The origins of electroreception and nocturnality in the earliest known jawed vertebrates and their bearing on vertebrate diversification. This project aims to discover primary new data to pinpoint the timing, anatomical origins and phylogenetic significance when two key sensory systems first appeared in modern vertebrates: electroreception and specialised nocturnal vision. Such abilities today allow high diversity of vertebrates to co-exist within the same geographical range, for example on trop ....The origins of electroreception and nocturnality in the earliest known jawed vertebrates and their bearing on vertebrate diversification. This project aims to discover primary new data to pinpoint the timing, anatomical origins and phylogenetic significance when two key sensory systems first appeared in modern vertebrates: electroreception and specialised nocturnal vision. Such abilities today allow high diversity of vertebrates to co-exist within the same geographical range, for example on tropical reefs or rainforest communities, through careful temporal niche partitioning where reliance on other sensory systems takes over from vision and olfaction as the principal method of prey detection. This project aims to elucidate how the modern fish diversity was shaped by such significant early evolutionary events.Read moreRead less
Brains frozen in time: vertebrate neural adaptations to invading land . The evolution of terrestrial animals from fish was one of the most significant events in our evolution, yet little is known about how the brain evolved during this transition. This project aims to investigate the major novelties acquired in the evolution of the early vertebrate brain in order to determine the functional reasons for such changes, as well as identifying the timing and environmental factors driving such changes ....Brains frozen in time: vertebrate neural adaptations to invading land . The evolution of terrestrial animals from fish was one of the most significant events in our evolution, yet little is known about how the brain evolved during this transition. This project aims to investigate the major novelties acquired in the evolution of the early vertebrate brain in order to determine the functional reasons for such changes, as well as identifying the timing and environmental factors driving such changes. This project expects to generate new knowledge on the anatomy of the vertebrate brain with improved methods for reconstructing fossil brains to better understand our own neurological evolution. Expected outcomes include enhanced institutional collaborations within Australia, and between Australia, Canada and the USA.Read moreRead less
Resolving evolutionary problems at the fish-tetrapod transition. The project aims to investigate very early Australian tetrapod trackways and conduct fieldwork to resolve the place of origin and timing of the evolution of the first tetrapods. The evolution of fishes to tetrapods was one of the key events in evolution. Studies on Northern Hemisphere fossils place an origin for the group around 380 million years ago. Australian fossils suggest a much older origin. New micro computed tomography dat ....Resolving evolutionary problems at the fish-tetrapod transition. The project aims to investigate very early Australian tetrapod trackways and conduct fieldwork to resolve the place of origin and timing of the evolution of the first tetrapods. The evolution of fishes to tetrapods was one of the key events in evolution. Studies on Northern Hemisphere fossils place an origin for the group around 380 million years ago. Australian fossils suggest a much older origin. New micro computed tomography data from Australian 3-D fossil fishes, combined with study of rare tetrapod gill arch bones, would enable us to determine the origins of tetrapod air-breathing and its ecological setting. The project may facilitate a rewriting of vertebrate evolution's most significant first step.Read moreRead less
Testing our knowledge on the dawn of animal life: evidence from the fossil record against modern ecological and morphological analogues. The Cambrian 'Explosion', half a billion years ago, is regarded as one of the most important events in the history of the Earth, when most major animal groups first appear in the rock record, and for which South Australia has recently become a significant source of spectacular fossils. However, important questions remain regarding their Ediacaran roots, the spe ....Testing our knowledge on the dawn of animal life: evidence from the fossil record against modern ecological and morphological analogues. The Cambrian 'Explosion', half a billion years ago, is regarded as one of the most important events in the history of the Earth, when most major animal groups first appear in the rock record, and for which South Australia has recently become a significant source of spectacular fossils. However, important questions remain regarding their Ediacaran roots, the speed of evolution at the time, and the environments in which the radiation took place. Studying the fossil evidence in the light of present-day ecological frameworks, and in comparison with modern behavioural and morphological analogues, as well as living relatives, can help us better assess our understanding of this first radiation of animals.Read moreRead less
New approaches for protecting stream health in temperate Australia: Devising nutrient and salinity guidelines using diatoms. Salinity and nutrient enrichment are the most significant forms of water quality degradation in Australian lowland rivers. This project will identify the biological effect of the water quality pollution and develop new methods for its assessment. Most importantly, through the identification of water quality "thresholds" which result in reduced biodiversity, better guidelin ....New approaches for protecting stream health in temperate Australia: Devising nutrient and salinity guidelines using diatoms. Salinity and nutrient enrichment are the most significant forms of water quality degradation in Australian lowland rivers. This project will identify the biological effect of the water quality pollution and develop new methods for its assessment. Most importantly, through the identification of water quality "thresholds" which result in reduced biodiversity, better guidelines for maintaining stream health will be developed.Read moreRead less
