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Research Topic : Oxygen-induced retinopathy
Scheme : NHMRC Strategic Awards
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  • Funded Activity

    Novel Strategies For The Early Identification Provention And Treatment Of The Microvascular Complications Of Diabetes

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $4,715,000.00
    Summary
    Despite recent advances, approximately one third of subjects with type 1 diabetes develop kidney disease and similar proportion develop vision-threatening eye disease. Indeed, in many instances eye and kidney disease occur in the same individual. The central aim of this proposed Special Program is the exploration of mechanisms that lead to the development and progression of these devastating complications of type 1 diabetes with a particular focus on novel strategies, directly applicable to man, .... Despite recent advances, approximately one third of subjects with type 1 diabetes develop kidney disease and similar proportion develop vision-threatening eye disease. Indeed, in many instances eye and kidney disease occur in the same individual. The central aim of this proposed Special Program is the exploration of mechanisms that lead to the development and progression of these devastating complications of type 1 diabetes with a particular focus on novel strategies, directly applicable to man, for their prevention and treatment. Participants in Special Program include both established diabetes researchers and investigators from other areas of academia (blood vessel biology and applied genetics). Strong interrelationships between the various investigators and their departments already exist and will be further consolidated with continued collaboration, sharing a combination of models, novel interventions and complex genetic techniques that would not be possible outside of a large collaborative framework. In addition to academic collaboration, interactions with industry-based drug discovery programs is also an important component in developing new treatment strategies for diabetic kidney and eye disease. The Special Program will thus consist of a range of studies of direct relevance to diabetic kidney and diabetic eye disease in humans. It is expected that these studies will lead to new strategies for the prevention, treatment and even the reversal of long term complications of diabetes.
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    Funded Activity

    Evaluation Of The Ongoing Impact Of The Study Of The Evidence For Home Oxygen Therapy For Patients With Chronic Airflow

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $9,875.00
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    Funded Activity

    Complementary Medicines Based On Propolis Produced By Honeybees From Australian

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $285,855.00
    Summary
    Propolis produced by honeybees is a very complex mixture and its chemical composition varies in relation to its floral source. To produce propolis honey bees collect leaf bud and flowerbud exudates also secretions exuded from wounds in plants. These materials have high antibiotic activity as they have a natural function to protect delicate growing or wounded plant tissue from attack from microorganisms and animals. Honey bees use propolis to sterilize the hive and to protect it against outside i .... Propolis produced by honeybees is a very complex mixture and its chemical composition varies in relation to its floral source. To produce propolis honey bees collect leaf bud and flowerbud exudates also secretions exuded from wounds in plants. These materials have high antibiotic activity as they have a natural function to protect delicate growing or wounded plant tissue from attack from microorganisms and animals. Honey bees use propolis to sterilize the hive and to protect it against outside intruders and infection and to seal cracks in the hive. Consequently, humans have made use of propolis since ancient time for medicinal purposes. Modern research shows that a valuable property of propolis is its immunostimulant activity, now widely used in preventive medicine to boost the immune system. Furthermore, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are also believed to contribute to its current use in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). As part of research into the medicinal use of propolis produced in Australia, we identified two novel classes of biologically active constituents in Kangaroo Island (KI) propolis, which are for the first time identified to occur in propolis. Despite KI propolis being currently exported to Japan for use as CAM there is no study to determine its chemical composition or to evaluate its biological activities. Therefore we aim to research the KI propolis and evaluate its medicinal properties for use as CAM. Propolis from specific regions with defined floral sources and the identified constituents will be evaluated for their antioxidant property and protective activities against cell damaged after exposed to light source equivalent UV radiation of the sunlight with the aim to establish a defined propolis formula for topical use as CAM to prevent UV-induced skin cancers, known as melanoma, which is prevalent in Australia. This research will add value to a beekeeping product currently exported from KI and provide a health benefit.
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    Funded Activity

    Multi-centre RDBC Trial Of Oxygen Vs Air For Relief Of Breathlessness In Terminally-ill Patients With Intractable Dyspno

