Evolutionary venomics: Venom system diversification in the animal kingdom. This proposal represents a tremendous opportunity for biodiscovery from the Australian toxic fauna. This will be achieved through the researcher's unique approach of investigating previously unmapped venom systems for divergent, bioactive proteins. An understanding of venomous animal protein evolution has practical implications for the treatment of envenomations - an enormous problem in Australia - as well as great pot ....Evolutionary venomics: Venom system diversification in the animal kingdom. This proposal represents a tremendous opportunity for biodiscovery from the Australian toxic fauna. This will be achieved through the researcher's unique approach of investigating previously unmapped venom systems for divergent, bioactive proteins. An understanding of venomous animal protein evolution has practical implications for the treatment of envenomations - an enormous problem in Australia - as well as great potential in drug discovery and other commercial applications. This project will provide Australian graduate and post-graduate students with finely tuned skills in cutting edge methodological techniques and a fluent understanding of molecular evolution, preparing them to be internationally competitive scientists.Read moreRead less
Convergent Evolution of Desert Lizards: Phylogenomic and Morphological Analyses of Limb Development. Evolutionary convergence, where similar traits evolve independently in multiple lineages, is a fundamental biological process, which affects many aspects of an organism's morphology. Despite its importance we don't understand what underlies the convergence we observe in nature - does convergence in genetic make-up underlie convergence in morphology? We will investigate whether similar hindlimb mo ....Convergent Evolution of Desert Lizards: Phylogenomic and Morphological Analyses of Limb Development. Evolutionary convergence, where similar traits evolve independently in multiple lineages, is a fundamental biological process, which affects many aspects of an organism's morphology. Despite its importance we don't understand what underlies the convergence we observe in nature - does convergence in genetic make-up underlie convergence in morphology? We will investigate whether similar hindlimb morphologies are determined by the same genetic mechanisms in iguanian lizards of Australia and North America. Our study will be the first of its kind in vertebrates and will provide significant information about the evolutionary link between an animal's morphology and its genetic make-up.Read moreRead less
The essence of being an animal: sponge allorecognition and the evolution of individuality. The human genome encodes the ability to recognise self from nonself at the cellular level. In medicine, this innate ability results in the rejection of transplanted (grafted) tissues from unrelated individuals. This project seeks to get to the evolutionary foundation of self-nonself recognition by studying this process in a simple and tractable model - a sponge from the Great Barrier Reef. Like humans, spo ....The essence of being an animal: sponge allorecognition and the evolution of individuality. The human genome encodes the ability to recognise self from nonself at the cellular level. In medicine, this innate ability results in the rejection of transplanted (grafted) tissues from unrelated individuals. This project seeks to get to the evolutionary foundation of self-nonself recognition by studying this process in a simple and tractable model - a sponge from the Great Barrier Reef. Like humans, sponges reject cells and tissues derived from another individual. By defining the genetic basis of self-recognition in sponges we reveal the antiquity of this system and the core features of histocompatibility and immunity. Such insights can inform a range of regenerative medical pursuits.Read moreRead less
Sexual conflict in Zeus Bugs. Australia is a leading nation in the field of evolutionary biology. This is in part due to the diverse and often bizarre plants and animals found on this continent. Our preliminary work on the Australian Zeus bug yielded exciting and fascinating results that created considerable national and international interest within the biological community and among the general population. The proposed project is likely to attract similar attention; will contribute to undergra ....Sexual conflict in Zeus Bugs. Australia is a leading nation in the field of evolutionary biology. This is in part due to the diverse and often bizarre plants and animals found on this continent. Our preliminary work on the Australian Zeus bug yielded exciting and fascinating results that created considerable national and international interest within the biological community and among the general population. The proposed project is likely to attract similar attention; will contribute to undergraduate research training and will ensure that Australia maintains its high profile and international reputation in the future. Read moreRead less
MULTIVARIATE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS AND THE LEK PARADOX. This research program as the potential to change the way evolutionary biologists view how selection changes the available patterns of genetic variance and covariance. In particular, it will highlight the possibility that a lack of genetic variance in multi-trait systems may be an important mechanism that limits the response to selection. It is therefore addresses a fundamental problem in quantitative genetics that underlies selection li ....MULTIVARIATE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS AND THE LEK PARADOX. This research program as the potential to change the way evolutionary biologists view how selection changes the available patterns of genetic variance and covariance. In particular, it will highlight the possibility that a lack of genetic variance in multi-trait systems may be an important mechanism that limits the response to selection. It is therefore addresses a fundamental problem in quantitative genetics that underlies selection limits in evolution and agriculture.Read moreRead less
