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  • Funded Activity

    PURINERGIC TRANSMISSION AND CENTRAL AUTONOMIC REGULATION

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $157,848.00
    Summary
    The brain regulates bodily functions in a complex manner. One such example is the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. This is achieved by an interconnected network of brain nuclei that sense information from the major blood vessels and integrate appropriate responses to maintain the status quo. Chemicals called neurotransmitters convey the nervous messages, and one such example is purines, which include ATP and adenosine. Both ATP and adenosine can act in a number of brain regions to mo .... The brain regulates bodily functions in a complex manner. One such example is the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. This is achieved by an interconnected network of brain nuclei that sense information from the major blood vessels and integrate appropriate responses to maintain the status quo. Chemicals called neurotransmitters convey the nervous messages, and one such example is purines, which include ATP and adenosine. Both ATP and adenosine can act in a number of brain regions to modulate blood pressure and heart rate. This project is designed to characterise the mechanism by which purines act within specific brain nuclei to regulate the cardiovascular system. Considering the large economic burden on the healthcare system caused by cardiovascular disease, this research is vital to increase our understanding of how diseases such as hypertension may be caused, and therefore provide improved therapeutic strategies.
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    IDENTIFICATION OF BRAIN NEURONS INVOLVED IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO FEAR AND FLIGHT

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $400,247.00
    Summary
    The circulatory system of the body acts in concert with the respiratory system to distribute oxygenated blood to the brain and other organs and tissues of the body. Control of blood pressure and heart rate is achieved largely through the actions of the central nervous system on effector organs and tissues such as the heart and blood vessels. This control is exerted through the actions of nerves in the body which affect the rate and force of contraction of the heart and the diameter of blood vess .... The circulatory system of the body acts in concert with the respiratory system to distribute oxygenated blood to the brain and other organs and tissues of the body. Control of blood pressure and heart rate is achieved largely through the actions of the central nervous system on effector organs and tissues such as the heart and blood vessels. This control is exerted through the actions of nerves in the body which affect the rate and force of contraction of the heart and the diameter of blood vessels which restrict the flow of blood to the tissues. These nerves, in turn, are under the control of brain cells or neurons which are located in the brainstem. Blood pressure-controlling neurons, acting upon information they receive from pressure sensors in the major blood vessels in the chest cavity, can alter their activity so that blood pressure is maintained within normal limits. Our laboratory has been examining the properties of these blood pressure-controlling neurons by recording their minute electrical discharges and by studying other brain regions which are able to influence them. In this study, we will use newly-developed procedures which will allow us to identify the precise locations of these neurons in the brain, to study which neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons which are used to communicate with other neurons) they use, as well as to identify other regions of the brain they connect with and influence. The major significance of this work will be that new brain circuits which transmit information about the status of the cardiovascular system to other areas of the brain will be identified. Our understanding of, and the development of new treatments for, cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure and heart failure are critically dependent on advancing our understanding of the nervous system.
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    Human Hypothalamic Homologues To Autonomic Control Centres Identified In Rat And Monkey

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $358,770.00
    Summary
    The hypothalamus is a brain structure common to all mammals. Experiments on the rat have shown the hypothalamus to be fundamentally involved in cardiovascular control, fluid and electrolyte balance, food ingestion and energy metabolism, thermoregulatory and immune responses, and defensive-aggressive responses and reproduction. It is virtually impossible to perform functional studies in the human and, therefore, the human hypothalamic regions involved in these functions will be inferred from thei .... The hypothalamus is a brain structure common to all mammals. Experiments on the rat have shown the hypothalamus to be fundamentally involved in cardiovascular control, fluid and electrolyte balance, food ingestion and energy metabolism, thermoregulatory and immune responses, and defensive-aggressive responses and reproduction. It is virtually impossible to perform functional studies in the human and, therefore, the human hypothalamic regions involved in these functions will be inferred from their structural similarity to the centres identified in the rat. The present project will obtain structural-chemical data on the rat and monkey for the sole purpose of comparing these data with similar data on the human. The parts of the hypothalamus that deal with cardiovascular and other autonomic functions are expected to be similar in the rat and human and the present study will identify in the human all major regions that have been identified in the rat. The correspondence between an area in the rat brain and one in the human brain will be established primarily on the basis of chemical similarity. Corresponding areas tend to feature similar neurotransmitters, enzymes and other neuroactive substances. Some of the chemicals to be investigated are known to have a role in autonomic control. The chemical mapping study then serves two roles: (a) It permits the identification of the chemical profile (signature) of an area and consequently enables its identification in the human, and (b) it reveals the chemicals the area utilizes for possible theoretical and practical considerations. The present study will allow hypotheses derived from experimental work on the rat to be more meaningfully tested on humans. It will assist pathological and imaging investigations of the human brain.
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    Neurodegenerative Diseases Of The Ageing Brain: Diagnosis & Therapy Based On The Study Of Aggregated Protein Deposition

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $5,248,710.00
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    Funded Activity

