ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0997-4878
Current Organisations
Macquarie University
,
University of South Australia
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-03-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-019-01087-9
Abstract: Treadmills are routinely used to assess running performance and training parameters related to physiological or perceived effort. These measurements are presumed to replicate overground running but there has been no systematic review comparing performance, physiology and perceived effort between treadmill and overground running. The objective of this systematic review was to compare physiological, perceptual and performance measures between treadmill and overground running in healthy adults. AMED (Allied and Contemporary Medicine), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health), EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until May 2018. Included studies used a crossover study design to compare physiological (oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]O Thirty-four studies were included. Twelve studies used a 1% grade for the treadmill condition and three used grades > 1%. Similar [Formula: see text]O Some, but not all, variables differ between treadmill and overground running, and may be dependent on the running speed at which they are assessed. CRD42017074640 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-06-2022
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2086520
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the behaviour of physiological load measures as well as ground reaction forces (GRF) and acceleration load during a prolonged running task that simulated the running demands of an intermittent team sport. Nineteen males completed a maximal aerobic fitness test and an extended running protocol across two sessions. Participants wore a portable metabolic system, and four inertial measurement units (IMU), one on each foot, the lower back and upper back. GRF were measured via an instrumented treadmill. Change in metabolic, IMU and GRF variables across five blocks during the running protocol were assessed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The running protocol elicited large increases in heart rate and oxygen consumption over time. No statistically significant changes in any peak impact accelerations were observed. Resultant acceleration area under the curve (AUC) increased at the lower and upper back locations but was unchanged at the foot. GRF active peak but not impact peak increased during the prolonged run. The results of this study indicate that the effect of an extended running task on IMU measures of external mechanical load is manifested in the upper body, and is effectively measured by AUC.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-05-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-019-01126-5
Abstract: Studies investigating the association between the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and sports injury risk have reported mixed results across a range of athlete populations. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify whether athlete age, sex, sport type, injury definition and mechanism contribute to the variable findings. Systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search was conducted in October 2018 using PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, EmBase and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they were peer reviewed and published in English language, included athletes from any competition level, performed the FMS at baseline to determine risk groups based on FMS composite score, asymmetry or pain, and prospectively observed injury incidence during training and competition. Study eligibility assessment and data extraction was performed by two reviewers. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine odds ratio (OR), sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals. Sub-group analyses were based on athlete age, sex, sport type, injury definition, and injury mechanism. Twenty-nine studies were included in the FMS composite score meta-analysis. There was a smaller effect for junior (OR = 1.03 [0.67-1.59] p = 0.881) compared to senior athletes (OR = 1.80 [1.17-2.78] p = 0.008) and for male (OR = 1.79 [1.08-2.96] p = 0.024) compared to female (OR = 1.92 [0.43-8.56] p = 0.392) athletes. FMS composite scores were most likely to be associated with increased injury risk in rugby (OR = 5.92 [1.67-20.92] p = 0.006), and to a lesser extent American football (OR = 4.41 [0.94-20.61] p = 0.059) and ice hockey (OR = 3.70 [0.89-15.42] p = 0.072), compared to other sports. Specificity values were higher than sensitivity values for FMS composite score. Eleven studies were included in the FMS asymmetry meta-analysis with insufficient study numbers to generate sport type subgroups. There was a larger effect for senior (OR = 1.78 [1.16-2.73] p = 0.008) compared to junior athletes (OR = 1.21 [0.75-1.96] p = 0.432). Sensitivity values were higher than specificity values for FMS asymmetry. For all FMS outcomes, there were minimal differences across injury definitions and mechanisms. Only four studies provided information about FMS pain and injury risk. There was a smaller effect for senior athletes (OR = 1.28 [0.33-4.96] p = 0.723) compared to junior athletes (OR = 1.71 [1.16-2.50] p = 0.006). Specificity values were higher than sensitivity values for FMS pain. Athlete age, sex and sport type explained some of the variable findings of FMS prospective injury-risk studies. FMS composite scores and asymmetry were more useful for estimating injury risk in senior compared to junior athletes. Effect sizes tended to be small except for FMS composite scores in rugby, ice hockey and American football athletes. CRD42018092916.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-08-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-015-3233-6
Abstract: Knowledge of aerobic performance capacity allows for the optimisation of training programs in aerobically dominant sports. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a measure of aerobic performance however, the time and personnel demands of establishing MAS are considerable. This study aimed to determine whether time-trials (TT), which are shorter and less onerous than traditional MAS protocols, may be used to predict MAS. 28 Australian Rules football players completed a test of MAS, followed by TTs of six different distances in random order, each separated by at least 48 h. Half of the participants completed TT distances of 1200, 1600 and 2000 m, and the others completed distances of 1400, 1800 and 2200 m. Average speed for the 1200 and 1400 m TTs were greater than MAS (P 0.08). Average speed for all TT distances correlated with MAS (r = 0.69-0.84 P < 0.02), but there was a negative association between the difference in average TT speed and MAS with increasing TT distance (r = -0.79 P < 0.01). Average TT speed over the 2000 m distance exhibited the best agreement with MAS. MAS may be predicted from the average speed during a TT for any distance between 1200 and 2200 m, with 2000 m being optimal. Performance of a TT may provide a simple alternative to traditional MAS testing.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-05-2020
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.13686
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2018.09.002
Abstract: To investigate whether functional overreaching affects locomotor system behaviour when running at fixed relative intensities and if any effects were associated with changes in running performance. Prospective intervention study. Ten trained male runners completed three training blocks in a fixed order. Training consisted of one week of light training (baseline), two weeks of heavy training designed to induce functional overreaching, and ten days of light taper training designed to allow athletes to recover from, and adapt to, the heavy training. Locomotor behaviour, 5-km time trial performance, and subjective reports of training status (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) questionnaire) were assessed at the completion of each training block. Locomotor behaviour was assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis of stride intervals during running at speeds corresponding to 65% and 85% of maximum heart rate (HR Time trial performance (effect size ±95% confidence interval (ES): 0.16±0.06 p<0.001), locomotor behaviour at 65% HR Locomotor behaviour during running at 65% HR
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 05-2022
Abstract: Purpose: Determine the impact of preseason and between-seasons changes in in idual physical performance on injury risk in elite junior Australian football players and if injuries sustained during a season impact subsequent-season performance improvement. Methods: This prospective cohort study assessed in idual performance measures (sprint speed, jump, agility, and aerobic endurance) during preseason over 4 consecutive seasons. Injury status (injured/not injured) was tracked weekly to determine the relationship between in idual performance and in-season injury occurrence. Mixed models were used to determine the relationship between physical performance and injury, and the effect of injury on physical performance improvement. Results: A total of 206 players played 2 consecutive seasons and were included (17.6 y, 181.9 cm, 75.7 kg). Faster players during preseason experienced higher injury incidence (injuries/season) during that playing season (incidence rate ratio = 0.127 P = .034). Injury incidence was not influenced by between-seasons change in any performance measure. Players injured during their first season maintained their aerobic fitness, which declined in noninjured players ( d = 0.39 P = .013). Players who sustained a lower-limb injury during their first season saw smaller improvements in sprint speed than players who did not get injured ( d = 0.39 P = .035). Conclusion: Faster players experience higher injury incidence than slower players and may require specific prevention interventions. Players who experience a lower-limb injury during the playing season do not improve sprint speed between seasons to the same extent as players who do not get injured, highlighting the need for targeted high-speed running ability development as part of rehabilitation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-01-2016
