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Many products are applied to the skin to prevent skin cancer or to treat skin diseases. This project seeks to better understand how we can make such products more affective, safer and appropriate for conditions such as psoriasis. One major component of the grant is concerned with the evaluation of nanotechnology products applied to the skin.
Pharmacology Of Potential Anti-Tumour Agents: Iron Chelators Of The BpT Class
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$585,455.00
Summary
Pharmacology of Potential Anti-Tumour Agents: Iron Chelators of the BpT Class Cancer cells have a high iron requirement for DNA synthesis and many clinical trials showed Fe chelators are effective anti-cancer drugs. Their potential to act as anti-tumour agents has been confirmed by the entrance of Triapine into widespread NCI clinical trials. In this NHMRC Renewal, we will perform pharmacological and preclinical studies to promote the development of BpT chelators as novel anti-tumour agents.
Consumer Co-payments For Subsidised Medicines: Impact On Access And Health Outcomes
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$465,838.00
Summary
Expenditure on pharmaceuticals subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia was >$6.5b in 2003-04. In efforts to ensure that medicine costs remain affordable, the government instituted cost-effectiveness assessments for listing, brand premium policies and generic substitution and consumer copayments. International research suggests copayments may affect vulnerable populations(1-4) and impact adversely on medicine use(10). In Australia, dispensings of essential and di ....Expenditure on pharmaceuticals subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia was >$6.5b in 2003-04. In efforts to ensure that medicine costs remain affordable, the government instituted cost-effectiveness assessments for listing, brand premium policies and generic substitution and consumer copayments. International research suggests copayments may affect vulnerable populations(1-4) and impact adversely on medicine use(10). In Australia, dispensings of essential and discretionary medicines fell immediately after the introduction of copayments for concessional card holders in 1991(5). Subsequent analysis found that low income general beneficiaries bore the greatest burden of copayments, with PBS expenditure accounting for 7.4% of their income, compared with 2.4% for those with high incomes(6). Costs appear to be becoming a barrier to medicine use in Australia, with a 2005 survey of 702 Australian adults who required regular medications finding 22% did not fill a prescription because of cost in the last 2 years(7). Similar results were reported in 2002 for 23% of 844 sicker Australian adults(8). A regional survey of 420 households found 20% reported they did not purchase all of their prescription medicines due to costs(9). Apart from the initial analysis of medication changes in 1991 as a result of copayment introduction(5), no Australian study has assessed the impact of these on medication use, nor on the impact of any changes in medication use on health outcomes. While copayments may effectively reduce the cost burden of the PBS to government, they may have an unintended negative effect if costs are generated elsewhere in the health system through increased hospitalisations or emergency department attendances as a result of omission of medicines. This research will explore the association between increasing copayments, medication and health service utilisation, information critical for informing policy on increasing consumer copayments.Read moreRead less
Within the nervous system, neurons communicate through the release of neurotransmitter chemicals across connections between individual neurons (synapses). Before their release, neurotransmitters are stored inside nerve endings, within small membranous spheres called synaptic vesicles. Neuronal cell shape and the neuron's ability to migrate to different regions of the brain during development affect the way that the adult brain functions. Alterations in any of these brain functions may lead to di ....Within the nervous system, neurons communicate through the release of neurotransmitter chemicals across connections between individual neurons (synapses). Before their release, neurotransmitters are stored inside nerve endings, within small membranous spheres called synaptic vesicles. Neuronal cell shape and the neuron's ability to migrate to different regions of the brain during development affect the way that the adult brain functions. Alterations in any of these brain functions may lead to diseases affecting normal mental function. Ral is a small GTPase enzyme found in brain, and particularly in neurons. Small GTPases are responsible for regulating cell functions by acting as switches, turning biochemical processes on and off inside the cell. Within neurons, Ral is found on the surface of synaptic vesicles, implicating it in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Other Ral functions have been demonstrated in non-neuronal cells that may be of particular significance in neuronal cells. However, no studies have previously investigated Ral function in the nervous system. The research proposed aims to establish what role RalA performs within neuronal cells, and by what biochemical mechanism it performs this role. Techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry and microscopy will be used to establish these functions. This research will lead to increased knowledge of the significance of this protein to cellular, and particularly neuronal cell function. This forms the basis for the understanding normal neuronal function, and for the identification of factors causing diseases of the nervous system. In time, such research aids in the development of specific therapies for sufferers of such diseases of the nervous system.Read moreRead less
Pharmacological Targeting Via AKT, PTEN, And TGF-beta Pathway Integration Using Novel Therapeutics
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$634,875.00
Summary
We have identified potentially important interactions of cellular pathways that vary between individual sufferers, but which also provide common molecular targets for novel drug development. Our suite of novel and potent drugs that markedly and selectively inhibit cancer cell growth will be studied to determine if these pharmaceutical agents act to inhibit tumour cell proliferation by targeting common effector molecules of integrated cellular pathways.
