ORCID Profile
0000-0002-2361-246X
Current Organisation
University of South Australia
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2018.04.023
Abstract: A simple and accurate closed-form expression for the Hamaker constant that best represents experimental surface force data is presented. Numerical comparisons are made with the current standard least squares approach, which falsely assumes error-free separation measurements, and a nonlinear version assuming independent measurements of force and separation are subject to error. The comparisons demonstrate that not only is the proposed formula easily implemented it is also considerably more accurate. This option is appropriate for any value of Hamaker constant, high or low, and certainly for any interacting system exhibiting an inverse square distance dependent van der Waals force.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-10-2017
Publisher: InTech
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.5772/8231
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/FP16202
Abstract: In recent years, the interest in new technologies for wheat improvement has increased greatly. To screen genetically modified germplasm in conditions more realistic for a field situation we developed a phenotyping platform where transgenic wheat and barley are grown in competition. In this study, we used the platform to (1) test selected promoter and gene combinations for their capacity to increase drought tolerance, (2) test the function and power of our platform to screen the performance of transgenic plants growing in competition, and (3) develop and test an imaging and analysis process as a means of obtaining additional, non-destructive data on plant growth throughout the whole growth cycle instead of relying solely on destructive s ling at the end of the season. The results showed that several transgenic lines under well watered conditions had higher biomass and/or grain weight than the wild-type control but the advantage was significant in one case only. None of the transgenics seemed to show any grain weight advantage under drought stress and only two lines had a substantially but not significantly higher biomass weight than the wild type. However, their evaluation under drought stress was disadvantaged by their delayed flowering date, which increased the drought stress they experienced in comparison to the wild type. Continuous imaging during the season provided additional and non-destructive phenotyping information on the canopy development of mini-plots in our phenotyping platform. A correlation analysis of daily canopy coverage data with harvest metrics showed that the best predictive value from canopy coverage data for harvest metrics was achieved with observations from around heading/flowering to early ripening whereas early season observations had only a limited diagnostic value. The result that the biomass/leaf development in the early growth phase has little correlation with biomass or grain yield data questions imaging approaches concentrating only on the early development stage.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 17-09-2009
DOI: 10.1021/LA9026255
Abstract: A matched asymptotic analysis of the system of equations governing the electrokinetic cell model of ref 4 (Ahualli, S. Delgado, A. Miklavcic, S. White, L. R. Langmuir 2006, 22, 7041) is performed. Asymptotic expressions are obtained for the dynamic mobility and complex conductivity response of a dense suspension of charged spherical particles to an applied electric field. The asymptotic expressions are compared with full numerical calculations of the linear response functions as a function of surface (zeta) potential, electrolyte strength, and particle density. We find that the numerical procedure used is robust and highly accurate at a very high frequency under a wide range of double-layer conditions. The asymptotic form for the dielectric response of the system is accurate to megahertz frequencies. The asymptotic formulas for the other response functions have limited viability as predictive tools within the current range of experimentally accessible frequencies but are useful as checks on numerical calculations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 09-05-2019
DOI: 10.1063/1.5093552
Abstract: Ionic liquids confined between two planar charged walls are explored using density functional theory. The effort represents a study of the effects of the molecular structure, molecular charge distribution, and degree of surface adsorption on forces between the surfaces and on the inhomogeneous atom density profiles. Surface adsorption was found to significantly affect both the magnitude and sign of the surface forces, while differences in the distribution of molecular charge did not. On the other hand, different bulk densities were found to produce dramatically different surface forces indicating a difference in the degree of molecular packing at and near surfaces. No long-range forces were found in any of the cases considered. We conclude that in the absence of any specific cation-anion pairing, surface charges are effectively screened, and the surface forces are dominated by short ranged steric and dispersion interactions between adsorbed molecular layers. In many cases, very similar surface forces correspond to very different molecular arrangements, suggesting that unambiguous interpretation of measured surface forces in ionic liquids, in terms of molecular behavior, may be difficult to guarantee.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JTBI.2014.07.036
Abstract: The shapes of plant leaves are important features to biologists, as they can help in distinguishing plant species, measuring their health, analyzing their growth patterns, and understanding relations between various species. Most of the methods that have been developed in the past focus on comparing the shape of in idual leaves using either descriptors or finite sets of landmarks. However, descriptor-based representations are not invertible and thus it is often hard to map descriptor variability into shape variability. On the other hand, landmark-based techniques require automatic detection and registration of the landmarks, which is very challenging in the case of plant leaves that exhibit high variability within and across species. In this paper, we propose a statistical model based on the Squared Root Velocity Function (SRVF) representation and the Riemannian elastic metric of Srivastava et al. (2011) to model the observed continuous variability in the shape of plant leaves. We treat plant species as random variables on a non-linear shape manifold and thus statistical summaries, such as means and covariances, can be computed. One can then study the principal modes of variations and characterize the observed shapes using probability density models, such as Gaussians or Mixture of Gaussians. We demonstrate the usage of such statistical model for (1) efficient classification of in idual leaves, (2) the exploration of the space of plant leaf shapes, which is important in the study of population-specific variations, and (3) comparing entire plant species, which is fundamental to the study of evolutionary relationships in plants. Our approach does not require descriptors or landmarks but automatically solves for the optimal registration that aligns a pair of shapes. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework on publicly available benchmarks such as the Flavia, the Swedish, and the ImageCLEF2011 plant leaf datasets.
Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Date: 08-2012
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 28-07-2017
Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 15-04-2010
DOI: 10.1021/LA904767P
Abstract: In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the dielectric response of a dense suspension of spherical colloidal particles based on a self-consistent cell model. Particular attention is paid to (a) the relationship between the dielectric response and the conductivity response and (b) the connection between the real and imaginary parts of these responses based on the Kramers-Kronig relations. We have thus clarified the analysis of Carrique et al. (Carrique, F. Criado, C. Delgado, A. V. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1993, 156, 117). We have shown that both the conduction and displacement current components are complex quantities with both real and imaginary parts being frequency dependent. The dielectric response exhibits characteristics of two relaxation phenomena: the Maxwell-Wagner and the alpha-relaxations, with the imaginary part being the more sensitive instrument. The inverse Fourier transform of the simulated dielectric response is compared with a phenomenological, two-exponential response function with good agreement obtained. The two fitted decay times also compare well with times extracted from the explicit simulations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15864
Abstract: Agriculture is expanding into regions that are affected by salinity. This review considers the energetic costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants and provides a framework for a quantitative assessment of costs. Different sources of energy, and modifications of root system architecture that would maximize water vs ion uptake are addressed. Energy requirements for transport of salt (NaCl) to leaf vacuoles for osmotic adjustment could be small if there are no substantial leaks back across plasma membrane and tonoplast in root and leaf. The coupling ratio of the H
Publisher: EJournal Publishing
Date: 2016
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-06-2018
DOI: 10.3390/RS10060950
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.JTBI.2019.110108
Abstract: The root is an important organ of a plant since it is responsible for water and nutrient uptake. Analyzing and modeling variabilities in the geometry and topology of roots can help in assessing the plant's health, understanding its growth patterns, and modeling relations between plant species and between plants and their environment. In this article, we develop a framework for the statistical analysis and modeling of the geometry and topology of plant roots. We represent root structures as points in a tree-shape space equipped with a metric that quantifies geometric and topological differences between pairs of roots. We then use these building blocks to compute geodesics, i.e., optimal deformations under the metric between root structures, and to perform statistical analysis on root populations. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework through an application to a dataset of wheat roots grown in different environmental conditions. We also show that the framework can be used in various applications including classification and regression.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-05-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-01-2017
Publisher: ACM
Date: 26-11-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications
Date: 2012
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-02-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-08-2017
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 24-03-2014
Abstract: Understanding the wear mechanism significantly contributes to the knowledge of tribology of common metals and assists in predicting, overcoming and preventing the failure of designed components. In the current study, wear and frictional performances of brass, aluminium and mild steel metals are investigated at different operating parameters, i.e. sliding durations (0–10 km) and applied loads (0–50 N) against stainless steel counterface under dry contact conditions. The experiments were performed using block on ring machine. To categorise the wear mechanism and the damage features on the worn surfaces and the collected debris, scanning electron microscopy was used. Thermal imager was used to understand the heat distribution in the contacted bodies and the interface regions. The results revealed that the operating parameters influence the wear and frictional behaviour of all the metals. Brass metal exhibited better wear and frictional behaviour compared to others. Three different wear mechanisms were observed, i.e. two-body abrasion (brass), three-body abrasion (aluminium) and adhesive (mild steel).