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1136071
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if minimalist shoes improve time trial performance of trained distance runners and if changes in running economy, shoe mass, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were related to any difference in performance. Twenty-six trained runners performed three 6-min sub-maximal treadmill runs at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes while running economy, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were assessed. They then performed a 5-km time trial. In the minimalist shoe, runners completed the trial in less time (effect size 0.20 ± 0.12), were more economical during sub-maximal running (effect size 0.33 ± 0.14) and decreased stride length (effect size 0.22 ± 0.10) and increased stride rate (effect size 0.22 ± 0.11). All but one runner ran with a rearfoot footfall in the minimalist shoe. Improvements in time trial performance were associated with improvements in running economy at 15 km·h(-1) (r = 0.58), with 79% of the improved economy accounted for by reduced shoe mass (P < 0.05). The results suggest that running in minimalist shoes improves running economy and 5-km running performance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00256-015-2227-0
Abstract: To investigate the reliability of a simple, efficient technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) in the metatarsals using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BMD of the right foot of 32 trained male distance runners was measured using a DXA scanner with the foot in the plantar position. Separate regions of interest (ROI) were used to assess the BMD of each metatarsal shaft (1st-5th) for each participant. ROI analysis was repeated by the same investigator to determine within-scan intra-rater reliability and by a different investigator to determine within-scan inter-rater reliability. Repeat DXA scans were undertaken for ten participants to assess between-scan intra-rater reliability. Assessment of BMD was consistently most reliable for the first metatarsal across all domains of reliability assessed (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥0.97 coefficient of variation [CV] ≤1.5% limits of agreement [LOA] ≤4.2%). Reasonable levels of intra-rater reliability were also achieved for the second and fifth metatarsals (ICC ≥0.90 CV ≤4.2% LOA ≤11.9%). Poorer levels of reliability were demonstrated for the third (ICC ≥0.64 CV ≤8.2% LOA ≤23.6%) and fourth metatarsals (ICC ≥0.67 CV ≤9.6% LOA ≤27.5%). BMD was greatest in the first and second metatarsals (P < 0.01). Reliable measurements of BMD were achieved for the first, second and fifth metatarsals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-06-2019
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-12-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2016.12.076
Abstract: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a popular screening tool, however, the postulated relationship between prospective injury and FMS scoring remains sparsely explored in adolescent athletes. The aim of the study was to examine the association between pre-season FMS scores and injuries sustained during one regular season competition in elite adolescent Australian football players. Prospective cohort study. 237 elite junior Australian football players completed FMS testing during the late pre-season phase and had their weekly playing status monitored during the regular season. The definition of an injury was 'a trauma which caused a player to miss a competitive match'. The median composite FMS score was 14 (mean=13.5±2.3). An apriori analysis revealed that the presence of ≥1 asymmetrical sub-test was associated with a moderate increase in the risk of injury (hazard ratio=2.2 [1.0-4.8] relative risk=1.9 p=0.047 sensitivity=78.4% specificity=41.0%). Notably, post-hoc analysis identified that the presence of ≥2 asymmetrical sub-tests was associated with an even greater increase in risk of prospective injury (hazard ratio=3.7 [1.6-8.6] relative risk=2.8 p=0.003 sensitivity=66.7% specificity=78.0%). Achieving a composite score of ≤14 did not substantially increase the risk of prospective injury (hazard ratio=1.1 [0.5-2.1] p=0.834). Junior Australian football players demonstrating asymmetrical movement during pre-season FMS testing were more likely to sustain an injury during the regular season than players without asymmetry. Findings suggest that the commonly reported composite FMS threshold score of ≤14 was not associated with injury in elite junior AF players.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2023
Abstract: This study aimed to validate a 7-sensor inertial measurement unit system against optical motion capture to estimate bilateral lower-limb kinematics. Hip, knee, and ankle sagittal plane peak angles and range of motion (ROM) were compared during bodyweight squats and countermovement jumps in 18 participants. In the bodyweight squats, left peak hip flexion (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .51), knee extension (ICC = .68) and ankle plantar flexion (ICC = .55), and hip (ICC = .63) and knee (ICC = .52) ROM had moderate agreement, and right knee ROM had good agreement (ICC = .77). Relatively higher agreement was observed in the countermovement jumps compared to the bodyweight squats, moderate to good agreement in right peak knee flexion (ICC = .73), and right (ICC = .75) and left (ICC = .83) knee ROM. Moderate agreement was observed for right ankle plantar flexion (ICC = .63) and ROM (ICC = .51). Moderate agreement (ICC .50) was observed in all variables in the left limb except hip extension, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion. In general, there was poor agreement for peak flexion angles, and at least moderate agreement for joint ROM. Future work will aim to optimize methodologies to increase usability and confidence in data interpretation by minimizing variance in system-based differences and may also benefit from expanding planes of movement.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-06-2023
DOI: 10.3390/CURRONCOL30060434
Abstract: Consensus guidelines call for complete resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma with consideration of neoadjuvant radiation for curative-intent treatment. The 15-month delay from the initial presentation of an abstract to the final publication of the STRASS trial results assessing the impact of neoadjuvant radiation led to a dilemma of how patients should be managed in the interim. This study aims to (1) understand perspectives regarding neoadjuvant radiation for RPS during this period and (2) assess the process of integrating data into practice. A survey was distributed to international organizations including all specialties treating RPS. Eighty clinicians responded, including surgical (60.5%), radiation (21.0%) and medical oncologists (18.5%). Low kappa correlation coefficients on a series of clinical scenarios querying in idual recommendations before and after initial presentation as an abstract indicate considerable change. Over 62% of respondents identified a practice change however, most also noted discomfort in adopting changes without a manuscript available. Of the 45 respondents indicating discomfort with practice changes without a full manuscript, 28 (62%) indicated that their practice changed in response to the abstract. There was substantial variability in recommendations for neoadjuvant radiation between the presentation of the abstract and the publication of trial results. The difference in the proportion of clinicians describing comfort with changing practice based on the presentation of the abstract versus those that had done so shows that indications for proper integration of data into practice are not clear. Endeavors to resolve this ambiguity and expedite availability of practice-changing data are warranted.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-06-2023
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 16-03-2018
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2017-098285
Abstract: To systematically appraise and summarise meta-analyses investigating the effect of exercise compared with a control condition on health outcomes in cancer survivors. Umbrella review of intervention systematic reviews. Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and MEDLINE databases were searched using a predefined search strategy. Eligible meta-analyses compared health outcomes between cancer survivors participating in an exercise intervention and a control condition. Health outcomes were cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, health-related quality of life, cancer-related fatigue and depression. Pooled effect estimates from each meta-analysis were quantified using standardised mean differences and considered trivial ( .20), small (0.20–0.49), moderate (0.50–0.79) and large (≥0.80). Findings were summarised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. There were 65 eligible articles that reported a total of 140 independent meta-analyses. 139/140 meta-analyses suggested a beneficial effect of exercise. The beneficial effect was statistically significant in 104 (75%) meta-analyses. Most effect sizes were moderate for cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength and small for cancer-related fatigue, health-related quality of life and depression. The quality of evidence was variable according to the GRADE scale, with most studies rated low or moderate quality. Median incidence of exercise-related adverse events was 3.5%. Exercise likely has an important role in helping to manage physical function, mental health, general well-being and quality of life in people undergoing and recovering from cancer and side effects of treatment. CRD42015020194 .
