ORCID Profile
0000-0002-5734-3421
Current Organisation
Federation University Australia
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Environmental Science and Management | Landscape Ecology | Environmental Management And Rehabilitation | Terrestrial Ecology | Other Earth Sciences | Geology | Land Capability and Soil Degradation | Conservation And Biodiversity | Natural Resource Management | Geochemistry not elsewhere classified | Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology | Geochronology | Earth Sciences not elsewhere classified
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Expanding Knowledge in the Earth Sciences | Rehabilitation of degraded sparseland | Land and Water Management of environments not elsewhere classified | Soils not elsewhere classified | Expanding Knowledge in Engineering | Conserving Collections and Movable Cultural Heritage | Remnant vegetation and protected conservation areas | Rehabilitation of degraded farmland | Integrated (ecosystem) assessment and management | Remnant vegetation and protected conservation areas |
Related Links
Publications
Germination biology, distribution and control of the invasive species Eragrostis curvula [Schard. Nees] (African Lovegrass): A global synthesis of current and future management challenges
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12474
Abstract: Eragrostis curvula (African Lovegrass) is an invasive C 4 perennial grass that is threatening natural ecosystems globally. Native to Africa, this species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, from acidic soils to areas with low rainfall and regions with frequent fires, which assists in its widespread distribution. With its large production of small seeds (0.3 to 0.7 mm) and quick seed germination, it has the ability to form dense swards which can limit the recruitment of other more desirable species in the landscape. Due to its invasive behaviour, E. curvula can now be found in several countries (Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United States of America) where it causes environmental and economic degradation of the land, particularly if appropriate management is not applied. Previous management on the species has been focused on restoring competitive grasslands and pastures, grazing management, herbicide application, large‐scale burning and manual removal however, in many regions there has been little to no long‐term success in reducing the species spread. Therefore, this review aimed to synthesise the existing research into the biology, distribution and management of E. curvula, whilst identifying any research gaps which may help improve the effective management of the species.
Optical cryocooling of diamond
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 21-06-2017
Influence of selected environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of Dinebra panicea var. brachiata (Steud.)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Quantum metrology subject to spatially correlated Markovian noise: restoring the Heisenberg limit
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 28-07-2014
Effects of gall induction by Epiblema strenuana on gas exchange, nutrients, and energetics in Parthenium hysterophorus
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2005
Invasion of the noxious weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham after an episodic flooding event in the arid zone of Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2005
A Comparative Review of Six Invasive Nassella Species in Australia with Implications for Their Management
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-05-2021
Abstract: Two Nassella species, Nassella trichotoma and Nassella neesiana, have significantly reduced the carrying capacity of Australia’s south-east rangelands and agricultural systems. It is, therefore, of considerable concern that four other Nassella species have also become naturalised in Australia, and are noted to share many of the ecological features of the two currently widespread species. This paper reviews the distribution, ecology, and impacts of all six Nassella species, which are currently naturalised in Australia, and makes recommendations toward a blanket Nassella control program. The review highlights observed similarities between the species, including the time of flowering, seed type, germination requirements, and growth morphology. These common factors support the possibility that an integrated Nassella control program could be designed to integrate good grazing management with cultural control methods, such as soil cultivation, fire, and native plant competition, with treatments being implemented prior to the common annual seed maturation period. Notwithstanding the success of these integrated programs, it is recognised that seeds of all species may remain viable in the seedbank for up to 12 years, meaning ongoing monitoring and management will be required. To develop even finer control programs, further research into the ecology of these Nassella species is recommended to determine any additional weak spots in these species’ defences, and to subsequently develop and apply novel integrated control methods that target all six species.
Dark State Adiabatic Passage with Branched Networks and High-Spin Systems: Spin Separation and Entanglement
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 15-09-2015
Effects of windthrow on a stand ofEucalyptus delegatensis(Myrtaceae) and early understorey succession at Snowy River National Park, Victoria
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2004
The impact of deforestation and pasture abandonment on soil properties in the wet tropics of Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2004
Bloch-Redfield equations for modeling light-harvesting complexes
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 10-02-2015
DOI: 10.1063/1.4907370
Abstract: We challenge the misconception that Bloch-Redfield equations are a less powerful tool than phenomenological Lindblad equations for modeling exciton transport in photosynthetic complexes. This view predominantly originates from an indiscriminate use of the secular approximation. We provide a detailed description of how to model both coherent oscillations and several types of noise, giving explicit ex les. All issues with non-positivity are overcome by a consistent straightforward physical noise model. Herein also lies the strength of the Bloch-Redfield approach because it facilitates the analysis of noise-effects by linking them back to physical parameters of the noise environment. This includes temporal and spatial correlations and the strength and type of interaction between the noise and the system of interest. Finally, we analyze a prototypical dimer system as well as a 7-site Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex in regards to spatial correlation length of the noise, noise strength, temperature, and their connection to the transfer time and transfer probability.
Post-wildfire seedling colonisation patterns in a Eucalyptus delegatensis (Myrtaceae) windthrow site at Snowy River National Park, Victoria
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2008
Environmental factors affecting the germination and seedling emergence of two populations of an emerging agricultural weed: wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola)
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1071/CP18594
Abstract: Wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) is a significant emerging agricultural and environmental weed in many countries. This invasive species is now naturalised in Australia and is claimed to cause significant losses within the agricultural industry. Sustainable management of wild lettuce has been h ered by a lack of detailed knowledge of its seed ecology. Laboratory-based studies were performed to examine the potential influence of environmental factors including temperature and light conditions, salinity, pH, moisture availability and burial depth on the germination and emergence of two spatially distant populations of wild lettuce. Results suggested that the germination of wild lettuce seeds occurred across a broad range of temperature conditions (12-h cycle: 30°C/20°C, 25°C/15°C and 17°C/7°C) for both populations. We also found that these seeds are non-photoblastic germination was not affected by darkness, with & % germination in darkness for both populations at all tested temperature ranges. Germination significantly declined as salinity and osmotic stress increased for both populations, with seeds from the Tempy population were more affected by NaCl & mM than seeds from Werribee, but in neither population was there any observed effect of pH on germination (& % germination in both populations at all tested pH ranges). For both populations, germination significantly decreased as burial depth increased however, the two populations differed with regard to response to burial depth treatment, whereby seeds from the Tempy population had higher emergence than those from Werribee at 0.5 cm burial depth. These results suggest that light-reducing management techniques such as mulching or use of crop residues will be unsuccessful for preventing germination of wild lettuce. By contrast, burial of seeds at a depth of at least 4 cm will significantly reduce their emergence.
A global review of the invasive aquatic weed Cabomba caroliniana [A. Gray] (Carolina fanwort): Current and future management challenges, and research gaps
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12518
Abstract: Cabomba caroliniana [A. Gray] (Cabombaceae), also known as Carolina fanwort, is a native of South America which has now become a serious invasive threat to aquatic systems across the world. Its capacity to inundate a water column with active fragments and seeds makes the containment and management of C. caroliniana a challenging task and an ecological and economic necessity. Previous and current management efforts have been largely focussed on biological control, drawdown methods, herbicide application, manual removal, shading and the use of a concentrated urea solution. Although these methods have shown some success in reducing large infestations, they are generally considered to be unreliable when used alone since they are unable to contain or reduce the species in the long term with a single‐use treatment protocol. It is feared that, without effective, improved and integrated management strategies, C. caroliniana will continue to invade aquatic ecosystems beyond its already wide current distribution, thus causing increased global economic and environmental damage. This review will therefore explore the biology and distribution of C. caroliniana and examine the current and previous attempts for its global management. It will also evaluate the most successful current treatments and clarify where research efforts are urgently needed for the improved long‐term extirpation of this aquatic invader.
Plant recruitment and survival as indicators of ecological restoration success in abandoned pasture land in Nurcoung, Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2013
Factors affecting the global distribution of Hydrilla verticillata (L. fil.) Royle: A review
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-05-2021
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12478
Abstract: Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) is a submerged freshwater flowering plant within the monotypic genus. Over the geological periods, fossils of this family and genus have shown distinct ersifications between warm and cool fluctuations with more adaptations occurring in warmer periods and suppressions during severely cold paleoclimate changes. Recently, H. verticillata has shown a wide range of adaptive plasticity, allowing successful proliferation into non‐native regions, whilst also undergoing unexplained disappearance from its native localities, and this phenomenon has stimulated this inquiry. Against this somewhat complex background, particular interest for this investigation has been focussed on an understanding of which aspects of climate change have contributed towards global adaptations and distribution patterns of H . verticillata . Whilst it is recognised that some of these changes are natural, other aggravating impacts are due to anthropogenic influences. Identifying the appropriate combinations of these climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, photoperiod), in concert with environmental (water level, CO 2 , salinity, eutrophication), geographical (altitude, latitude) and other factors (UV‐B) are necessary precursors for instituting appropriate management strategies. In this respect, control measures are needed in non‐native regions and restoration of this plant in native habitats are essential for its ecologically balanced global distribution.
Efficacy of halosulfuron-methyl in the management of Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus): differential responses of plants with and without established rhizomes
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-04-2022
DOI: 10.1017/WET.2022.29
Abstract: Navua sedge is a creeping perennial sedge commonly found in tropical environments and is currently threatening many agroecosystems and ecosystems in Pacific Island countries and northern Queensland, Australia. Pasture and crop productions have been significantly impacted by this weed. The efficacy of halosulfuron-methyl on Navua sedge plants with and without well-established rhizomes was evaluated under glasshouse conditions. Halosulfuron-methyl was applied to plants with established rhizomes at three stages mowed, pre-flowering, and flowering growth stages, whereas plants without established rhizomes were treated at seedling, pre-flowering and flowering growth stages. At each application time, halosulfuron-methyl was applied at four dose rates of 0, 38, 75, and 150 g ai ha −1 . Mortality of 27.5%, 0%, and 5% was recorded in rhizomatous Navua sedge when treated with 75 g ai ha −1 of halosulfuron-methyl at the mowed, pre-flowering stage and flowering stages, respectively. At 10 wk after treatment (WAT), there were no tillers in surviving plants treated at any of the application times. By 16 WAT, the number of tillers increased to 15, 24, and 26 in mowed, pre-flowering, and flowering stages, respectively. Although halosulfuron-methyl is effective in controlling aboveground growth, subsequent emergence of new growth from the rhizome confirms the failure of the herbicide to kill the rhizome. Application of 75 g ai ha −1 of halosulfuron-methyl provided 100% mortality in plants treated at seedling and pre-flowering stages, and 98% mortality when treated at flowering stage in non-rhizomatous plants. A single application of halosulfuron-methyl is highly effective at controlling Navua sedge seedlings but not effective at controlling plants with established rhizomes.
An investigation of the effects of stage of ensilage on Nassella neesiana seeds, for reducing seed viability and injury to livestock
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1038/SREP22345
Abstract: The noxious weed Nassella neesiana is established on a wide range of productive land throughout southeastern Australia. N. neesiana seeds, when mature, are sharp, causing injury to livestock, thus posing a problem in fodder bales. To reduce infestations of agricultural weeds in situ , production of silage from weed-infested pastures is practised as part of integrated weed management (IWM). However, there is little data to demonstrate whether this process is useful to reduce infestations or the harmful properties of N. neesiana . Therefore, the minimum duration of ensilage required to reduce the viability of N. neesiana seeds was investigated, both with and without addition of ensilage inoculants in this process. Also, the decreasing propensity of the seeds to injure livestock, after various times and conditions of ensilage, was assessed. Ensilage inoculant reduced seed germination probability to zero after 35 days. When no inoculant was added, zero viability was achieved after 42 days. A qualitative assessment of the hardness of ensilaged seeds found seed husks were softer (and therefore safer) after 42 days, whether inoculant was used or not. Therefore, we suggest that both the viability of N. neesiana seeds and hardness of seed casings are significantly reduced after 42 days, thereby reducing the risks of seed dispersal and injury to livestock.
