was compared to histological examination from a s le of 56 oysters. The PCR assay revealed 26 infections while histological examination detected 14 infections. The oligonucleotide ISH assay detected 29 infections. The oligonucleotide ISH and PCR assays were found to be significantly more sensitive than histology for detecting the parasite.
A serologic survey for avian polyomavirus and Pacheco's disease virus in Australian cockatoos
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419334
Abstract: Sera collected from wild and captive Australian cockatoos and other psittacine species (n = 411) were tested for antibodies to avian polyomavirus (APV) and Pacheco's disease virus (PDV). Of 144 wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) s led at three regions in New South Wales (NSW) 96 (64.4%) birds had positive (>/= 1:32) neutralizing antibody titres to avian polyomavirus (range 1:32-1:2048). Two of 17 wild long-billed corellas (Cacatua tenuirostris) were also APV-antibody positive. However, no s les from 107 wild galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) were positive for neutralizing antibody to APV. Sera were also collected from captive psittacine bird flocks from NSW, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. In a mixed aviary of cockatoos and lorikeets, APV antibody was detected in sera from sulphur-crested cockatoos, Major Mitchell's cockatoos (Cacatua leadbeateri), a white-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii latirostris), a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus magnificus) a single galah, a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus), and a scaley-breasted lorikeet (Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus). All 411 wild and captive birds were negative for the presence of neutralizing antibody to PDV. These results indicate that wild sulphur-crested cockatoos in NSW are enzootically infected with avian polyomavirus and that the s led populations are free of Pacheco's disease.
Haematological indicators of inflammation exhibited by Australian Falconiformes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-06-2008
Spore ornamentation of Haplosporidium hinei n. sp. (Haplosporidia) in pearl oysters Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-02-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182008004149
Abstract: An infection of pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima , attributed to a Haplosporidium sp. by Hine and Thorne (1998) has been detected on 3 occasions and is considered to represent a serious concern to the pearling industry in Australia. The spore ornamentation of the parasite was determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Spores of the parasite were pleomorphic, or elongated 3·5–4 μm×2·5–3·0 μm in size. Two filaments were wound around the spore and originated from 2 ‘knob-like’ posterior thickenings. Both filaments passed up one side of the spore together until just below the operculum whereupon each split and passed obliquely under the lip of the opercula lid. Each filament wrapped around the spore 4 times. The posterior thickenings seem to appear late in the development of the spore and were composed of spore wall material. A second set of branching tubular filaments composed of a different material was observed on the spore body although not on mature spores possessing a ‘knob-like’ posterior thickening. The ornamentation on the spores of the pearl oyster parasite was unique amongst described haplosporidian species where spore ornamentation is known. The parasite is named in this manuscript as Haplosporidium hinei n. sp.
Airsac cystadenocarcinomas in cockatoos.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2006.TB12803.X
Abstract: The clinical signs, radiographic and pathological findings of four histologically similar neoplasms that occurred as unilateral tumours projecting from the left axilla in three galahs ( Eolophus roseicapillus ) and one sulphur‐crested cockatoo ( Cacatua galerita ) are described. In each case, the main reason for clinical presentation was respiratory distress. All cases were eventually fatal due to airway obstruction with evidence of extensive neoplastic invasion of the lungs, major airways and or humerus in all cases. A diagnosis of airsac cystadenocarcinoma was made in each bird on the basis of gross and histological appearance. The neoplasms were composed of fluid or air‐filled sacs of proliferative cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells that stained positively with cytokeratin and negatively with vimentin. This was supported by a thin fibrovascular network although at least some areas in all four birds resembled airsac tissue. In some cases areas of haemorrhage, erythrophagocytosis, haemosiderosis and nodules of haemosiderophage infiltration with acicular cholesterol clefts were present in some parts of the sectioned tissue.
Assessing circovirus gene flow in multiple spill-over events
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S11262-019-01702-X
Abstract: The establishment of viral pathogens in new host environments following spillover events probably requires adaptive changes within both the new host and pathogen. After many generations, signals for ancient cross-species transmission may become lost and a strictly host-adapted phylogeny may mimic true co- ergence while the virus may retain an inherent ability to jump host species. The mechanistic basis for such processes remains poorly understood. To study the dynamics of virus-host co- ergence and the arbitrary chances of spillover in various reservoir hosts with equal ecological opportunity, we examined structural constraints of capsid protein in extant populations of Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) during known spillover events. By assessing reservoir-based genotype stratification, we identified co- ergence defying signatures in the evolution BFDV which highlighted primordial processes of cryptic host adaptation and competing forces of host co- ergence and cross-species transmission. We demonstrate that, despite extensive surface plasticity gathered over a longer span of evolution, structural constraints of the capsid protein allow opportunistic host switching in host-adapted populations. This study provides new insights into how small populations of endangered psittacine species may face multidirectional forces of infection from reservoirs with apparently co- erging genotypes.
Peripheral erythrophagocytosis in two reptiles
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-03-2006
Preliminary report of a parasitic infection of the brain and eyes of a peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus and Nankeen Kestrels Falco cenchroides in Western Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-1999
DOI: 10.1071/MU99034A
Structural perspectives of beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus proteins
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 02-2021
Abstract: Circoviruses represent a rapidly expanding group of viruses that infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Members are responsible for diseases of veterinary and economic importance, including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs, and beak and feather disease (BFD) in birds. These viruses are associated with lymphoid depletion and immunosuppressive conditions in infected animals leading to systemic illness. Circoviruses are small nonenveloped DNA viruses containing a single-stranded circular genome, encoding two major proteins: the capsid-associated protein (Cap), comprising the entirety of the viral capsid, and the replication-associated protein (Rep). Cap is the only protein component of the virion and plays crucial roles throughout the virus replication cycle, including viral attachment, cell entry, genome uncoating, and packaging of newly formed viral particles. Rep mediates recognition of replication origin motifs in the viral genome sequence and is responsible for endonuclease activity enabling nicking of the circular DNA and initiation of rolling-circle replication (RCR). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was the first circovirus capsid structure to be solved at atomic resolution using X-ray crystallography. The structure revealed an assembly comprising 60 monomeric subunits to form virus-like particles. Each Cap monomer harbors a canonical viral jelly roll domain composed of two, four-stranded antiparallel
Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-09-2023
DOI: 10.3390/V15102025
Evaluation of two multiplex PCR–High-Resolution melt curve analysis methods for differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli intraspecies
Publisher: American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)
Date: 12-01-2018
Identification of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in an Unusual Novel Host ( Merops ornatus ) Using Nested PCR
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 29-12-2016
Abstract: The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) was discovered from a rainbow bee-eater ( Merops ornatus ), a species of Coraciiformes . The genome consisted of 1,996 bp encoding two major bidirectional transcribed open reading frames. This is the first evidence of BFDV infection and complete genome characterization for this novel host species.
