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Research Topic : Insulin-like Growth Factor-II
Scheme : NHMRC Strategic Awards
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  • Funded Activity

    Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signalling In Malignant Mesothelioma Growth And Collagen Production

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $509,917.00
    Summary
    Many cancers contain abundant connective tissue molecules called extracellular matrix (ECM) and data show that interaction of ECM with cells are important in the growth of cancers (1). Changes in expression of ECM and their receptors (integrins) have been associated with malignant changes in cells, enhanced tumour growth and resistance to chemotherapy (2,3). We have recently shown that inhibition of collagen, the most abundant ECM molecule produced by malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells, reduced M .... Many cancers contain abundant connective tissue molecules called extracellular matrix (ECM) and data show that interaction of ECM with cells are important in the growth of cancers (1). Changes in expression of ECM and their receptors (integrins) have been associated with malignant changes in cells, enhanced tumour growth and resistance to chemotherapy (2,3). We have recently shown that inhibition of collagen, the most abundant ECM molecule produced by malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells, reduced MM growth. How cancer cells regulate ECM production and control their growth is unclear but strong evidence suggests the growth factor transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) plays an important role. We and others showed that MM cells secrete all forms (1-3) of TGFB, and TGFB1,2-like activity has been reported in pleural effusions from MM (4,5). All TGFB forms stimulate MM cells to grow and make ECM (6,7). We showed that high levels of collagen produced by MM are enhanced by TGFB. Small molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (AO) which blocked production of TGFB2 by cells, reduced MM cell growth in soft agar, a characteristic of cancer, and partially blocked MM growth in animal models (4,6). This was supported by studies using soluble TGFB type II receptors, which blocks TGFB1,3 (8), and our studies using TGFB2 specific antibodies, as both studies reduced tumour growth. These findings support a role for TGFB in MM growth. However, all TGFB forms can promote cell grow and collagen synthesis and therefore ways to block all TGFB forms are required to ensure maximal effect. This study will examine the effect of blocking common downstream signalling pathways of all three TGFB isoforms on MM collagen production and tumour growth. These pathways are activated when TGFB binds to its receptors sending messages to the nucleus of the cell to make collagen or grow. By identifying which TGFB signalling pathway is important, we may be able to design novel therapeutic approaches to help treat patients with this disease.
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    A Type II Diabetes Adn Obesity Prevention Program For Primary School Aged Rural Indigenous Children

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $1,497,369.00
    Summary
    This project aims to develop and evaluate the impact of an innovative multi-component community and school-based program for type II diabetes and obesity prevention program for Indigenous and non-Indigenous rural children.
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    Funded Activity

    Simplified Process Methods For Mass Vaccine Manufacture

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $158,393.00
    Summary
    The ideal way to protect against pandemic bird flu is to vaccinate all Australians as soon as possible after a dangerous strain starts to spread. Current manufacturing technology, which begins by making an infectious virus in chicken eggs, is unable to quickly deliver a mass vaccine to the entire Australian population. The existing process is slow, meaning that it will take several months before enough vaccine is available even to protect personnel working in essential services. The product from .... The ideal way to protect against pandemic bird flu is to vaccinate all Australians as soon as possible after a dangerous strain starts to spread. Current manufacturing technology, which begins by making an infectious virus in chicken eggs, is unable to quickly deliver a mass vaccine to the entire Australian population. The existing process is slow, meaning that it will take several months before enough vaccine is available even to protect personnel working in essential services. The product from chicken eggs is rendered safe after manufacture by breaking the virus structure. This make then break strategy reduces vaccine effectiveness meaning that even fewer individuals can be effectively protected per vaccine batch. Recent scientific progress has demonstrated that it is possible to make a non-infectious empty virus shell (a so-called virus-like particle) inside cells. This new product is able to provide full protection against a lethal influenza challenge, when administered nasally. However, these particles are very difficult to purify from contaminants that are packaged into the particles during manufacture in cells. These contaminants can cause an adverse reaction when the product is given to humans, meaning that although the product is effective it remains difficult to mass produce. A manufacturing problem remains. To overcome this manufacturing problem we will seek to assemble vaccine particles in vitro, building the particle from purified protein. Existing technology for manufacturing pure pharmaceutical protein is well-established and safe, and allows mass manufacture of contaminant-free product. This new make don't break manufacturing strategy is similar to that chosen by Merck to deliver a safe and effective vaccine, for cervical cancer, to mass market. Our key aim is to adapt this efficient manufacturing strategy to the manufacture of influenza vaccine. If successful, we will be able to immunize the Australian population using existing national biomanufacturing capability, within weeks of new strain identification, and without the requirement for high-level containment during manufacture.
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    Chimeric Virus-like Particles (VLPs) Displaying H1, H3 And H5 Haemagglutinins - Construction And Immunogenicity