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-02-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-022-01644-9
Abstract: Studies investigating the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and creatine kinase (CK) have reported mixed results in physically active populations. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of CWI on recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and CK following an acute bout of exercise in physically active populations. Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. A systematic search was conducted in September 2021 using Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EmCare and Embase databases. Studies were included if they were peer reviewed and published in English, included participants who were involved in sport or deemed physically active, compared CWI with passive recovery methods following an acute bout of strenuous exercise and included athletic performance, athlete perception and CK outcome measures. Studies were ided into two strenuous exercise subgroups: eccentric exercise and high-intensity exercise. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression analyses were completed with water temperature and exposure durations as continuous moderator variables. Fifty-two studies were included in the meta-analyses. CWI improved the recovery of muscular power 24 h after eccentric exercise (SMD 0.34 [95% CI 0.06–0.62]) and after high-intensity exercise (SMD 0.22 [95% CI 0.004–0.43]), and reduced serum CK (SMD − 0.85 [95% CI − 1.61 to − 0.08]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. CWI also improved muscle soreness (SMD − 0.89 [95% CI − 1.48 to − 0.29]) and perceived feelings of recovery (SMD 0.66 [95% CI 0.29–1.03]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. There was no significant influence on the recovery of strength performance following either eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Meta-regression indicated that shorter time and lower temperatures were related to the largest beneficial effects on serum CK (duration and temperature dose effects) and endurance performance (duration dose effects only) after high-intensity exercise. CWI was an effective recovery tool after high-intensity exercise, with positive outcomes occurring for muscular power, muscle soreness, CK, and perceived recovery 24 h after exercise. However, after eccentric exercise, CWI was only effective for positively influencing muscular power 24 h after exercise. Dose–response relationships emerged for positively influencing endurance performance and reducing serum CK, indicating that shorter durations and lower temperatures may improve the efficacy of CWI if used after high-intensity exercise. Emma Moore is supported by a Research Training Program (Domestic) Scholarship from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Education and Training. Open Science Framework: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SRB9D.
Publisher: Journal of Athletic Training/NATA
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.05
Abstract: Context: Minimalist shoes have been suggested as a way to alter running biomechanics to improve running performance and reduce injuries. However, to date, researchers have only considered the effect of minimalist shoes at slow running speeds. Objective: To determine if runners change foot-strike pattern and alter the distribution of mechanical work at the knee and ankle joints when running at a fast speed in minimalist shoes compared with conventional running shoes. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-six trained runners (age = 30.0 ± 7.9 years [age range, 18−40 years], height = 1.79 ± 0.06 m, mass = 75.3 ± 8.2 kg, weekly training distance = 27 ± 15 km) who ran with a habitual rearfoot foot-strike pattern and had no experience running in minimalist shoes. Intervention(s): Participants completed overground running trials at 18 km/h in minimalist and conventional shoes. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sagittal-plane kinematics and joint work at the knee and ankle joints were computed using 3-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data. Foot-strike pattern was classified as rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot strike based on strike index and ankle angle at initial contact. Results: We observed no difference in foot-strike classification between shoes (χ21 = 2.29, P = .13). Ankle angle at initial contact was less (2.46° versus 7.43° t25 = 3.34, P = .003) and strike index was greater (35.97% versus 29.04% t25 = 2.38, P = .03) when running in minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes. We observed greater negative (52.87 J versus 42.46 J t24 = 2.29, P = .03) and positive work (68.91 J versus 59.08 J t24 = 2.65, P = .01) at the ankle but less negative (59.01 J versus 67.02 J t24 = 2.25, P = .03) and positive work (40.37 J versus 47.09 J t24 = 2.11, P = .046) at the knee with minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes. Conclusions: Running in minimalist shoes at a fast speed caused a redistribution of work from the knee to the ankle joint. This finding suggests that runners changing from conventional to minimalist shoes for short-distance races could be at an increased risk of ankle and calf injuries but a reduced risk of knee injuries.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-06-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.04.013
Abstract: This study investigated if gradually introducing runners to minimalist shoes during training improved running economy and time-trial performance compared to training in conventional shoes. Changes in stride rate, stride length, footfall pattern and ankle plantar-flexor strength were also investigated. Randomised parallel intervention trial. 61 trained runners gradually increased the amount of running performed in either minimalist (n=31) or conventional (n=30) shoes during a six-week standardised training program. 5-km time-trial performance, running economy, ankle plantar-flexor strength, footfall pattern, stride rate and length were assessed in the allocated shoes at baseline and after training. Footfall pattern was determined from the time differential between rearfoot and forefoot (TD The minimalist shoe group improved time-trial performance (effect size (ES): 0.24 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.48 p=0.046) and running economy (ES 0.48 95%CI: 0.22, 0.74 p<0.001) more than the conventional shoe group. There were no minimalist shoe training effects on ankle plantar-flexor concentric (ES: 0.11 95%CI: -0.18, 0.41 p=0.45), isometric (ES: 0.23 95%CI: -0.17, 0.64 p=0.25), or eccentric strength (ES: 0.24 95%CI: -0.17, 0.65 p=0.24). Minimalist shoes caused large reductions in TD Gradually introducing minimalist shoes over a six-week training block is an effective method for improving running economy and performance in trained runners.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-02-2020
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002267