Dealing with diseases in wildlife.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1998
Nucleotide sequence analysis of a novel circovirus of canaries and its relationship to other members of the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 11-2001
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2805
Abstract: The circular, single-stranded DNA genome of a novel circovirus of canaries, tentatively named canary circovirus (CaCV), was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that the genome was 1952 nucleotides (nt) in size and had the potential to encode three viral proteins, including the putative capsid and replication-associated (Rep) proteins. The CaCV genome shared greatest sequence similarity (58·3% nt identity) with the newly characterized columbid circovirus (CoCV) and was more distantly related to the two porcine circovirus strains, PCV1 and PCV2, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and a recently isolated goose circovirus (GCV) isolate (46·8–50·9% nt identity). In common with other members of the Circovirus genus, several nt structures and amino acid motifs thought to be implicated in virus replication were identified on the putative viral strand. Phylogenetic analysis of both the capsid and Rep protein-coding regions provided further evidence that CaCV is more closely related to CoCV and BFDV and more distantly related to GCV, PCV1 and PCV2.
The effect of CO2 -rich ground water on the West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Staphylococcal dermatitis in quail with a parakeratotic hyperkeratotic dermatosis suggestive of pantothenic acid deficiency
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-1995
DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419097
Abstract: This report describes an outbreak of Staphylococcal dermatitis which occurred in commercial Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with a history and clinico-pathological evidence suggestive of pantothenic acid deficiency. The flock had a low hatchability rate (40 to 43%) and a high percentage (50%) of dead-in-shell embryos. Approximately 5 to 15% of the grower flock developed crusty facial scabs and conjunctivitis from 4 days of age. Culture of eyelid skin yielded pure growths of non-haemolytic, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. Histological examination revealed a generalised hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis of feathers, feather follicles and non-follicular skin. There was invasion of feather follicles by cocci and focal areas of suppurative exudative dermatitis and subcutaneous abscesses particularly in the eyelids and commissures of the beak. Clinical signs were alleviated by treatment with amoxycillin and a change in ration formulation.
Characterization of the whole-genome sequence of a beak and feather disease virus Isolate from a Mallee Ringneck Parrot (Barnardius zonarius barnardi)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 28-08-2014
Abstract: The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a wild Australian Mallee ringneck parrot ( Barnardius zonarius barnardi ) was characterized. The genome consists of 1,995 nucleotides and encodes two major proteins in opposing directions. This is the first evidence of BFDV infectivity and the first complete genome sequence for this novel host.
Diverse Trichomonas lineages in Australasian pigeons and doves support a columbid origin for the genus Trichomonas
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.106674
Abstract: Trichomonas is a significant protist genus, and includes T. vaginalis, the most prevalent sexually transmitted non-viral infection of humans, and T. gallinae of rock doves (Columba livia), one of the earliest known avian pathogens. New Trichomonas genotypes, including T. vaginalis-like isolates, have been discovered in American columbid hosts, suggesting geographically widespread cryptic ersity of Trichomonas in pigeons and doves. We s led 319 birds from 22 columbid species in Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and southern Africa and uncovered 15 novel lineages of Trichomonas, more than doubling the known ersity of this parasite genus and providing evidence for frequent host-switching that eventually gave rise to T. vaginalis in humans. We show that Trichomonas has a columbid origin and likely underwent Miocene expansion out of Australasia. Our chronological topology for Trichomonas is calibrated on the evolution of a host phenotypic trait associated with ecological entrapment of the most basal extant lineage of Trichomonas in Ptilinopus fruit-doves.
Mortality associated with bushfire smoke inhalation in a captive population of the smoky mouse (Pseudomys fumeus), a threatened Australian rodent
Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association
Date: 06-01-2021
Suspected Osteoma in an Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus roratus)
Publisher: Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1647/2010-061.1
Abstract: A 7-month-old, male eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus roratus) was presented with a slow-growing mass over the chest and localized self-trauma to the area. Repeated sternal trauma secondary to an improper wing trim was observed in this case before development of the lesion. Surgical excision of the mass was performed for diagnostic and treatment purposes. On histopathologic examination, the mass was characterized by well-differentiated trabecular bone surrounded by a thin layer of periosteum. These findings were consistent with, but not exclusive to, a diagnosis of osteoma. This benign bone lesion is rare in human and veterinary medicine, with even fewer reports of this condition in avian patients. Trauma to the sternum from falling because of wing clipping was the most likely inciting cause in this parrot.