Short-term gain and long-term pain: Lessons learnt from the control ofLachnagrostis filiformis(fairy grass) in Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-10-2012
Biases encountered in long-term monitoring studies of invertebrates and microflora: Australian examples of protocols, personnel, tools and site location
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-07-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S10661-016-5478-X
Abstract: Monitoring forms the basis for understanding ecological change. It relies on repeatability of methods to ensure detected changes accurately reflect the effect of environmental drivers. However, operator bias can influence the repeatability of field and laboratory work. We tested this for invertebrates and diatoms in three trials: (1) two operators swept invertebrates from heath vegetation, (2) four operators picked invertebrates from pyrethrum knockdown s les from tree trunk and (3) diatom identifications by eight operators in three laboratories. In each trial, operators were working simultaneously and their training in the field and laboratory was identical. No variation in catch efficiency was found between the two operators of differing experience using a random number of net sweeps to catch invertebrates when sequence, location and size of sweeps were random. Number of in iduals and higher taxa collected by four operators from tree trunks varied significantly between operators and with their 'experience ranking'. Diatom identifications made by eight operators were clustered together according to which of three laboratories they belonged. These three tests demonstrated significant potential bias of operators in both field and laboratory. This is the first documented case demonstrating the significant influence of observer bias on results from invertebrate field-based studies. Ex les of two long-term trials are also given that illustrate further operator bias. Our results suggest that long-term ecological studies using invertebrates need to be rigorously audited to ensure that operator bias is accounted for during analysis and interpretation. Further, taxonomic harmonisation remains an important step in merging field and laboratory data collected by different operators.
A review of the biology, distribution patterns and management of the invasive species Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Palmer amaranth): Current and future management challenges
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12520
Abstract: Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Palmer amaranth) is an invasive agricultural weed that has quickly risen from a state of relative obscurity to now being globally regarded as one of the most economically destructive and difficult to manage weed species. It is now found in more than 45 countries where it poses a serious threat to agricultural production systems. Amaranthus palmeri is known to aggressively compete against crop plants for resources such as light, space, nutrients and soil moisture, all of which can result in significant crop yield reduction or even lead to crop failure. It has also been reported that A. palmeri is highly prone to evolve herbicide resistance this makes management exceedingly challenging. Whilst there have been several control approaches introduced to manage the spread and impact of A. palmeri , many of them require more specific and focused research for their successful local and widespread application. In this regard, this global review explores the species’ biology and global distribution patterns, together with previous and current management strategies. It also explores and identifies promising areas of research that still require further investigation to more confidently assist in the control and containment of this globally concerning weed.
Detecting the seeds of Nassella neesiana in large round hay bales, by means of non-destructive core sampling
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-09-2015
Influence of controlled burning on the mobility and temporal variations of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in the soils of a legacy gold mine site in Central Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Seed germination response of a noxious agricultural weed Echium plantagineum to temperature, light, pH, drought stress, salinity, heat and smoke
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/CP17308
Abstract: Echium plantagineum is a significant pasture weed in the Mediterranean climatic zone of several countries, including Australia. This invasive weed, introduced as an ornamental into Australia (where it is known as Paterson’s curse), quickly became established and is now a significant weed of agriculture. Although E. plantagineum is a well-established, highly competitive weed that thrives under disturbance and is tolerant of a wide variety of conditions, including varying soil moisture and drought, and some aspects of its ecology remain unknown. This study investigated germination response to temperature and light, pH, soil moisture, salinity, and pre-germination exposure of seed to heat and smoke. Temperature was found to be more influential on germination than light and the species is tolerant to a wide range of pH. However, available moisture may limit germination, as may elevated salinity. Management of this weed requires approaches that minimise soil seedbank input or prevent germination of soil seedbanks.
Effect of environmental factors on the germination and emergence of Salvia verbenaca L. cultivars (verbenaca and vernalis): An invasive species in semi-arid and arid rangeland regions
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-03-2018
Effect of Rhizome Fragment Length and Burial Depth on the Emergence of a Tropical Invasive Weed Cyperus aromaticus (Navua Sedge)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-2022
Abstract: Cyperus aromaticus (Navua sedge) is a problematic perennial weed in pastures and crops including sugarcane, banana, rice, and fruits and vegetables in tropical climates. It reproduces both via rhizomes and seeds. As a regenerative and storage organ, these rhizomes play an important part in the invasion, establishment, and persistence of this weed. To eliminate their regenerative ability, it is important to understand the regrowth potential with respect to rhizome fragment size and burial depth. This study evaluated the emergence of C. aromaticus from rhizomes in a controlled condition. Three different sizes of rhizome fragments were buried at seven depths of up to 20 cm in two soil types. The experimental measurements included (i) the time for tillers to emerge, (ii) the cumulative emergence of tillers, recorded weekly, and (iii) the number of underground emerging tillers. The cumulative shoot emergence and the number of underground tillers produced were found to be positively correlated with the initial length of the rhizome fragments and negatively correlated with the burial depth. The time for the emergence of the tillers was negatively correlated with the burial depth, and soil type had no significant effect on any of the parameters recorded. There was no emergence recorded from rhizomes buried at 15 cm depth and deeper, irrespective of their size. Our results indicate that the combination of the fragmentation of rhizomes into small pieces and a deep burial, below 15 cm, is an important aspect to control the regeneration of C. aromaticus from rhizomes, if tillage is carried out, and can therefore form a part of an integrated weed management strategy for this troublesome weed.
Erratum: Correction: Germination ecology of Chloris truncata and its implication for weed management (PloS one (2018) 13 7 (e0199949))
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 31-10-2018
Magnetic field-induced enhancement of the nitrogen-vacancy fluorescence quantum yield
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C7NR02093G
Abstract: The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond is a remarkable optical defect with broad applications. We demonstrate that its fluorescence emission is enhanced at high magnetic fields with low excitation power.
Evaluation of the growth response of arid zone invasive species Salvia verbenaca cultivars to atmospheric carbon dioxide and soil moisture
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1071/RJ19060
Abstract: Although climate change is expected to affect the ecology of many weed species, the nature and scale of these responses is presently not well defined. This presages a suite of potential problems for the agricultural industries. Consequently, we investigated the effects of anticipated climate change on biomass and seed production, for two varieties of wild sage, Salvia verbenaca L. var. verbenaca and Salvia verbenaca var. vernalis Bioss. For the investigation, ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) carbon dioxide conditions, in combination with well-watered (100% field capacity) and drought conditions (60% field capacity), were selected to represent alternative climate scenarios. The alteration in biomass production was represented by a combined measurement of nine variables plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, leaf thickness, shoot biomass, root biomass and dry leaf weight, and fecundity was measured via two variables 100 seed weight and number of seeds per plant. All biomass measurements were reduced in a drought situation compared with well-watered conditions in ambient carbon dioxide (400 ppm), and each corresponding measurement was greater under elevated carbon dioxide (700 ppm) regardless of water treatment. In contrast, this was not observed for 100 seed weight or number of seeds per plant. Although a similar profile of a reduction in fecundity parameters was observed under drought conditions compared with well-watered conditions in ambient carbon dioxide, there was an increase in seed mass only for var. verbenaca under elevated carbon dioxide in both water treatments. In addition, there was a very small increase in the number of seeds in this species under drought conditions in elevated carbon dioxide, with neither increase in seed mass or seed number being observed in var. vernalis. These results suggest that although future climate change may result in increased competition of both these varieties with desirable plants, their management strategies will need to focus on effects of increased size of the weeds, rather than only attempting to reduce the seed bank holdings.
Challenges Inherent in Controlling Prickly Pear Species; a Global Review of the Properties of Opuntia stricta, Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia monacantha
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-2022
Abstract: Opuntia species (prickly pear) were deliberately introduced to many countries around the world for fruit, cochineal dye production, living fencing or as ornamentals. They are now some of the world’s most significant weeds, particularly in regions with warm and or dry climates, as they pose threats to economic and environmental assets. In addition, they can cause considerable health issues for humans and animals. Opuntia spp. have prolific reproduction abilities, being able to reproduce both vegetatively and by seed. They have generalist pollination and dispersal requirements, which promotes their establishment and spread. Opuntia stricta, O. monacantha and O. ficus-indica are the most globally widespread of the Opuntia spp. In many countries, biological control agents, particularly the cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) and various cochineal insects from the Dactylopius genus, have successfully reduced land-scape scale populations. On a smaller scale, controlling these weeds by either injecting or spraying the cladodes with herbicides can provide effective control. Care must be taken during herbicide treatments as any untreated areas will regenerate. While biological control is the most cost and time effective control method for landscape-scale infestations, further research into the combined efficacy of herbicides, fire, grubbing and pre-burial techniques would be beneficial for land managers to control small-scale and establishing populations. It would also be useful to have greater knowledge of the potential seedbank longevity and seed ecology of these species so that integrated management strategies can be developed to not only deal with initial populations but also the subsequent seedling regrowth.
Response of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-susceptible biotypes of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) to increased carbon dioxide and variable soil moisture
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 26-08-2020
DOI: 10.1017/WSC.2020.63
Abstract: The growth response of annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.) to anticipated future climate conditions is currently unknown, and thus two parallel studies were conducted dealing with glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotypes of S. oleraceus . The glyphosate efficacy study was conducted using different doses of glyphosate (0 [control], 180, 360, 720 [recommended dose], and 1,440 g ae ha −1 ) at two different moisture levels (well-watered and water-stressed conditions). In the second study, the growth and seed production of these biotypes were studied under different atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations (450 and 750 ppm) and under well-watered (100% field capacity) and water-stressed (50% field capacity) conditions. Results showed that the GR biotype survived ( %) at 1,440 g ha −1 , but for the GS biotype, no plant survived, and both biotypes were slightly ( %) affected by moisture regimes. In the elevated CO 2 condition, the GS biotype plants were % taller and produced %, %, and % more leaves, buds, and seeds, respectively, compared with the ambient CO 2 concentration under both moisture regimes. The biomass also increased by 27% in comparison with the ambient CO 2 concentration. For the GR biotype, plants at the elevated CO 2 level, while they also grew 38% taller in comparison with the ambient CO 2 concentration, the numbers of leaves, buds, and seeds and biomass were not affected by this increase in CO 2 . Results showed that there were minimal changes in response to glyphosate for GR and GS biotypes of S. oleraceus with or without moisture stress. Our study suggests that future climate change with elevated CO 2 levels can affect the response of S. oleraceus to glyphosate, and such knowledge will be helpful for weed management in the future.
Can Copper Products and Surfaces Reduce the Spread of Infectious Microorganisms and Hospital-Acquired Infections?
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MA14133444
Abstract: Pathogen transfer and infection in the built environment are globally significant events, leading to the spread of disease and an increase in subsequent morbidity and mortality rates. There are numerous strategies followed in healthcare facilities to minimize pathogen transfer, but complete infection control has not, as yet, been achieved. However, based on traditional use in many cultures, the introduction of copper products and surfaces to significantly and positively retard pathogen transmission invites further investigation. For ex le, many microbes are rendered unviable upon contact exposure to copper or copper alloys, either immediately or within a short time. In addition, many disease-causing bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7, hospital superbugs, and several viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are also susceptible to exposure to copper surfaces. It is thus suggested that replacing common touch surfaces in healthcare facilities, food industries, and public places (including public transport) with copper or alloys of copper may substantially contribute to limiting transmission. Subsequent hospital admissions and mortality rates will consequently be lowered, with a concomitant saving of lives and considerable levels of resources. This consideration is very significant in times of the COVID-19 pandemic and the upcoming epidemics, as it is becoming clear that all forms of possible infection control measures should be practiced in order to protect community well-being and promote healthy outcomes.
