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  • Funded Activity

    To Determine The Role And Mechanism Of Action Of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator In The Central Nervous System

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $504,097.00
    Summary
    Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is used clinically to remove blood clots. Recently, a role for t-PA in the brain was discovered where under pathological conditions it can promote ischaemic and excitotoxic brain injury. This project will examine the mechanisms by which t-PA promotes injury to brain cells. It is anticipated that results obtained could be used to devise a means to reduce t-PA toxicity in the brain that would be of therapeutic benefit for patients with ischaemic stroke.
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    Delineating The Interaction Between The Amyloid Precursor Protein Family And SorLA-LR11

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $749,022.00
    Summary
    The Alzheimer's disease Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is central to the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It's metabolised into the neurotoxic amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide that is deposited in AD brains. The sorLA protein is a neuronal protein that interacts with APP and alters its metabolism into Abeta. This grant will study the interaction between APP and sorLA and define the APP binding site for sorLA which represents a potential drug target.
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    PRESENILINS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $209,654.00
    Summary
    The presenilin proteins are key components in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in these proteins can cause early Alzheimer's disease. We will continue our study of the biochemistry and cell biology of these proteins using tools and experimental models that we have already developed. This will provide important information on the mechanism of the disease process and give new leads in the treatment of the disease. The new technologies of genetic screening for presenilin mutations .... The presenilin proteins are key components in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in these proteins can cause early Alzheimer's disease. We will continue our study of the biochemistry and cell biology of these proteins using tools and experimental models that we have already developed. This will provide important information on the mechanism of the disease process and give new leads in the treatment of the disease. The new technologies of genetic screening for presenilin mutations will be developed and utilized as a National referral base.
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    Neural Transplantation Of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells To Replace Oligodendrocytes Lost In Multiple Sclerosis

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $249,750.00
    Summary
    Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system in which myelin (an insulative coating around the axons of neurons) and oligodendrocytes (the cells that produce myelin) are attacked and damaged by an unknown process. This damage is referred to as demyelination and results in a blocking or weakening of nerve signal conduction. Some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis are weakness, tingling or numbness of limbs, and double vision or visual loss. One strategy to repair the demyelina .... Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system in which myelin (an insulative coating around the axons of neurons) and oligodendrocytes (the cells that produce myelin) are attacked and damaged by an unknown process. This damage is referred to as demyelination and results in a blocking or weakening of nerve signal conduction. Some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis are weakness, tingling or numbness of limbs, and double vision or visual loss. One strategy to repair the demyelination is to transplant cells into the damaged brain that can replace the damaged oligodendrocytes and remyelinate. Studies have shown that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and neural stem cells transplanted into the brain can mature into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. However these cells are very difficult to obtain, the best source is foetal terminations but the use of such tissue raises ethical and practical problems. Recently cells found in adult bone marrow, called marrow stromal cells, have been shown to differentiate into neural cells when transplanted into the brain. This raises the possibility that sufferers of multiple sclerosis may be able to have marrow stromal cells taken from their bone marrow and then transplanted into their brains to replace their damaged oligodendrocytes. Our study will investigate the differentiation of marrow stromal cells into oligodendrocytes and determine if marrow stromal cells transplanted into demyelinated mouse brain can replace damaged oligodendrocytes and remyelinate areas of damage.
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    Characterisation Of A Novel Family Of Skeletal Muscle Gene Regulators

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $443,250.00
    Summary
    Muscle cells may be broadly divided into two classes, slow- or fast-twitch, with different physiological and biochemical properties. These properties are largely determined by the protein products of several multi-gene families that encode the contractile apparatus characteristic of muscle cells. The pattern of expression of these muscle-specific genes defines a muscle cell as either a slow-twitch or fast-twitch myofibre. Skeletal muscle is inherently plastic in its ability to express different .... Muscle cells may be broadly divided into two classes, slow- or fast-twitch, with different physiological and biochemical properties. These properties are largely determined by the protein products of several multi-gene families that encode the contractile apparatus characteristic of muscle cells. The pattern of expression of these muscle-specific genes defines a muscle cell as either a slow-twitch or fast-twitch myofibre. Skeletal muscle is inherently plastic in its ability to express different genes in response to altered functional demand, and under certain circumstances, fibres can convert from one type to another. Conditions known to cause myofibre conversion in humans include congenital myopathies, spinal injury, and exercise. We have identified a novel family of proteins that regulate the genes that confer fibre type. In this proposal, we will further characterise the function of each of these proteins in skeletal muscle development and fibre determination. In addition, the gene that encodes these proteins is one of many deleted in the human condition Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). WBS is characterised by supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS), neurological and cognitive defects, infantile hypercalcemia, dental malformations, musculoskeletal anomalies and growth retardation with short stature. The musculoskeletal anomalies, including joint contractures, muscular pain and kyphoscoliosis, cause WS patients to lack stamina and fatigue easily. An underlying myopathy has been reported and may account for the physical limitations, however the disease causing gene-genes have not been identified. We predict that a lack of the MusTRD proteins contributes to these conditions. In general, the findings from our study will yield insights that will lead to improved treatments of patients who suffer from muscle disease or have sustained a nerve injury and improved approaches to excercise training.
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    The Role Of The Complement System In Neurodegeneration And The Therapeutic Potential Of Complement Inhibition

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $380,558.00
    Summary
    This project aims to identify the role of immune and inflammatory components in the pathology of neurodegenerative disease. Additionally, this research will determine whether a new class of novel anti-inflammatory drugs can alter the neurodegenerative process. This will allow for an increased understanding of the biology of neurodegenerative disease, and also may lead to the development of new treatments for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and motor neuron disease.
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    Funded Activity

    The Central Mechanisms Underlying The Effect Of Endocannabinoids On Body Weight

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $287,321.00
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    Funded Activity