The first complete mitogenome of Australia’s largest raptor, the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2019
Detection of respiratory herpesviruses in foals and adult horses determined by nested multiplex PCR.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETMIC.2006.11.009
Abstract: A nested multiplex PCR was developed as a rapid (<12h), sensitive test for the simultaneous identification of equine herpesviruses (EHV1, EHV4, EHV2 and EHV5) in clinical s les from horses. Peripheral blood and nasal swab (NS) s les from 205 weanling Thoroughbred foals on 6 different studs over 3 consecutive seasons and from 92 adult horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined using direct multiplex PCR of clinical s les (direct PCR) and conventional cell culture with differentiation of EHV in cell cultures by multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR proved a sensitive and specific technique for the detection of EHV in cell culture and clinical s les. The technique described appeared equally sensitive as one using a single set of primers for in idual EHV but reduced labour and reagent costs. Cell cultures showing cytopathic effect (CPE) were always positive for EHV on PCR. EHV were also detected by multiplex PCR in 11 s les which failed to show CPE. By a combination of multiplex PCR and cell culture or direct multiplex PCR, the presence of up to three EHV in the same s le was detected. Overall, EHV5 was detected by direct multiplex PCR of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and/or NS s les from 78% of foals and 47% of adult horses. Repeated s ling or cell culture in combination with multiplex PCR and with the incorporation of IL-2 in culture medium increased the sensitivity for detection of EHV in PBMC and demonstrated that EHV5 DNA could be identified in PBMC from 89% of foals and 100% of adult horses. EHV2 was identified from approximately 30% of foals, but was more frequently identified in s les from 17 foals with mild respiratory disease and was isolated infrequently from adult horses. EHV1 and EHV4 were identified uncommonly in any population in the current study.
Repeat spillover of beak and feather disease virus into an endangered parrot highlights the risk associated with endemic pathogen loss in endangered species
Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association
Date: 08-10-2020
DOI: 10.7589/2018-06-154
Viral skin diseases of birds
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1995
A novel pathogenic aviadenovirus from red-bellied parrots (Poicephalus rufiventris) unveils deep recombination events among avian host lineages
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.VIROL.2016.12.031
Abstract: Competing roles of coevolution, selective pressure and recombination are an emerging interest in virus evolution. We report a novel aviadenovirus from captive red-bellied parrots (Poicephalus rufiventris) that uncovers evidence of deep recombination among aviadenoviruses. The sequence identity of the virus was most closely related to Turkey adenovirus D (42% similarity) and other adenoviruses in chickens, turkeys and pigeons. Sequencing and comparative analysis showed that the genome comprised 40,930 nucleotides containing 42 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) 19 of which had strong similarity with genes from other adenovirus species. The new genome unveiled a lineage that likely participated in deep recombination events across the genus Aviadenovirus accounting for an ancient evolutionary relationship. We hypothesize frequent host switch events and recombination among adenovirus progenitors in Galloanserae hosts caused the radiation of extant aviadenoviruses and the newly assembled Poicephalus adenovirus genome points to a potentially broader host range of these viruses among birds.
Rapid genotyping of beak and feather disease virus using high-resolution DNA melt curve analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2014.07.031
Abstract: Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a significant pathogen both for wild and captive psittacine birds globally. Genotypic differentiation of BFDV isolates is crucial to establish effective control strategies for the conservation of endangered species and epidemiological investigations of disease outbreaks. The technique developed in this study is a simple, rapid and inexpensive genotyping method for BFDV using PCR and subsequent high-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis. This was achieved using PCR lification of the conserved Rep gene in the presence of a fluorescent DNA intercalating dye (SYTO9). HRM curve analysis of the resultant licon could readily differentiate between reference strain (92-SR14) and 18 other BFDV isolates used in this study. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the licon from each isolate revealed that each melt curve profile was related to a unique DNA sequence. The potential of the PCR-HRM curve analysis to differentiate inter-host genetic variation among critically endangered orange-bellied parrots, lorikeets and cockatoos was also evaluated. Phylogenetic tree topology based on partial Rep gene sequences used in this study showed that BFDV Rep gene sequence patterns were correlated with the results of HRM curve analysis. The results presented in this study indicate that this technique could be used in both clinical research and differentiation of BFDV isolates in a fraction of time without further nucleotide sequencing and provides a novel approach for the genetic screening of BFDV in clinical virology laboratories.
Laboratory diagnostics for birds
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-01-2020
Assessment of liver function in chickens using galactose and indocyanine green clearances
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2000
Abstract: Values for galactose and indocyanine green (ICG) clearances, and plasma and serum biochemical markers of liver dysfunction were determined in normal chickens and following coeliotomy, and compared with birds after partial hepatectomy. Clearance tests, and serum and plasma biochemistry were performed 4h, and 4 and 7 days after surgery. Coeliotomy and manipulation of the liver did not delay clearance of either compound. Partial hepatectomy resulted in elevation of galactose single point concentrations but did not significantly alter galactose clearance (GEC) values. Clearance values of ICG were not significantly altered. Biochemical values were not significantly elevated in birds after a partial hepatectomy in comparison with birds after coeliotomy. Galactose single point concentrations have the potential to become a simple, relatively non-invasive method of screening for liver disease, with GEC tests having the potential to quantify the degree of loss of functional hepatic mass.
Structural characterization of a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase from Staphylococcus aureus
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-08-2014
Seroprevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease in wild psittacine birds in New South Wales.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1993.TB06105.X
Abstract: A haemagglutination inhibition assay was used to detect antibody to psittacine beak and feather disease virus in sera from wild sulphur crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita), galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus), short-billed corellas (Cacatua sanguinea), eastern long-billed corellas (Cacatua tenuirostris) and other psittacine birds in New South Wales. The seroprevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease ranged from 41% to 94% in different flocks, indicating infection with the virus is widespread in wild populations.
