Differentiation of effector and tissue regulatory T cells . Regulatory T cells (Tregs) populate almost every organ of the body and play a central role in preventing inflammation and maintaining health. To exercise these functions, Tregs undergo a developmental program, the details of which are poorly known. This project will utilize newly developed biological tools and state-of-the-art technology to uncover the molecular mechanisms that govern Treg development and function. The project will gene ....Differentiation of effector and tissue regulatory T cells . Regulatory T cells (Tregs) populate almost every organ of the body and play a central role in preventing inflammation and maintaining health. To exercise these functions, Tregs undergo a developmental program, the details of which are poorly known. This project will utilize newly developed biological tools and state-of-the-art technology to uncover the molecular mechanisms that govern Treg development and function. The project will generate basic scientific knowledge and new intellectual property that will afford new opportunities for research and development. The outcomes of this project will help to devise strategies to treat diseases such as autoimmunity, cancer and metabolic syndrome, and will thus benefit veterinary and human health.Read moreRead less
Exploring the role and outcomes of employee voice in a hospital setting. This project aims to identify ways to improve patient care and enhance employee wellbeing of healthcare workers through better utilisation of employee voice practices that enable employees to speak up. We aim to do this by identifying and distinguishing between the types of practices used by these workers to speak up on issues concerning working conditions and patient care concerns. The project will identify the determinant ....Exploring the role and outcomes of employee voice in a hospital setting. This project aims to identify ways to improve patient care and enhance employee wellbeing of healthcare workers through better utilisation of employee voice practices that enable employees to speak up. We aim to do this by identifying and distinguishing between the types of practices used by these workers to speak up on issues concerning working conditions and patient care concerns. The project will identify the determinants of speaking up in healthcare and the consequences this voice has for quality of patient care and worker wellbeing. This will have significant benefits for hospital stakeholders, including improved patient care, employee satisfaction and retention, and hospital efficiencies.Read moreRead less
The regulation of desire by bodily state. Many experiences, like food, wine and sex, are pleasurable. These experiences are also desired, but less so when sated. The aim of this proposal is to understand how satiation regulates desire. We propose two memory-based models, and test them using several new experimental approaches. This is significant, not only because poorly regulated desire is linked to many social and economic ills (e.g., over-eating), but also because it is a key part of huma ....The regulation of desire by bodily state. Many experiences, like food, wine and sex, are pleasurable. These experiences are also desired, but less so when sated. The aim of this proposal is to understand how satiation regulates desire. We propose two memory-based models, and test them using several new experimental approaches. This is significant, not only because poorly regulated desire is linked to many social and economic ills (e.g., over-eating), but also because it is a key part of human motivation that is poorly understood. The expected outcome is a new theoretical model of how memory processes interact with bodily signals to generate both sated states and desire. The benefits include a new understanding of how desire is regulated and how and why this might break down.Read moreRead less
To focus on pain or not to focus: WHEN is the question. The experience of pain is a ubiquitous experience, and persistent pain is common and causes enormous personal and
societal burden. Anyone who has been in severe pain will understand that pain captures attention, but the role that attention plays in
increasing pain perception is poorly understood. This project will test a new conceptual model that calls for a change in the paradigm underlying research into attention and pain. We will use nov ....To focus on pain or not to focus: WHEN is the question. The experience of pain is a ubiquitous experience, and persistent pain is common and causes enormous personal and
societal burden. Anyone who has been in severe pain will understand that pain captures attention, but the role that attention plays in
increasing pain perception is poorly understood. This project will test a new conceptual model that calls for a change in the paradigm underlying research into attention and pain. We will use novel experimental tasks in virtual reality environments to address
these important gaps in our knowledge. The project will significantly advance our fundamental understanding of
the role of attention in pain perception and pave the way for translational research to reduce the substantial burden pain causes.Read moreRead less
Understanding psychological processes that inhibit the nocebo effect. The nocebo effect – when negative expectancies trigger adverse outcomes – causes enormous personal and societal harm. Although there have been advances in understanding some of the psychological processes underlying these effects, much less is known about how to inhibit them or the role that social learning plays in producing them. This project uses a new experimental model involving Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation to address ....Understanding psychological processes that inhibit the nocebo effect. The nocebo effect – when negative expectancies trigger adverse outcomes – causes enormous personal and societal harm. Although there have been advances in understanding some of the psychological processes underlying these effects, much less is known about how to inhibit them or the role that social learning plays in producing them. This project uses a new experimental model involving Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation to address these important gaps in our knowledge. The project will significantly advance our fundamental understanding of the nocebo effect and pave the way for translational research to reduce the substantial harm it causes.Read moreRead less
How a ubiquitous endosymbiont of insects protects against pathogens. The project intends to determine the mechanism that underpins pathogen protection in insects. Insects harbour microbial communities in their cells and guts and confer a range of benefits on their hosts. One bacterium, Wolbachia, protects insects against co-infecting pathogens. The release of Wolbachia into mosquito populations is currently being tested as a means to reduce dengue virus transmission to humans. Using innovative e ....How a ubiquitous endosymbiont of insects protects against pathogens. The project intends to determine the mechanism that underpins pathogen protection in insects. Insects harbour microbial communities in their cells and guts and confer a range of benefits on their hosts. One bacterium, Wolbachia, protects insects against co-infecting pathogens. The release of Wolbachia into mosquito populations is currently being tested as a means to reduce dengue virus transmission to humans. Using innovative evolutionary and genetic approaches, the project proposes to elucidate the mechanism of pathogen blocking and ascertain its broader consequences for the host. This knowledge may be critical for maintaining the effectiveness of the biocontrol approach in the field by informing the development of resistance management strategies.Read moreRead less
Lifespan-dependent molecular shaping of the T cell receptor repertoire. Mammals have an intricate and highly complex immune system, whose function alters throughout life. Why and how this occurs is very unclear however, yet remains a crucial question. This project aims to provide fundamental knowledge on how the human lifespan shapes specific T cell receptors and determine molecular mechanisms underlying gain-of-function and loss-of-function during immunologically distinct phases of life. This p ....Lifespan-dependent molecular shaping of the T cell receptor repertoire. Mammals have an intricate and highly complex immune system, whose function alters throughout life. Why and how this occurs is very unclear however, yet remains a crucial question. This project aims to provide fundamental knowledge on how the human lifespan shapes specific T cell receptors and determine molecular mechanisms underlying gain-of-function and loss-of-function during immunologically distinct phases of life. This project will provide analysis of multi-dimensional, high throughput datasets to identify fundamental links between the transcriptional landscape and TCR signatures across human lifespan, thus will significantly answer key immunological questions in the field.Read moreRead less
Decoding the geochemical record of early human fossils. This project aims to reconstruct the infanthood records of early hominin species in South Africa, using cutting-edge geochemical imaging of fossil teeth. The research is at the forefront of human evolution and will transform our understanding of hominin adaptations to their ecological niches. The project will shine light on adaptive strategies of early Homo which allowed our genus to outcompete other hominin species at a time of climate var ....Decoding the geochemical record of early human fossils. This project aims to reconstruct the infanthood records of early hominin species in South Africa, using cutting-edge geochemical imaging of fossil teeth. The research is at the forefront of human evolution and will transform our understanding of hominin adaptations to their ecological niches. The project will shine light on adaptive strategies of early Homo which allowed our genus to outcompete other hominin species at a time of climate variability. The results will pioneer new analytical approaches to extract early-childhood geochemical archives such as breastfeeding behaviour, diet, seasonality and physiological adaptations of each species and thereby gain novel perspectives on the environmental conditions of our ancestors.Read moreRead less