The evolution of energy metabolism in ectotherms. Metabolic rate is the rate at which organisms take up, transform, and expend energy and materials. The primary outcome of this initiative is a comprehensive understanding of the effect of climate on the metabolic rate of ectothermic vertebrates, including goannas, fish and toads. Our research will encompass aquatic and terrestrial environments; temperate and tropical habitats; and include both iconic native species and alien invasive ones. We se ....The evolution of energy metabolism in ectotherms. Metabolic rate is the rate at which organisms take up, transform, and expend energy and materials. The primary outcome of this initiative is a comprehensive understanding of the effect of climate on the metabolic rate of ectothermic vertebrates, including goannas, fish and toads. Our research will encompass aquatic and terrestrial environments; temperate and tropical habitats; and include both iconic native species and alien invasive ones. We seek to understand not only how and why species in these environments vary in their metabolic rate, but also the consequences of this variation. Such knowledge will be important in understanding how climate change does and will affect animals and in predicting its consequences.Read moreRead less
The evolution of insect genitalia: phallic reversal in Australian praying mantids. This project will enhance our knowledge of the evolutionary processes that drive biodiversity within species and speciation itself. These issues are fundamental to evolutionary biology, and are of great interest for the general public. We have been extraordinarily successful in communicating our research to the public via natural history articles and films. We will continue to generate high impact publications fro ....The evolution of insect genitalia: phallic reversal in Australian praying mantids. This project will enhance our knowledge of the evolutionary processes that drive biodiversity within species and speciation itself. These issues are fundamental to evolutionary biology, and are of great interest for the general public. We have been extraordinarily successful in communicating our research to the public via natural history articles and films. We will continue to generate high impact publications from this research that will increase the international research profile of Australia in the scientific community. This project will establish international collaborations between Australia and the University of Exeter in Cornwall (UK) and provide employment and high quality training to a research associate and a research assistant. Read moreRead less
Genetical Genomics of Mutational Variance. Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation. Understanding the nature of mutation, its frequency, the distribution of effects, and the forces of selection that remove mutational load from populations is therefore a central concern of genetics. The accumulation of mutational load both in endangered species and human populations, where the natural forces of selection tend not to operate, has the potential to create serious problems in these p ....Genetical Genomics of Mutational Variance. Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation. Understanding the nature of mutation, its frequency, the distribution of effects, and the forces of selection that remove mutational load from populations is therefore a central concern of genetics. The accumulation of mutational load both in endangered species and human populations, where the natural forces of selection tend not to operate, has the potential to create serious problems in these populations. The goal is to understand what types of mutations are targeted by selection at the gene expression level and why.Read moreRead less
The evolution of periodic ventilation in insects. The primary outcome of this research initiative is a new approach to the understanding of the evolution of periodic ventilation in insects. It involves researchers from four Australian universities, and will showcase the strength of Australian research and the diversity of the Australian insect fauna, and demonstrate the utility of the Australian environment as a model system for the study of fundamental biological problems. The research deals wi ....The evolution of periodic ventilation in insects. The primary outcome of this research initiative is a new approach to the understanding of the evolution of periodic ventilation in insects. It involves researchers from four Australian universities, and will showcase the strength of Australian research and the diversity of the Australian insect fauna, and demonstrate the utility of the Australian environment as a model system for the study of fundamental biological problems. The research deals with the influence of microclimate on the physiology of insects. This will lead to an appreciation of the ability of these species to respond to climate change.Read moreRead less
The Genomic Dimensionality of the Response to Natural Selection. Many future advances in agriculture and medicine, as well as an understanding of adaptive evolution in natural and pest populations will require discovering the genes that regulate the expression of complex traits. Microarray technology is at the forefront of modern genomics, but despite its promise, is currently restricted in its utility by significant analytical problems associated with the analysis of the large number of gene ex ....The Genomic Dimensionality of the Response to Natural Selection. Many future advances in agriculture and medicine, as well as an understanding of adaptive evolution in natural and pest populations will require discovering the genes that regulate the expression of complex traits. Microarray technology is at the forefront of modern genomics, but despite its promise, is currently restricted in its utility by significant analytical problems associated with the analysis of the large number of gene expression profiles and their interpretation. Analytical approaches will be developed that will substantially enhance the ability of transcriptional profiling to effectively uncover key genes underlying important phenotypes of interest across the biological and medical sciences.Read moreRead less