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $149,701.00
    Summary
    This study will compare the effects of oxygen and air in the relief of breathlessness in patients at the end of life who do not currently qualify for home oxygen. This landmark study will provide accurate information about any benefits that oxygen offers for breathlessness in this setting. This international multi-site study will ask 226 people to participate using either oxygen or air for 7 days while keeping a diary. We will measure breathlessness, quality of life, anxiety and side effects exp .... This study will compare the effects of oxygen and air in the relief of breathlessness in patients at the end of life who do not currently qualify for home oxygen. This landmark study will provide accurate information about any benefits that oxygen offers for breathlessness in this setting. This international multi-site study will ask 226 people to participate using either oxygen or air for 7 days while keeping a diary. We will measure breathlessness, quality of life, anxiety and side effects experienced.
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    Molecular Analysis Of Pathways In Diabetes (MAPDB) Study

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $3,348,000.00
    Summary
    The sequence of human genome provides a complete part-list of the genes and proteins that make our bodies. A most unknown subset of these parts work together in molecular pathways that underpin susceptibility and resistance to Type 1 diabetes and its complications. The MAPDB study will link patients, families, doctors, genome experts, immunologists, physiologists, statisticians and data base programmers together to illuminate these molecular pathways. In particular, the study will reveal genes a .... The sequence of human genome provides a complete part-list of the genes and proteins that make our bodies. A most unknown subset of these parts work together in molecular pathways that underpin susceptibility and resistance to Type 1 diabetes and its complications. The MAPDB study will link patients, families, doctors, genome experts, immunologists, physiologists, statisticians and data base programmers together to illuminate these molecular pathways. In particular, the study will reveal genes and pathways that medicate protection from diabetes and its complications - either by inhibiting T cell responses to pancreatic beta cells, protecting or regenerating beta cells in the face of metabolic or immunologic stress, or protecting eyes and kidneys from the damaging effects of high blood glucose. By identifying genes and proteins with these functions, the study will enable new treatments to be developed aimed at augmenting these protective pathways, to prevent diabetes starting in children at risk, and to preserve beta cell mass, protect transplanted stem cells or beta cells, and prevent eye and kidney damage in people already affected by Type 1 diabetes. Genes and proteins that are needed for T cell attack on beta cells will also be revealed. This information will enable new treatments to be developed that block these processes, to prevent diabetes from starting, to preserve beta cell mass and to prevent destruction of transplanted stem cells or beta cells. The MAPDB study will also identify different versions-alleles- of many of the genes in the pathways described above. Particular combinations of these gene alleles will be defines that can identify people at high risk of developing Type 1 diabetes, risk of cell or islet transplantation rejection, or at most risk for eye-kidney complications. Different gene combinations may be found that allow different kinds of Type 1 diabetes to distinguished. By creating ways to identify and distinguish people's individual risk, the study will yield diagnostic tests to enable new treatments and clinical trials to be targeted.
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    Funded Activity

    Oxygen To Relieve Dyspnoea In Non-hypoxaemic Patients With End-stage Heart Failure

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $445,658.00
    Summary
    Chronic heart failure is a cause of suffering and a major cause of death in the Australian community. Patients who have chronic heart failure suffer from a range of symptoms that severely impacts every aspect of their life. One of the most common and distressing symptoms is breathlessness. As people with heart failure near death, their breathlessness may worsen not only in terms of its frequency, but also in its intensity. This worsening of symptoms is a source of great distress, both to patient .... Chronic heart failure is a cause of suffering and a major cause of death in the Australian community. Patients who have chronic heart failure suffer from a range of symptoms that severely impacts every aspect of their life. One of the most common and distressing symptoms is breathlessness. As people with heart failure near death, their breathlessness may worsen not only in terms of its frequency, but also in its intensity. This worsening of symptoms is a source of great distress, both to patients as well as their carers and family. Breathlessness is also the most common cause of admission to hospital for patients. A key strategy for managing this distressing symptom in the home is the supply of oxygen. However, due to a lack of scientific evidence for the benefit of home oxygen for people with heart failure, who do not necessarily have low levels of oxygen, it is very difficult for clinicians to access this therapy for their patients. This study seeks to assess if a specific breathlessness action plan alone or if the addition of either oxygen or air can relieve this distressing symptom. The scientific evaluation of these strategies will assist in improving the palliative care of people with chronic heart failure.
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    Funded Activity

