Synaptic Integration And Plasticity In The Rat Piriform Cortex
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$250,500.00
Summary
The human cerebral cortex is the pinnacle of evolution. It is the most complex structure known, responsible for all of those skills - like language and reasoning - that make our species so remarkable. It is also a major site of many brain diseases, like schizophrenia and epilepsy. An understanding of how the cerebral cortex works would be a remarkable achievement, of immeasurable benefit to human health. How can one go about studying such a complex structure? The strategy taken in this project i ....The human cerebral cortex is the pinnacle of evolution. It is the most complex structure known, responsible for all of those skills - like language and reasoning - that make our species so remarkable. It is also a major site of many brain diseases, like schizophrenia and epilepsy. An understanding of how the cerebral cortex works would be a remarkable achievement, of immeasurable benefit to human health. How can one go about studying such a complex structure? The strategy taken in this project is to begin by studying one of the simplest regions of the cerebral cortex, the olfactory (or piriform) cortex. The olfactory cortex is an evolutionarily ancient region of cortex, with a simpler architecture than other cortical regions. Its task is to process the sense of smell, a primitive sense that is more elaborated in lower animals than in humans. The broad goal of our research is to understand, by studying the olfactory cortex of rats, how olfactory processing occurs at the level of nerve cells (neurons). We will use a number of powerful techniques - including microelectrode recording and laser microscopy - to measure the electrical properties of individual neurons. We will also study the synaptic connections between neurons, and how these connections change following memory-inducing stimuli. It is hoped that this work will shed light on how the healthy cortex is able to process and store information, and how brain diseases cause these functions to deteriorate.Read moreRead less
Mechanisms Of Cortical Plasticity And Facilitation Of Functional Recovery Following Stroke
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$427,500.00
Summary
Specific regions of the human brain have been shown to reorganise following damage to the brain or peripheral nerves. This reorganisation is seen in both young and older subjects and is thought to be useful in helping to restore function. For example, following a stroke a patient may, initially, be unable to move one arm. However, in the following weeks and months some function may return. A number of mechanisms may be responsible for this improvement. However, it is likely that at least some of ....Specific regions of the human brain have been shown to reorganise following damage to the brain or peripheral nerves. This reorganisation is seen in both young and older subjects and is thought to be useful in helping to restore function. For example, following a stroke a patient may, initially, be unable to move one arm. However, in the following weeks and months some function may return. A number of mechanisms may be responsible for this improvement. However, it is likely that at least some of the improvement is due to reorganisation within the sensorimotor cortex. Following the stroke the control of the arm may be taken over by adjacent undamaged regions of the brain. This reorganisation allows impressive functional recoveries to occur. We have preliminary evidence to support the idea that patterns of activity generated in peripheral nerves (afferent input) following stroke may be crucial for the development of the organisational changes seen within the brain. We have shown that by applying specific patterns of sensory input we are able to produce organisational changes within the motor cortex of control subjects. Also, we have been able to induce similar changes in stroke patients. These changes have been accompanied by improvements in motor control. These novel and exciting findings support our hypothesis that by applying certain patterns of afferent input to patients following stroke we will be able to facilitate functional recovery by maximising reoganisation within the cortex. In the present project we will establish the organisation patterns in the brain of stroke patients and contrast the findings with control subjects. Secondly we will investigate the potential for facilitating recovery of stroke patients by the application of specific patterns of afferent input. These novel experiments may lead to important therapeutic developments that will benefit the large population of patients suffering strokes.Read moreRead less
I am a neuroscientist, who studies the neural mechanisms responsible for the control of human voluntary movements. My research is aimed at characterising the physiological mechanisms which are responsible for plasticity of the human motor cortical regions
Harnessing Human Motor Cortical Plasticity For Performance And Rehabilitation
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$341,304.00
Summary
Motor learning allows us to interact with our environment and loss of this ability is catastrophic. The reorganisational capacity of the brain can be used to enhance recovery from brain injury. However, our ability to do so is limited by lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. These studies will use novel approaches to investigate how the human brain reorganises during motor skill learning. The outcomes will be important for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Saccadic Eye Movements And The Neural Basis Of Visual Perception
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$570,828.00
Summary
The eye has a restricted central area that has good vision. We must make very frequent eye movements to build up a high resolution picture of a particular image. The term active vision is used to describe the requirement of coordinating the eye movements with the visual system. The study of active vision at the neural level requires experiments that combine single cell recording with behaviour. This study will explore which parts of the brain are involved in active vision in monkeys.