Environmental benefits inferred from impact of reforestation of deforested creek bank on soil conditioning: a case study in Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-12-2014
Assessment of potentially toxic metal contamination in the soils of a legacy mine site in Central Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2017.10.150
Abstract: The environmental impact of toxic metal contamination from legacy mining activities, many of which had operated and were closed prior to the enforcement of robust environmental legislation, is of growing concern to modern society. We have carried out analysis of As and potentially toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface soil of a legacy gold mining site in Maldon, Victoria, Australia, to reveal the status of the current metal concentration. The results revealed the median concentrations of metals from highest to lowest, in the order: Mn > Zn > As > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Co > Hg > Cd. The status of site was assessed directly by comparing the metal concentrations in the study area with known Australian and Victorian average top soil levels and the health investigation levels set by the National Environmental Protection Measures (NEPM) and the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) of the State of Western Australia. Although, median concentrations of As, Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn exceeded the average Australian and Victorian top soil concentrations, only As and Hg exceeded the ecological investigation levels (EIL) set by DEC and thus these metals are considered as risk to the human and aquatic ecosystems health due to their increase in concentration and toxicity. In an environment of climate fluctuation with increased storm events and forest fires may mobilize these toxic metals contaminants, pose a real threat to the environment and the community.
Laser threshold magnetometry
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 08-01-2016
A Global Review of the Woody Invasive Alien Species Mimosa pigra (Giant Sensitive Plant): Its Biology and Management Implications
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-09-2022
Abstract: Populations of invasive alien plants create disruptive plant communities that are extremely adaptable, imposing severe ecological impacts on agriculture, bio ersity and human activities. To minimise these impacts, prevention and effective weed management strategies are urgently required, including the identification of satellite populations before they invade new areas. This is a critical element that allows weed management practices to become both successful and cost-effective. Mimosa pigra L. (Giant sensitive plant) is an invasive weed that has spread across various environments around the world and is considered one of the world’s top 100 most invasive plant species. Being adaptable to a wide range of soil types, in addition to its woody protective prickles and low palatability, M. pigra has quickly spread and established itself in a range of habitats. Current control methods of this species include biological, chemical and physical methods, together with attempts of integrated application. Reports suggest that integrated management appears to be the most effective means of controlling M. pigra since the use of any single method has not yet proved suitable. In this regard, this review synthesises and explores the available global literature and current research gaps relating to the biology, distribution, impacts and management of M. pigra. The contribution of this work will help guide land managers to design appropriate and sustainable management programs to control M. pigra.
Controlled burn and immediate mobilization of potentially toxic elements in soil, from a legacy mine site in Central Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.10.216
Abstract: Conducting controlled burns in fire prone areas is an efficient and economic method for forest management, and provides relief from the incidence of high severity wild fires and the consequent damage to human property and ecosystems. However, similar to wild fires, controlled burns also affect many of the physical and biogeochemical properties of the forest soil and may facilitate remobilization of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) sequestered in vegetation and soil organic matter. The objective of the current study is to investigate the mobilization of PTEs, in Central Victorian forest soils in Australia after a controlled burn. Surface soil s les were collected two days before and after the controlled burn to determine the concentration of PTEs and to examine the physicochemical properties. Results show that As, Cd, Mn, Ni and Zn concentrations increased 1.1, 1.6, 1.7, 1.1 and 1.9 times respectively in the post-burn environment, whereas the concentrations of Hg, Cr and Pb decreased to 0.7, 0.9 and 0.9 times respectively, highlighting considerable PTE mobility during and after a controlled burn. Whilst these results do not identify very strong correlations between physicochemical properties of soil and PTEs in the pre- and post-burn environments, PTEs themselves demonstrated very strong and significant correlations. The mobilization of As, Hg and other toxic elements raise potential health concerns as the number of controlled burns are projected to increase in response to climate change. Due to this increased level of PTE release and remobilization, the use of any kinds of controlled burn must be carefully considered before being used as a forest management strategy in mining-affected landscapes which include areas with high PTE concentrations.
Excitation and state transfer through spin chains in the presence of spatially correlated noise
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 26-12-2013
The effectiveness of different planting frameworks for recruitment of tropical rainforest species on ex‐rainforest land
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-12-2015
DOI: 10.1111/REC.12317
Influence of elements of climate change on the growth and fecundity of Datura stramonium
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2020
Effects ofTetranychus lintearius(Acari: Tetranychidae) on the structure and water potential in the foliage of the invasiveUlex europaeus(Fabaceae) in Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2013
Competition between Eucalyptus victrix seedlings and grass species
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2003
Determinants of enrollment decision in the community-based health insurance, North West Ethiopia: a case-control study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-01-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12992-019-0535-1
Abstract: To identify the determinants for enrollment decision in the community-based health insurance program among informal economic sector-engaged societies, North West Ethiopia. Unmatched case-control study was conducted on 148 cases (member-to-insurance) and 148 controls (not-member-to-insurance program) from September 1 to October 30,2016. To select the villages and households, stratified then simple random s ling method was employed respectively. The data were entered in to Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics, bi-variable, and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were computed to describe the study objectives and identify the determinants of enrolment decision for the insurance program. Odds ratio at 95% CI was used to describe the association between the independent and outcome variables. A total of 296 respondents (148 cases and 148 controls) were employed. The mean age for both cases and controls were 42 ± 11.73 and 40 ± 11.37 years respectively. Majority of respondents were males (87.2% for cases and 79% for controls). Family size between 4 and 6 (AOR = 2.26 95% CI: 1.04, 4.89), history of illness by household (AOR = 3.24 95% CI: 1.68, 6.24), perceived amount of membership contribution was medium (AOR = 2.3 95% CI: 1.23, 4.26), being married (AOR = 6 95% CI:1.43, 10.18) and trust on program (AOR = 4.79 95% CI: 2.40, 9.55) were independent determinants for increased enrollment decision in the community-based health insurance. While, being merchant (AOR = 0.07 95% CI: 0.09, 0.6) decreased the enrollment decision. Societies’ enrollment decision to community-based health insurance program was determined by demographic, social, economic and political factors. Households with large family sizes and farmers in the informal sector should be given maximal attention for intensifying enrollment decision in the insurance program.
Achievements, Developments and Future Challenges in the Field of Bioherbicides for Weed Control: A Global Review
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-08-2022
Abstract: The intrusion of weeds into fertile areas has resulted in significant global economic and environmental impacts on agricultural production systems and native ecosystems, hence without ongoing and repeated management actions, the maintenance or restoration of these systems will become increasingly challenging. The establishment of herbicide resistance in many species and unwanted pollution caused by synthetic herbicides has ushered in the need for alternative, eco-friendly sustainable management strategies, such as the use of bioherbicides. Of the array of bioherbicides currently available, the most successful products appear to be sourced from fungi (mycoherbicides), with at least 16 products being developed for commercial use globally. Over the last few decades, bioherbicides sourced from bacteria and plant extracts (such as allelochemicals and essential oils), together with viruses, have also shown marked success in controlling various weeds. Despite this encouraging trend, ongoing research is still required for these compounds to be economically viable and successful in the long term. It is apparent that more focused research is required for (i) the improvement of the commercialisation processes, including the cost-effectiveness and scale of production of these materials (ii) the discovery of new production sources, such as bacteria, fungi, plants or viruses and (iii) the understanding of the environmental influence on the efficacy of these compounds, such as atmospheric CO2, humidity, soil water stress, temperature and UV radiation.
Reduced mandibular growth in experimental arthritis in the temporomandibular joint treated with intra-articular corticosteroid
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-01-2008
DOI: 10.1093/EJO/CJM096
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of intra-articular (i.a.) corticosteroid injections (IACIs) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) on mandibular development in antigen-induced TMJ arthritis. Ten-week-old female New Zealand white rabbits (n = 42) were randomly ided into four groups: group A, control (no injections) group B, placebo (repeated i.a. TMJ saline injections) group C, untreated arthritis (repeated induction of TMJ arthritis) and group D, steroid (repeated induction of TMJ arthritis + IACI). All animals had two tantalum implants inserted in the right side of the mandible serving as stable landmarks for later growth analysis. One implant was inserted close to the symphysis and one in the molar region. Computerized tomographic (CT) full-head scans were carried out at 14 (T1) and 26 (T2) weeks of age. (Dropout of animals at T2 group C, n = 7, and group D, n = 3.) Absolute and relative intra- and inter-group growth variations were evaluated during the growth period by comparison of CT scans. One-way analysis of variance was used for T1 statistical analysis, and absolute intra-group and relative inter-group growth differences between T1 and T2 were evaluated by Student's t-tests. At T2, the animals in the group A had greater sagittal and vertical mandibular growth compared with the other three groups. TMJ arthritis caused diminished mandibular growth. However, relative mandibular growth was significantly less in group D. The findings of this study do not indicate a positive long-term effect in the use of IACI in the TMJ as an early treatment intervention against TMJ inflammation in growing in iduals.
Arid land vegetation dynamics after a rare flooding event: influence of fire and grazing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2005
Assessing Seedbank Longevity and Seed Persistence of the Invasive Tussock Grass Nassella trichotoma Using in-Field Burial and Laboratory-Controlled Ageing
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-09-2022
Abstract: The ability to produce highly dense and persistent seedbanks is a major contributor to the successful widespread establishment of invasive plants. This study seeks to identify seed persistence and seedbank longevity for the invasive tussock grass Nassella trichotoma (Nees.) Hack. ex Arechav in order to recommend management strategies for preventing re-emergence from the seedbank. To determine the seedbank longevity and persistence, two experiments were conducted: (i) seeds were buried at four depths (0, 1, 2, and 4 cm) and collected and assessed for viability, seed decay, and in-field germination after 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months of field burial and (ii) seeds were exposed to artificial ageing conditions (60% RH and 45 °C) for 1, 2, 5, 9, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, and 120 days, and viability was determined through germination tests and tetrazolium tests. Less than 10% of the seeds collected after 12 months of in-field burial were viable. The artificial ageing treatment found germination declined to 50% after 5.8 days, further suggesting that N. trichotoma seeds are short lived. The results from both experiments indicate that N. trichotoma has a transient seedbank, with less than 10% of the seeds demonstrating short-term persistence. It is likely the persistent seeds beyond 12 months were exhibiting secondary dormancy as viable seeds did not germinate under optimal germination conditions. The “Best Practice Guidelines” recommend monitoring for seedbank recruitment for at least three years after treating N. trichotoma infestations. The results of this study support this recommendation as a small proportion of the seeds demonstrated short-term persistence.
Dietary characteristics of Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in semi-arid New South Wales, Australia, and dispersal and germination of ingested seeds
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1071/MU12061
Effect of selected environmental factors on the seed germination of the invasive species Polygala myrtifolia (Polygalaceae) in Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 26-05-2023
DOI: 10.1071/BT22094
Seed longevity and germination in response to changing drought and heat conditions on four populations of the invasive weed African Lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 20-04-2021
DOI: 10.1017/WSC.2021.28
Abstract: African lovegrass [ Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees] is an invasive weed that is threatening bio ersity around the world and will continue to do so unless its efficient management is achieved. Consequently, laboratory and field-based experiments were performed to analyse several measures of germination to determine the effect of drought stress, radiant heat stress and burial depth and duration (longevity) on E. curvula seeds. This study investigated seeds from four spatially varied populations across Australia: Maffra and Shepparton, Victoria Tenterfield, New South Wales and Midvale, Western Australia. Results showed that increasing drought stress reduced and slowed germination for all populations. Maffra (24% vs. 83%) and Shepparton (41% vs. 74%) were reduced at the osmotic potential of ≤-0.4 MPa, whilst Tenterfield (35% vs. 98.6%) and Midvale (32% vs. 91%) were reduced at ≤-0.6 MPa, compared to the mean of all other osmotic potentials. Radiant heat at 100 C significantly reduced and slowed germination compared to 40 C for Tenterfield (62% vs. 100%), Shepparton (15% vs. 89%) and Midvale (41% vs. 100%) whilst Maffra (75% vs. 86%) had consistent germination. For the effect of burial depth and duration (longevity), there was no significant difference across the fourteen-month period, however, the 0 cm burial depth had a significantly lower final germination percentage compared to depths of 3, 5 and 10 cm (24% vs. 55%). Although each trial was conducted independently, their results can be used to help identify efficient control measures to reduce infesting populations. Such measures recommended include using soil moisture monitoring to detect which conditions will promote germination, as germination is encouraged when the osmotic potential is -0.6 MPa exposing seeds to radiant heat ( C) using methods such as prescribed burning and limiting soil disturbance over time to reduce seed establishment.