Structural basis for disulphide-CoA Inhibition of a butyryl-CoA hexameric thioesterase
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Baculovirus expression of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) capsid protein capable of self-assembly and haemagglutination.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2006.12.011
Abstract: Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a common avian circovirus infection of wild Psittaciformes and is a recognised threat to endangered psittacine species. Currently, there is a requirement to develop BFDV antigen for diagnostic purposes and since efforts to propagate BFDV in vitro have so far been unsuccessful the entire coding region of BFDV ORF C1 was expressed in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. The entire coding region of BFDV ORF C1, the presumptive capsid, was expressed in Sf9 insect cells using baculovirus expression system. Electron microscopic examination of negatively stained material demonstrated that the recombinant protein self-assembled to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) thus confirming that ORF C1 is likely to be the sole determinant for capsid construction in vivo. BFDV VLPs also possessed haemagglutinating activity which provides further evidence that self-assembled BFDV VLPs retain receptor mediated biological activity and that the determinants for BFDV haemagglutination activity rely solely on the capsid protein. The recombinant protein reacted with anti-BFDV sera from naturally immune parrots and cockatoo and from chickens experimentally inoculated with native BFDV in both Western blots and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. BFDV VLPs were also a suitable replacement antigen for serological detection of BFDV antibody by HI.
Herpesvirus in a captive Australian Krefft's river turtle (Emydura macquarii krefftii)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12290
Abstract: A mature, captive Krefft's river turtle (Emydura macquarii krefftii) was presented with severe proliferative and ulcerative lesions of the skin and shell. The areas were biopsied and histopathological examination demonstrated orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with keratinocytes containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. Molecular diagnostics confirmed the presence of a herpesvirus in the affected tissues. This is the first recorded case of herpesvirus infection in an Australian freshwater turtle species.
A comparison of haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and PCR for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus infection and a comparison of isolates obtained from loriids.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 11-2005
Abstract: Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is recognized as a threat for endangered psittacine birds in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Several diagnostic methods for the detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection have been developed but there are few studies comparing the relative merits or sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test. In this report, the results of PCR, haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing of diagnostic s les collected from 679 s les from a range of psittacine bird species suspected of being infected with BFDV are summarized and compared. There was a strong agreement (kappa = 0·757 P ·0001) between PCR and HA testing of feather s les and PCR-negative birds were 12·7 times more likely to have HI antibody than PCR-positive birds. False-positive HA results with titres up to 1 : 320 were identified in six feather s les that were PCR negative the haemagglutination detected in these s les was not inhibited by anti-BFDV antisera and was removed by filtration through a 0·22 μm filter. Similarly, one false-negative PCR result was detected in a feather s le that had a high HA titre ( : 40 960) and four false-positive PCR results were detected in a batch of four feather s les. Of 143 birds that were feather PCR positive, only two had detectable HI antibody, and these birds were also feather HA negative, suggesting that they were developing immunity to recent infection. All birds with HI antibody were negative on feather HA testing. The assays confirmed BFDV infection in two endangered swift parrots ( Lathamus discolor ) and phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data generated from ORF V1 of these isolates provide further evidence of BFDV genotypes clustering in parallel with the Loriidae, Cacatuidae and Psittacidae.
A blocking ELISA for the detection of antibodies to psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2009.02.009
Abstract: Currently, the only diagnostic test available routinely for the sero-diagnosis of BFDV is the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. This test, whilst useful and applicable to s les from a wide range of psittacine birds, is not an ideal assay it requires erythrocytes from live animals, virus purified from the feathers of infected birds and polyclonal antibody preparations in order to perform the assay. Variations in these reagents make consistency between tests difficult to achieve, underscoring the need for a new test with standardised reagents for the sero-diagnosis of BFDV infection which has led to the development of an antibody response. The methods used to develop a novel "blocking" (or "competitive") ELISA (bELISA) for the detection of anti-BFDV antibodies in psittacine sera are presented in this paper. The assay was developed using a baculovirus-expressed recombinant BFDV capsid protein and a newly developed monoclonal antibody raised against this protein. The assay was then validated with 160 s les from eastern long-billed corellas (Cacatua tenuiostris) vaccinated with the recombinant capsid protein and challenged with live virus and s les from 82 cockatiels known to be HI negative. The bELISA described in this study is a sensitive and specific diagnostic test and should have wide application for the sero-diagnosis of BFDV.
Bilateral necrotizing pectenitis causing blindness in a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.1080/03079459708419261
Abstract: A rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) in good physical condition and otherwise neurologically normal was presented with a history of sudden blindness. Gross abnormalities were not detected at necropsy and cultures of aqueous humour and visceral organs failed to yield bacterial growth. In both eyes histopathological examination demonstrated acute necrosis of the pecten associated with a severe heterophilic inflammation and a myriad of Giemsa and Gram-positive, filamentous, branching nocardioform bacteria. In the lungs and kidneys there were several nodules of acute, mild granulomatous inflammation composed of macrophages, giant cells and heterophils. The bilateral nature of the eye lesions was consistent with haematogenous spread of nocardioforms after mild, primary lung infection. The lesions suggest that the vascular network of the pecten may be a site favourable for lodgement of other bacterial species during episodes of bacteraemia or septicaemia.
Whole-Genome sequence characterization of a beak and feather disease virus in a wild regent parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 27-02-2014
Abstract: The whole-genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a wild Australian regent parrot ( Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides ) was characterized. The genome consists of 1,993 bp and has a typical stem-loop structure between open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2. This is the first evidence of BFDV infection as well as the complete genome sequence for this host species, globally.
Air sac functional anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) during isoflurane anesthesia
Publisher: Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)
Date: 03-2002
Field techniques in the study of Australian pigeons and doves
Publisher: BirdLife Australia, Ltd.
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.20938/AFO33187197
Evidence of a deep viral host switch event with beak and feather disease virus infection in rainbow bee-eaters (Merops ornatus)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-09-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP14511
Abstract: Since the characterization of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) in 1984, a wide range of avian circoviruses have been discovered with varying pathogenic effects amongst a erse range of avian hosts. Until recently these circovirus species were thought to be restricted to within avian Orders such as the Psittaciformes for beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and Columbiformes for pigeon circovirus with little evidence of cross-family transmission or replication. We report evidence of a naturally occurring novel host switch event with self-limiting BFDV infection in a group of rainbow bee-eaters ( Merops ornatus ) a species of Coraciiformes unrelated to parrots and not previously known to be susceptible to any avian circovirus. The outbreak highlights important and unexpected aspects of disease emergence and host-switching pertinent to other situations when viruses might cross species boundaries as well as the potential of avian circoviruses to infect disparate host species.