Abstract: To examine the effects of increased cadence and minimalist footwear on lower-limb variability in runners with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Fifteen (12 female, 3 male) runners with PFP ran on an instrumented treadmill with three-dimensional motion capture in three randomly ordered conditions: (i) standard shoe at preferred cadence, (ii) standard shoe +10% cadence, and (iii) minimalist shoe at preferred cadence. Vector coding was used to calculate coordination variability between strides for select lower-limb joint couplings. Approximate entropy was calculated to assess continuous variability for segment kinematic and kinetic data and compared between conditions using repeated-measures ANOVA. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping repeated-measures ANOVA was performed on the coordination variability data. Cohen’s d effect size was calculated for all comparisons. Larger approximate entropy values (i.e., greater variability) were observed for the standard shoe +10% cadence versus the standard shoe at preferred cadence for hip flexion/extension ( P 0.001 d = 1.12), hip adduction/abduction ( P 0.001 d = 0.99) and ankle dorsiflexion lantarflexion ( P 0.001 d = 1.37) kinematics, and knee flexion/extension moments ( P 0.001 d = 0.93). Greater variability was also observed in the minimalist shoe versus the standard shoe at preferred cadence for hip internal/external rotation moments ( P 0.001 d = 0.76), knee adduction/abduction moments ( P 0.001 d = 0.51), and knee internal/external rotation moments ( P 0.001 d = 1.02). One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in coordination variability between running conditions. Greater hip and knee kinematic and kinetic variability observed with either increased cadence or minimalist footwear may be beneficial for those with PFP.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPHYS.2018.05.003
Abstract: What is the effectiveness of interventions that aim to prevent a new episode of neck pain? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. People without neck pain at study entry. Any intervention aiming to prevent a future episode of neck pain. New episode of neck pain. Five trials including a total of 3852 in iduals met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results from two randomised, controlled trials (500 participants) found moderate-quality evidence that exercise reduces the risk of a new episode of neck pain (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.86). One of the meta-analysed trials included some co-interventions with the exercise. There was low-quality evidence from three randomised, controlled trials (3352 participants) that ergonomic programs do not reduce the risk of a new neck pain episode (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.35). This review found moderate-quality evidence supporting the effectiveness of an exercise program for reducing the risk of a new episode of neck pain. There is a need for high-quality randomised, controlled trials evaluating interventions to prevent new episodes of neck pain. PROSPERO CRD42017055174. [de C os TF, Maher CG, Steffens D, Fuller JT, Hancock MJ (2018) Exercise programs may be effective in preventing a new episode of neck pain: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 64: 159-165].
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 19-02-2021
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003775
Abstract: Glassbrook, DJ, Fuller, JT, Wade, JA, and Doyle, TLA. Not all physical performance tests are related to early season match running performance in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1944–1950, 2022—This study aimed to determine which physical tests correlate with early season running performance. Sixteen professional rugby league players performed the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT), 1.2-km time trial, 1 repetition maximum (RM) barbell back squat, isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), barbell squat jump (SJ), and ballistic bench press throw (BBP). Bivariate Pearson's correlations and linear regression were used to compare physical tests with peak match running intensities recorded by a portable Global Positioning System and represented by peak match velocity and acceleration, as well as peak 1-, 4-, 6-, and 8-minute instantaneous acceleration/deceleration periods of play. Significant ( p 0.05) negative correlations ( r = −0.55 to −0.60) were observed between the IFT and relative 1-, 4-, 6-, and 8-minute peaks, and between the relative 1RM back squat and relative 1-, 4-, 6-, and 8-minute peaks. Significant positive correlations ( r = 0.52–0.84) were observed between the following physical tests and match performance pairs: IFT and peak acceleration relative 1RM back squat and peak acceleration SJ peak power (relative and absolute) and peak acceleration CMJ peak force (relative and absolute) and peak acceleration CMJ peak power (relative and absolute) and peak acceleration and 1-, 4-, 6-, and 8-minute peaks and relative BBP peak power and peak velocity and peak acceleration. The results of this study highlight that not all generic tests of physical qualities are related to peak match running performance and only those with significant correlations are likely to be able to indicate how players may perform during match-play.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 19-06-2020
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003652
Abstract: Wade, JA, Fuller, JT, Devlin, PJ, and Doyle, TLA. Senior and junior rugby league players improve lower-body strength and power differently during a rugby league season. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1367–1372, 2022—This investigation evaluated lower-body strength and power changes across a rugby league season in elite junior and senior athletes. Twenty-five senior and 20 junior rugby league players performed an isometric midthigh pull and countermovement jump at 3 time points in a National Rugby League training season (mid-preseason, end-preseason, and in-season). Linear fixed-effects models were used to compare isometric midthigh pull force and countermovement jump power between player experience groups (senior vs. junior) across the season phases (mid-preseason vs. end-preseason vs. and in-season). Cohen's effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pairwise comparisons. For senior players, absolute and relative strength (ES = 0.38, p 0.007) and power (ES = 0.64, p 0.008) increases were observed at end-preseason compared with mid-preseason, but there were no changes in-season (ES = 0.02, p 0.571). For junior players, strength did not change (ES 0.01, p 0.738) and absolute power decreased (ES = 0.29, p 0.014) at end-preseason compared with mid-preseason large increases were evident for absolute and relative strength (ES = 1.43, p 0.001) and power (ES = 0.62, p 0.001) in-season. This research demonstrates senior and junior rugby league players exhibit unique patterns of improvements in lower-body strength and power across different phases of the season. This highlights the importance for training programs to differ between junior and senior athletes and target different physical qualities for both groups at different times of the season, thus providing guidance for strength and conditioning coaches.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-08-2021
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004103