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-10-2016
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 19-12-2016
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2011
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 03-07-2020
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2017.01.058
Abstract: Molecular mass distribution measurements by pulsed gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PGSE NMR) spectroscopy currently require prior knowledge of scaling parameters to convert from polymer self-diffusion coefficient to molecular mass. Reversing the problem, we utilize the scaling relation as prior knowledge to uncover the scaling exponent from within the PGSE data. Thus, the scaling exponent-a measure of polymer conformation and solvent quality-and the dispersity (M
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 04-02-2021
Abstract: In this paper, we present and use a coupled xylem hloem mathematical model of passive water and solute transport through a reticulated vascular system of an angiosperm leaf. We evaluate the effect of leaf width-to-length proportion and orientation of second-order veins on the indexes of water transport into the leaves and sucrose transport from the leaves. We found that the most important factor affecting the steady-state pattern of hydraulic pressure distribution in the xylem and solute concentration in the phloem was leaf shape: narrower/longer leaves are less efficient in convecting xylem water and phloem solutes than wider/shorter leaves under all conditions studied. The degree of efficiency of transport is greatly influenced by the orientation of second-order veins relative to the main vein for all leaf proportions considered the dependence is non-monotonic with efficiency maximized when the angle is approximately 45° to the main vein, although the angle of peak efficiency depends on other conditions. The sensitivity of transport efficiency to vein orientation increases with increasing vein conductivity. The vein angle at which efficiency is maximum tended to be smaller (relative to the main vein direction) in narrower leaves. The results may help to explain, or at least contribute to our understanding of, the evolution of parallel vein systems in monocot leaves.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-11-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15555
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 20-01-2009
DOI: 10.1021/LA8028963
Abstract: The cell-model electrokinetic theory of Ahualli et al. Langmuir 2006, 22, 7041 Ahualli et al. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 309, 342 and Bradshaw-Hajek et al. Langmuir 2008, 24, 4512 is applied to a dense suspension of charged spherical particles, to exhibit the system's dielectric response to an applied electric field as a function of solids volume fraction. The model's predictions of effective permittivity and complex conductivity are favorably compared with published theoretical calculations and experimental measurements on dense colloidal systems. Physical factors governing the volume fraction dependence of the dielectric response are discussed.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1039/D1RA02761A
Abstract: Interaction energies and density profiles for two model ionic liquids, [C 4 mim + ][BF 4 − ] and [C 4 mim + ][TFSI − ], confined between charged planar walls are studied within a density functional theory framework.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-06-2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-09-2015
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 25-08-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2023.1226190
Abstract: Phenotyping is used in plant breeding to identify genotypes with desirable characteristics, such as drought tolerance, disease resistance, and high-yield potentials. It may also be used to evaluate the effect of environmental circumstances, such as drought, heat, and salt, on plant growth and development. Wheat spike density measure is one of the most important agronomic factors relating to wheat phenotyping. Nonetheless, due to the ersity of wheat field environments, fast and accurate identification for counting wheat spikes remains one of the challenges. This study proposes a meticulously curated and annotated dataset, named as SPIKE-segm, taken from the publicly accessible SPIKE dataset, and an optimal instance segmentation approach named as WheatSpikeNet for segmenting and counting wheat spikes from field imagery. The proposed method is based on the well-known Cascade Mask RCNN architecture with model enhancements and hyperparameter tuning to provide state-of-the-art detection and segmentation performance. A comprehensive ablation analysis incorporating many architectural components of the model was performed to determine the most efficient version. In addition, the model’s hyperparameters were fine-tuned by conducting several empirical tests. ResNet50 with Deformable Convolution Network (DCN) as the backbone architecture for feature extraction, Generic RoI Extractor (GRoIE) for RoI pooling, and Side Aware Boundary Localization (SABL) for wheat spike localization comprises the final instance segmentation model. With bbox and mask mean average precision (mAP) scores of 0.9303 and 0.9416, respectively, on the test set, the proposed model achieved superior performance on the challenging SPIKE datasets. Furthermore, in comparison with other existing state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model achieved up to a 0.41% improvement of mAP in spike detection and a significant improvement of 3.46% of mAP in the segmentation tasks that will lead us to an appropriate yield estimation from wheat plants.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-02-2013