Risk of post-fire metal mobilization into surface water resources: A review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.05.096
Abstract: One of the significant economic benefits to communities around the world of having pristine forest catchments is the supply of substantial quantities of high quality potable water. This supports a saving of around US$ 4.1 trillion per year globally by limiting the cost of expensive drinking water treatments and provision of unnecessary infrastructure. Even low levels of contaminants specifically organics and metals in catchments when in a mobile state can reduce these economic benefits by seriously affecting the water quality. Contamination and contaminant mobility can occur through natural and anthropogenic activities including forest fires. Moderate to high intensity forest fires are able to alter soil properties and release sequestered metals from sediments, soil organic matter and fragments of vegetation. In addition, the increase in post-fire erosion rate by rainfall runoff and strong winds facilitates the rapid transport of these metals downslope and downstream. The subsequent metal deposition in distal soil and water bodies can influence surface water quality with potential impacts to the larger ecosystems inclusive of negative effects on humans. This is of substantial concern as 4 billion hectares of forest catchments provide high quality water to global communities. Redressing this problem requires quantification of the potential effects on water resources and instituting rigorous fire and environmental management plans to mitigate deleterious effects on catchment areas. This paper is a review of the current state of the art literature dealing with the risk of post-fire mobilization of the metals into surface water resources. It is intended to inform discussion on the preparation of suitable management plans and policies during and after fire events in order to maintain potable water quality in a cost-effective manner. In these times of climate fluctuation and increased incidence of fires, the need for development of new policies and management frameworks are of heighted significance.
Signatures of spatially correlated noise and non-secular effects in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 13-01-2017
DOI: 10.1063/1.4973975
Abstract: We investigate how correlated fluctuations affect oscillatory features in rephasing and non-rephasing two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectra of a model dimer system. Based on a beating map analysis, we show that non-secular environmental couplings induced by uncorrelated fluctuations lead to oscillations centered at both cross- and diagonal-peaks in rephasing spectra as well as in non-rephasing spectra. Using an analytical approach, we provide a quantitative description of the non-secular effects in terms of the Feynman diagrams and show that the environment-induced mixing of different inter-excitonic coherences leads to oscillations in the rephasing diagonal-peaks and non-rephasing cross-peaks. We demonstrate that as correlations in the noise increase, the lifetime of oscillatory 2D signals is enhanced at rephasing cross-peaks and non-rephasing diagonal-peaks, while the other non-secular oscillatory signals are suppressed. We discuss that the asymmetry of 2D lineshapes in the beating map provides information on the degree of correlations in environmental fluctuations. Finally we investigate how the oscillatory features in 2D spectra are affected by inhomogeneous broadening.
Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud) competition altered wheat grain quality: A study under elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and drought conditions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2018.09.145
Abstract: Annual ryegrass is one of the most serious, costly weeds of winter cropping systems in Australia. To determine whether its competition-mediated plant defence mechanisms effect on wheat grain quality, wheat (cv. Yitpi) and annual ryegrass were grown under two levels of CO
Weeds in a Changing Climate: Vulnerabilities, Consequences, and Implications for Future Weed Management
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-02-2017
Bright and photostable nitrogen-vacancy fluorescence from unprocessed detonation nanodiamond
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C6NR07834F
Abstract: Bright and photostable fluorescence from nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is demonstrated in unprocessed detonation nanodiamond particle aggregates. The optical properties of these particles is analyzed using confocal fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence decay measurements, and optically detected magnetic resonance experiments. Two particle populations with distinct optical properties are identified and compared to high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) fluorescent nanodiamonds. We find that the brightness of one detonation nanodiamond particle population is on the same order as that of highly processed fluorescent 100 nm HPHT nanodiamonds. Our results may open the path to a simple and up-scalable route for the production of fluorescent NV nanodiamonds for use in bioimaging applications.
Influence of Various Environmental Factors on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of a Noxious Environmental Weed: Green Galenia (Galenia pubescens)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-2016
Abstract: Green galenia is a South African woody prostrate perennial that was first recorded in Australia in the early 1900s and has since become a serious threat to indigenous temperate grasslands and surrounding agricultural areas. Laboratory and field based experiments were conducted to examine the effect of environmental factors on the germination and viability of green galenia seed. It was shown that green galenia was able to germinate over a broad range of temperatures, but short bursts (5 min) of high temperatures (80 C to 120 C replicating possible exposures to a fire) reduced seed germination. Seed germination was positively favored by light, declined rapidly in darkness, and decreased by 80% at a depth of only 0.5 cm in soil. Water stress greatly reduced seed germination (45% germination at osmotic potentials below −0.2 MPa). Germination was completely inhibited at water potentials of −0.4 to −1.0 MPa. This species is moderately tolerant to salinity, with over 50% of seeds germinating at low levels of salinity (60 mM NaCl), and moderate germination (49%) occurring at 120 mM NaCl, it can germinate well in both alkaline (pH 10–83%) and acidic (pH 4–80%) conditions. The results of this study have contributed to our understanding of the germination and emergence of green galenia, and this will assist in developing tools and strategies for the long term management of this noxious weed in Victoria and other parts of Australia.
Germination ecology of Chloris truncata and its implication for weed management
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-07-2018
Influence of soil moisture regimes on growth, photosynthetic capacity, leaf biochemistry and reproductive capabilities of the invasive agronomic weed; Lactuca serriola
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-06-2019
Environmental factors associated with the foliage cover of invasive fairy grass (Lachnagrostis filiformis) in Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-10-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-017-0490-4
Abstract: Fairy grass (Lachnagrostis filiformis) is an Australian native grass that has recently become a major concern for rural communities. Its dried inflorescences are blown by the wind and build up against fences and buildings, becoming a severe fire hazard. Understanding the ecology of fairy grass and its impacts on rural communities is relevant to its management. Four dry lake beds in Western Victoria were selected to determine if environmental factors, such as lake, location, direction, altitude and road type and the covariates of pH, soil salinity, soil moisture and distance to nearest road, are related to the presence of fairy grass. The 'lake' factor was the only environmental parameter that was significantly associated with the presence of this weed.
Characterising and improving the deteriorating trends in soil physical quality under banana
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1071/SR08256
Abstract: Deterioration in soil physical quality under intensive tillage practices is a norm rather than an exception. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate total porosity (TP) as an indicator parameter to assess the impact of banana cropping on compaction and infiltration in soils, and (ii) assess the effectiveness of different interrow grass-covers in minimising the deteriorating trends. Depth-incremented TP under banana rows and interrows from 4 sites, corresponding forest sites, and from 3 interrow grass-cover treatments were computed from bulk density measurements. The TP results show the compacted depth ranged from 0.35 to 0.45 m in banana rows and from 0.35 to 1.0 m in the interrows. The TP in 0.10 m depth increments decreased in the order: forest rows interrows, and was positively correlated with soil organic C (OC) and negatively with wheel traffic stress (WTS). The multiple regression analysis showed that 77% of the variability in TP was accounted for by clay + silt, OC, and WTS. We show that a threshold compaction index (DIt) of 0.81–0.83 can be estimated from TP regardless of the soil type. Depending on the soil type and the cultural practices followed, infiltration decreased from 0.75 mm/s in rainforest to 0.23 mm/s under banana in 1 soil type compared with 2.55 mm/s in forest and 0.85 mm/s under banana in another. After 18 months of interrow grass-covers we found the deterioration in TP was minimum under the indigenous grass-cover but not under the 2 improved species. We conclude the interrow grass-covers were effective in minimising WTS associated compaction and reduction in infiltration.
Magnetic-field-dependent stimulated emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 03-06-2022
Abstract: Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising magnetic field quantum sensors. Laser threshold magnetometry theory predicts improved NV center ensemble sensitivity via increased signal strength and magnetic field contrast. Here, we experimentally demonstrate laser threshold magnetometry. We use a macroscopic high-finesse laser cavity containing a highly NV-doped and low absorbing diamond gain medium that is pumped at 532 nm and resonantly seeded at 710 nm. This enables a 64% signal power lification by stimulated emission. We test the magnetic field dependency of the lification and thus demonstrate magnetic field–dependent stimulated emission from an NV center ensemble. This emission shows an ultrahigh contrast of 33% and a maximum output power in the milliwatt regime. The coherent readout of NV centers pave the way for novel cavity and laser applications of quantum defects and diamond NV magnetic field sensors with substantially improved sensitivity for the health, research, and mining sectors.
The need for speed: Timely prevention of the dispersal of noxious weeds in relief fodder using efficient sampling procedures
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Seed Longevity of Eucalyptus Victrix in Grassland in the Floodplain of the Fortescue River, Pilbara, Western Australia
Publisher: Institute of Experimental Botany
Date: 09-2002
Does Geijera parviflora Lindl. (Rutaceae) facilitate understorey species in semi-arid Australia?
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1071/RJ07032
Abstract: Species composition under tree canopies often differs from that of surrounding micro-environments. In arid and semi-arid zones, trees can be beneficial to understorey vegetation. This study examined zones of vegetation composition and soil physiochemical parameters associated with Geijera parviflora Lindl. The importance of shade, rainfall redistribution, seed bank and soil moisture were examined. Species abundance, soil moisture, seed bank composition, rainfall redistribution and soil nutrient concentration were measured under five randomly selected mature G. parviflora trees in south-western New South Wales, Australia. To complement the findings from this study, artificial shade plots were constructed in a canopy-free area and species abundance measured seven months after shade construction. The study demonstrated that G. parviflora was associated with zonation of understorey vegetation. Two zones of understorey vegetation were found in relation to G. parviflora: (i) under the tree canopy with high species ersity, and (ii) beyond the canopy, this community being dominated by Dissocarpus paradoxus throughout the year with Crassula colorata appearing after rainfall. The zone beyond the canopy also had lower soil nutrient concentrations. Soil moisture, nutrient concentration and the seed bank density were significantly higher under the canopy. However, the canopy reduced precipitation reaching the soil surface. The effects of the canopy on understorey species composition and soil moisture were enhanced after winter rainfall. Artificial shade increased species abundance and richness under a 90%-shading treatment. The results indicated that G. parviflora generated spatial heterogeneity over the broader plant community increasing species richness, abundance and ersity under the canopy. This emphasises the importance of arid zone trees in conserving understorey plant ersity. Shading, soil nutrient concentration and increased seed bank density and soil moisture appeared to be key influences on the plant communities under the canopy.
Health Effects Associated with Inhalation of Airborne Arsenic Arising from Mining Operations
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-08-2014
Biology, distribution and management of the invasive Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush): A global review of current and future management challenges and research gaps
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2021
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12504
Abstract: Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush) is an evergreen, perennial, invasive woody shrub that globally threatens agricultural and native landscapes. The species is native to North and South America, but is currently found in over 52 countries in many of these countries, it is listed as invasive, due to its aggressive and competitive growth. These behaviour traits are characterised by its quick flowering and seed production that make the species difficult to contain and control, as it forms dense monocultures and restricts the growth of many native and pastoral species through aggressive competition for resources, such as soil moisture and nutrients. Infestation by J. gossypiifolia results in a loss of bio ersity in the affected area and disrupts the maintenance of sustainable land systems. It has been reported that J. gossypiifolia is used in many countries as a traditional medicine to treat a range of diseases, illnesses and injuries. However, despite these claims of its positive use, J. gossypiifolia leaves, seeds and stems are highly toxic to grazing animals and humans, leading to disruption and significant increases in the cost of agricultural production through the loss of production and the instituting of necessary management efforts. Around the world, there have been various attempts to control J. gossypiifolia , but these have widely varied in their success. The most common and successful treatments to control J. gossypiifolia, including herbicide application (cut stump application), fire management and mechanical control however, when each is applied as a single treatment, long‐term success is often limited. Consequently, this review explores the biology and distribution of J . gossypiifolia , together with previous and current control attempts, and synthesises potentially useful approaches to control this noxious weed, whilst identifying areas of future research to improve effective and long‐term sustainable management strategies for this noxious species.
