Molecular And Cellular Mechanisms Of Axon Growth And Guidance In The Vertebrate Nervous System
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$467,545.00
Summary
There are millions of nerve cells in the vertebrate brain, each forming very precise and specific connections within neural circuits. During development of the embryo most of these cells are wired together. A Telstra technician will use the different colours of telephone cables to correctly connect them. Likewise, the growing processes of nerve cells in the brain use specific markers or labels as cues to establish the correct wiring. The aim of the present project is to characterize the specific ....There are millions of nerve cells in the vertebrate brain, each forming very precise and specific connections within neural circuits. During development of the embryo most of these cells are wired together. A Telstra technician will use the different colours of telephone cables to correctly connect them. Likewise, the growing processes of nerve cells in the brain use specific markers or labels as cues to establish the correct wiring. The aim of the present project is to characterize the specific role of some of these labels on nerve cells during development. This project will provide new fundamental knowledge about how brain cells are wired together during development of the embryo. This knowledge is essential for establishing strategies to enhance repair of brain cells following ischemic, excitotoxic or mechanical injury.Read moreRead less
Molecular And Cellular Changes Following A Cortical Injury: What Role Do They Play In Regeneration?
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$499,625.00
Summary
Damage to the visual areas of the brain is common after, for example stroke, neurotrauma or hypoxia. The injury often manifests in the form of a scar caused by a specific type of brain cell (astrocyte). This scar acts as a barrier to the cells which transmit information (neurones), preventing re-establishment of connectivity, thus functional recovery. We will see if we can reduce this scar and enhance re-connectivity after injury by blocking some of the molecules that brain cells express.
Developmental Plasticity In The Nonhuman Primate Visual Cortex
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$464,417.00
Summary
A phenomenon that has puzzled many for a number of years is why damage to the visual brain during infancy has far less of an impact on visual capacity than the same lesion suffered later in life. This project hopes to uncover this mystery and see how brain 'wiring' is altered to compensate.
Much of the human brain is devoted to vision, which requires the integrated activity of many interconnected areas of the cerebral cortex. Damage to these areas is a relatively common complication of preterm delivery and- or perinatal conditions including trauma and infection. The severity of both the short- and long-term effects of these lesions appears to be related to the time of the damage. The aim of this project is to investigate the way in which the multiple visual areas of the brain devel ....Much of the human brain is devoted to vision, which requires the integrated activity of many interconnected areas of the cerebral cortex. Damage to these areas is a relatively common complication of preterm delivery and- or perinatal conditions including trauma and infection. The severity of both the short- and long-term effects of these lesions appears to be related to the time of the damage. The aim of this project is to investigate the way in which the multiple visual areas of the brain develop and become 'wired' together in the period following birth. We will also determine if there are mechanisms which allow alternate routes to be found for processing visual information while the brain is still establishing connections between its multiple areas. This will allow us to understand the anatomical and physiological bases of the deficits caused by early damage to the visual areas of the brain, and perhaps point to strategies that will lead to improved recovery of visual function.Read moreRead less
Mechanisms Of Lesion Localization In Multiple Sclerosis
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$411,228.00
Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects all areas of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system or CNS), leading to a huge variety of clinical symptoms and signs, depending upon which parts of the CNS are affected. MS affects about 2 million people worldwide, with the onset of disease often between 20-40 years of age, at a time when family and work commitments are often at their peak. There is no cure for MS, and most people who develop this disease become more and more ....Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects all areas of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system or CNS), leading to a huge variety of clinical symptoms and signs, depending upon which parts of the CNS are affected. MS affects about 2 million people worldwide, with the onset of disease often between 20-40 years of age, at a time when family and work commitments are often at their peak. There is no cure for MS, and most people who develop this disease become more and more disabled over their lifetime. MS is an autoimmune disease, i.e. one's own immune system starts to see the CNS as something foreign that needs to be targetted and eliminated. Previously, it has been considered that there are no particular reasons why people with MS develop lesions in the specific parts of the CNS that they do, i.e. it has been thought to be a fairly random event. However, we have recently shown that there are clear correlations between the development of lesions in some parts of the CNS, the particular molecules within the CNS that are being targetted by the immune system, and some genes that control the immune system that are carried by people with MS. The aim of the current study is to work out the mechanism(s) by which autoimmune reactivity targets lesions to different parts of the CNS. We will focus on one target molecule known as myelin proteolipid protein or PLP. People with MS who carry certain immune-related genes are more likely to have immune cells that target PLP, and our work strongly suggests that this subsequently leads to the development of lesions in the brainstem or cerebellum. This work has implications for disease pathogenesis, prognostication and therapy for MS, as a knowledge of patterns of autoimmune reactivity that lead to particular clinical outcomes will improve our ability to give people with MS an idea of they symptoms they might experience and allow specific therapies to be given to patients who will benefit most from them.Read moreRead less
What Factors Affect Lesion Distribution In Multiple Sclerosis And Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis?