Elimination of False-Positive Polymerase Chain Reaction Results Resulting from Hole Punch Carryover Contamination
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000111
Abstract: The collection of biological material (e.g., blood) directly onto filter paper for subsequent use in laboratory assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has become a common practice. Dried cells or fluid on the paper can be readily rehydrated and retrieved into a standard volume of an appropriate elution buffer but introduces a dilution factor to the s le. The use of a common cutting instrument for excising a standard-sized piece of paper that contains the material also introduces the potential for transferring biological material from one s le to subsequent s les, causing false-positive results by PCR. In the present study, filter-paper-collected blood that contained beak and feather disease virus was used to determine if viral DNA could be transferred between s les by a hole punch used to excise sequential filter papers. It was determined that false-positive results could be obtained at least 13 times after a positive s le. Subsequently, the efficacy of 4 methods of hole punch disinfection, flaming, VirkonS, bleach, and a bleach-ethanol combination, was assessed. The only effective and practical method to destroy DNA was a method where the hole punch was agitated in commercial bleach, rinsed in water, the water was displaced with 100% ethanol and air-dried. This method was simple, cheap, and relatively rapid, and allowed for the use of a single hole punch for a series of s les, without carryover contamination and consequent false-positive results.
Development and applications of a monoclonal antibody to a recombinant beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) capsid protein
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2007.08.029
Abstract: The development of diagnostic assays for detecting beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) has traditionally been h ered by the difficulty associated with producing suitable reagents, namely purified virus and polyclonal antibodies. In an effort to develop a consistent and standardised source of antibody, a monoclonal antibody to a recombinant BFDV capsid protein has been developed and its use in western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC), ELISA and haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays characterised. The antibody was specific for both the recombinant BFDV capsid protein and the whole virus and had similar optimal titres when used in western blotting and IHC. The antibody also had HI activity and detected BFDV virus from three genera of psittacine birds, including the recently described cockatiel BFDV isolate. The monoclonal antibody should have widespread application in both research and the development of diagnostic assays for BFDV.
A feather disease in Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) morphologically similar to psittacine beak and feather disease
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.1080/03079459708419256
Abstract: The pathogenesis and epidemiology of a feather disease in wild Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) which is morphologically similar to psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) was investigated. Although the lesions in doves resembled PBFD there was little evidence for the presence of psittacine circovirus (PsCV). Haemagglutination activity (HA) using type A galah (Eolophus roseicapillus) erythro-cytes was not detected in feathers or livers of affected doves as would occur in PBFD. Low concentrations of HA excreted in the faeces of affected doves was not caused by psittacine circovirus (PsCV) because the antigen in faeces also caused haemagglutination of PsCV-insensitive type B galah erythrocyte and was not inhibited by anti-PsCV antibody. Similar HA of unknown cause was also detected in faeces from clinically normal Senegal doves. Anti-PsCV haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody was not detected in the serum of affected doves or in the blood of 206 clinically normal wild Senegal doves or 17 captive columbid birds in close contact with a flock of psittacine birds that was known to be PsCV-infected. Senegal doves also failed to seroconvert after two inoculations with PsCV purified from the feathers of a PBFD-affected long-billed corella (Cacatua tenuirostris). The results indicate that the feather disease seen in feral Senegal doves in Perth is not due to PsCV although the possibility that it is due to another antigenically distinct circovirus was not eliminated.
Development and applications of a TaqMan based quantitative real-time PCR for the rapid detection of Pigeon circovirus (PiCV)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVIROMET.2022.114588
Abstract: TaqMan probe based quantitative polymerase reaction (TaqMan qPCR) is a robust and reliable technique for detecting and quantifying target DNA copies. Quantitative molecular diagnosis of genetically erse single stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus such as Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) can be challenging owing to difficulties in primer binding or low abundance of template DNA copies in clinical specimens. Several methods have been described for the detection of PiCV, being qPCR the most simple and reliable. As far as is known, two qPCR systems described until now are based on SYBR green. This study reports development and validation of a highly sensitive TaqMan qPCR targeted to Rep for the detection of highly erse PiCV in pigeon s les with excellent reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity. The limit of detection was determined as low as 2 (two) plasmid copies. Estimations of 100 % specificity and 100 % sensitivity were obtained based on the qPCR results with panel of 60 s les (known PiCV positive, n = 30 known PiCV negative, n = 20 s les positive to Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), n = 5 and s les positive to canine circovirus, n = 5). Co-efficient of variation (CV) for Ct values ranged between 0.27 % and 0.78 % in the same assay and 1.84-2.87 % in different assays.
Normobaric hyperoxic stress in budgerigars
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S1532-0456(00)00187-3
Abstract: The effects of oxygen exposure on pulmonary and blood non-enzymic antioxidant concentrations was evaluated in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Budgerigars were exposed to acute (3 h), repeated acute (3 exposures each of 3 h) or chronic (72 h) normobaric hyperoxic environments and the pulmonary and plasma concentrations of selected non-enzymic antioxidants, namely glutathione, uric acid, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and carotenoids were assayed. With increasing duration of oxygen exposure, the ratio of oxidised to reduced glutathione was significantly increased, while the concentrations of uric acid, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and carotenoids were significantly reduced, especially following chronic oxygen exposure. Following acute and repeated acute exposure, alteration in glutathione concentrations and reduction in alpha-tocopherol concentrations indicated oxygen stress. Following chronic exposure, depletion of non-enzymic antioxidants indicated exhaustion of these protective mechanisms and progression from oxygen stress to oxygen toxicity.