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $207,543.00
    Summary
    Virus-like particles (VLPs) provoke strong immune responses in the body. We have developed a novel VLP system that allows the production of VLPs containing foreign vaccine antigens of much larger size than previously possible, and have shown that these VLPs provoke strong immune responses in mice without the use of adjuvants. The capacity of these VLPs is large enough to accommodate the most important vaccine antigen of influenza, the haemagglutinin (HA) molecule. We will test whether VLPs can b .... Virus-like particles (VLPs) provoke strong immune responses in the body. We have developed a novel VLP system that allows the production of VLPs containing foreign vaccine antigens of much larger size than previously possible, and have shown that these VLPs provoke strong immune responses in mice without the use of adjuvants. The capacity of these VLPs is large enough to accommodate the most important vaccine antigen of influenza, the haemagglutinin (HA) molecule. We will test whether VLPs can be produced containing each of the three most important HA types _ H1 and H3 that are currently circulating in man, and H5 (avian) that is considered a pandemic threat. VLPs will be tested for their ability to induce neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in mice, and for their ability to protect ferrets from influenza infection. If successful, the HA-VLP system would provide a method for the rapid production of new influenza vaccines using large-scale fermentation technology as for hepatitis B and many other vaccines, rather than eggs or cell culture as used for current influenza vaccines.
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    Environmental Influences In The Establishment Of The Epigenetic Landscape In Children

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $695,097.00
    Summary
    The DNA in each of our cells does not exist alone, it is packaged into complex structures called chromosomes, through association with many different proteins. The distribution of these proteins varies along the length of a chromosome depending on the type of cell and this phenomenon is called 'epigenetics', literally meaning 'above the DNA'. Epigenetic analysis is the study of how proteins and other molecules can change the activity of a gene without changing the DNA sequence. All of our cells .... The DNA in each of our cells does not exist alone, it is packaged into complex structures called chromosomes, through association with many different proteins. The distribution of these proteins varies along the length of a chromosome depending on the type of cell and this phenomenon is called 'epigenetics', literally meaning 'above the DNA'. Epigenetic analysis is the study of how proteins and other molecules can change the activity of a gene without changing the DNA sequence. All of our cells use epigenetic changes to help control how they grow and develop. Evidence suggests a direct link between diet and environmental influences on our epigenetic profile. Recent research has traced the origins of many of the health problems of adult life back to the earliest periods of development _ to the time spent in the womb and the first few years of life. If we are born with a low birth weight, we are more likely to get sick later in life. Overwhelming evidence exists that the environment in the womb is critical for a healthy birth weight (and health in later life) and it is thought that epigenetics may be the missing link between this environment, low birth weight, and therefore health in later life. In addition, mounting evidence supports a general link between epigenetic de-regulation and predisposition to disease. However, the timing and the overall contribution of environmental- genetic influences to the establishment of faulty epigenetic markings remain largely unknown. Twins are the best model to study this link as they share similar (but not identical environments) and some share identical genetic makeup. Using twins, Dr Jeffrey Craig and his team will investigate the factors in the prenatal environment that modify specific cells, leading to low birth weight and increase disease risk later in life. They predict that this occurs via specific changes in gene activity caused by epigenetic disruption.
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    Funded Activity