Abstract: Collison, J, Debenedictis, T, Fuller, JT, Gerschwitz, R, Ling, T, Gotch, L, Bishop, B, Sibley, L, Russell, J, Hobbs, A, and Bellenger, CR. Supramaximal interval running prescription in Australian Rules Football players: A comparison between maximal aerobic speed, anaerobic speed reserve and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3409–3414, 2022—Accurate prescription of supramaximal interval running during Australian Rules Football (AF) preparatory periods is important to facilitate the specific targeting of physiological and neuromuscular adaptation. This study compared the variability in supramaximal interval running performance prescribed by proportion of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), and 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) terminal speed. Seventeen male junior AF players first completed assessments of MAS, ASR, and 30-15IFT in a randomized order. They subsequently performed supramaximal interval running trials (15 seconds on: 15 seconds off until volitional exhaustion) at 120% MAS, 20% ASR, and 95% 30-15IFT in a randomized order. Variability in time to exhaustion (TTE) for each prescription method was calculated as the mean of the square root of the squared difference between the in idual value and the mean value, and it was compared via repeated-measures analysis of variance with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Time to exhaustion during supramaximal interval running was not different between the prescription methods ( p = 0.58). Time to exhaustion residuals were reduced when prescribed by ASR compared with MAS (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.47 29%) however, confidence intervals about this reduction indicated that there was some uncertainty in this finding (SMD = −1.03 to 0.09 p = 0.09). Trivial differences in TTE residuals were present when prescribed by 30-15IFT compared with MAS (SMD = −0.05 ± 0.59 p = 0.86). Although there was some uncertainty about the reduction in supramaximal interval running performance variability when prescribed by ASR compared with MAS, the 29% reduction exceeds the inherent error in TTE efforts (i.e., ∼9–15%) and may thus be considered practically meaningful. Reducing supramaximal interval running performance variability ensures similar physiological demand across in iduals, potentially facilitating similar degrees of physiological adaptation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-02-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-016-0484-2
Abstract: Autonomic regulation of heart rate (HR) as an indicator of the body's ability to adapt to an exercise stimulus has been evaluated in many studies through HR variability (HRV) and post-exercise HR recovery (HRR). Recently, HR acceleration has also been investigated. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of negative adaptations to endurance training (i.e., a period of overreaching leading to attenuated performance) and positive adaptations (i.e., training leading to improved performance) on autonomic HR regulation in endurance-trained athletes. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Academic Search Premier databases from inception until April 2015. Included articles examined the effects of endurance training leading to increased or decreased exercise performance on four measures of autonomic HR regulation: resting and post-exercise HRV [vagal-related indices of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals (RMSSD), high frequency power (HFP) and the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability (SD1) only], and post-exercise HRR and HR acceleration. Of the 5377 records retrieved, 27 studies were included in the systematic review and 24 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Studies inducing increases in performance showed small increases in resting RMSSD [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.58 P < 0.001], HFP (SMD = 0.55 P < 0.001) and SD1 (SMD = 0.23 P = 0.16), and moderate increases in post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.60 P < 0.001), HFP (SMD = 0.90 P < 0.04), SD1 (SMD = 1.20 P = 0.04), and post-exercise HRR (SMD = 0.63 P = 0.002). A large increase in HR acceleration (SMD = 1.34) was found in the single study assessing this parameter. Studies inducing decreases in performance showed a small increase in resting RMSSD (SMD = 0.26 P = 0.01), but trivial changes in resting HFP (SMD = 0.04 P = 0.77) and SD1 (SMD = 0.04 P = 0.82). Post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.64 P = 0.04) and HFP (SMD = 0.49 P = 0.18) were increased, as was HRR (SMD = 0.46 P < 0.001), while HR acceleration was decreased (SMD = -0.48 P < 0.001). Increases in vagal-related indices of resting and post-exercise HRV, post-exercise HRR, and HR acceleration are evident when positive adaptation to training has occurred, allowing for increases in performance. However, increases in post-exercise HRV and HRR also occur in response to overreaching, demonstrating that additional measures of training tolerance may be required to determine whether training-induced changes in these parameters are related to positive or negative adaptations. Resting HRV is largely unaffected by overreaching, although this may be the result of methodological issues that warrant further investigation. HR acceleration appears to decrease in response to overreaching training, and thus may be a potential indicator of training-induced fatigue.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-07-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2019-101436
Abstract: To evaluate the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of prevention strategies to reduce future impact of low back pain (LBP), where impact is measured by LBP intensity and associated disability. Systematic review with meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro and The Cochrane (CENTRAL) databases from inception to 22 October 2018. RCTs evaluating any intervention aiming to prevent future impact of LBP, reporting an outcome measure of LBP intensity and/or disability measured at least 3 months post-randomisation, and the intervention group must be compared with a group that received no intervention lacebo or minimal intervention. Trials restricting recruitment to participants with current LBP were excluded. 27 published reports of 25 different trials including a total of 8341 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled results, from three RCTs (612 participants), found moderate-quality evidence that an exercise programme can prevent future LBP intensity (mean difference (MD) −4.50 95% CI −7.26 to −1.74), and from 4 RCTs (471 participants) that an exercise and education programme can prevent future disability due to LBP (MD −6.28 95% CI −9.51 to −3.06). It is uncertain whether prevention programmes improve future quality of life (QoL) and workability due to the overall low-quality and very low-quality available evidence. This review provides moderate-quality evidence that an exercise programme, and a programme combining exercise and education, are effective to reduce future LBP intensity and associated disability. It is uncertain whether prevention programmes can improve future QoL and workability. Further high-quality RCTs evaluating prevention programmes aiming to reduce future impact of LBP are needed.
