ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5496-0822
Current Organisation
International Islamic University Malaysia
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Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMM.661.168
Abstract: Contrast Detail phantom is used to evaluate the Contrast Detail performance of imaging system. The wall of drilled hole in commercial Contrast Detail phantom will give effect to the penetration of x-ray beam ergence to pass through the base of each hole. This effect will lead to false appearance of image but it does not visualised in the radiograph. In this study, a new design of Contrast Detail phantom’s hole has been developed. The hole feature differs from the current Contrast Detail phantom. The hole consists of combination of different hole's diameters, whereby the small hole diameter (3 mm) is placed on top of large hole diameter of different measurements (5 mm, 7 mm and 10 mm). The thickness of double hole acrylic blocks vary from 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm. A tiny size of iron which is used as an indicator was placed at the bottom of each holes. Results shows that, as the value of SID values decrease from 2000 mm, 1800 mm, 1600 mm, 1400 mm, 1200 mm, 1000 mm to 800 mm, the size of upper hole image in different thickness of acrylic block increases from the original size (3mm). In different SID setting, variable acrylic block heights (10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm) which are located at 100 mm from the center show that, the heighest acrylic block visualises the greatest image displacement. Image displacement which occurs due to magnification can be compensated by increasing the level of SID value and also by reducing the height of acrylic block. The increment in image displacement occurs when the hole is situated far from the center of x-ray beam The new design of hole shows the effect of displacement of object from the x-ray focal length in a well manner.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1155/2014/467462
Abstract: Fractal dimensions (FDs) are frequently used for summarizing the complexity of retinal vascular. However, previous techniques on this topic were not zone specific. A new methodology to measure FD of a specific zone in retinal images has been developed and tested as a marker for stroke prediction. Higuchi’s fractal dimension was measured in circumferential direction (FDC) with respect to optic disk (OD), in three concentric regions between OD boundary and 1.5 OD diameter from its margin. The significance of its association with future episode of stroke event was tested using the Blue Mountain Eye Study (BMES) database and compared against spectrum fractal dimension (SFD) and box-counting (BC) dimension. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed FDC as a better predictor of stroke ( H = 5.80 , P = 0.016 , α = 0.05 ) compared with SFD ( H = 0.51 , P = 0.475 , α = 0.05 ) and BC ( H = 0.41 , P = 0.520 , α = 0.05 ) with overall lower median value for the cases compared to the control group. This work has shown that there is a significant association between zone specific FDC of eye fundus images with future episode of stroke while this difference is not significant when other FD methods are employed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROBIOLAGING.2010.04.010
Abstract: Previous work suggests a general reduction in complexity with aging, referred to as the aging-complexity theory. Fractal dimension (FD) of the vessels in the retina is a global measure of the complexity of the vasculature. However, earlier works did not find any correlation between aging and FD of the retinal vasculature, in contrast to the findings of reduced complexity in other parts of the body. The authors tested the hypothesis that reduced complexity develops with advancing age in the structure of the retinal vasculature. To overcome the limitations of earlier works, a three-dimensional representation of the vasculature, together with Fourier fractal dimension (FFD) techniques, was used. Based on the analysis of 748 retinal images taken of persons aged 49-89 years, we observed a significant decrease in the FFD with aging (p < 0.0001). These data provide evidence supporting rarefaction (i.e. reduction) of the retinal vasculature with aging, consistent with observations from other human organ systems.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2012
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2009
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 18-08-2020
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8828855
