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IDENTIFYING CONTROL ELEMENTS IN CHLOROPLAST GENE EXPRESSION. Energy from sunlight is captured by photosynthesis in plants, providing the basis for the terrestrial food chain. This process takes place in chloroplasts, subcellular structures that derived from photosynthetic bacteria a billion years ago. Chloroplasts have their own DNA, containing genes encoding the most important photosynthetic proteins. This project aims to provide the world’s best resources for the study of chloroplast genes. In ....IDENTIFYING CONTROL ELEMENTS IN CHLOROPLAST GENE EXPRESSION. Energy from sunlight is captured by photosynthesis in plants, providing the basis for the terrestrial food chain. This process takes place in chloroplasts, subcellular structures that derived from photosynthetic bacteria a billion years ago. Chloroplasts have their own DNA, containing genes encoding the most important photosynthetic proteins. This project aims to provide the world’s best resources for the study of chloroplast genes. In the process, we will discover how these important genes are regulated to provide photosynthetic proteins in the right amounts, in the right cells, at the right time. The knowledge and resources gained will facilitate improvement of photosynthetic function in future agricultural crops.Read moreRead less
Mastering pyrimidine editing in RNA. Many plants and animals can alter their genetic information via RNA (ribonucleic acid) editing, a process that is often essential for the growth and development of the organism. This ability provides accurate control over gene expression and has great potential as a biotechnological tool in agriculture and medicine. RNA editing could be used to switch genes on or off in biotechnological production systems with an unprecedented degree of precision, or to corre ....Mastering pyrimidine editing in RNA. Many plants and animals can alter their genetic information via RNA (ribonucleic acid) editing, a process that is often essential for the growth and development of the organism. This ability provides accurate control over gene expression and has great potential as a biotechnological tool in agriculture and medicine. RNA editing could be used to switch genes on or off in biotechnological production systems with an unprecedented degree of precision, or to correct genetic diseases. This project aims to understand two RNA editing pathways in plants, one of which is found nowhere else and likely to involve a novel enzymatic mechanism. We will use the understanding gained to develop novel RNA processing tools usable in any living organism.Read moreRead less
Engineering self-assembled intracellular biological condensates. Cells depend on proteins linking together to build cellular structure, but how weak interactions build stable structure is a mystery. New evidence suggests proteins come together and then change state, employing liquid-like behaviour that builds vital nanoscale structure, such as nuclear bodies called paraspeckles. This project will unlock the secrets of this mysterious behavior of proteins, using paraspeckles as a model. We will u ....Engineering self-assembled intracellular biological condensates. Cells depend on proteins linking together to build cellular structure, but how weak interactions build stable structure is a mystery. New evidence suggests proteins come together and then change state, employing liquid-like behaviour that builds vital nanoscale structure, such as nuclear bodies called paraspeckles. This project will unlock the secrets of this mysterious behavior of proteins, using paraspeckles as a model. We will use this information for nanotechnology application to build a synthetic paraspeckle inspired structure with bespoke function. Benefits will include new concepts in how vital cell structure is assembled and disassembled, and nanotechnology and synthetic biology tools to manipulate cellular processes.Read moreRead less
Discovery Early Career Researcher Award - Grant ID: DE160100893
Funder
Australian Research Council
Funding Amount
$364,000.00
Summary
How do effector proteins from necrotrophic fungi cause disease in plants? This project aims to develop new knowledge to support the development of strategies to protect wheat from necrotrophic fungi. Crop losses caused by plant diseases are a significant economic, environmental and social challenge in a world facing increased demands on food, fibre and biofuels. Parastagonospora nodorum is an economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat. During infection, P. nodorum uses effector ....How do effector proteins from necrotrophic fungi cause disease in plants? This project aims to develop new knowledge to support the development of strategies to protect wheat from necrotrophic fungi. Crop losses caused by plant diseases are a significant economic, environmental and social challenge in a world facing increased demands on food, fibre and biofuels. Parastagonospora nodorum is an economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat. During infection, P. nodorum uses effector proteins to target sensitivity gene products in wheat. This process, known as necrotrophic effector-triggered susceptibility, results in plant cell death and disease. This project aims to investigate the structural basis of necrotrophic effector-triggered susceptibility in the P. nodorum – wheat pathosystem.Read moreRead less
Control of selective microRNA release via exosomes and microvesicles. This project aims to improve our understanding of cell-to-cell communication. Cells release genetic material including microRNAs in lipid membrane-enclosed vesicles (called exosomes and microvesicles) to alter neighbouring and distant cells. Recent research shows that the contents of these vesicles are regulated by cell state, however, the molecular mechanisms are not yet known. This project will investigate the hypothesis tha ....Control of selective microRNA release via exosomes and microvesicles. This project aims to improve our understanding of cell-to-cell communication. Cells release genetic material including microRNAs in lipid membrane-enclosed vesicles (called exosomes and microvesicles) to alter neighbouring and distant cells. Recent research shows that the contents of these vesicles are regulated by cell state, however, the molecular mechanisms are not yet known. This project will investigate the hypothesis that changes in the RNA-binding protein composition of cholesterol-rich membranes mediate the selection of miRNA loaded in the vesicles. This knowledge may increase our understanding of mechanisms of disease because this mode of cell-to-cell communication is disrupted or hijacked in pathologies. Future translation in diverse applications may improve human, animal and plant health.Read moreRead less