Publisher: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.26582/K.52.1.14
Abstract: This investigation determined differences in lower body strength and power between elite junior (17-20 years) and elite senior (open-aged) rugby league athletes. Twenty junior and 25 senior athletes performed an isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, repeated jump, and broad jump tests during a National Rugby League pre-season. The effects of age (junior vs. senior) and position (adjustables vs. hit-up forwards vs. outside backs) on test results were investigated using a two-way analysis of variance. Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pairwise comparisons. Isometric mid-thigh pull absolute peak force was greater for senior players compared to junior players (ES=0.88, p& .05). Countermovement jump absolute peak power was greater for outside backs (ES=1.12) and hit-up forwards (ES=1.23) compared to adjustables (p& .05), greater for senior outside backs compared to junior outside backs (ES=1.53, p& .05), and greater for junior hit-up forwards compared to senior hit-up forwards (ES=1.00, p& .05). This research demonstrated the differences in strength and power of rugby league athletes between playing age and position. Improving lower body strength should be prioritised for athletic development of junior rugby league athletes, with consideration given to requirements across different playing positions.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-08-2019
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505958
Abstract: This study investigated whether male runners improve running performance, running economy, ankle plantar flexor strength, and alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density when gradually transitioning to using minimalist shoes for 100% of weekly running. The study was a planned follow-up of runners (n = 50) who transitioned to minimalist or conventional shoes for 35% of weekly structured training in a previous 6-week randomised controlled trial. In that trial, running performance and economy improved more with minimalist shoes than conventional shoes. Runners in each group were instructed to continue running in their allocated shoe during their own preferred training programme for a further 20 weeks while increasing allocated shoe use to 100% of weekly training. At the 20-week follow-up, minimalist shoes did not affect performance (effect size: 0.19 p = 0.218), running economy (effect size: ≤ 0.24 p ≥ 0.388), stride rate or length (effect size: ≤ 0.12 p ≥ 0.550), foot strike (effect size: ≤ 0.25 p ≥ 0.366), or bone mineral density (effect size: ≤ 0.40 p ≥ 0.319). Minimalist shoes increased plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes when runners trained with greater mean weekly training distances (shoe*distance interaction: p = 0.036). After greater improvements with minimalist shoes during the initial six weeks of a structured training programme, increasing minimalist shoe use from 35% to 100% over 20 weeks, when runners use their own preferred training programme, did not further improve performance, running economy or alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density. Minimalist shoes improved plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes in runners with greater weekly training distances.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2021.08.002
Abstract: To quantify and describe boxing-related deaths in Australia. Retrospective analysis of news media reports of all boxing-related fatalities in Australia during 1832 to 2020. Australia and New Zealand Newsstream, Factiva, Informit, Google News, Fairfax Media Archive, and Trove were searched from inception to December 31, 2020. News media articles reporting all-cause boxing-related mortality were included for analysis. There were 163 boxing-related fatalities in Australia during 1832 to 2020, including 122 (74.8%) professional and 40 (24.5%) amateur athletes. The most common causes of death were traumatic brain injury (n = 121 74.2%) and cardiac arrest (n = 11 6.7%). Boxing-related deaths occurred most frequently during the decades from 1910 to 1930. The fatality rate remained relatively steady from the 1870s through the 1930s, and then declined precipitously until the 1980s. Since legislation to regulate boxing started being introduced in the mid-1970s, there were a total of eleven deaths, of which all but one were caused by traumatic brain injury. Participation in boxing is associated with risk of death, in particular death caused by traumatic brain injury. The boxing-related fatality rate declined precipitously prior to government legislation to regulate boxing started being introduced, with no discernible further reduction in fatalities since. Given that a main purpose of government regulation of boxing is to protect the health and safety of athletes, the findings herein suggest that current regulations are either inadequate or not effectively implemented.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2021.10.014
Abstract: Identify how modified Lower-Quarter Y-Balance Test (mYBT-LQ) and Upper-Quarter Balance Test (mYBT-UQ) scores relate to injury risk and measures of physical performance in elite adolescent Australian Football (AF) athletes. Prospective cohort study. Pre-season mYBT-LQ, mYBT-UQ, and physical performance measures (speed, jump height, and agility) were obtained in 257 elite adolescent male AF athletes. Injury status was tracked across the 18-game season to determine the relationship between mYBT scores and injury risk based on time-to-event analysis. Cross-sectional analysis of mYBT-LQ scores and performance measures determined the relationships between these variables. There were no significant associations between injury risk and any single mYBT parameter. However, athletes with high posteromedial asymmetry and good agility performance (top 25% of the cohort) had moderately increased injury risk with and tended to without a previous injury history (Hazard Ratio = 3.26 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.01, 10.54 p = 0.048] and 2.69 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.92, 7.82 p = 0.069], respectively). There were significant correlations between faster agility times and higher composite limb-length normalised mYBT-LQ (r = -0.210 CI = -0.324, -0.090), limb-length normalised average posteromedial reach score (r = -0.227 CI = -0.340, -0.108), and limb-length normalised average posterolateral reach score (r = -0.250: CI = -0.361, -0.132). In isolation, the mYBT is not useful for identifying injury risk in junior AF athletes, and only small correlations between mYBT-LQ and physical performance variables were identified. However, high mYBT-LQ posteromedial asymmetry is associated with increased injury risk for athletes with good agility performance. This should be considered within athlete preparation programs.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-03-2021
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003903
Abstract: Bennett, H, Fuller, J, Milanese, S, Jones, S, Moore, E, and Chalmers, S. The relationship between movement quality and physical performance in elite adolescent Australian football players. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2824–2829, 2022—The assessment of movement quality is commonplace in competitive sport to profile injury risk and guide exercise prescription. However, the relationship between movement quality scores and physical performance measures is unclear. Moreover, whether improvements in these measures are associated remain unknown. Over a 4-year period, 918 in idual elite adolescent Australian Rules Footballers completed the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and physical performance testing (5- and 20-m sprint, vertical jump, planned agility, and 20-m shuttle run test), allowing the analysis of relationships between FMS parameters and performance measures. In addition, 235 athletes completed testing over 2 consecutive years, allowing the analysis of relationships between changes in these outcomes. Small associations were observed between FMS composite score, hurdle step performance, in-line lunge performance, trunk stability push-up performance, rotary stability, and measures of speed, power, agility, and aerobic fitness (ρ = 0.071–0.238). Across consecutive seasons, significant improvements were observed in the deep squat subtest ( d = 0.21), FMS composite score ( d = 0.17), and 5- ( d = 0.16) and 20-m sprint times ( d = 0.39). A negative association between change in rotary stability and change in jump height (ρ = −0.236) from one season to the next was detected. Results suggest FMS scores have limited relationships with measures of performance in footballers. To optimize athletic performance, once acceptable movement capabilities have been established, training should not prioritize improving movement quality over improvements in strength, power, and change of direction ability.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.GAITPOST.2015.12.006
Abstract: The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h(-1) speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-11-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-014-0283-6