    Vestibular Activation In Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo And Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $340,350.00
    Summary
    Vestibular Activation in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo and Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence The aim of this project is to study the pathological activation of the vestibular system in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and superior canal dehiscence in order to achieve an improved diagnosis in both conditions and a more effective treatment for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. These diseases provide unique opportunities to study unilateral activation of an otherwise normal huma .... Vestibular Activation in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo and Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence The aim of this project is to study the pathological activation of the vestibular system in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and superior canal dehiscence in order to achieve an improved diagnosis in both conditions and a more effective treatment for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. These diseases provide unique opportunities to study unilateral activation of an otherwise normal human vestibular system. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and its variants is prevalent, especially amongst the elderly, as a major cause of dizziness and imbalance. These conditions describe a variety of vestibular lithiasis where free-floating otoconia misplaced in a semicircular canal cause abnormal deflection of the cupula, resulting in activation of the semicircular canal in a vestibular system during changes in gravitational head position. This study endeavours to develop a scientific basis for accurate diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and its variants. Online real-time 3-D recording and vector analysis of the nystagmus could be adapted to a 3-D video-oculography system for a more systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment. Thus, we aim to develop and trial a suitable particle repositioning manoeuvre using a mechanical device as treatment for patients who did not respond to the clinical Epley or Semont manoeuvre. Superior semicircular canal dehiscence permits sound or pressure to abnormally activate the vestibular system. In the superior canal dehiscence study, we seek to develop a more sensitive diagnostic test. If the click-evoked 3-D VOR is due to direct activation of the otoliths, then it offers an avenue to examine otolithic function. Understanding the mechanism of unilateral activation of a normal human vestibular system is important for the development of implantable vestibular prosthesis.
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    Investigation Of The Mechanisms Involved In Consolidation Of Memory By Beta 3 Adrenoceptoragonists.

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $241,018.00
    Summary
    The inability to form new memories is a major and increasingly prevalent health problem for an aging population. In addition to aging, the inability to form new memories is associated with serious medical conditions including Alzheimer's Disease and diabetes. Common to these conditions is the inability to consolidate memories. Memories are intact for a short while (30 minutes) after the event to be remembered, but memory does not pass on into permanent storage. We have been able to achieve memor .... The inability to form new memories is a major and increasingly prevalent health problem for an aging population. In addition to aging, the inability to form new memories is associated with serious medical conditions including Alzheimer's Disease and diabetes. Common to these conditions is the inability to consolidate memories. Memories are intact for a short while (30 minutes) after the event to be remembered, but memory does not pass on into permanent storage. We have been able to achieve memory consolidation in a particular learning task, which is not normally remembered, by injection of drugs acting on novel receptors (beta 3 adrenoceptors) in the brain of day old chicks. These drugs mimic the action of noradrenaline at beta-3 adrenoceptors. There are a number of ways in which memory consolidation can be enhanced, and we will compare the effects of beta-3 drugs with other potential drugs acting at other types of noradrenaline receptors. One of the actions of beta-3 agonists is related to the uptake of glucose into cells in the brain. We will investigate whether the mechanism of beta-3 enhancement of memory involves the uptake of glucose in brain tissue and studies in cultures of individual cell types will show us which cells are involved. Although this work is done using young chicks, there is no reason to suppose that the basic memory mechanisms at the level of the nerve cell should be different in birds or mammals. There are distinct advantages to using chicks in this research as they can form a long lasting memory for an experience lasting only 10 seconds, and they will discriminate between different colours as part of their learning. This research is aimed at understanding the processes involved in and influencing memory formation. If we are going to develop drugs to alleviate the cognitive problems of old age and more serious cognitive diseases, we need to understand more about the basic mechanisms of memory formation in the normal animal.
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    Funded Activity

    Early Intervention For Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment : A Randomised Trial Of Memory Management

    Funder
    National Health and Medical Research Council
    Funding Amount
    $577,556.00
    Summary
    It is increasingly recognised that Alzheimer’s disease can emerge slowly over years and persons presenting with memory impairment, or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Following diagnosis of MCI, active management through symptomatic drug treatment remains equivocal, therefore, memory impairment continues to be troublesome and patients and families are seeking interventions that offer improvement in quality of life. Cognitive interventions .... It is increasingly recognised that Alzheimer’s disease can emerge slowly over years and persons presenting with memory impairment, or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Following diagnosis of MCI, active management through symptomatic drug treatment remains equivocal, therefore, memory impairment continues to be troublesome and patients and families are seeking interventions that offer improvement in quality of life. Cognitive interventions are low cost and, where effective, can provide a stand-alone intervention or add value to the pharmacological approach. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether an early intervention program of memory training is effective in improving use of memory strategies in everyday life, and whether this has psychological and emotional benefits for individuals with MCI and their families. We will evaluate through a randomised controlled trial the efficacy of a memory-group program which will involve the family and patient, rather than just the person with MCI, in developing increased awareness of memory issues and specific strategies to prevent memory failures. Over successive cohorts recruited from memory clinics, families will be randomly assigned to either an immediate intervention or a delayed intervention (waiting-list control) group. We will also recruit a sample of healthy older adults who will be similarly randomised into early and late intervention groups. Healthy older adults will provide a means of establishing whether any improvements in the MCI groups are (i) to the same extent as healthy older adults and (ii) to normative levels. Evaluation will be at pre- and post-intervention and at six months follow-up on tests of memory, questionnaires of knowledge and use of memory strategies in everyday life, and appraisal of level of wellbeing. Information about memory and systematic training in compensatory memory skills are expected to significantly improve the capacity of patients and families to cope with everyday memory difficulties. Through active participation in the management of memory impairment, it is expected that the level of wellbeing will increase, for both patient and families.
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