    Novel Strategies For The Early Identification Provention And Treatment Of The Microvascular Complications Of Diabetes

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $4,715,000.00
    Summary
    Despite recent advances, approximately one third of subjects with type 1 diabetes develop kidney disease and similar proportion develop vision-threatening eye disease. Indeed, in many instances eye and kidney disease occur in the same individual. The central aim of this proposed Special Program is the exploration of mechanisms that lead to the development and progression of these devastating complications of type 1 diabetes with a particular focus on novel strategies, directly applicable to man, .... Despite recent advances, approximately one third of subjects with type 1 diabetes develop kidney disease and similar proportion develop vision-threatening eye disease. Indeed, in many instances eye and kidney disease occur in the same individual. The central aim of this proposed Special Program is the exploration of mechanisms that lead to the development and progression of these devastating complications of type 1 diabetes with a particular focus on novel strategies, directly applicable to man, for their prevention and treatment. Participants in Special Program include both established diabetes researchers and investigators from other areas of academia (blood vessel biology and applied genetics). Strong interrelationships between the various investigators and their departments already exist and will be further consolidated with continued collaboration, sharing a combination of models, novel interventions and complex genetic techniques that would not be possible outside of a large collaborative framework. In addition to academic collaboration, interactions with industry-based drug discovery programs is also an important component in developing new treatment strategies for diabetic kidney and eye disease. The Special Program will thus consist of a range of studies of direct relevance to diabetic kidney and diabetic eye disease in humans. It is expected that these studies will lead to new strategies for the prevention, treatment and even the reversal of long term complications of diabetes.
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    Funded Activity

    Creating B-cells To Cure Type 1 Diabetes

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $4,260,000.00
    Summary
    They aim to create insulin-secreting B cells by identifying their progenitor cells and the moleculaes normally required for their development, in order to restore B-cell function in the people with type 1 diabetes. Mouse and human multipotent embryonic stem (ES) cells and fetal mouse panceas and adult pancreas duct cells will be used as sources of progenitor B cells. Comparative studies will provide a more complete picture of human B-cell ontogeny. Culture systems developed for ES cells-embryoid .... They aim to create insulin-secreting B cells by identifying their progenitor cells and the moleculaes normally required for their development, in order to restore B-cell function in the people with type 1 diabetes. Mouse and human multipotent embryonic stem (ES) cells and fetal mouse panceas and adult pancreas duct cells will be used as sources of progenitor B cells. Comparative studies will provide a more complete picture of human B-cell ontogeny. Culture systems developed for ES cells-embryoid bodies (EB) - EB-derived cells, fetal pancreas and adult pancreas duct cells, will be employed to screen for and identify novel growth-differentiation factors and to optimise parameters for creating B cells in vitro or (re) generating B cells in vivo. Genetic constructs allowing regulated expression of fluorescently-tagged marker genes and growth-transcription factors will be introduced into cultured cells or transgenic mice to enable progenitor B cells to be tracked and isolated. Progenitor B cells will be typed with panels of known novel markers molecules at the gene and protein level, and gene expression profiles of tissue yielding B cells will be analysed across time to reveal further candidate markers. Molecules and methods effective in mouse systems will be applied to human ES cell-derived or pancreatic duct cells. The capacity to progenitor cells or insulin-secreting cells to ameliorate diabetes when transplanted into the testis, under the kidney capsule or into the pancreas of mouse models would represent proof-of-concept. Functional B cells derived from human ERS cells or pancreas duct cells, or growth factors that regenerate B cells in vivo, could together with appropriate immunotherapy restore B-cell function in people with type 1 diabetes.
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