Abstract: The key component in deep learning research is the availability of training data sets. With a limited number of publicly available COVID-19 chest X-ray images, the generalization and robustness of deep learning models to detect COVID-19 cases developed based on these images are questionable. We aimed to use thousands of readily available chest radiograph images with clinical findings associated with COVID-19 as a training data set, mutually exclusive from the images with confirmed COVID-19 cases, which will be used as the testing data set. We used a deep learning model based on the ResNet-101 convolutional neural network architecture, which was pretrained to recognize objects from a million of images and then retrained to detect abnormality in chest X-ray images. The performance of the model in terms of area under the receiver operating curve, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy was 0.82, 77.3%, 71.8%, and 71.9%, respectively. The strength of this study lies in the use of labels that have a strong clinical association with COVID-19 cases and the use of mutually exclusive publicly available data for training, validation, and testing.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 29-12-2015
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-2011
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-2010
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Engineering and Sciences Publication - BEIESP
Date: 23-08-2019
DOI: 10.35940/IJITEE.I3326.0789S319
Abstract: Fractal dimension (Df) has been identified as indirect measure in quantifying the complexity of retinal vessel network which is useful for early detection of vascular changes. Reliability studies of Df measurement on retinal vasculature, has been conducted on retinal images processed by using semi-automated software which only permits image with 45ᵒ field of view (FOV). Smartphone-assisted fundus camera retinal image has a maximum 30ᵒ FOV which warrant manual processing in measuring the Df. Retinal blood vessels need to be manually segmented to produce binary images for retinal vasculatures Df measurement. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the intragrader and intergrader reliability of manual segmentation of the retinal vasculature Df measurement from retinal images taken using a smartphone-assisted fundus camera Forty-five retinal images were captured using the Portable Eye Examination Kit Retina (Peek Retina™, Peek Vision Ltd, UK). Suitable image for Df analysis were selected based on gradable retinal image criteria which included i) good image focus, ii) centered position of optic nerve head (ONH) and iii) significant blood vessel visibility. The images were cropped 0.5 disc diameters away from disc margin and resized to 500x500 pixels using GNU Image Manipulation Program Version 2.8.18 (GIMP, The GIMP Team, United States). Retinal vessels were manually traced by using layering capabilities for blood vessel segmentation. Df values of segmented blood vessels were measured by using Image J (National Institutes of Health, USA) and its plugin software, FracLac Version 2.5. Intragrader and intergrader reliability was determined by comparing the Df values between two readings measured one week apart by a grader and readings from two different graders, respectively, using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman graphical plots. Intragrader agreement for retinal Df showed good reliability with ICC of 0.899 (95% CI: 0.814–0.945). Bland Altman analysis indicated good agreement between Df values at different grading time (mean difference 0.0050 95% CI:-0.0001–0.0101). Intergrader reliability for retinal Df was high with ICC of 0.814 (95% CI: 0.459–0.919). Bland Altman plot revealed good intergrader agreement for retinal Df between two graders with a bias value of 0.0158 (95% CI: 0.0092–0.0223). In conclusion, manual segmentation of retinal image captured by smartphone-assisted fundus camera has good reliability (0.75 ICC 0.9) for Df analysis to study the morphology of retinal vasculatures.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-01-2017
DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1250277
Abstract: The goal of this study was to predict visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) with tissue redness grading after pterygium surgery. A total of 67 primary pterygium participants were selected from patients who visited an ophthalmology clinic. We developed a semi-automated computer program to measure the pterygium fibrovascular redness from digital pterygium images. The final outcome of this software is a continuous scale grading of 1 (minimum redness) to 3 (maximum redness). The region of interest (ROI) was selected manually using the software. Reliability was determined by repeat grading of all 67 images, and its association with CSF and VA was examined. The mean and standard deviation of redness of the pterygium fibrovascular images was 1.88 ± 0.55. Intra-grader and inter-grader reliability estimates were high with intraclass correlation ranging from 0.97 to 0.98. The new grading was positively associated with CSF (p < 0.01) and VA (p < 0.01). The redness grading was able to predict 25% and 23% of the variance in the CSF and the VA, respectively. The new grading of pterygium fibrovascular redness can be reliably measured from digital images and showed a good correlation with CSF and VA. The redness grading can be used in addition to the existing pterygium grading.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 02-2013