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 24-04-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2018.11.079
Abstract: Under axisymmetric conditions, changes in the thickness of the thin film between a fluid drop and a solid revealed by white light interferometry can provide information about the interaction of the bodies. Thus, in principle one can quantify the force between the surfaces using interferometric information of film thickness profile. This is needed to quantify and analyze drop-solid interactions across complex fluids such as an ionic liquid to independently characterize new surface forces. Interferometric fringes were obtained in experiments on the interaction between a mercury drop and mica across a film of room temperature ionic liquid. The data is analyzed using a novel formula giving the total force acting on the drop. The calculations are compared with two other approaches to estimating forces. Qualitative and quantitative differences are discussed. This is the first report of forces measured between mercury and mica across an ionic liquid. The system is subjected to different applied electric potentials. In each case a long ranged, exponentially decaying repulsive force is found. At small separations, the system becomes unstable and the surfaces jump into contact. The comparison of force calculation methods demonstrates the superiority of the force approach proposed here.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 29-05-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 15-04-2010
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA10370J
Abstract: In the competition for ion absorption in PEI, the short-term win by faster diffusing zinc is overshadowed by long-term win by slower copper due to more stable binding resulting from conformational changes in PEI.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JMR.2016.06.009
Abstract: We present the pseudo 2-D relaxation model (P2DRM), a method to estimate multidimensional probability distributions of material parameters from independent 1-D measurements. We illustrate its use on 1-D T1 and T2 relaxation measurements of saturated rock and evaluate it on both simulated and experimental T1-T2 correlation measurement data sets. Results were in excellent agreement with the actual, known 2-D distribution in the case of the simulated data set. In both the simulated and experimental case, the functional relationships between T1 and T2 were in good agreement with the T1-T2 correlation maps from the 2-D inverse Laplace transform of the full 2-D data sets. When a 1-D CPMG experiment is combined with a rapid T1 measurement, the P2DRM provides a double-shot method for obtaining a T1-T2 relationship, with significantly decreased experimental time in comparison to the full T1-T2 correlation measurement.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-03-2018
Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JTBI.2015.08.024
Abstract: We present and explore a kinetic model of ion transport across and between the membranes of an isolated plant cell with an emphasis on the cell's response to salt (Na(+)) stress. The vacuole, cytoplasm and apoplast are treated as concentric regions separated by tonoplast and plasma membranes. The model includes the transport of Na(+), K(+), Cl(-) and H(+) across both membranes via primary active proton pumps, secondary active antiporters and symporters, as well as passive ion channels. In addition, water transport is included, allowing us to investigate both the osmotic and ionic components of salt stress. The model's predictions of steady state and transient cytosolic pH and Na(+) concentrations were found to be quantitatively comparable to measured experimental values. Through an extensive simulation study we have identified and characterized scenarios in which in idual transport processes (H(+) pumps, Na(+)/H(+) antiporters and channels involved in the transport of Na(+)) and their combinations have major effects on the level of Na(+) in each of the cell compartments. This systematic study emulates the effects of overexpressing and inhibiting transporter genes by genetic modification and hence we have compared our simulations with observations from experiments conducted on transgenic plants. The simulations suggest that overexpressing tonoplast Na(+)/H(+) antiporter genes and tonoplast H(+) pump genes lead to an increase in the storage of Na(+) in the vacuole (helping the cell to maintain water uptake under salt stress), with only a transient influence on the cytoplasmic Na(+) concentration. The model predicts effects of varying the expression of transporter genes (in idually or in combination) which have yet to be investigated in experiments. For ex le, our findings indicate that simultaneously overexpressing plasma membrane and tonoplast Na(+)/H(+) antiporter genes would lead to improvements in both ionic and osmotic stress tolerance. The results demonstrate the importance of simultaneously modelling the transport of Na(+) across both the tonoplast and plasma membrane, a task not undertaken previously.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JTBI.2013.09.004