Single molecule intracellular intravital imaging of actin dynamics. The project intends to develop imaging technology to visualise fundamental processes in cells within a living animal. The focus will be on the actin cytoskeleton, a dynamic macromolecular machine involved in key cellular processes including cell structure, mobility and division. It is exquisitely sensitive to environmental perturbations, requiring it to be studied in cells in living tissue. The project aims to extend the resolut ....Single molecule intracellular intravital imaging of actin dynamics. The project intends to develop imaging technology to visualise fundamental processes in cells within a living animal. The focus will be on the actin cytoskeleton, a dynamic macromolecular machine involved in key cellular processes including cell structure, mobility and division. It is exquisitely sensitive to environmental perturbations, requiring it to be studied in cells in living tissue. The project aims to extend the resolution of live imaging to the single molecule to understand the dynamics of actin assembly with implications for cellular processes that are hijacked in diseases. It also aims to provide a novel assay that may enable testing of the impact of drugs on cellular processes in real time.Read moreRead less
Elucidating the mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA escape. The human body is powered by mitochondria, microscopic components of living cells that make the energy they need to function. Mitochondrial damage is linked to a wide spectrum of human diseases, from devastating syndromic illnesses to neurodegeneration and autoimmunity. This project is focused on 1) how stresses such as cancer therapy or infection cause mitochondrial damage, and 2) understanding the biological processes that are triggered i ....Elucidating the mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA escape. The human body is powered by mitochondria, microscopic components of living cells that make the energy they need to function. Mitochondrial damage is linked to a wide spectrum of human diseases, from devastating syndromic illnesses to neurodegeneration and autoimmunity. This project is focused on 1) how stresses such as cancer therapy or infection cause mitochondrial damage, and 2) understanding the biological processes that are triggered inside the cell as it tries to recover. It will give a much greater understanding of mitochondrial damage at the microscopic level, and has the potential to unlock new avenues of investigation into the causes of inflammatory and immune disorders.Read moreRead less
Complex II proteostasis in mammalian mitochondria. Mitochondria are critical for energy transduction and other metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells. The vast majority of proteins that perform these functions are nuclear-encoded and fold and assemble in the mitochondrion after their import. This project aims to determine the interplay between the dynamic and competing processes of protein complex biogenesis and quality control in the assembly of respiratory complex II. The project aims to dete ....Complex II proteostasis in mammalian mitochondria. Mitochondria are critical for energy transduction and other metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells. The vast majority of proteins that perform these functions are nuclear-encoded and fold and assemble in the mitochondrion after their import. This project aims to determine the interplay between the dynamic and competing processes of protein complex biogenesis and quality control in the assembly of respiratory complex II. The project aims to determine the steps and molecular components of the assembly pathway, uncover the molecular mechanism of the only known flavinylation factor and to establish the impact of proteases on this pathway. The project is significant because an imbalance in mitochondrial protein homeostasis leads to diseases in humans.Read moreRead less
How cells control autophagy during nutrient starvation and stress. This project aims to understand how human cells form autophagosomes during nutrient starvation and stress conditions, including bacterial invasion and mitochondrial dysfunction. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway which fungi, plants, insects and mammals use to respond to starvation and stress. Autophagy can provide nutrients by recycling cellular components, and protect cells from dysfunctional organelles ....How cells control autophagy during nutrient starvation and stress. This project aims to understand how human cells form autophagosomes during nutrient starvation and stress conditions, including bacterial invasion and mitochondrial dysfunction. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway which fungi, plants, insects and mammals use to respond to starvation and stress. Autophagy can provide nutrients by recycling cellular components, and protect cells from dysfunctional organelles and invading pathogens by mediating their removal. The autophagosome is a vesicular membrane structure important in autophagy by delivering material destined for degradation to the lysosome. Better understanding how plant and human cells protect themselves during starvation and stress is expected to benefit the environment and economy.Read moreRead less
Investigating Wnt signaling during human nephron commitment and patterning. Aims: To use gene edited stem cell lines that display cell location, identity and cell state to map human kidney tissue formation in the laboratory. By monitoring how each cell responds to those around it across time and space, we will for the first time map the formation of kidney tissue in the dish.
Significance: Understanding how stem cells form a tissue will help us to improve and control the process. This is key to ....Investigating Wnt signaling during human nephron commitment and patterning. Aims: To use gene edited stem cell lines that display cell location, identity and cell state to map human kidney tissue formation in the laboratory. By monitoring how each cell responds to those around it across time and space, we will for the first time map the formation of kidney tissue in the dish.
Significance: Understanding how stem cells form a tissue will help us to improve and control the process. This is key to advancing tissue engineering.
Expected outcomes: The proposal will pioneer state-of-the-art imaging, gene editing and machine learning approaches, generating models of human development that are currently unavailable.
Benefits: This understanding will guide the development of novel approaches to tissue engineering.
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