The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2006
Assessing Seed Longevity of the Invasive Weed Navua Sedge (Cyperus aromaticus), by Artificial Ageing
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-12-2022
Abstract: Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf. & Kukenth) is a significant agricultural and environmental weed found in tropical island countries including north Queensland, Australia. It is a prolific seed producer and consequently forms a high-density seedbank, and therefore understanding the longevity and persistence of the seeds can provide critical information required for the management of this species. A laboratory-controlled artificial ageing experiment was conducted where the seeds were exposed to a temperature of 45 °C and 60% relative humidity for 125 days. Seeds were removed at various times (1, 2, 5, 9, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days) and their viability determined through standard germination tests. It took 20 days in the artificial ageing environment for the seeds to decline to 50% viability which indicates that Navua sedge has relatively short-lived persistent seeds. These findings will assist in developing a better understanding of the seedbank dynamics of this invasive species, allowing managers to tactically implement control strategies and prepare budgets for ongoing treatments, and have implications for the duration and success of management programs.
Can Optimum Solar Radiation Exposure or Supplemented Vitamin D Intake Reduce the Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms?
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-01-2021
Abstract: The foremost mortality-causing symptom associated with COVID-19 is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A significant correlation has been identified between the deficiency in vitamin D and the risk of developing ARDS. It has been suggested that if we can reduce or modify ARDS in COVID-19 patients, we may significantly reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and associated mortality rates. The increased mortality of dark-skinned people, who have a reduced UV absorption capacity, may be consistent with diminished vitamin D status. The factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, such as old age, ethnicity, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, are all found to be linked with vitamin D deficiency. Based on this review and as a precautionary measure, it is suggested that the adoption of appropriate and safe solar exposure and vitamin D enriched foods and supplements should be considered to reduce the possible severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Safe sun exposure is deemed beneficial globally, specifically in low and middle-income countries, as there is no cost involved. It is also noted that improved solar exposure and vitamin D levels can reduce the impact of other diseases as well, thus assisting in maintaining general human well-being.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Redroot Pigweed): Effects of Elevated CO2 and Soil Moisture on Growth and Biomass and the Effect of Radiant Heat on Seed Germination
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-04-2021
Abstract: Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae), Redroot pigweed, is native to North America, but has become a weed of agriculture worldwide. Previous research into competition with food crops found it significantly reduces yields. Additionally, taxonomy, biomass allocation, physiological responses to light intensity, water stress, elevated CO2, and herbicide resistance have been investigated. To extend other research findings, we investigated growth and biomass yield in response to (i) soil moisture stress, and (ii) drought and elevated CO2. Additionally, we investigated seed germination rates following exposure to three elevated temperatures for two different time periods. Overall, moisture stress reduced plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves. Elevated CO2 (700 ppm) appeared to reduce negative impacts of drought on biomass productivity. Heating seeds at 120 °C and above for either 180 or 300 s significantly reduced germination rate. These results inform an understanding of potential responses of A. retroflexus to future climate change and will be used to predict future occurrence of this weed. The finding that exposing seeds to high temperatures retards germination suggests fire could be used to prevent seed germination from soil seed banks, particularly in no-till situations, and therefore may be used to address infestations or prevent further spread of this weed.
Factors effecting the germination and emergence of a rangeland weed; European heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum L.)
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/RJ18048
Abstract: European heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum L.) is an important weed in semiarid and arid Australia, due to its toxicity to livestock and its ability to out-compete crops for water and soil nutrients. It is an ephemeral species populations appear in high densities when conditions are favourable, but seeds remain dormant in the soil seedbank for extended periods of time. This study aimed to identify environmental factors that promoted the germination of this weed and factors that de-vitalise seeds. Seeds were collected from the Australian semiarid zone, at Nanya Research Station, New South Wales. The effects on seed germination and seedling emergence of H. europaeum of alternating temperature, photoperiod, drought, salinity, pH range, heat shock combined with smoke exposure, and burial depth were investigated. The highest germination rate was observed under the highest temperature regime, 30/20°C, under a photoperiod of 12h light and 12h dark. The weed germinated under moderate osmotic stress, but the highest germination occurred in the control treatment (no osmotic stress). The effect of salinity and pH on percentage germination was not significant. The effect of the heat shock and smoke treatment significantly reduced seed germination, with germination inhibited when seeds were exposed to 100°C for 3min. Burial depth had a significant effect on seedling emergence, with a burial depth of 0.5cm reducing the germination by ~20%. It is recommended that further research into using fire and tillage interventions for H. europaeum be explored, as these may be used to reduce the viable seedbank of this weed, allowing long-term control to be achieved.
Guided magnonic Michelson interferometer
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2017
DOI: 10.1038/SREP41472
Abstract: Magnonics is an emerging field with potential applications in classical and quantum information processing. Freely propagating magnons in two-dimensional media are subject to dispersion, which limits their effective range and utility as information carriers. We show the design of a confining magnonic waveguide created by two surface current carrying wires placed above a spin-sheet, which can be used as a primitive for reconfigurable magnonic circuitry. We theoretically demonstrate the ability of such guides to counter the transverse dispersion of the magnon in a spin-sheet, thus extending the range of the magnon. A design of a magnonic directional coupler and controllable Michelson interferometer is shown, demonstrating its utility for information processing tasks.
Influence of selected environmental factors on seed germination and seedling survival of the arid zone invasive species tobacco bush (Nicotiana glauca R. Graham)
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/RJ16022
Abstract: Tobacco bush (Nicotiana glauca R. Graham) is an aggressive invading species, which is active after disturbances such as high rainfall events and flooding. Past studies have focussed on population dynamics and allelopathic effects associated with the species, but little is known about its seed ecology. To address this dearth of information, this study aimed to investigate: (i) the effect of various stress factors (temperature, light, osmotic potential, salt stress, heat-shock, a combination of heat-shock and smoke, pH buffer, and burial depth of seed) on seed germination and seedling emergence, and (ii) factors affecting the fate of seedlings. The results show that N. glauca was able to germinate over a broad range of temperatures with highest seed germination occurring at 30/20°C with 12 h of light and 12 h of dark conditions. Seed germination was greatest (89%) when seeds were placed on the soil surface and emergence decreased considerably as planting depth increased from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Water stress greatly reduced seed germination (58% germination at osmotic potentials below –0.2 MPa) and germination was completely inhibited at water potentials of –0.4 to –0.6 MPa. Although increasing salinity reduced the seed germination of this invasive species, N. glauca seed was able to germinate in both alkaline (81% at pH 10) and acidic (80% at pH 4) conditions. The trial on the effect of seed age and field seed burial on seed germination showed a slight decline in seed germination after 120 days of burial compared with non-buried seeds. Further, the combined effect of heat-shock and smoke effectively inhibited the germination of N. glauca seeds however, our study shows that seedlings of N. glauca can withstand heat-shock of up to 130°C. Studies such as this will assist in the development of control strategies to prevent the spread of this invasive species into arid landscapes.
Increased nitrogen-vacancy centre creation yield in diamond through electron beam irradiation at high temperature
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Rainfall and grazing: not the only barriers to arid-zone conifer recruitment
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/BT16104
Abstract: An understanding of the drivers of infrequent recruitment is fundamental in managing for species persistence. Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S. Johnson (white cypress-pine) is a slow-growing, long-lived conifer, with a distribution that extends across arid Australia. Arid populations of C. glaucophylla are endangered in New South Wales, and are characterised by infrequent recruitment. We examined recruitment patterns of C. glaucophylla in differential grazing exclosures (excluding rabbits, excluding large herbivores or excluding both) and in unfenced areas. More recruitment occurred in rabbit-proof exclosures, compared with nearby large herbivore and control exclosures, although some rabbit-proof exclosures recorded no recruitment. Increases in recruitment at several long-term exclosures were associated with wet periods, as was recruitment at some unfenced sites. Apart from grazing and rainfall, recruitment was related to mature tree size and stand density (probably because of their influence on seed availability). These endangered arid C. glaucophylla woodlands are all that remains of a once extensive distribution, and are habitat for a suite of threatened species. Reduction in grazing pressure, particularly from rabbits, is clearly critical to maintain recruitment in these remnant populations. Chances of recruitment appear to be enhanced in low-density stands, around large trees, and in dune blow outs – fencing should focus on these areas.
Magnetically sensitive nanodiamond-doped tellurite glass fibers
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-01-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-19400-3
Abstract: Traditional optical fibers are insensitive to magnetic fields, however many applications would benefit from fiber-based magnetometry devices. In this work, we demonstrate a magnetically sensitive optical fiber by doping nanodiamonds containing nitrogen vacancy centers into tellurite glass fibers. The fabrication process provides a robust and isolated sensing platform as the magnetic sensors are fixed in the tellurite glass matrix. Using optically detected magnetic resonance from the doped nanodiamonds, we demonstrate detection of local magnetic fields via side excitation and longitudinal collection. This is a first step towards intrinsically magneto-sensitive fiber devices with future applications in medical magneto-endoscopy and remote mineral exploration sensing.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF DIFFERENT AGE, DIRECT‐SEEDED REVEGETATION SITES IN AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN THE BURRUMBEET REGION, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-03-2011
DOI: 10.1002/LDR.1110
Factors associated with institutional delivery in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12913-020-05096-7
Abstract: In spite of the promotion of institutional delivery in Ethiopia, home delivery is still common primarily in hard-to-reach areas. Institutional delivery supported to achieve the goal of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to assess the determinants of institutional delivery in Ethiopia. Cross sectional survey was conducted in 11 administrative regions of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian demographic and health survey data collection took place from January 18, 2016, to June 27, 2016. The study subjects were 11,023 women (15–49 years old) who gave birth in the preceding 5 years before 2016 Ethiopian demographic health survey. This representative data was downloaded from Demographic Health Survey after getting permission. The Primary outcome variable was institutional delivery. The data was transferred and analyzed with SPSS Version 20 statistical software package. Of 11,023 mothers, 2892 (26.2%) delivered at a health facility and 8131 (73.8%) at home. Women with secondary education were 4.36 times more likely to have an institutional delivery (OR: 4.36 95% CI: 3.12–6.09). Institutional delivery was higher among women who were resided in urban areas by three fold (OR: 3.26 95% CI: 2.19–4.35). Women who visited ANC (Antenatal care) were about two times more likely to choose institutional delivery (OR: 1.81 95% CI: 1.58–2.07). Respondents who watch television at least once a week was two times more likely to experience institutional delivery than those who did not watch at all (0R: 1.90 95% CI: 1.35–2.66). The wealthiest women were 2.61 times more likely to deliver in an institution compared with the women in the poorest category (OR: 2.61 95% CI: 1.95–3.50). Women having higher educational level, being richest, residing in urban area, visiting antenatal care at least once, and frequent exposure to mass media were factors associated with institutional delivery. Improving access to education and health promotion about obstetrics and delivery through mass media will increase the uptake of institutional delivery.
Biology, ecology and management of the invasive navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus)—a global review
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-09-2021
Abstract: Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf. & Kukenth) is an invasive perennial sedge, native to tropical Africa, which is threatening many natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, especially in northern Queensland, Australia. Crop and pasture production have been impacted by Navua sedge and it is also directly causing reductions in dairy and beef production in affected regions. This review documents the biology, ecology and potential management options to minimise the spread and impact of Navua sedge. The weed reproduces both sexually (seeds) and vegetatively (via underground rhizomes). Its tiny seeds can be spread easily via wind, water, vehicles, farm machinery and animals, whilst the rhizomes assist with establishment of dense stands. The CLIMEX model (which uses distribution and climate data in native and novel ranges) indicates that in Australia, Navua sedge has the potential to spread further within Queensland and into the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Victoria. Several management strategies, including mechanical, chemical and agronomic methods, and their integration will have to be used to minimise agricultural production losses caused by Navua sedge, but most of these methods are currently either ineffective or uneconomical when used alone. Other management approaches, including biological control and mycoherbicides, are currently being explored. We conclude that a better understanding of the interaction of its physiological processes, ecological patterns and genetic ersity across a range of conditions found in the invaded and native habitats will help to contribute to and provide more effective integrated management approaches for Navua sedge.