Abstract: The effect of footwear on running economy has been investigated in numerous studies. However, no systematic review and meta-analysis has synthesised the available literature and the effect of footwear on running performance is not known. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of footwear on running performance and running economy in distance runners, by reviewing controlled trials that compare different footwear conditions or compare footwear with barefoot. The Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), EMBASE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine), CINAHL and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception up until April 2014. Included articles reported on controlled trials that examined the effects of footwear or footwear characteristics (including shoe mass, cushioning, motion control, longitudinal bending stiffness, midsole viscoelasticity, drop height and comfort) on running performance or running economy and were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Of the 1,044 records retrieved, 19 studies were included in the systematic review and 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis. No studies were identified that reported effects on running performance. In idual studies reported significant, but trivial, beneficial effects on running economy for comfortable and stiff-soled shoes [standardised mean difference (SMD) <0.12 P < 0.05), a significant small beneficial effect on running economy for cushioned shoes (SMD = 0.37 P < 0.05) and a significant moderate beneficial effect on running economy for training in minimalist shoes (SMD = 0.79 P < 0.05). Meta-analysis found significant small beneficial effects on running economy for light shoes and barefoot compared with heavy shoes (SMD < 0.34 P < 0.01) and for minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes (SMD = 0.29 P < 0.01). A significant positive association between shoe mass and metabolic cost of running was identified (P < 0.01). Footwear with a combined shoe mass less than 440 g per pair had no detrimental effect on running economy. Certain models of footwear and footwear characteristics can improve running economy. Future research in footwear performance should include measures of running performance.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-01-2018
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.13021
Abstract: An indicator of movement quality and potential injury risk during Functional Movement Screen (FMS) testing is the presence of asymmetry when comparing the left and right sides of the body. The aim of the study was to investigate the reproducibility of the injury risk model proposed in our previous research (Chalmers et al. 2017 derivation study) that showed an increased injury risk for elite junior Australian football players demonstrating ≥2 asymmetrical FMS subtests. We used a direct replication design. Players underwent pre-season FMS testing, and an injury surveillance system monitored 277 male participants during the subsequent regular season competition. Designated club officials monitored the weekly competition participation of players. The definition of an injury was "a trauma or medical condition which caused a player to miss a competitive game". Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the relationship between asymmetry and number of games played before first injury (ie, survival time). The level of reproducibility was determined according to statistical significance, effect size, and subjective assessment. Demonstrating asymmetry during FMS testing was not associated with a significant increase in prospective injury risk in the replication study (P > .05). Moreover, effect sizes (hazard ratios) from the derivation dataset were not within the 95% confidence intervals of the respective asymmetry predictor in the replication dataset. Subjectively, researchers were in agreement that the findings from the derivation data were not successfully reproduced. Clinicians and researchers should be cautious about using FMS asymmetry findings to derive injury risk for junior football players.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-04-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT)
Date: 04-2022
Abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of running gait retraining on kinematics, kinetics, performance, pain, and injury in distance runners. Intervention systematic review with meta-analysis. Seven electronic databases from inception to March 2021. Randomized controlled trials that (1) evaluated running gait retraining compared to no intervention, usual training, placebo, or standard care and (2) reported biomechanical, physiological, performance, or clinical outcomes. Random-effects metaanalyses were completed, and the certainty of evidence was judged using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. We categorized interventions into step rate, non-rearfoot footstrike, impact, ground contact time, and multiparameter subgroups. We included 19 trials (673 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence indicated step rate gait retraining increased step rate (SMD 1.03 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.63, 1.44] number of trials (N): 4 Gait retraining interventions altered step rate and knee kinematics, lowered vertical loading rates, and did not affect running performance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2016.05.003
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of dysfunctional, asymmetrical, and painful movement in junior Australian Football players using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Cross-sectional study. Elite junior male Australian Football players (n=301) aged 15-18 years completed pre-season FMS testing. The FMS consists of 7 sub-tests: deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up (TSPU) and rotary stability. The shoulder mobility, TSPU, and rotary stability tests were combined with an accompanying clearing test to assess pain. Each sub-test was scored on an ordinal scale from 0 to 3 and summed to give a composite score out of 21. Composite scores ≤14 were operationally defined as indicating dysfunctional movement. Players scoring differently on left and right sides were considered asymmetrical. Players reported whether they missed any games due to injury in the preceding 22 game season. Sixty percent of players (n=182) had composite scores ≤14, 65% of players (n=196) had at least one asymmetrical sub-test, and 38% of players (n=113) had at least one painful sub-test. Forty-two percent of players (n=126) missed at least one game in the previous season due to injury. Previous injury did not influence composite score (p=0.951) or asymmetry (p=0.629). Players reporting an injury during the previous season were more likely to experience pain during FMS testing (odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.23-3.18 p=0.005). Junior Australian Football players demonstrate a high prevalence of dysfunctional, asymmetrical, and painful movement during FMS testing.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-04-2022
DOI: 10.1177/00187208211065907
Abstract: The purpose of this meta-analytic review is to examine the relationship between increased psychological pressure and Use of Force (UOF) behaviours, identifying current training methodologies and effectiveness of transfer of training interventions in high threat-simulated scenarios. Data from UOF performance within Law Enforcement indicates a low transfer of marksmanship training into real-world UOF, resulting in unnecessary damage to property, personal injury and increased risk to loss of life. This meta-analysis examines both the impact of increased pressure and current training interventions. A meta-analysis was conducted across a wide range of published research to answer the primary research questions. Increased levels of perceived pressure demonstrated an average decrease in marksmanship accuracy of 14.8%, together with a small increase in incorrect Decision Making (DM) and faster reaction Times (RT). Experience demonstrated a mitigating effect for pressure for marksmanship with a 1.1% increase for every one year of service but no effect on DM or RT. Training interventions utilizing a variety of early contextually relevant exposures to increased pressure improved performance over traditional training on average by 10.6%. The outcomes illustrate the negative effect of pressure on marksmanship and UOF behaviours, and that early exposure to contextually relevant pressure may increase the transfer of training to real-world performance. Occupational experience is an important component in reducing the impact of pressure on UOF performance, and transfer of training may be enhanced through training methodologies that combine early exposure to contextually relevant pressure, that may replicate the benefits of experience.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2022.09.165
Abstract: To synthesise competition and training injury data in amateur boxing. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of competition injury incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIR MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, AUSPORT, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to 27 May 2022. Cohort studies with prospectively collected injury and exposure data from amateur boxing competition or training published in peer-reviewed journals were eligible for inclusion. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion. The competition IIR Amateur boxing athletes sustain, on average, 1 injury every 2.5 h of competition and every 772 h of training. There is a need for identifying injury mechanisms and modifiable risk factors that can be targeted by preventive measures to reduce the burden of injury in amateur boxing.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 26-02-2020