    Visualisation Of Functionally Activated Circuitry In The Brain

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $347,036.00
    Summary
    We are seeking to develop a method to precisely determine which parts of the brain are involved in the carrying out of different brain functions. The main advantage of our new method will be that we will be able to directly visualise the circuitry involved in a specified brain function. The brain is like a vast computer, with literally billions of connections between different parts, and it is these connections which are used to form functional circuits, which ultimately result in the brain cont .... We are seeking to develop a method to precisely determine which parts of the brain are involved in the carrying out of different brain functions. The main advantage of our new method will be that we will be able to directly visualise the circuitry involved in a specified brain function. The brain is like a vast computer, with literally billions of connections between different parts, and it is these connections which are used to form functional circuits, which ultimately result in the brain control of bodily function. Up until now, there has been no direct way of being able to directly visualise which of those billions of connections are involved in the formation of a circuit for any particular brain function. We plan to use a genetic approach to help to visualise functionally activated brain circuits. We know that some genes are turned on in the nerve cells which are activated during a brain function. We will use this knowledge to generate a new line of genetically engineered mice. In these mice, the genes which are turned on during brain activation will in turn be used to turn on special markers which will light up the activated circuits. This will be of great signficance in our understanding of brain function. It should also help us to understand what happens to these circuits in different diseases of the brain, such as following stroke, in senility, and Alzheimer's disease.
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    Practitioner Fellowship

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $82,425.00
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    Funded Activity

    Brain Angiotensin: Generation, Localisation And Physiological Function

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $209,250.00
    Summary
    The renin angiotensin system is one of the major homonal systems of the body that regulate the cardiovascular system and bodily salt and water balance. Drugs that inhibit the function of this system by reducing the blood level of the hormone angiotensin II or blocking the receptors at which it acts are in the forefront of treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. It has been proposed that a separate brain renin angiotensin system exists that is not influenced by angiotensin II in the b .... The renin angiotensin system is one of the major homonal systems of the body that regulate the cardiovascular system and bodily salt and water balance. Drugs that inhibit the function of this system by reducing the blood level of the hormone angiotensin II or blocking the receptors at which it acts are in the forefront of treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. It has been proposed that a separate brain renin angiotensin system exists that is not influenced by angiotensin II in the blood stream because of the blood-brain barrier. Strains of mice in which the genes that code for two components of this system - angiotensin converting enzyme (the enzyme responsible for generating angiotensin II) and angiotensinogen (the protein which gives rise to angiotensin II) provide excellent tools to elucidate this system in the brain. By studying these mice we will be able to determine whether angiotensin converting enzyme is necessary in the brain for foreming angiotensin II, and we will be able to determine the sites in the brain where authentic angiotensin peptides exist. We will also determine whether angiotensin II transmits information between neurons in the brain that play a role in control of the cardiovascular system and body fluid balance.
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    Funded Activity

    Roles Of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor In The Regulation Of Blood Pressure

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $299,625.00
    Summary
    Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an extraordinary neurotrophin which acts not only as a classical neurotrophic factor to promote neuronal survival and differentiation but also as a neuromodulator to modulate nerve activity. Recently, we found that injection of exogenous BDNF into brain stem triggers a significant increase in blood pressure. The present proposal is to test the hypothesis that BDNF is a physiological neuromodulator regulating blood pressure. The aim of this study is to .... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an extraordinary neurotrophin which acts not only as a classical neurotrophic factor to promote neuronal survival and differentiation but also as a neuromodulator to modulate nerve activity. Recently, we found that injection of exogenous BDNF into brain stem triggers a significant increase in blood pressure. The present proposal is to test the hypothesis that BDNF is a physiological neuromodulator regulating blood pressure. The aim of this study is to analyse physiological roles of BDNF in the brains stem and spinal cord in the regulation of nerve activity and blood pressure. The successful execution of the project will significantly enhance our understanding of how blood pressure is controlled by BDNF and nerve activity. The knowledge from this study will form basis for designing new drugs to control high blood pressure.
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    Funded Activity

    Characterization Ol A Novel Covalently Cross -linked Abeta Peptide Dimer And Its Role In Alzheimers Disease.

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $553,236.00
    Summary
    Currently there are limited therapeutic treatments and no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The key protein causing AD is called Abeta. Abeta peptides form dityrosine cross-linked dimers (when 2 peptides join together) and this is thought to be responsible for killing brain cells in AD. Therefore, this proposal will determine the role of Abeta dimers in relation to killing brain cells and the progression of AD through analysis of their biological and biochemical properties.
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    Funded Activity

    Functional Mapping Of Autonomic Control Circuits In The Human Brain

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $291,451.00
    Summary
    Nerves called sympathetic nerves stimulate the heart and raise blood pressure. The brain drives them when we are excited or frightened. It also over-drives them in cardiovascular diseases, and this makes matters worse. This project will use MRI brain scanning to investigate, for the first time, how the cerebral cortex and brain stem act together to control sympathetic nerves. Understanding how this system works normally will help tell us how it may malfunction, and what we can do to correct it.
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