The response of Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock) seeds and seedlings to different levels of fire intensity
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 03-05-2023
DOI: 10.1071/BT22078
Abstract: Context Fire is an important disturbance regime in grassland communities, since it is responsible for stimulating the regeneration of many species and for maintaining levels of bio ersity. When invasive plants, such as Nassella trichotoma, establish and become widespread in a grassland community, these important fire events can be altered in intensity and frequency, which means that they are able to facilitate the establishment of the exotic species. Therefore, before fire can be recommended as a suitable control technique for invasive species, or alternatively to be integrated into grassland restoration programs, understanding the response of the seeds of exotic species to high temperatures, such as those experienced during a fire, should be well understood. Aims Our aim was to identify their response to a gradient of temperatures associated with different levels of fire intensity. We examined how increased duration of exposure affects their response, and whether seed age or seed moisture content affect the germination response of this species. Methods To gain a fuller understanding of the fire response of N. trichotoma’s seedbank, seeds were collected in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and then stored until the commencement of the experiments in 2020. Selected seeds were first subjected to an increasing temperature gradient (80°C, 100°C, 120°C, 140°C, and a control), and an increasing duration of exposure (of 1, 3, 6, and 9 min). In the second experiment, one population was selected to test these same temperatures and duration of exposure after the seeds were hydrated to 15%, 50%, or 95%. Last, seedlings were grown for 3 months under glasshouse conditions and then exposed to increasing temperatures (20°C, 60°C, 80°C, 100°C, and 120°C), and an increasing duration of exposure (3, 6, and 9 min). The seedlings were assessed 2 weeks after the heat exposure for signs of damage. Key results It was found that increased temperatures and duration of exposure had a subtle negative effect on germination parameters, including reduced total germination and increased time to 50% germination. The 140°C treatment was seen to be a significant threshold because it killed all the seeds at any duration of exposure. A significant difference among the ages of each seed lot was observed to be a factor on the tested germination metrics, with the oldest tested population (2016) demonstrating the highest germination percentage, uniformity, and rate. Seed germination percentage was significantly reduced for seeds hydrated to 95% compared with the control treatment, whereas no significant difference was observed for the seeds hydrated to 15% and 50%. For the heat treatment of the seedlings, damage to the leaves was observed in the 80°C, 100°C, and 120°C treatments, with some plants in the 120°C treatment experiencing extensive damage prior to resprouting. No seedlings were killed at the tested temperatures. Conclusions Results of this study indicated that fire may be a useful tool for reducing seedbank density by killing a high proportion of the seeds on the soil surface, or located within the top 1 cm of the soil profile, but not for seeds buried more deeply. Efficacy of fire on surface and shallow-buried seeds is improved with high seed moisture content however, these seeds buried below this depth are still protected by the soil from the lethal effects of temperature. Implications Fire implemented before seed set could be used to effectively kill a large proportion of N. trichotoma seeds. However, for more comprehensive control, it is recommended that chemical treatment is integrated with the fire treatment to improve the overall control efficiency.
Biology, distribution and management of the globally invasive weed Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav (silverleaf nightshade): A global review of current and future management challenges
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-10-2022
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12556
Abstract: Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav (silverleaf nightshade) is a deep‐rooted, multi‐stemmed, perennial, herbaceous woody plant that has been observed to threaten agricultural and native bio ersity worldwide. It is widely agreed that without efficient integrated management, S. elaeagnifolium will continue to cause significant economic and environmental damage across multiple scales. It is estimated that the annual economic impact of S. elaeagnifolium in Australia exceeds AUD $62 million, with this figure likely to be much higher in other countries invaded by this plant. It can also tolerate a high level of abiotic stress and survive in a range of temperatures (below freezing point to 34°C) and areas with an average yearly rainfall between 250 and 600 mm. Its extensive deep taproot system is capable of regenerating asexually and with its many seed dispersal mechanisms it can quickly spread and establish itself within a region. This makes containment and management of the species especially challenging. Previous management has largely been focused on biological control, competition, essential oils, grazing pressure, herbicide application and manual removal. Despite the large range of available management techniques, there has been little success in the long‐term control of S. elaeagnifolium , and only a handful of methods such as essential oils and herbicide application have shown reasonable success for controlling this weed. Therefore, this review aims to synthesise the identified and potentially useful approaches to control S. elaeagnifolium that have been recorded in the literature which deal with its biology, distribution and management. It also explores previous and current management techniques to ascertain the research gaps and knowledge required to assist in the effective and economically sustainable management of this invasive weed.
Absorptive laser threshold magnetometry: combining visible diamond Raman lasers and nitrogen-vacancy centres
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 06-2021
Abstract: We propose a high-sensitivity magnetometry scheme based on a diamond Raman laser with visible pump absorption by an ensemble of coherently microwave driven negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centres (NV − ) in the same diamond crystal. The NV − centres’ absorption and emission are spin-dependent. We show how the varying absorption of the NV − centres changes the Raman laser output. A shift in the diamond Raman laser threshold and output occurs with the external magnetic field and microwave driving. We develop a theoretical framework with steady-state solutions to describe the effects of coherently driven NV − centres including the charge state switching between NV − and its neutral charge state NV 0 in a diamond Raman laser. We discuss that such a laser working at the threshold can be employed for magnetic field sensing. In contrast to previous studies on NV − magnetometry with visible laser absorption, the laser threshold magnetometry method is expected to have low technical noise, due to low background light in the measurement signal. For magnetic-field sensing, we project a shot-noise limited DC sensitivity of a few pT / H z in a well-calibrated cavity with realistic parameters. This sensor employs the broad visible absorption of NV − centres and unlike previous laser threshold magnetometry proposals it does not rely on active NV − centre lasing or an infrared laser medium at the specific wavelength of the NV − centre’s infrared absorption line.
Environmental factors effecting the germination and seedling emergence of two populations of an aggressive agricultural weed; Nassella trichotoma
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-07-2018
Species persistence and natural recruitment after 14 years in a restoration planting on ex‐rainforest land in north‐east Queensland
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2008
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-11-2021
Abstract: Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
Photosynthetic activity and water use efficiency of Salvia verbenaca L. under elevated CO2 and water‐deficit conditions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JAC.12613
Abstract: Investigating the combined effects of elevated CO 2 concentration and water‐deficit on weed plants is crucial to gaining a thorough understanding of plant performance and modifying agricultural processes under changing climate conditions. This study examined the effect of elevated CO 2 concentration and water‐deficit conditions on leaf gas exchange, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency and the photosystem II (PSII) activity of two Salvia verbenaca L., varieties. These varieties were grown under two CO 2 concentrations (ambient conditions of 400 ppm and elevated conditions of 700 ppm) and two water regimes (well‐watered [100% field capacity] and water‐deficit conditions [60% field capacity]) in laboratory growth chambers. For 12 days, at 2‐day intervals, (i) leaf gas exchange parameters (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate (E) and intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci)), (ii) water use efficiency (WUE), (iii) intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE), (iv) instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and (v) PSII activity (fluorescence, quantum yield of PSII, photochemical efficiency of PSII, photochemical quenching and photosynthetic electron transport) were measured. Water‐deficit conditions had negative effects on studied parameters of both varieties, whereas elevated CO 2 concentration had positive effects on the gas exchange, water use efficiency and PSII activity of both. Salvia verbenaca varieties grown under water‐deficit conditions from Day 0 to Day 5 showed a partial recovery in most of the parameters when the resumption of the well‐watered regime was reinstituted on Day 6. Salvia verbenaca varieties grown under water‐deficit conditions were re‐watered on day 6 and indicated a partial recovery in all the parameters. A comparison of the two varieties showed that var. vernalis recorded higher values of gas exchange, quantum yield of PSII and photochemical efficiency of PSII than var. verbenaca, but the water use efficiency of var. verbenaca was higher than that of var. vernalis. These differences serve to illustrate the complexity of such studies and suggest that a detailed understanding of the nature of weed infestations is essential if optimum management control is to be practiced. Elevated CO2 concentration mitigated the adverse effects of water‐deficit conditions and thereby enhanced the adaptive mechanism of this weed by improving its water use efficiency. It is thus likely that S. verbenaca has the potential to take advantage of climate change by increasing its relative competitiveness with other plants in drought‐prone areas, suggesting that it could significantly expand its invasive range under such conditions.
Environmental factors affecting the germination and emergence of white horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.): A weed of arid-zone areas
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/RJ17121
Abstract: White horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.), is a troublesome weed of arid zones, particularly in cropping and grazing areas. Understanding the seed ecology of white horehound is relevant to its management. The present study investigated the effects of temperature, light, osmotic potential, salinity, pH, and seeding depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of white horehound. Seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures, with highest germination (100%) occurring at 25/20°C in either 12-h alternating light/dark or complete darkness. Germination decreased from 92% to 10% as the osmotic potential decreased from 0 to minus 0.6 MPa and germination was completely inhibited at minus 0.8 MPa. Increasing concentration of sodium chloride (salinity) from 50 to 150 mM reduced germination from 68% to 11% but was completely inhibited at 200 mM. Germination was not limited by variation of pH in solutions of pH 5 to pH 10. Maximum germination (99%) occurred at pH 7, but slightly decreased (90%) in acidic or alkaline media. Surface located seeds were highly germinable (87%) where seedling emergence significantly declined as seeding depth increased from 0.5 to 3 cm. Nil seedling emergence was occurred at 4 cm burial depth. Light significantly affected germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time and germination index. Increasing osmotic and salinity stress both significantly increased the time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, but decreased germination index. Burial depth adversely affected seedling emergence with surface located seedlings emerging earlier (4.2 days) compared with 20 days for seeds buried at 3 cm. Results suggest that effective management of white horehound should consider targeting surface located seeds in combination with tools that induce minimal soil disturbance, particularly in relatively non-saline environments.
The Unquantified Risk of Post-Fire Metal Concentration in Soil: a Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-04-2017
Amplification by stimulated emission of nitrogen-vacancy centres in a diamond-loaded fibre cavity
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 28-09-2020
Abstract: Laser threshold magnetometry using the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV − ) centre in diamond as a gain medium has been proposed as a technique to dramatically enhance the sensitivity of room-temperature magnetometry. We experimentally explore a diamond-loaded open tunable fibre-cavity system as a potential contender for the realisation of lasing with NV − centres. We observe lification of the transmission of a cavity-resonant seed laser at 721 nm when the cavity is pumped at 532 nm and attribute this to stimulated emission. Changes in the intensity of spontaneously emitted photons accompany the lification, and a qualitative model including stimulated emission and ionisation dynamics of the NV − centre captures the dynamics in the experiment very well. These results highlight important considerations in the realisation of an NV − laser in diamond.
Nitrate import-export dynamics in groundwater interacting with surface-water in a wet-tropical environment
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1071/SR09120
Abstract: Solute import–export dynamics in groundwater (GW) systems interacting with surface-water are complex, particularly under farming systems receiving high fertiliser esticide inputs in high rainfall regions. We investigated whether any linkage existed between nitrate-N in: (i) leachate (LC) collected at ~1 m depth under banana (Musa) and that in GW, and (ii) GW and drain-water (DW). We also assessed the hazard/risk of the concentrations against the trigger values proposed for the sustainable health of different aquatic ecosystems. The LC, GW, and DW s les were collected at short intervals during 3 consecutive rainy seasons (January–July) from a ~300-ha banana farm in the wet tropical Tully River Catchment in north-east Queensland, Australia. Water s les were analysed for nitrate-N, dissolved organic carbon, and electrical conductivity. The coefficients of variation, ranging from 13 to132%, obtained for solute concentrations in LC, GW, and DW indicated large within- and between-season temporal variations. The mean nitrate-N concentrations in LC, GW, and DW were 5320, 4135, and 1976 μg/L, respectively, and were orders of magnitude higher than the trigger values proposed for the sustainable health of most of the neighbouring aquatic ecosystems. Significant positive associations, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.56 to 0.96, existed between rainfall received and LC volume collected, and between LC volume and solute concentration, including nitrate-N, in the LC. Similar associations existed between the solutes in (i) LC and GW and (ii) GW and DW. From these associations we conclude the unused/under-utilised nitrate that leached below the root-zone was imported into the GW by the percolating rainwater and was exported into the drain via GW base-flow discharge.