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002321
Abstract: This study aimed to characterize and evaluate female-specific physiological and perceptual responses during a load carriage walking task before and after a 10-wk physical training program. Eleven recreationally active women (age, 21.5 ± 2.2 yr stature, 1.66 ± 0.8 m body mass, 64.4 ± 6.8 kg) completed a load carriage task (5 km at 5.5 km·h −1 , wearing a 23-kg torso-borne vest) before and after a 10-wk physical training program. Physiological (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), breathing frequency, and pulmonary ventilation) and perceptual (i.e., rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses were collected during the load carriage task. Additional physical performance measures (i.e., push-ups, sit-ups, beep test, and isometric midthigh pull) were collected in a separate session before and after the 10-wk of training. Compared with before training, maximal oxygen uptake requirements reduced during the load carriage task ( P 0.05), whereas heart rate and RPE remained similar. RER reductions over the 5-km march indicated a shift toward fat utilization, with other physiological responses demonstrating an increased ability to sustain the metabolic demands of the load carriage task. Increases in push-up and isometric midthigh pull performance demonstrated improvements in upper-body muscular endurance and lower-body strength after the 10-wk training program ( P 0.05). During a standardized load carriage task, physiological and perceptual responses indicated physical adaptations to specific training in women. Although positive physiological responses were elicited, additional strategies (i.e., cognitive resilience training, female-specific vest design to reduce pain burden) to build load carriage task-specific resilience (perceptual responses) may be required.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
Publisher: Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT)
Date: 02-2020
Abstract: To describe the location and severity of pain during Functional Movement Screen (FMS) testing in junior Australian football players and to investigate its effect on FMS composite score and injury risk. Prospective cohort study. Junior male Australian football players (n = 439) completed preseason FMS testing. Pain location and severity (on a 0-to-10 numeric pain-rating scale [NPRS]) were assessed for painful subtests. The FMS composite score was calculated using 3 scoring approaches: "traditional," a score of zero on painful subtests "moderate," a score of zero on painful subtests if an NPRS pain severity was greater than 4 and "raw," did not adjust painful FMS subtest scores. Players were monitored throughout the competitive season and considered injured when 1 or more matches were missed due to injury. One hundred seventy players reported pain during FMS testing. The pain-scoring approach affected mean composite score values (raw, 14.9 moderate, 14.5 traditional, 13.6 Pain was common during FMS testing in junior Australian football players and had a notable effect on the FMS composite score, but minimal effect on subsequent injury risk.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-12-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-019-01237-Z
Abstract: Treadmills are often used in research, clinical practice, and training. Biomechanical investigations comparing treadmill and overground running report inconsistent findings. This study aimed at comparing biomechanical outcomes between motorized treadmill and overground running. Four databases were searched until June 2019. Crossover design studies comparing lower limb biomechanics during non-inclined, non-cushioned, quasi-constant-velocity motorized treadmill running with overground running in healthy humans (18–65 years) and written in English were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. 33 studies ( n = 494 participants) were included. Most outcomes did not differ between running conditions. However, during treadmill running, sagittal foot–ground angle at footstrike (mean difference (MD) − 9.8° [95% confidence interval: − 13.1 to − 6.6] low GRADE evidence), knee flexion range of motion from footstrike to peak during stance (MD 6.3° [4.5 to 8.2] low), vertical displacement center of mass elvis (MD − 1.5 cm [− 2.7 to − 0.8] low), and peak propulsive force (MD − 0.04 body weights [− 0.06 to − 0.02] very low) were lower, while contact time (MD 5.0 ms [0.5 to 9.5] low), knee flexion at footstrike (MD − 2.3° [− 3.6 to − 1.1] low), and ankle sagittal plane internal joint moment (MD − 0.4 Nm/kg [− 0.7 to − 0.2] low) were longer/higher, when pooled across overground surfaces. Conflicting findings were reported for litude of muscle activity. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, muscle activity, and muscle–tendon outcome measures are largely comparable between motorized treadmill and overground running. Considerations should, however, particularly be given to sagittal plane kinematic differences at footstrike when extrapolating treadmill running biomechanics to overground running. Protocol registration CRD42018083906 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-11-2019
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1692997
Abstract: Accelerometers are often placed on the tibia to measure segmental accelerations, and external mechanical load during running. However, in applied sport settings it is sometimes preferable to place accelerometers on the dorsal foot to avoid tibial impact injuries. This study aimed to quantify the differences in accelerations measured at the dorsal foot compared with the distal tibia during running. Sixteen recreationally active participants performed a sprint protocol on a non-motorised treadmill. Accelerometers were positioned bilaterally on the medial tibia (TIB
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 23-06-2020
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.9366
Abstract: Quantifying lower-limb load and asymmetry during team sport match-play may be important for injury prevention and understanding performance. However, current analysis methods of lower-limb symmetry during match-play employ wearable microtechnology that may not be best suited to the task. A popular microtechnology is global positioning systems (GPS), which are torso worn. The torso location, and the summary workload measures calculated by GPS are not suited to the calculation of lower-limb load. Instead, research grade accelerometers placed directly on the lower-limb may provide better load information than GPS. This study proposes a new technique to quantify external mechanical load, and lower-limb asymmetry during on-field team sport play using inertial measurement units. Four professional rugby league players (Age: 23.4 ± 3.1 years Height: 1.89 ± 0.05 m Mass: 107.0 ± 12.9 kg) wore two accelerometers, one attached to each foot by the boot laces, during match simulations. Custom Matlab (R2017b, The Mathworks Inc, Natick, MA) code was used to calculate total time, area under the curve (AUC), and percentage of time (%Time) spent in seven acceleration categories (negative to very high, g to g), as well as minimum and maximum acceleration during match simulations. Lower-limb AUC and %Time asymmetry was calculated using the Symmetry Angle Equation, which does not require normalization to a reference leg. The range of accelerations experienced across all participants on the left and right sides were 15.68–17.53 g, and 16.18–17.69 g, respectively. Clinically significant asymmetry in AUC and %Time was observed for all but one participant, and only in negative ( g) and very high accelerations ( g). Clinically significant AUC differences in very high accelerations ranged from 19.10%–26.71%. Clinically significant %Time differences in negative accelerations ranged from 12.65%–25.14%, and in very high accelerations from 18.59%–25.30%. All participants experienced the most AUC at very low accelerations (2–4 g), and the least AUC at very high accelerations (165.00–194.00 AU vs. 0.32–3.59 AU). The %Time results indicated that all participants spent the majority of match-play (73.82–92.06%) in extremely low (0–2 g) to low (4–6 g) acceleration intensities, and the least %Time in very high accelerations (0.01%–0.05%). A wearable located on the footwear to measure lower-limb load and asymmetry is feasible to use during rugby league match-play. The location of the sensor on the boot is suited to minimize injury risk occurring from impact to the sensor. This technique is able to quantify external mechanical load and detect inter limb asymmetries during match-play at the source of impact and loading, and is therefore likely to be better than current torso based methods. The results of this study may assist in preparing athletes for match-play, and in preventing injury.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2016
No related grants have been discovered for Joel Fuller.