Abstract: We simulate the competitive uptake and transport of a mixed salt system in the differentiated tissues of plant roots. The results are based on a physical model that includes both forced diffusion and convection by the transpiration stream. The influence of the Casparian strip on regulating apoplastic flow, the focus of the paper, is modelled by varying ion diffusive permeabilities, hydraulic reflection coefficients and water permeability for transport across the endodermis-pericycle interface. We find that reducing diffusive permeabilities leads to significantly altered ion concentration profiles in the pericycle and vascular cylinder regions, while increased convective reflectivities affect predominantly ion concentrations in the cortex and endodermis tissues. The self-consistent electric field arising from ion separation is a major influence on predicted ion fluxes and accumulation rates.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Publisher: Zenodo
Date: 2012
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 29-07-2015
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERV359
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-03-2014
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 18-09-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JTBI.2013.07.025
Abstract: In this paper, we present and discuss a mathematical model of ion uptake and transport in roots of plants. The underlying physical model of transport is based on the mechanisms of forced diffusion and convection. The model can take account of local variations in effective ion and water permeabilities across the major tissue regions of plant roots, represented through a discretized coupled system of governing equations including mass balance, forced diffusion, convection and electric potential. We present simulation results of an exploration of the consequent enormous parameter space. Among our findings we identify the electric potential as a major factor affecting ion transport across, and accumulation in, root tissues. We also find that under conditions of a constant but realistic level of bulk soil salt concentration and plant-soil hydraulic pressure, diffusion plays a significant role even when convection by the water transpiration stream is operating.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-04-2016
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10984-8_14
Abstract: Here we present a complete system for 3D reconstruction of roots grown in a transparent gel medium or washed and suspended in water. The system is capable of being fully automated as it is self calibrating. The system starts with detection of root tips in root images from an image sequence generated by a turntable motion. Root tips are detected using the statistics of Zernike moments on image patches centred on high curvature points on root boundary and Bayes classification rule. The detected root tips are tracked in the image sequence using a multi-target tracking algorithm. Conics are fitted to the root tip trajectories using a novel ellipse fitting algorithm which weighs the data points by its eccentricity. The conics projected from the circular trajectory have a complex conjugate intersection which are image of the circular points. Circular points constraint the image of the absolute conics which are directly related to the internal parameters of the camera. The pose of the camera is computed from the image of the rotation axis and the horizon. The silhouettes of the roots and camera parameters are used to reconstruction the 3D voxel model of the roots. We show the results of real 3D reconstruction of roots which are detailed and realistic for phenotypic analysis.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-11-2018
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-06-2016
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA08029K
Abstract: Nano-thin coatings of glutaraldehyde cross-linked polyethyleneimine effectively and selectively accumulated copper from natural seawater.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 11-04-2022
Abstract: We employed a detailed whole leaf hydraulic model to study the local operation of three stomatal conductance models distributed on the scale of a whole leaf. We quantified the behavior of these models by examining the leaf-area distributions of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and guard cell turgor pressure. We gauged the models' local responses to changes in environmental conditions of carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and light irradiance. We found that a stomatal conductance model that includes mechanical processes dependent on local variables predicts a spatial variation of physiological activity across the leaf: the leaf functions of photosynthesis and transpiration are not uniformly operative even when external conditions are uniform. The gradient pattern of hydraulic pressure which is needed to produce transpiration from the whole leaf is derived from the gradient patterns of turgor pressures of guard cells and epidermal cells and consequently leads to nonuniform spatial distribution patterns of transpiration and photosynthesis via the mechanical stomatal model. Our simulation experiments, comparing the predictions of two versions of a mechanical stomatal conductance model, suggest that leaves exhibit a more complex spatial distribution pattern of both photosynthesis and transpiration rate and more complex dependencies on environmental conditions when a non-linear relationship between the stomatal aperture and guard cell and epidermal cell turgor pressures is implemented. Our model studies offer a deeper understanding of the mechanism of stomatal conductance and point to possible future experimental measurements seeking to quantify the spatial distributions of several physiological activities taking place over a whole leaf.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-01-2018
No related grants have been discovered for Stanley Miklavcic.