Steroidal saponin toxicity in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus)
Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.7589/2017-03-066
Abstract: We describe the clinicopathologic features of a mortality event characterized by blindness and dermatitis affecting eastern grey kangaroos ( Macropus giganteus), secondary to hepatogenous photosensitization. Affected animals exhibited photophobic behavior, blindness, ataxia, recumbency, lethargy, ear shaking, and behavior consistent with distress or depression. The photophobia manifested as abnormal shade-seeking during the day, including finding refuge under or in structures used frequently by people. Severely affected kangaroos were jaundiced and had markedly elevated serum bilirubin and gamma glutamyl-transpeptidase concentrations. Blindness in affected animals was attributed to moderate to severe corneal opacity due to corneal edema and inflammation. Skin lesions were typically subtle on gross examination even in cases which had severe necrotizing dermatitis histologically. Histologic lesions in the liver of affected animals included the presence of acicular clefts typical of steroidal saponins. The outbreak was associated with pasture dominated by the invasive grass, Panicum gilvum, which is a recognized source of saponin-induced photosensitization in livestock.
Mutability Dynamics of an Emergent Single Stranded DNA Virus in a Naïve Host
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-01-2014
Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease
Publisher: WikiJournal User Group
Date: 2020
Structural characterization of a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase from multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBRC.2019.08.056
Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a clinically relevant, highly drug-resistant pathogen of global concern. An attractive approach to drug design is to specifically target the type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway which is critical in Gram negative bacteria and is significantly different to the type I fatty acid synthesis (FASI) pathway found in mammals. Enzymes involved in FASII include members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. SDRs are capable of performing a erse range of biochemical reactions against a broad spectrum of substrates whilst maintaining conserved structural features and sequence motifs. Here, we use X-ray crystallography to describe the structure of an SDR from the multi-drug resistant bacteria A. baumannii, previously annotated as a putative FASII FabG enzyme. The protein was recombinantly expressed, purified, and crystallized. The protein crystals diffracted to 2.0 Å and the structure revealed a FabG-like fold. Functional assays revealed, however, that the protein was not active against the FabG substrate, acetoacetyl-CoA. This study highlights that database annotations may show the necessary structural hallmarks of such proteins, however, they may not be able to cleave substrates that are typical of FabG enzymes. These results are important for the selection of target enzymes in future drug development.
Treatments to control Haliotrema abaddon in the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
Structural insights into GDP-mediated regulation of a bacterial acyl-CoA thioesterase
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Granuloma formation and suspected neuropathic pain in a domestic pigeon (Columba livia) secondary to an oil-based, inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine administered for protection against pigeon paramyxovirus-1.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12173
Abstract: A domestic pigeon developed a sterile granuloma following vaccination with an oil-adjuvant, inactivated La Sota strain of Newcastle disease. The aim of vaccination was to provide protection against pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1), a disease previously considered exotic to Australia. Granuloma formation is considered a rare complication of vaccination against PPMV-1 in pigeons. Clinical signs consistent with neuropathic pain became apparent during the extensive management of the granuloma, which included surgical removal of foreign material, control of the pain and inflammation and protection against antimicrobial contamination. PPMV-1 is now considered endemic in Australia and protecting pigeons with vaccination is important. Until a product is registered for use, vaccination remains off-label and the risk of adverse reaction, including sterile granuloma, must be considered.
The first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Australian raven (Corvus coronoides)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-07-2017
VetCompass Australia: A National Big Data Collection System for Veterinary Science
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-09-2017
DOI: 10.3390/ANI7100074
Characterization of the first mitochondrial genome of a little Corella (Cacatua sanguinea) and its phylogenetic implications
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2019
Detection of Minchinia occulta in samples of pearl oysters Pinctada maxima infected by Haplosporidium hinei
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-10-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2009.00507.X
Abstract: To determine if juvenile pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) infected with Haplosporidium hinei are also infected with another haplosporidian parasite, Minchinia occulta. Archived s les of pearl oysters infected with H. hinei were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and in situ hybridisation (ISH) to analyse and identify haplosporidians. A 144-bp and 220-bp region of Minchinia DNA were targeted by PCR and lified DNA from formalin-fixed H. hinei-infected pearl oyster s les was sequenced. A 25-bp oligonucleotide probe targeting a variable section of the parasite's small subunit rRNA gene was used in ISH. The results of DNA-based diagnostic assays supported each other. The sequences obtained by PCR were found to be almost identical to M. occulta from rock oysters and the ISH assay demonstrated infection with M. occulta in affected pearl oysters. ISH indicated a prevalence of infection of 26.7% in one of the previous outbreaks. Pearl oyster spat are susceptible to infection by a Minchinia parasite, most likely M. occulta, which was recently identified in rock oysters within the pearl-producing zones of Western Australia and is associated with mortalities of up to 80% in this species. The occurrence of haplosporidian co-infections in pearl oysters suggests the immunocompetence of juvenile oysters may be an important factor in preventing infection and therefore preventing mortalities such as those occurring in the recent outbreaks of pearl oyster oedema disease.
Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Physical damage, behaviour and post-release mortality of Argyrosomus japonicus after barotrauma and treatment
Publisher: National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)
Date: 12-2013
Retrospective genotyping and whole genome sequencing of a canine parvovirus outbreak in Bangladesh
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-10-2021
DOI: 10.3390/PATHOGENS10111373
Abstract: Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) outbreaks in close quarters such as kennels or shelters can cause substantial case fatality. Thirteen dead Labradors from a secluded kennel of security dogs presented with typical clinical signs and gross pathology of parvovirus infection. Whole genome shotgun sequencing from tissue-extracted genomic DNA detected new CPV-2a as the contributing antigenic variant. Further genotyping using polymerase chain reaction coupled with high-resolution melt assays (PCR-HRM) confirmed new CPV-2a infection in all deceased dogs. PCR-HRM of additional thirty-four clinically suspected dogs suggested that this variant is in wider community circulation, at least in the southeastern part of Bangladesh. We present complete genome sequence of the new CPV-2a variant circulating in the domestic canine population of Bangladesh.