    Investigation Of Neural Mechanisms Of 670 And 830nm Laser Acupuncture In Pain Relief, Using Rat

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $326,207.00
    Summary
    Background Chronic pain is common and costs $10 billion dollars per year in Australia. Drug therapies are widely used but serious side effects limit use. Patients actively seek non-drug treatments and laser acupuncture is one of the most commonly sought therapies for chronic pain, however, how it works is not well understood. Our previous work Researchers propose that laser acupuncture reduces pain by direct effects on nerves, altering how pain signals are transmitted to the brain. To investigat .... Background Chronic pain is common and costs $10 billion dollars per year in Australia. Drug therapies are widely used but serious side effects limit use. Patients actively seek non-drug treatments and laser acupuncture is one of the most commonly sought therapies for chronic pain, however, how it works is not well understood. Our previous work Researchers propose that laser acupuncture reduces pain by direct effects on nerves, altering how pain signals are transmitted to the brain. To investigate this we (CI A and CI B) previously undertook a study of infrared laser on nerve cell cultures. This followed on from a positive clinical study with the same laser wavelength in the treatment of neck pain, undertaken by CI B. We established that laser temporarily interrupts the nerve transport system, which is made up of a series of minute tubes, called microtubules. These act as a “monorail” system for transport of mitochondria, which provide energy for all nerve functions. We propose that temporary interruption of this system, called fast axonal transport, disrupts the conduction of pain signals along the nerve, resulting in pain relief. Important unanswered questions The mechanism by which 830nm laser acupuncture relieves pain clinically remains poorly understood. For its acceptance into mainstream clinical practice it is important to determine the effect of laser on the peripheral nerves and in particular the pain carrying fibres. We know from an earlier study that a single exposure causes significant but reversible changes in pain fibres including axonal microtubule disruption, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and block of fast axonal flow. These events would result in conduction failure. The question is whether the repeated irradiations, comparable to those delivered clinically result in the same changes. This would provide a scientific basis for understanding the clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture. We also do not know if 670nm laser acupuncture would act in the same way. There is evidence that this may be more effective so that this remains another important unanswered question. Further, there is no evidence regarding which wavelength would be cost and time effective as it is desirable to deliver lower dose. We need to determine the most effective dose and wavelength so that clinical trials could be carried out as was done for the trials by CIB (Chow and Barnsley, 2006).
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    Gene Based Treatment Strategies For Diabetic Retinopathy

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $2,630,000.00
    Summary
    Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the working population of developed countries and it is an increasing problem in the developing world. Present therapy involves extensive laser destruction of the light-detecting part of he retina. In addition, it is not only effective when administered at an appropriate stage in the disease process. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of better, prophylactic, easily administrable and cheaper therapies. This project .... Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the working population of developed countries and it is an increasing problem in the developing world. Present therapy involves extensive laser destruction of the light-detecting part of he retina. In addition, it is not only effective when administered at an appropriate stage in the disease process. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of better, prophylactic, easily administrable and cheaper therapies. This project aims to develop a potentially permanent solution to alleviate diabetes-related blindness in the world. The project combines several very recent scientific advances into one strategy to combat diabetic retinopathy at a molecular level. Vision is our most important sensory organ that cannot be replaced. Thus, human trials can only be conducted following extensive animal safety and efficacy trials. To date the development of new therapies has been seriously hampered by the lack of appropriate, easy to reproduce animal models for different stages of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, it aims to identify new therapeutic agents from molecules that are naturally produced by the retina while fighting the disease. Finally, tested and evaluated in the animal models. The most successful therapeutic candidates will then be further developed for human trials.If successful, our approach will potentially have a major impact on the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and possibly on all diabetic vascular diseases. A single injection might only be necessary to prevent the development of diabetic retinopathy, which would represent a significant weapon in the management of patients. In addition, successful application of secretion gene therapy in the eye might open up the possibility to introduce the same concept for the treatment of larger organs undergoing microvascular changes as a result of diabetes.
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