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 08-2011
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Engineering and Sciences Publication - BEIESP
Date: 23-08-2019
DOI: 10.35940/IJITEE.I3325.0789S319
Abstract: Portable Eye Examination Kit retina (Peek Retina™, Peek Vision Ltd, UK) and 3D Printed Ophthalmoscope (3DPO) were identified to have acceptable image for retinal evaluation, however the retinal images quality in term of blood vessels visibility between both devices was uncertain. This study was conducted to compare the quality of image based on blood vessels visibility between Peek Retina and 3DPO for fractal dimension (Df) analysis. In this study, a total of 40 retinal images (nPEEK=20, n3DPO=20) of 20 participants were captured on random eyes. The best retinal images with good focus and significant retinal blood vessels visibility of Peek Retina and 3DPO were selected for image quality analysis. The retinal images were cropped approximately following the size of the cornea and resized to 900 by 900 pixels of resolution using GNU Image Manipulation Program Version 2.8.18 (GIMP). The images were randomly sorted as Retinal Image Quality Assessment (RIQA) generated by Google form. Likert scale was implemented to assess the preferences scale of retinal image quality in determining the visibility of retinal vasculature to be traced with four choices of response options (1 very difficult, 2 difficult, 3 easy and 4 very easy). Prior to the retinal image assessment, ten optometrists were asked to experience retinal blood vessels tracing and consequently evaluate the 40 images by choosing the scale options (1 to 4) based on visibility retinal blood vessels. Mann-Whitney test indicated that the blood vessel tracing was easier for Peek Retina (median = 3) than for 3DPO (median = 2), p 0.0001. Retinal image captured by Peek Retina was rated as very easy (43.5%) for blood vessels tracing as compared to the image from 3DPO (17.0%)Error! Reference source not found.. Only 1.5% of the image captured by PEEK was considered as a very difficult for blood vessel tracing. Difficult and easy preference scales of blood vessel tracing for PEEK were 16.5% and 38.5% respectively. 34% of 3DPO retinal image was graded as difficult for blood vessel tracing followed by 28.5% (easy), 20.5% (very difficult) and 17.0% (very easy). The results indicate that a retinal image photographed by Peek Retina was more preferable in tracing retinal vascular network for Df analysis as compared to 3DPO.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2012
Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1063/1.4915207
Publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
Date: 24-08-2012
DOI: 10.1167/IOVS.11-9326
Abstract: Changes in retinal vascular parameters have been shown to be associated with systemic vascular diseases. In this study, we assessed the physiologic variations in retinal vascular measurements during the cardiac cycle. Fundus images were taken using electrocardiogram-synchronized retinal camera at nine distinct cardiac points from 15 healthy volunteers (135 images). Analyses of retinal vessel geometric measures, including retinal vessel caliber (in idual and summary), tortuosity, branching angle, length-diameter ratio (LDR), and optimality deviation, were performed using semiautomated computer software. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to obtain the means and to estimate the variation of each cardiac point compared with cardiac point 1. There was a significant variation of the caliber of the in idual arteriolar and venular vessels. However, there was no significant variation found for vessel caliber summary, represented by the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and the central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE). There was also no significant variation found for tortuosity and branching angle, and LDR showed none or very little variations at different cardiac points: variations in caliber ranges between 0 and 4.1%, tortuosity 0 and 1.5%, branching angle 0 and 3.5%, and LDR 0 and 2% all values for variations, P > 0.1 linear trend, P > 0.5 and nonlinear trend, P > 0.8. This study showed that there were minimal variations in the CRAE, CRVE, tortuosity, and branching angle that are clinically used for two-dimensional measures of retinal vascular geometry during cardiac cycles. However, there was significant variation in the caliber of the in idual vessels over the cardiac cycle.