Phylogeny of beak and feather disease virus in cockatoos demonstrates host generalism and multiple-variant infections within Psittaciformes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.VIROL.2014.04.021
Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of the highly genetically erse but antigenically conserved, single-stranded circular, DNA genome of the avian circovirus, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from cockatoo species throughout Australia demonstrated a high mutation rate for BFDV (orders of magnitude fall in the range of 10(-4) substitutions/site/year) along with strong support for recombination indicating active cross-species transmission in various subpopulations. Multiple variants of BFDV were demonstrated with at least 30 genotypic variants identified within nine in idual birds, with one containing up to 7 variants. Single genetic variants were detected in feathers from 2 birds but splenic tissue provided further variants. The rich BFDV genetic ersity points to Australasia as the most likely geographical origin of this virus and supports flexible host switching. We propose this as evidence of Order-wide host generalism in the Psittaciformes characterised by high mutability that is buffered by frequent recombination and slow replication strategy.
Evaluation of PCR and high-resolution melt curve analysis for differentiation of Salmonella isolates
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-02-2017
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1268676
Abstract: Consumption of poultry products contaminated with Salmonella is one of the major causes of foodborne diseases worldwide and therefore detection and differentiation of Salmonella spp. in poultry is important. In this study, oligonucleotide primers were designed from hemD gene and a PCR followed by high-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis was developed for rapid differentiation of Salmonella isolates. Amplicons of 228 bp were generated from 16 different Salmonella reference strains and from 65 clinical field isolates mainly from poultry farms. HRM curve analysis of the licons differentiated Salmonella isolates and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the licons from selected isolates revealed that each melting curve profile was related to a unique DNA sequence. The relationship between reference strains and tested specimens was also evaluated using a mathematical model without visual interpretation of HRM curves. In addition, the potential of the PCR-HRM curve analysis was evaluated for genotyping of additional Salmonella isolates from different avian species. The findings indicate that PCR followed by HRM curve analysis provides a rapid and robust technique for genotyping of Salmonella isolates to determine the serovar/serotype.
The first report of cerebral, pulmonary and gastrointestinal angiostrongyliasis in the water rat Hydromys chrysogaster from Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-08-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X18000779
Abstract: We describe the first case of angiostrongyliasis in a water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster , a large rodent adapted to aquatic life, which is endemic to Australia, New Guinea and adjacent islands.
Haematological characteristics of individuals from nine species of Australian cockatoos in response to naturally occurring disease and injury
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-05-2013
Resolution of the phylogenetic relationship of the vulnerable flesh-footed shearwater (Ardenna carneipes) seabird using a complete mitochondrial genome
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2021
Vaccination and challenge studies with psittacine beak and feather disease virus.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1993.TB00844.X
Abstract: Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) was administered to adult galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) by mouth or by intramuscular injection. Concentration of PBFDV antibodies in serum and excretion of PBFDV were monitored by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and haemagglutination (HA) respectively. After oral administration, 17 of 18 galahs remained clinically normal and a small rise in antibody titre was detected in 3 of 18 birds. After intramuscular administration, antibody was detected in all birds. PBFDV was not detected in the feather dander of birds in either group. One bird developed diarrhoea and high faecal HA titres within 4 days of oral administration and then died. Adult and nestling cockatoos were vaccinated with an experimental inactivated double-oil emulsion vaccine. PBFDV antibody responses are comparable to those induced by a primary-oil emulsion vaccination regimen using Freund's adjuvants. Both vaccines protected nestlings. Three sibling wild-caught sulphur-crested cockatoos were vaccinated but died of PBFD before experimental challenge despite antibody responses in all birds. Unvaccinated control chicks developed acute PBFD within 4 weeks of challenge, probably from PBFDV-induced hepatitis since high concentrations of PBFDV were detected in their livers.
Evaluation of the erythroplastid component of avian blood
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-04-2013
Angiotrophic T-cell lymphoma as a cause of regenerative anemia in a horse
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2006
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a seabird, wedge-tailed shearwater (Ardenna pacifica)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 17-02-2022
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01191-21
Abstract: Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a seabird, wedge-tailed shearwater ( Ardenna pacifica ). The circular genome has a size of 16,434 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The study provides a reference mitochondrial genome of wedge-tailed shearwater for further molecular studies.
Molecular and microscopic characterization of a novel Eastern grey kangaroopox virus genome directly from a clinical sample
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-11-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-16775-7
Abstract: Poxviruses are large DNA viruses with varying zoonotic potential, and are recognised in a broad range of wildlife. Although poxviruses have been detected in kangaroos, their genetic relationships to poxviruses in other animals and humans is not well understood. Here, we present a novel genome sequence of a marsupial poxvirus, the Eastern grey kangaroopox virus (EKPV-NSW), isolated from a wild eastern grey kangaroo. In the present study, histopathologically confirmed epidermal pox lesions were used to recover the full-length viral genome and perform electron microscopic analysis, with both immature virions and intracellular mature virions detected. Subsequent analysis of the EKPV-NSW genome demonstrated the highest degree of sequence similarity with EKPV-SC strain (91.51%), followed by WKPV-WA (87.93%), and MOCV1 (44.05%). The novel EKPV-NSW complete genome encompasses most of the chordopoxviruses protein coding genes (138) that are required for genome replication and expression, with only three essential protein coding genes being absent. The novel EKPV-NSW is missing 28 predicted genes compared to the recently isolated EKPV-SC, and carries 21 additional unique genes, encoding unknown proteins. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses showed EKPV-NSW to be the distinct available candidate genome of chordopoxviruses.