Mechanisms Controlling Interneuron Migration And Layering In The Cortex
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$613,060.00
Summary
This work will increase our understanding of how the brain is assembled and what mechanisms control this process. Understanding this highly orchestrated string of events is vital as abnormal positioning and numbers of neurons are known pathologies in brains of patients with epilepsy and schizophrenia. Using state of the art equipment we can visualize neurons moving in brain slices in real-time and investigate environmental factors involved in this important process.
Functional Mapping Of Autonomic Control Circuits In The Human Brain
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$291,451.00
Summary
Nerves called sympathetic nerves stimulate the heart and raise blood pressure. The brain drives them when we are excited or frightened. It also over-drives them in cardiovascular diseases, and this makes matters worse. This project will use MRI brain scanning to investigate, for the first time, how the cerebral cortex and brain stem act together to control sympathetic nerves. Understanding how this system works normally will help tell us how it may malfunction, and what we can do to correct it.
The Role Of Rnd Genes During Cortical Neurogenesis And Cell Migration
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$410,384.00
Summary
In order for the brain to function properly, tens of billions of neurons within it first have to be born, then find their proper location before connecting with other neurons in a highly ordered fashion. Failure of these key processes heavily impacts on subsequent brain function, and have been shown to underlie several disorders including epilepsy. This study will investigate how members of the Rnd gene family control cell production and positioning within the developing brain.
Gene-environment Interactions And Experience-dependent Plasticity In The Healthy And Diseased Cerebral Cortex
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$249,250.00
Summary
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating illness in which movement disorders (including chorea) and mental problems progress for 10-20 years after onset, and inevitably lead to death. HD is caused by an expansion in a repeating segment of DNA in a single gene and is inherited by 50% of the offspring of sufferers. Despite this strong genetic factor, we have recent evidence from a mouse model, in which the human HD gene mutation has been inserted into the mouse genome, supporting a role for envi ....Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating illness in which movement disorders (including chorea) and mental problems progress for 10-20 years after onset, and inevitably lead to death. HD is caused by an expansion in a repeating segment of DNA in a single gene and is inherited by 50% of the offspring of sufferers. Despite this strong genetic factor, we have recent evidence from a mouse model, in which the human HD gene mutation has been inserted into the mouse genome, supporting a role for environmental factors in disease onset and progression. Following on from our work showing that environmental enrichment delays disease and progression in this mouse model of HD, we are using experimental manipulations of the environment to examine effects on brain degeneration and behaviour. This project aims to investigate gene-environment interactions in HD, focusing on dysfunction of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The combination of behavioural, physiological, anatomical and molecular analysis of HD mice will bring us closer to a comprehensive understanding of HD. This will have implications for the development of new therapies for HD. Our environmental enrichment paradigm may also lead to development of occupational therapy strategies for HD and other neurological disorders. There are at least ten other fatal brain disorders which are caused by the same DNA repeat expansion in other genes. New insights into HD will therefore have implications for the understanding and development of therapeutics for these other DNA repeat expansion brain diseases. Furthermore, another devastating brain disorder which, like HD, involves abnormal protein interactions and dysfunction of the cortex, is Alzheimer's disease. Understanding HD may therefore also have implications for our understanding of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, analysing control mice in this project will provide new information on mechanisms of plasticity in the normal cortex, which may underlie learning and memory.Read moreRead less
Neural Mechanisms Associated With Recovery Of Function Following Motor Cortical Lesions
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$196,415.00
Summary
Damage to movement control areas in the brain early in life (e.g. cerebral palsy) or in adulthood (e.g. stroke, tumours) results in motor weakness and loss of skill; over a period of many months there is gradual recovery of function. The neural mechanisms that are associated with functional reorganization of the brain and motor recovery are not well understood. This project plans to use animal experiments to identify the location of regions in the brain that undergo neural reorganization and com ....Damage to movement control areas in the brain early in life (e.g. cerebral palsy) or in adulthood (e.g. stroke, tumours) results in motor weakness and loss of skill; over a period of many months there is gradual recovery of function. The neural mechanisms that are associated with functional reorganization of the brain and motor recovery are not well understood. This project plans to use animal experiments to identify the location of regions in the brain that undergo neural reorganization and compensate for lost function. Following brain lesions detailed mapping of the motor areas of the brain and a careful study of movement disabilities will be performed. The study will attempt to identify changes in motor maps that indicate neural reorganization and relate these changes to motor recovery. The results of this study will be used in future projects to test training programs, drugs and neural prosthesis on neural reorganization and recovery of function. Eventually the information may be used to direct pharmacological and physiotherapeutic interventions, and motor rehabilitation programs for optimal recovery of function.Read moreRead less