Characterizing selected soil attributes of different land-use management to assess reforestation benefits of deforested riparian buffers
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2018
Comparison of techniques to control the aggressive environmental invasive species Galenia pubescens in a degraded grassland reserve, Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-11-2018
Microwave quantum optics as a direct probe of the Overhauser field in a quantum dot circuit quantum electrodynamics device
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 07-01-2021
Stochastic Bloch-Redfield theory: Quantum jumps in a solid-state environment
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 19-11-2013
Implications of narrow crop row spacing in managing weeds in mungbean (Vigna radiata)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Seed germination response of a potential rangeland weed Psilocaulon granulicaule to selected environmental conditions
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1071/BT20060
Abstract: Studies show that just over 620 non-native naturalised plant species have been recorded within the Australian rangelands, some of which have a capacity to cause significant impacts on rangeland flora and grazing activity. Although Psilocaulon granulicaule (Haw.), Schwantes is listed as a highly invasive environmental weed species, there has been no previous research into its seed ecology. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, light, pH, water stress, heat-shock, and salinity on the germination of P. granulicaule. In this study, four temperature regimes covering four different day and night temperature variations (17–7°C, 25–15°C, 30–25°C and 40–30°C) and two light regimes (12-h light–12-h dark, 24-h dark) were investigated. The effects of pH, water stress, heat-shock and salinity were investigated, using pH buffers, polyethylene glycol solutions, three heat shock events under four temperatures and a range of NaCl solutions. These tests were conducted under the identified optimum temperature range (25/15°C) and light regime for seed germination. The results showed that both temperature and photoperiod significantly influenced the germination rate, with 94.2% germination in the 25–15°C range under a 12-h light-12-h dark regime. Higher temperatures (30–40°C) reduced seed germination to & % germination in both light regimes (57.5%, 12-h light-12-h dark 54.17%, 24-h dark). The highest germination rates were observed in low pH solutions, high moisture levels, low heat-shocks and low salinity. The study showed that this species is sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, light, pH, moisture, heat shock and salinity, suggesting that these factors can be used as critical indicators to guide effective management practices to address this weed problem. Given that seeds are sensitive to radiant heat, burning could be used as a tool to effectively manage this species.
Emerging Challenges and Opportunities for Education and Research in Weed Science
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 05-09-2017
Ecology, distribution and control of the invasive weed Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav.: A global review of current and future challenges
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-10-2020
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12449
Modelling the effects of water-point closure and fencing removal: A GIS approach
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2012.03.014
Abstract: Artificial water-points in the form of troughs or ground tanks are used to augment natural water supplies within rangelands in many parts of the world. Access to such water-points leads to the development of a distinct ecological sub-system, the piosphere, where tr ling and grazing impact modify the vegetation. This study aims to consolidate existing information in a GIS based model to investigate grazing patterns within the landscape. The model focuses on the closure of water-points and removal of fences on Nanya Station, New South Wales, Australia. We found that the manipulation of water-points and fences in one management intervention may change grazing activity in a way different to that which would be experienced if each had been modified separately. Such effects are further modified by the spatial distribution of the water-points and the underlying vegetation.
Weed management for landscape scale restoration of global temperate grasslands
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-11-2020
DOI: 10.1002/LDR.3802
Abstract: Globally, temperate grasslands have been significantly degraded as a result of urbanisation, grazing and agriculture. Weeds now dominate most of these ecosystems, resulting in the loss of ecosystem services, reduced carrying capacity for farmers, and reduction of habitat for native plants and animals. This paper reviews the literature relating to temperate grassland restoration efforts across the globe, noting which techniques and combinations have been used successfully to reduce weed dominance and promote native recruitment and establishment. This review concludes that, using a combination of four restoration techniques, provided the highest level of success, with the caveat that, ongoing weed management should be budgeted for in all projects. There is no single optimal method for restoration and weed control, with success depending on specific site conditions and the scope and aims of particular projects. However, any form of target plant transfer was observed to significantly enhance the restoration's success and reduce exotic plant biomass. There is clearly a need for an increase in long‐term monitoring of restoration projects in order to make more confident assumptions.
Responses of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) to the stem gall-inducing weevil Conotrachelus albocinereus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Publisher: Schweizerbart
Date: 06-12-2002
Herbicide efficacy for aquatic Alternanthera philoxeroides management in an early stage of invasion: integrating above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and viable stem fragmentation
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-07-2017
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12257
Factors affecting seed germination of feather fingergrass (Chloris virgata)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2016
Abstract: Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effect of several environmental factors on seed germination of feather fingergrass, one of the most significant emerging weeds in warm regions of the world. Seed germination occurred over a broad range of temperatures (17/7, 25/10, and 30/20 C), but germination being highest at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C under both 12 h light/12 h dark and 24 h dark conditions. Although seed germination was favored by light, some seeds were capable of germinating in the dark. Increasing salt stress decreased seed germination until complete inhibition was reached at 250-mM sodium chloride. Germination decreased from 64 to 0.7% as osmotic potential decreased from 0 to −0.4 MPa, and was completely inhibited at −0.6 MPa. Higher seed germination ( 73%) was observed in the range of pH 6.4 to 8 than the other tested pH levels. Heat shock had a significant effect on seed germination. Germination of seeds placed at 130 C for 5 min was completely inhibited for both dry and presoaked seeds. The results of this study will help to develop protocols for managing feather fingergrass, and to thus avoid its establishment as a troublesome weed in economically important cropping regions.
An assessment of riparian restoration outcomes in two rural catchments in south‐western V ictoria: Focusing on tree and shrub species richness, structure and recruitment characteristics
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/EMR.12103
Derivation of Markovian master equations for spatially correlated decoherence
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 29-05-2013
Biology, distribution and control of the invasive species Ulex europaeus (Gorse): A global synthesis of current and future management challenges and research gaps
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2021
DOI: 10.1111/WRE.12491
Abstract: Ulex europaeus (Gorse) is one of the most invasive shrubs in the world, being now found in more than 50 countries where it economically and environmentally degrades the land. This highly versatile shrub can live more than 30 years and produce over 18,000 fertile seeds annually that can remain viable for over 30 years. Ulex europaeus spread is facilitated by its ability to germinate in a wide range of conditions, quick growth and maturing rate and several seed dispersal mechanisms. Despite extensive research and attempts at managing U. europaeus , current rates of control are not adequate to limit the species’ competitiveness and impact on the environment. This has resulted in the species altering soil and landscape dynamics in areas of major invasion, inhibiting the growth of agricultural and native species, creating shelter for pest species and reducing the richness of competing species at a site, all of which contribute to the economic and environmental degradation of the land. This review highlights that herbicide application is the most successful technique used to control U. europaeus , although it has shown varying success across different climatic regions. In this regard, future research should investigate the possibility of integrating a range of techniques (competition, fire management, grazing, manual removal and mycoherbicides) to increase control success and reduce any potential risk of herbicide resistance. Further research is also required on the maintenance of longer‐term viable populations of biological control agents to limit the success of this invasive species. Bridging the identified research gaps will help to facilitate the improved long‐term management of U. europaeus and help land managers confidently to maintain sustainable land systems.
Does Climate Play Any Role in COVID-19 Spreading?—An Australian Perspective
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-08-2021
Abstract: Compared to other countries, the COVID-19 pandemic did not severely affect Australia as measured by total deaths until mid-2021. Though a substantial number of daily confirmed cases (up to 698) were reported during the second wave, most of them were from the southern state of Victoria. This study examined the possible correlations between climate variables and the number of daily confirmed COVID-19 cases in Victoria, Australia, from 25 January to 31 October 2020. Appropriate regression models and cross-correlation diagnostics were used to examine the effect of temperature, rainfall, solar exposure, and ultraviolet index (UVI) with the number of daily confirmed cases. Significant positive associations were identified for solar exposure and maximum and average UVI for confirmed cases one and 19 days later. Negative associations for these variables were found for confirmed cases five days later. Minimum temperature had a significant negative correlation one day later and a positive effect 21 days later. No significant correlation was found for maximum temperature and rainfall. The most significant relationships were found for confirmed cases 19 days after changes in the meteorological variables. A 1% increase in solar exposure, maximum UVI, and average UVI was associated with a 0.31% (95% CI: 0.13 to 0.51), 0.71% (95% CI: 0.43 to 0.98), and 0.63% (95%CI: 0.20 to 1.61) increase 19 days later in the number of confirmed cases, respectively. The implications of these results can be used in the public health management of any possible future events in Australia. It also highlights the significance of considering the climatic variables and seasonality in all kinds of epidemics and pandemics.
Observations on survival and early growth of natural regeneration in floodplain coolibah Eucalyptus victrix (Myrtaceae) in the Pilbara, Western Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1071/RJ04010
Abstract: Observations are presented on the natural regeneration of Eucalyptus victrix L. Johnson and K. Hill (coolibah), the dominant tree species of grassy woodlands on the floodplain of the Fortescue River, north of Newman in the Pilbara district of Western Australia. The main objectives of this study were to examine: (i) survival of newly recruited E. victrix seedlings on flooded and burnt sites, and (ii) growth and survival of established plants in a gilgaied landscape. Populations of newly-recruited seedlings following flooding or fire were monitored opportunistically at 'Marillana' and 'Ethel Creek' stations, for up to two years from tagging. A population of saplings at 'Roy Hill' station was observed over eight years. Seedling densities of E. victrix in flooded sites were 0.32 and 1.03 plants/m2 in 1995 and 1997 respectively. Locally high densities reached from 1.2 to 17.7 plants/m2 on areas of 28 and 6 m2 respectively. At the burnt site at 'Ethel Creek', 1.30 plants/m2 were observed where 58 seedlings were recorded on an area of 445 m2 a year after a natural fire. Many of these persisted well into their second year, whereas seedlings recruited in the flooded sites generally lasted less than a year (250-376 days). In contrast, persistence of a cohort of 100 established saplings 2 m tall in a gilgaied landscape at 'Roy Hill' was high. During 8 years of observations, only one sapling was lost. Those found at the edges of gilgais had attained greater heights (3.91 � 1.14 m) than saplings located inside (3.16 � 0.95 m) or on top (3.12 � 0.93 m) of the gilgais. This study demonstrates that the seedling stage in E. victrix is critical, in that once newly recruited in iduals reach the sapling stage (0.611 m), mortality rates are much reduced. Unfortunately, it was not possible during the course of this study to locate a cohort of young seedlings that did survive and so any consideration of the conditions necessary for their survival is purely speculative.
Germination biology of four climatically varied populations of the invasive species African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-01-2021
DOI: 10.1017/WSC.2020.99
Abstract: African lovegrass [ Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees] is a highly invasive C 4 perennial grass that threatens global bio ersity. Appropriate management of this species has been h ered by a lack of knowledge concerning its seed ecology, resulting in significant economic and environmental impacts within various environments. Consequently, this study explored the effects of a selection of environmental factors (photoperiod, alternating temperature, pH, and salinity) by analyzing several measures of germination on four geographically distinct populations of E. curvula to assist in its extirpation from infested sites. Seeds were collected in Australia from Maffra and Shepparton, VIC Tenterfield, NSW and Midvale, WA. Key results showed that seeds from Maffra (54% vs. 79%), Tenterfield (38% vs. 61%), and Shepparton (34% vs. 71%) had significantly reduced germination in complete darkness compared with an alternating 12-h light and 12-h dark photoperiod, whereas Midvale had consistent germination (91% vs. 99%). Temperatures between 17/7 C reduced germination for Maffra (42% vs. 73%), Tenterfield (34% vs. 55%), and Shepparton (33% vs. 59%) compared with the mean of all other temperature combinations, whereas Midvale had consistent germination. Furthermore, germination for all populations was consistent between pH 4 and 9. For salinity, germination was significantly reduced at ≥100 mM for Maffra (29% vs. 67%), ≥150 mM for Tenterfield (29% vs. 94%) and Shepparton (39.5% vs. 81.5%), and 250 mM for Midvale (39% vs. 82%) compared with the mean of all other concentrations. Although each trial was conducted independently, the data can be used to generate species-targeted management. Such strategies include maintaining high levels of quarantine and hygiene programs to avoid future spread where practical, applying light-limiting strategies (mulching, tilling, or scraping) for the Maffra, Tenterfield, and Shepparton populations and maintaining management efforts year-round, as the species can germinate under a wide range of conditions.
