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Herpesviruses infect most Australians and cause recurrent ulcers, birth defects and cancer. Infection lasts lifelong, and spreads to close contacts without obvious clinical signs. Thus disease is hard to prevent. However we can learn much from related animal infections. We have shown that both mouse and human herpesviruses enter mice via cells in the nose. Thus human infections might follow the same route. We will define what body defences work here and whether vaccines can prevent infection.
Human ?-herpesviruses persist for life, cause cancers and emerge with particular virulence when the immune system is weak. Vaccination against them is therefore an important health priority. We have shown for a related ?-herpesvirus of mice that live vaccines protect. Antibody seems to play a major role. We will test whether safer, recombinant vaccines are also sufficient to elicit protective antibody. Thus we can establish a viable strategy for preventing virus-induced human cancers.
Sytemic And Mucosal Functional Antibodies In Protection Against HIV
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$559,501.00
Summary
Only one human HIV vaccine has shown any level of protective efficacy. However the mechanisms behind how this vaccine was protective are still not fully understood. Additionally, HIV is primarily transmitted through mucosal sites, however very little is know about vaccine immune responses at these sites. Thus this proposal aims to further define the mechanisms of antibody protection against HIV at both systemic and mucosal locations, in order to guide future HIV vaccine design efforts.
A vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not yet available. Immune responses that are able to protect against infection are possible, making the production of a vaccine a realistic goal. We have produced a unique HCV vaccine and are now poised to test our vaccine in novel humanised animal models. Our research will allow us to determine the immune responses responsible for providing protection against HCV. Our data will be highly significant for future HCV vaccine studies in humans.
Most individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop progressive liver disease. A vaccine is urgently needed, and needs to mimic the immune responses seen in the minority of individuals who clear infection. However, there are large gaps in our understanding of these responses as most acute infections cause no illness and pass unnoticed. This project will fill these gaps by detailed immunological and virological analysis of a large group of subjects with early infection.
Lodging Resident Memory T Cells Along The Respiratory Tract As An Approach To Protect Against Influenza Virus Infection
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$626,555.00
Summary
We have developed methods to deposit highly protective influenza fighting cells along the respiratory tract and we will apply these principles to develop better influenza virus vaccines
The Influence Of HIV On T Cell Function And Application To Vaccine Design.
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$427,899.00
Summary
Development of a safe, effective vaccine remains the only viable means of abating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic in the long term. Scientists must develop a vaccine that could protect against many diverse HIV strains worldwide. This research aims to understand the ways in which HIV mutates to avoid human immune responses in order to determine how best to design a vaccine. The findings could be applied to other infectious diseases for which vaccines are also needed.
Resolving Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Transmission
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$745,213.00
Summary
To increase the breadth of HIV prevention strategies, it is imperative that we biologically understand how HIV enters our bodies. Through two unique clinical cohorts, we will determine why circumcision is protective and how a commonly acquired sexual transmitted infection (human papilloma virus) can increase HIV transmission.
Intrinsic Host Antiviral Activity Against Pathogenic Filoviruses
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$488,754.00
Summary
Bats are a major reservoir for deadly human viruses including Ebola and Marburg virus. In contrast to humans, bats can be infected with these viruses without showing clinical signs of disease. The reason why bats can co-exist with these viruses is unknown. This study will determine if a bat antiviral molecule contributes to limiting virus release compared to the human version that could reveal strategies to prevent and control these deadly viruses in humans.
Identification Of Host Factors That Restrict Influenza Virus Replication In Macrophages
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$566,446.00
Summary
Influenza virus infects different cells in the airways, including immune cells (macrophages) and non-immune cells (epithelial cells). Epithelial cell infection results in virus amplification and release whereas macrophage infection leads to virus destruction. This project will identify cellular factors expressed by macrophages that block virus amplification and release. Identification of novel antiviral factors is an important step towards developing strategies to reduce influenza disease.