Bottom-up effects of nutrients on estuarine fish related ecosystems. Over 84% of Australians live within 50 km of the coast, and have large impacts on coastal ecosystems, such as increasing nutrients in estuaries. Nutrients have strong bottom-up effects on fish ecosystems, especially during critical juvenile life history stages. Elevated nutrients can alter fish productivity and sustainability, having ecosystem and social implications. This project will combine experimental evidence with novel a ....Bottom-up effects of nutrients on estuarine fish related ecosystems. Over 84% of Australians live within 50 km of the coast, and have large impacts on coastal ecosystems, such as increasing nutrients in estuaries. Nutrients have strong bottom-up effects on fish ecosystems, especially during critical juvenile life history stages. Elevated nutrients can alter fish productivity and sustainability, having ecosystem and social implications. This project will combine experimental evidence with novel approaches of fatty acid tracers in food-webs and fish otolith (earbone) chemistry, to determine how nutrients affect fish ecosystems, recruitment, and survivorship. This project will provide information needed to create sustainable fisheries, to safeguard Australia's fisheries resources for future generations.Read moreRead less
The role of pulsed water events in structuring marine benthic communities along the southern Australian coastline. Marked differences in benthic community structure have been observed that are associated with pulsed cold-water events, possibly driven by internal wave phenomena. Such events have the potential to act as very important controls on both regional and local patterns of benthic biodiversity. To date, however, their effects and mechanisms of action have never been examined in Australi ....The role of pulsed water events in structuring marine benthic communities along the southern Australian coastline. Marked differences in benthic community structure have been observed that are associated with pulsed cold-water events, possibly driven by internal wave phenomena. Such events have the potential to act as very important controls on both regional and local patterns of benthic biodiversity. To date, however, their effects and mechanisms of action have never been examined in Australia. The fundamental outcome from this project will be the first assessment of the occurrence, geographical extent and ecological consequences of pulsed water phenomena along the southern Australian coastline.Read moreRead less
The interplay between natural and human perturbations in structuring marine habitats. Empirical predictions of which could be the changes to natural habitats caused by human perturbations will increase the ability to prevent irreversible losses of biodiversity. This project will enable the planning of sound strategies for the conservation of valuable ecosystems, such as kelp forests, in view of the massive changes that will likely take place as a consequence of increasing exploitation of marine ....The interplay between natural and human perturbations in structuring marine habitats. Empirical predictions of which could be the changes to natural habitats caused by human perturbations will increase the ability to prevent irreversible losses of biodiversity. This project will enable the planning of sound strategies for the conservation of valuable ecosystems, such as kelp forests, in view of the massive changes that will likely take place as a consequence of increasing exploitation of marine resources and of global climatic changes. The scientific knowledge generated by this project is necessary for a sustainable development of coastal areas, which would guarantee the provision of goods and services to Australian future generations.Read moreRead less
Local and regional investigations into perturbations of marine habitat. Surprising changes to coastal ecology are forecast as increasing physical stresses (e.g. nutrient and sediment runoff) initiate changes to habitat. Lack of information about perturbations remains a major gap in marine ecology and coastal management. Multifactorial experiments will examine perturbations to one of temperate Australia's most widespread subtidal habitats (kelp forests) to test predictions derived from ecologic ....Local and regional investigations into perturbations of marine habitat. Surprising changes to coastal ecology are forecast as increasing physical stresses (e.g. nutrient and sediment runoff) initiate changes to habitat. Lack of information about perturbations remains a major gap in marine ecology and coastal management. Multifactorial experiments will examine perturbations to one of temperate Australia's most widespread subtidal habitats (kelp forests) to test predictions derived from ecological theory. Tests focus on (1) models about abrupt switches of habitat to contrasting states, and (2) responses among regions bearing striking differences in consumer control. These trans-Australian tests may change the way we view one of the world's most extensive temperate coastlines.Read moreRead less
Kelp forest ecosystems near and far: Putting a new theory explaining dynamic ecological systems to the test. Few, if any, ecological models account for the biological diversity and observed vulnerability of ecosystems, from the molecular to the oceanic scale. This project aims to investigate kelp forests in ways that integrate previously disparate approaches to the study of ecosystems in order to prove the value of a novel framework for understanding how broad-scale and local phenomena interrela ....Kelp forest ecosystems near and far: Putting a new theory explaining dynamic ecological systems to the test. Few, if any, ecological models account for the biological diversity and observed vulnerability of ecosystems, from the molecular to the oceanic scale. This project aims to investigate kelp forests in ways that integrate previously disparate approaches to the study of ecosystems in order to prove the value of a novel framework for understanding how broad-scale and local phenomena interrelate to maintain the diversity and function of ecosystems or to provoke their decline, transition or collapse. This new conceptualisation of ecosystem processes will assist in forecasting the consequences of their management and the effects of external stimuli on normally robust systems. Read moreRead less