Decade-long response of arid-land mallee vegetation to fire, flooding and grazing in south-eastern Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
Metabolite mobilization in the stem galls of Parthenium hysterophorus induced by Epiblema strenuana inferred from the signatures of isotopic carbon and nitrogen and concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrates
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-04-2006
Stimulated emission from nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-01-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS14000
Evaluation of Florpyrauxifen-benzyl for the control of Cyperus aromaticus (Navua sedge)
Publisher: Advances in Weed Science
Date: 2022
Evaluation of alternative approaches to rainforest restoration on abandoned pasturelands in tropical North Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1002/LDR.586
Rainfall-driven Episodic Flood Events: are they a major factor in moulding New South Wales arid land vegetation patterns?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2005
Winter diet of introduced red deer (Cervus elaphus) in woodland vegetation in Grampians National Park, western Victoria
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1071/AM14013
Abstract: Although red deer (Cervus elaphus) have the potential to play a major role in influencing the structure and composition of vegetation, little is known about the dietary preferences of red deer in Australia. In the Gr ians National Park, Victoria, where there is a large, established red deer population, there has been concern over the condition of woodlands, with lack of perennial seedling recruitment observed. We estimated the diets of 12 red deer using macroscopic sorting techniques. We examined rumen contents of seven male and five female red deer from four woodland Ecological Vegetation Classes, which indicate that they act as intermediate feeders. A wide variety of plants were ingested, with evergreen tree species, small trees and woody shrubs making up a large proportion of the diet, along with grasses. This study found that red deer show significantly different dietary intake due to sex, with females consuming a diet much higher in grasses, while males consume more trees and shrubs. These findings have implications for the management of red deer populations within the park and broader implications for their effects on Australian ecosystems.
Dual-probe decoherence microscopy: Probing pockets of coherence in a decohering environment
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 06-02-2011
Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Control of the Invasive Weed, Lactuca serriola L. (Wild Lettuce): A Global Review
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-10-2021
Abstract: Lactuca serriola L. (wild lettuce) is a highly invasive C3 weed in many countries, including Australia, Canada, and the USA. This weed is a severe threat to agricultural systems, especially in crops grown with reduced or no-tillage approaches, which commonly include wheat, cereals and pulses. Owing to the vertical orientation of its leaves in the north-south plane and its root architecture, L. serriola can maintain high water use efficiency under drought conditions, giving it the ability to expand its range under a drying climate. Each plant can produce up to 100,000 seeds which have no primary dormancy and form a short-term seedbank lasting up to three years. Most seedlings emerge in autumn and overwinter as a rosette, with a small flush of emergence in spring depicting staggered germination. Research into control methods for this weed has been performed, and these methods include chemical herbicides applied alone and in combination, the establishment of plant competition, tillage, mowing and bioherbicide. Herbicides can provide effective control when applied in the seedling or rosette stage however, spring germination is difficult to control, as it skips the rosette stage. Some biotypes are now resistant to ALS inhibitor and synthetic auxins, causing concern regarding using herbicides. A dedicated integrated management plan for 3–4 years is recommended for the control of this troublesome species. This review will explore the biology, ecology, distribution, current control techniques and previous research on this weed, allowing us to make recommendations for its future research and management.
Germination biology of three populations of Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-11-2020
DOI: 10.1017/WSC.2020.82
Abstract: Navua sedge [ Cyperus aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf. & Kük.] is an aggressive perennial sedge native to equatorial Africa that has become problematic in many Pacific islands and wet, tropical Queensland, Australia. It has had a significant impact on the livestock-grazing industry, sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) and banana ( Musa acuminata Colla) plantations, and various other ecosystems. A laboratory-based research investigation was conducted to understand germination and emergence requirements under various environmental conditions of three geographically varied populations sourced from South Johnstone (SJ), Mackay (M) and Nyleta Creek (NC) in Queensland. Germination was identified to be stimulated by light, with no germination recorded under darkness. Populations SJ and NC had optimal germination at alternating temperatures of 25/15, 30/20, and 35/25 C, whereas population M had optimal germination at 25/15 and 30/20 C. All populations recorded greater than 85% germination at all pH levels tested. Seeds of population SJ were more sensitive to salinity compared with populations M and NC, with SJ showing no germination at 100 mM, whereas populations M and NC had 23% and 9% germination, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between osmotic potential and germination, with no germination recorded at osmotic potentials below −0.8 MPa in any population, indicating moisture availability is a critical requirement for germination. Exposing seeds to 120 C radiant heat completely inhibited germination in populations M and NC, whereas 3% of population SJ germinated following a 180-s exposure at 120 C. Seedling emergence decreased as planting depth increased. Emergence was greatest for seeds on the soil surface or at 0.5-cm burial depth, consistent with germination being stimulated by light. Knowledge of these biological characteristics of C. aromaticus seed germination will assist in investigation of suitable control actions for this species, particularly in the early stage of its invasion into new areas, and will contribute to significant reduction in the soil seedbank.
Restoration on abandoned tropical pasturelands—do we know enough?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2004
The germinable soil seedbank of Eucalyptus victrix grassy woodlands at Roy Hill station, Pilbara district, Western Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1071/RJ04002
Abstract: The paper reports soil seedbank species composition, of Eucalyptus victrix grassy woodlands, of the upper Fortescue River in the Pilbara District, Western Australia. In this study, our objectives were to investigate germinable soil seedbanks and species composition in response to three simulated seasons, using emergence. Variation in seed density from three depths was tested. Four field sites were s led. Thirty s les were collected in late spring, after seed rain and before summer rainfall. From each s le spot, three soil depths (surface, 1–5, and 6–10 cm) were segregated from beneath surface areas of 100 cm2. S les were later incubated in a glasshouse to simulate three different seasonal conditions (autumn, winter and spring). Germinating seedlings were recorded on emergence and grown until identified. Forty-one species germinated, comprising 11 grasses (7 annuals and 4 perennials), 25 annual herbs and 5 perennial herbs. Distribution patterns of germinable seed in both the important annual grass Eragrostis japonica and the perennial Eragrostis setifolia (a preferred cattle fodder species), suggest that seedbank accumulation differs among species and between sites. In part, this may be associated with the absence of grazing. Species with most total germinable seed were E. japonica (Poaceae 603/m2), and the annual herbs Calotis multicaulis (Asteraceae 346/m2), and Mimulus gracilis (Scrophulariaceae 168/m2). Perennial grass seed was sparse. Spring simulation gave most germination (1059), followed by autumn (892) and winter (376) sets. Greatest species ersity was produced from the spring simulation (33 species), followed by autumn (26), and winter (22). Of the total germination, 92% came from 17 species that were represented in all three simulations. Of the 1227 grass seedlings counted, most were recruited from the surface soil (735), followed by the 5 (310) and 10 (182) cm depths. Marginally more grass seedlings germinated from the spring simulation (558) than the autumn set (523). Only 11.9% of grass germinants came from the winter simulation. All grass species recruited from the soil seedbanks had a C4 photosynthetic pathway. Except for Cenchrus ciliaris all grass species are native to Australia. Of the four sites s led, one fenced to exclude cattle five years earlier had significantly more germination than the three unfenced sites. Seedbank s ling produced several new records for plants in the areas s led.
An investigation of the soil seedbank and seed germination of perennial species in Belah (Casuarina pauper) woodlands in north-west Victoria
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/BT17160
Abstract: Semiarid and arid woodlands across much of southern Australia have been subject to prolonged high total grazing pressure leading to loss of species ersity and a lack of recruitment of long-lived perennial species. Regeneration of perennial species requires grazing pressure to be maintained at low levels, but gaps remain in our ecological understanding of regeneration potential. The present study investigated the abundance of germinable seed in the soil seedbank in high quality remnants of Casuarina pauper F.Muell. ex L.A.S.Johnson (Belah) woodlands in north-west Victoria. Seed viability and response to six seed pretreatments including dry heat, wet heat, smoky water, soaking in distilled water, cold stratification and sand scarification were also tested to determine whether seed factors may be limiting regeneration. Results suggest that seed viability was not a limiting regeneration factor for nine out of the 10 perennial species tested with the exception of Alectryon oleifolius S.T. Reynolds. Only small amounts of seed from perennial species, largely Chenopodiaceae species and C. pauper, were found in the soil seedbanks of intact sites, suggesting component perennial species do not maintain long-term soil seedbanks. Results suggest that natural recovery of perennial species ersity in depauperate sites will depend on seed dispersal.
Recruitment and functionality traits as bioindicators of ecological restoration success in the Lurg hills district, Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-09-2013
Abstract: The Regent Honeyeater Project commenced ecological restoration in the Lurg district in 1994, with an aim to restore habitats for the critically endangered Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia and a range of other threatened and declining species. Within this context, our study aimed to explore whether plant reproduction can be an effective measure of ecological restoration success. Evaluation involved comparing attributes at unrestored, restored and remnant sites to establish whether sites displayed evidence of a clear restoration trajectory. Five age classes (unrestored, 4–6 years old, 8–10 years old, 12–14 years old and remnant areas) and two landforms (upper hills and lower hills) were considered. The ersity of woody plant species—which have easily recognisable reproductive material and which all recruit seedlings—provides easily measured parameters that have the potential to allow the determination of early establishment success and long-term ecological development of restored ecosystems. Restoration plantings developed in a hybrid state towards a benchmark in the lower hills seedling species composition differed significantly among age classes, increasing in similarity with time since restoration, with some ergence from the target pathway. Composition of functional groups with reproductive outputs was also significantly different among age classes however, a restoration trajectory was only evident in the upper hills where sites converged towards the target goal. Divergence or deviation from the restoration trajectory was not deemed to be a restoration failure, as the variety of functional groups with fruits and ersity of seedlings recruiting indicated a potential increase in resilience in the future due to greater variability across the landscape. Plant recruitment was effective in detecting development trends towards a restoration target in this study and therefore may be a useful measure that contributes to determining ecological restoration success.
The effects of thermal and correlated noise on magnons in a quantum ferromagnet
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 18-09-2018
Effects of prescribed fire and post-fire rainfall on mercury mobilization and subsequent contamination assessment in a legacy mine site in Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2017.09.117
Abstract: Prescribed fire conducted in fire-prone areas is a cost-effective choice for forest management, but it also affects many of the physicochemical and bio-geological properties of the forest soil, in a similar manner to wild fires. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of the mercury mobilization after a prescribed fire and the subsequent temporal changes in concentration. A prescribed fire was conducted in a legacy mine site in Central Victoria, Australia, in late August 2015 and soil s le collection and analyses were carried out two days before and two days after the fire, followed by collection at the end of each season and after an intense rainfall event in September 2016. Results revealed the occurrence of mercury volatilization (8.3-97%) during the fire, and the mercury concentration displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05) before and immediately after the fire. Integrated assessment with number of pollution indices has shown that the study site is extremely contaminated with mercury during all the s ling events, and this poses a serious ecological risk due to the health impacts of mercury on human and ecosystems. In times of climate fluctuation with concomitant increase in forest fire (including prescribed fire), and subsequent precipitation and runoff, the potential for an increased amount of mercury being mobilized is of heighted significance. Therefore, it is recommended that prescribed fire should be cautiously considered as a forest management strategy in any mercury affected landscapes.
Glyphosate resistance of C3 and C4 weeds under rising atmospheric CO2
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 22-06-2016
Related Organisations
Queensland Department Of Natural Resources And Mines
Location: Australia
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