A Novel Tumour-targeting Nanoliposome Drug Delivery System For The Treatment Of Malignant Gliomas
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$445,097.00
Summary
Most patients with malignant brain tumours die within a year after diagnosis due to the difficulty in effectively delivering drugs to the tumour cells. We aim to develop a safe and novel drug delivery system to effectively deliver anticancer drugs and novel anticancer agents to brain tumour cells that remain in normal brain after surgery. The success of this project will bring us a step forward in our efforts to significantly improve the survival rate and quality of life of such patients.
Deconstructing DTCA: Towards A Differentiated Policy Response To Direct-to-Consumer Advertising In Australia.
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$190,760.00
Summary
Spending on prescription pharmaceuticals is the fastest growing part of the health budget. In recent years attention has shifted to the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) on consumer demand and drug costs. Although DTCA is prohibited in Australia, it is clear that different types of DTCA are occurring. This study will examine the nature and range of DTCA, review the benefits and harms of DTCA, and identify the perspectives of major stakeholders regarding DTCA. The study will culmina ....Spending on prescription pharmaceuticals is the fastest growing part of the health budget. In recent years attention has shifted to the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) on consumer demand and drug costs. Although DTCA is prohibited in Australia, it is clear that different types of DTCA are occurring. This study will examine the nature and range of DTCA, review the benefits and harms of DTCA, and identify the perspectives of major stakeholders regarding DTCA. The study will culminate in a national workshop which will develop a differentiated set of recommendations for responding to different types and modes of DTCA. This is likely to lead to better health policy and to resources that may assist consumers and health professionals deal with DTCA.Read moreRead less
Recognition Of Macromolecular Complexes By Cell Surface Receptors: A Novel Mechanism Of Lipid And Drug Absorption
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$398,156.00
Summary
A clear understanding of the mechanisms by which orally ingested materials are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is critical in areas such as nutrition, drug development and toxicology. The current project aims to evaluate the role of specific receptor types in the intestine in the absorption of both dietary lipids and drug molecules, with a view to providing a means to better regulate lipid absorption and to more effectively facilitate the design of improved drug delivery systems.
Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial Of Lithium Carbonate For The Management Of Human Cannabis Withdrawal
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$523,509.00
Summary
This project aims to help dependent cannabis users stop using cannabis by exploring the safety and effectiveness of lithium in reducing the severity of withdrawal that occurs on cessation of use. Participants will be admitted to an inpatient drug treatment unit (Sydney or Lismore) for 7 days and will be randomly assigned to receive either lithium or placebo. Participants receiving lithium are expected to have less severe withdrawal and higher rates of abstinence from cannabis at follow-up.
Factors Regulating The Temporal And Spatial Assembly Of G-protein Coupled Receptor-mediated Arrestin Complexes
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$472,770.00
Summary
G-protein coupled receptors are proteins that are present at the surface of most cells in the human body. They recognise and bind to specific molecules, such as hormones, the act of which results in a specific signal being transmitted into the cell. This signal alters the function of the cell and so it is critical that it is appropriate, both in type and duration. G-protein coupled receptors and the molecules that activate them provide an essential function within the human body for communicatin ....G-protein coupled receptors are proteins that are present at the surface of most cells in the human body. They recognise and bind to specific molecules, such as hormones, the act of which results in a specific signal being transmitted into the cell. This signal alters the function of the cell and so it is critical that it is appropriate, both in type and duration. G-protein coupled receptors and the molecules that activate them provide an essential function within the human body for communicating between cells, and consequently between organs. They are a major mechanism by which nerve signals are transmitted and hormones regulate bodily functions. They are therefore an important target for pharmaceuticals, with up to 50% of ethical drugs and many drugs of abuse acting upon them. It is critical to understand how these receptors alter cellular function once they receive an appropriate signal, but it is also essential to know how such responses are switched off. Arrestins are proteins within cells that interact with G-protein coupled receptors to 'arrest' their signalling. They desensitise the cell to continuous stimulation, but also act to resensitise the cell to respond to future, separate signals. Recently, they have also been shown to provide alternative mechanisms of altering cellular activity by interacting with other cellular proteins. These interactions greatly increase the potential ways in which a cell can respond once a G-protein coupled receptor is activated. Understanding the resulting complexity is essential if we are to fully exploit the vast therapeutic potential of this important receptor family.Read moreRead less