Publisher: AOSIS
Date: 03-02-2021
Publisher: American Scientific Publishers
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 16-05-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-08-2016
DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1056375
Abstract: The goal of this study was to provide the empirical evidence of fractal dimension as an indirect measure of retinal vasculature density. Two hundred retinal s les of right eye [57.0% females (n = 114) and 43.0% males (n = 86)] were selected from baseline visit. A custom-written software was used for vessel segmentation. Vessel segmentation is the process of transforming two-dimensional color images into binary images (i.e. black and white pixels). The circular area of approximately 2.6 optic disc radii surrounding the center of optic disc was cropped. The non-vessels fragments were removed. FracLac was used to measure the fractal dimension and vessel density of retinal vessels. This study suggested that 14.1% of the region of interest (i.e. approximately 2.6 optic disk radii) comprised retinal vessel structure. Using correlation analysis, vessel density measurement and fractal dimension estimation are linearly and strongly correlated (R = 0.942, R(2) = 0.89, p < 0.001). Polynomial regression model suggests quadratic regression as the best fit for our data (linear: R(2) = 0.1024, 198 d.f., p < 0.001, quadratic: R(2) = 0.1236, 197 d.f., p < 0.001, cubic: R(2) = 0.1236, 196 d.f., p < 0.001). This study demonstrated the ability of vessel density measurement to detect the changes in the morphology of retinal microvascular associated with increasing age. Thus, vessel density can be suggested to be another parameter in the quantification of retinal microvasculature.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.EXER.2013.10.010
Abstract: The fractal dimension is a global measure of complexity and is useful for quantifying anatomical structures, including the retinal vascular network. A previous study found a linear declining trend with aging on the retinal vascular fractal dimension (D
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 15-11-2021
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6211006
Abstract: Introduction. Early detection of visual symptoms in pterygium patients is crucial as the progression of the disease can cause visual disruption and contribute to visual impairment. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and corneal astigmatism influence the degree of visual impairment due to direct invasion of fibrovascular tissue into the cornea. However, there were different characteristics of pterygium used to evaluate the severity of visual impairment, including fleshiness, size, length, and redness. The innovation of machine learning technology in visual science may contribute to developing a highly accurate predictive analytics model of BCVA outcomes in postsurgery pterygium patients. Aim. To produce an accurate model of BCVA changes of postpterygium surgery according to its morphological characteristics by using the machine learning technique. Methodology. A retrospective of the secondary dataset of 93 s les of pterygium patients with different pterygium attributes was used and imported into four different machine learning algorithms in RapidMiner software to predict the improvement of BCVA after pterygium surgery. Results. The performance of four machine learning techniques were evaluated, and it showed the support vector machine (SVM) model had the highest average accuracy (94.44% ± 5.86%), specificity (100%), and sensitivity (92.14% ± 8.33%). Conclusion. Machine learning algorithms can produce a highly accurate postsurgery classification model of BCVA changes using pterygium characteristics.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 02-2013
Publisher: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Engineering and Sciences Publication - BEIESP
Date: 23-08-2019
DOI: 10.35940/IJITEE.I3290.0789S319
Abstract: Breast cancer is the leading cancer that occurs in women globally. The use of machine learning has been introduced to supplement the work in breast cancer studies. There are undisputed pieces of evidence of the existence of publications pertaining to the use of decision tree in breast cancer-related research. However, little is known regarding the types and frequencies of the searched articles. The main objective of this paper is to unearth the broad variety of articles related to breast cancer research that utilized decision trees. The Scopus database was chosen to examine the trend, frequencies and themes of the related publications from the year 2013 until 2018. The study was also intended to disclose the categories of articles based on the areas of breast cancer that have employed the decision trees method. A total of 259 articles from Scopus database were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The analysis of the frequency of published articles generally shows an upward trend. The majority of articles targeted diagnosis of breast cancer (37.8%) in comparisons with other categories. Even though the number of articles found is adequate, several categories of breast cancer are lacking in publications specifically the survivability, incidence, and recurrence of breast cancer among patients. There is a need to redirect the focus of breast cancer research on these categories for future efforts