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$56,797.00
Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease which affects about 10,000 people in Australia. In MS, a persons own immune system starts to attack specific parts of their brain and spinal cord, causing lesions that prevent nerve impulses from passing from the brain to other parts of the body. The symptoms that people with MS develop can vary from one person to another, depending on where in the brain or spinal cord the lesions occur. Some parts of the brain and spinal cord seem to be m ....Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease which affects about 10,000 people in Australia. In MS, a persons own immune system starts to attack specific parts of their brain and spinal cord, causing lesions that prevent nerve impulses from passing from the brain to other parts of the body. The symptoms that people with MS develop can vary from one person to another, depending on where in the brain or spinal cord the lesions occur. Some parts of the brain and spinal cord seem to be much more susceptible to this attack than others, and the question that this study will address is why do lesions occur where they do in MS? Some preliminary results strongly suggest that there is a link between carrying particular genes that control immune responses, having immune cells that can attack one particular protein in the nervous system called PLP, and developing lesions in parts of the brain that control balance. This will be investigated further, and we will also look for other links between immune cells that can attack other proteins and development of lesions in particular areas. If such links can be identified, they would be very important for improved diagnosis of MS and it would enable more specific treatments for MS to be developed. We will also use experimental models of MS to investigate the exact components within the nervous system and within the immune system that play a role in directing the attack to particular sites.Read moreRead less
Is Non-invasive Management Of Dental Caries In Private Practice Cost-effective? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$325,136.00
Summary
Despite evidence to the contrary, dentists routinely fill decayed teeth that, managed preventively, would be likely to repair (arrest). The probable cost to society of this approach is enormous. Modeling indicates that each new dental filling is likely to cost an average of $1811 (US) over the life-cycle of a tooth. This figure includes re-treatment costs, and the increased likelihood of more expensive re-treatment in future, such as root canal treatment and tooth crowning. An examination of the ....Despite evidence to the contrary, dentists routinely fill decayed teeth that, managed preventively, would be likely to repair (arrest). The probable cost to society of this approach is enormous. Modeling indicates that each new dental filling is likely to cost an average of $1811 (US) over the life-cycle of a tooth. This figure includes re-treatment costs, and the increased likelihood of more expensive re-treatment in future, such as root canal treatment and tooth crowning. An examination of the societal costs involved is likely to reveal this amount to be an under-estimate; consider the costs borne by sectors outside health: days lost to work, lost productivity. Further, we should consider costs to families: travel time and costs, childcare, the opportunity cost of items forgone in order to pay for the dental treatment. Despite this, a recent systematic review of dental caries prevention concluded 'there is presently no proof, in published economic evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of caries-preventive measures'. The authors highlighted a lack of methodologically sound studies. This research will compare a targeted preventive program to standard care within private dental practices. Prior to an alternative approach being introduced, an assessment of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness is needed. It is through such assessment that the value of the comparator can be assessed and our precious health dollars saved. The radical surgical approach (filling) that evolved to deal with the caries problem is entrenched in both public and private institutions that teach and deliver dental care. The strategic element is to reorient the services provided by general practices towards to goal of delivering a substantial reduction in the need to drill teeth, while maximizing the opportunity for a non-invasive remineralization approach that has been successfully demonstrated in in-vitro, in-vivo, and in small scale clinical trials.Read moreRead less