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus nucleotide sequence analysis and its relationship to porcine circovirus, plant circoviruses, and chicken anaemia virus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1998
Abstract: Cloning and sequencing of the circular, single-stranded DNA of one isolate of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) demonstrate a genome composed of a circular molecule of 1993 nucleotide bases. An analysis of the assembled replicative form demonstrated seven open reading frames (ORFs) (three in the virion strand and four in the complementary strand), potentially encoding seven viral proteins of >8.7 kDa. High amino acid sequence similarity was demonstrated between a potential 33.3-kDa protein product of ORF1 of BFDV and the replicase-associated protein of porcine circovirus (PCV), subterranean clover stunt virus, and faba bean necrotic yellows virus. However, significant similarity in nucleotide or amino acid sequences was not present between BFDV and chicken anaemia virus. A potential stem-loop structure similar to that found in PCV and plant circoviruses was present in the putative encapsidated strand of the BFDV genome. At the top of this structure, a nonanucleotide motif (TAGTATTAC) similar to that of PCV, plant circoviruses, and geminiviruses also was recognised. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of ORF2 of BFDV and PCV demonstrated 29.1% identity, and in both viruses, ORF2 is located on the complementary strand, beginning close to or within the hairpin stem. Our findings provide further evidence of a close relationship among BFDV, PCV, and plant circoviruses but not chicken anaemia virus.
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca)
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 17-06-2021
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00342-21
Abstract: Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Australian passerine bird, magpie-lark ( Grallina cyanoleuca ). The circular genome has a size of 16,933 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. This study provides a reference mitochondrial genome of magpie-lark for further molecular studies.
Homology modelling and structural comparisons of capsid-associated proteins from circoviruses reveal important virus-specific surface antigens.
Publisher: Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
Date: 2012
Renal disease in captive swift parrots (Lathamus discolor)
Publisher: Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1647/2002-002
Renal Disease in Captive Swift Parrots (Lathamus discolor)
Publisher: Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1647/2002-001
Infection with Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae and Vibrio harveyi in snapper, Pagrus auratus with bloat
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2006.TB12774.X
Abstract: To diagnose the cause of chronic, low mortality associated with bloat in tanks of snapper at an aquaculture facility. A clinical, pathological and microbiological investigation into the cause of a low number of ongoing mortalities associated with bloat in snapper at an aquaculture facility is outlined. Necropsy, histology, microbiology and a comparison of haematology and water analysis from affected and unaffected fish and holding tanks, respectively were conducted. Affected moribund fish were found in lateral or dorsal recumbency floating on the water surface within 24 hours of death. Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae was isolated from intestinal contents and Vibrio harveyi from the blood of affected fish and both were isolated from culture water. Both V harveyi and P damselae subspecies damselae isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole plus trimethoprim. Environmental parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen were similar in tanks of affected and unaffected fish. Affected fish had gas distended swimbladders, anaemia, and the intestines were diffusely distended with a clear, pale yellowish fluid. Livers were mottled tan and green in a zonal pattern. Histologically the intestines of fish from tanks suffering mortality had a moderate granulocytic enteritis with oedema and infiltrations with eosinophilic granule cells that were also present as an infiltrate in the gills. There were elevated numbers of melanomacrophage centres and haemosiderin deposits in the spleen, kidney and liver of affected fish. Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae infection should be recognised as potential pathogens of snapper held in water of less than optimal quality.
Acute poisoning of silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae) following urea fertilizer spillage
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1080/03079450500465718
Abstract: Two episodes of accidental urea toxicosis are described in wild silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae) following spillage of fertilizer grade urea at a commercial shipping facility near Perth, Western Australia. In both cases, urea spillage had been seen to contaminate freshwater wash-down pools on the wharves where ships were being unloaded and gulls were seen to be drinking and washing in the pools nearby the spillages. Affected birds were found moribund or dead. Necropsy and histopathological findings were non-specific and consisted of mild to moderate congestion of visceral organs and brain. Analysis of a water s le collected during Case 1 revealed a very high urea concentration of 4.124 mol/l (pH 5.5), and fluid from the proventriculus of two birds had urea concentrations of 382 and 308 mmol/l, respectively. Nine birds were examined during the second episode (Case 2) and, from heparinized heart blood s les collected (n = 5), the mean plasma urea (288 +/- 92.0 mmol/l), ammonia (43.9 +/- 34.2 mmol/l) and uric acid (7.45 +/- 1.99 mmol/l) concentrations were markedly elevated above the reference ranges for all bird species. Proventricular contents (n = 7) similarly contained high concentrations of urea (394 +/- 203 mmol/l) and ammonia (9.3 +/- 15 mmol/l). The probable mechanisms of urea and ammonia toxicity in these birds are discussed.
Treatment with potassium bromide mitigates ataxia and reduces tremor in lambs with perennial ryegrass toxicosis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-07-2019
Spore ornamentation of Minchinia occulta n. sp. (Haplosporidia) in rock oysters Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 28-08-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182008004897
Abstract: A Minchinia sp. (Haplosporidia: Haplosporidiidae) parasite was identified infecting rock oysters and morphologically described by Hine and Thorne (2002) using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The parasite was associated with up to 80% mortality in the host species and it is suspected that the parasite would be a major impediment to the development of a tropical rock oyster aquaculture industry in northern Western Australia. However, attempts to identify the parasite following the development of a specific probe for Haplosporidium nelsoni were unsuccessful. The SSU region of the parasite's rRNA gene was later characterized in our laboratory and an in situ hybridization assay for the parasite was developed. This study names the parasite as Minchinia occulta n sp. and morphologically describes the parasite using histology, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The non-spore stages were unusual in that they consisted primarily of uninucleate stages reminiscent of Bonamia spp. The parasite's spores were ovoid to circular shaped and measured 4·5 μm–5·0 μm×3·5–4·1 μm in size. The nucleus of the sporoplasm measured 1·5–2·3 μm and was centrally located. The spores were covered in a branching network of microtubule-like structures that may degrade as the spore matures.
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