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 18-12-2016
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10792-022-02528-7
Abstract: To develop an Arabic version of OSDI for the Gazan population. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a convenience s le technique. The translation procedure included five stages: forward translation, revision of translation, backward translation, refinement of translation, and a final test of the pre-final version. The final sets of questionnaires were constructed using an online JotForm platform. The online platform was chosen to automatically calculate the questionnaire's final overall score. Overall, 260 participants were instructed to fill out the English and the Arab-OSDI version twice to conduct the reliability of the translated version and repeatability evaluation. The mean age of the participants was 33.45 ± 11.74 years old. Cronbach's alpha for all items was greater than 0.80, except for the "blurred vision" and "deteriorating vision" items (0.77 and 0.74, respectively). The mean overall score difference between the English-OSDI and Arab-OSDI was 0.86 based on the Bland-Altman chart. For repeatability, no significant difference in the overall scores between the two repeats of the Arab-OSDI (p = 0.632). The Arab-OSDI overall score (sessions 1 and 2) has a clinical difference (bias) of 0.21. Using the varimax rotation method, only three factors (ocular symptoms, vision-related function, and environmental triggers) had eigenvalues greater than one in the structure of the Arab-OSDI. The Arab-OSDI is an appropriate, reliable, and repeatable tool for the determination of dry eye symptoms, ocular discomfort, and quality of life in the Gazan population. This version could remove the language barrier in answering OSDI items more easily.
Publisher: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Engineering and Sciences Publication - BEIESP
Date: 23-08-2019
DOI: 10.35940/IJITEE.I3291.0789S319
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printed model becomes more popular as the flexibility to print 3D model has become cheaper to produce. This research sought to assess the effect of using 3D printed model as a tool in teaching on optometry students. Another primary focus of this research was to assess the confidence level and enjoyment level among the second-year optometry students on traditional lecture method and compared it with the use of 3D printed model as a teaching aid. Confidence is important as an optometrist, especially when making the right clinical judgement. Enjoyment is also important as it may help learning process become effective and fast. A total of 36 second-year optometry students were selected to participate in this research. The 3D printed model was based on ophthalmoscope that had been printed using PRUSA 3000 3D printer. The students were ided into two groups – one group was exposed to the lecture only and another group was exposed to 3D model in addition to the traditional lecture. Two sets of questionnaires were given to assess their confidence and enjoyment level before and after each learning session. The confidence level assessment and the enjoyment level comprise of three statements on each topic answered by the students using 5-point Likert scale. The results showed that there are significance differences between lecture only group and lecture with 3D-printed model group especially as a visualization tool (P = 0.001) and it is considered to be enjoyable and stimulating (P = 0.008). This study demonstrates that the usage of 3D printed model as teaching aid does affect the confidence level and enjoyment level of students
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1155/2014/783525
Abstract: Objective . The aim of this study was to compare the retinal vasculature complexity between emmetropia, and myopia in younger subjects. Methods . A total of 82 patients ( 24.12 ± 1 . 25 years) with two types of refractive conditions, myopia and emmetropia were enrolled in this study. Refraction data were converted to spherical equivalent refraction. These retinal images (right eyes) were obtained from NAVIS Lite Image Filing System and the vasculature complexity was measured by fractal dimension ( D f ), quantified using a computer software following a standardized protocol. Results . There was a significant difference ( P 0.05 ) in the value of D f between emmetropic ( 1.5666 ± 0.0160 ) and myopic ( 1.5588 ± 0.0142 ) groups. A positive correlation ( rho = 0.260 , P 0.05 ) between the D f and the spherical equivalent refraction was detected in this study. Using a linear model, it was estimated that 6.7% of the variation in D f could be explained by spherical equivalent refraction. Conclusions . This study provides valuable findings about the effect of moderate to high myopia on the fractal dimension of the retinal vasculature network. These results show that myopic refraction in younger subjects was associated with a decrease in D f , suggesting a loss of retinal vessel density with moderate to high myopia.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 12-06-2014
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2011
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 29-12-2016
No related grants have been discovered for Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin.