Lorraine Mazerolle

Editor's note

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-02-2011

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-011-9121-0

Preface

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 1990

DOI: 10.1080/10304319009388176

A policy guide to the state of drug law enforcement research

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2017.01.009

Preventive Interventions to Reduce Youth Involvement in Gangs and Gang Crime in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.4073/CSR.2015.18

Abstract: This C bell systematic review examines why the implementation of preventive interventions to reduce youth involvement in gangs and gang crime may fail or succeed low and middle‐income countries. The review summarises findings from four studies conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. These include findings from field observations and interviews with 63 former gang members in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, 940 respondents in three Jamaican communities, 24 participants in Nicaragua and 25 participants in Peru. It is not possible to make any conclusions regarding the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Four factors may be important for intervention design and implementation: Having a range of programme components that appeal to youth such as arts and sports. Active engagement of youths and gang leaders in forming and implementing the programme. Ensuring continuity of social ties outside the gang which are fragile and may not be preserved after short‐term interventions. Ongoing violence and gang involvement limits successful implementation so needs to be addressed. Youth gang membership and the crime that it generates is a serious problem in low‐and middle‐income countries, involving many thousands of young people and resulting in billions of dollars of crime, loss of life, and social disruption. This review assessed the evidence on preventive interventions that focus on increasing social capacity to reduce gang membership or rehabilitate gang members outside of the criminal justice system. We conducted an extensive search of the published and unpublished academic literature, as well as government and non‐government organization reports to identify studies assessing the effects of preventive youth gang interventions in low‐and middle‐income countries. We also included studies assessing the reasons for success or failure of such interventions and conducted a thematic synthesis of overarching themes identified across the studies. We did not identify any studies assessing the effect of preventive gang interventions in LMICs using an experimental or quasi‐experimental design. Four studies evaluating the reasons for implementation success or failure were included. The limited number of studies included in the review suggests that the findings identified here should provide a direction for future research, rather than any substantive or generalizable claim to best practice. Specifically, the synthesis of reasons for implementation success or failure identified five factors that may be important for intervention design and implementation. Preventive gang interventions may be more likely to be successfully implemented when they include: a range of program components that appeal to youth, active engagement of youth, where their agency is embraced and leadership is offered, programs that offer continuity of social ties outside of the gang, and a focus on demobilization and reconciliation. The lack of evidence prevents us from making any conclusions about which interventions are most effective in reducing youth involvement in gangs. To identify programs that work and those that do not researchers, practitioners and commissioners should begin to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of preventive gang programs in the field. Youth gangs are frequently associated with high levels of crime and violence in low‐and middle‐income countries ‐‐ creating fear, reducing social cohesion, costing billions of dollars in harm and many thousands of lives erted to criminality. However, youth gangs are also seen to fill a void, as a means of overcoming extreme disadvantage and marginalization. Preventive interventions focus on capacity building and social prevention, and are designed to work proactively to stop crime before it occurs, either by preventing youth from joining gangs or by reducing reci ism by rehabilitating gang members outside of the criminal justice system. By addressing the causes of youth gang membership, these interventions seek to reduce or prevent gang violence. There were two key objectives to this review. To review the evidence on the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent youth involvement in gangs and gang crime in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This objective has two parts: to summarize the overall effectiveness of interventions, and to examine variability in effectiveness across different interventions and populations. To identify the reasons why the implementation of preventive interventions to reduce youth involvement in gangs and gang crime may fail or succeed in low‐and middle‐income countries. The search for eligible studies was conducted in August and September 2013, as part of a broader project that systematically reviewed literature on conduct problems and crime in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). The search strategy included published and unpublished literature with no date constraints. The search was conducted across 17 academic databases, 8 in idual journals, and 10 grey literature repositories. There were no language restrictions on the eligibility of documents, and the search was conducted in seven languages: English, French, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese. The geographic location of studies was limited to low‐ and middle‐income countries, defined as such by the World Bank at least 50 per cent of the time since 1987, when the recordings start. Studies were eligible for the review of effectiveness if they: (1) reported on youth gangs (2) included participants between 10 and 29 years old (3) were located in a LMIC (3) assessed a preventive intervention and (4) used an eligible quantitative study design. Studies were eligible for the review of reasons for implementation success or failure if they: (1) reported on youth gangs (2) included participants between 10 and 29 years old (3) were located in a LMIC (4) assessed a preventive intervention (5) evaluated the reasons for success or failure (6) reported on the s ling strategy (7) reported on data collection and (8) reported on the type of analysis. A team of reviewers assessed each title and abstract for preliminary eligibility, which was confirmed during full‐text screening. No studies were eligible for the review of effectiveness. For the review of reasons for implementation success or failure, we recorded any evidence of barriers or facilitators of implementation that were identified by the study authors. None of the four studies that were eligible for the thematic synthesis were graded as having low study quality. The review contains a description of each intervention, a summary of the authors' findings and conclusions about barriers and facilitators of implementation success, and a thematic synthesis of overarching themes identified across the studies. No studies were identified for the review of effectiveness. Four studies were eligible for the review of reasons for implementation success or failure. The synthesis of reasons for implementation success or failure in the four studies identified five factors that may be important for intervention design and implementation. The limited evidence from the thematic synthesis indicates that preventive gang interventions may be more likely to be successfully implemented when they include: a range of program components that appeal to youth, programs that offer continuity of social ties outside of the gang, a recognition that ongoing violence and gang involvement can severely limit successful implementation, and active engagement of youth, where their agency is embraced and leadership is offered. There is a serious lack of rigorous evaluations of preventive gang interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries from which to draw conclusions about best‐practice. Yet there are a large number of preventive gang programs currently in the field, and many studies that assert their effectiveness. We urge the research and practitioner communities to develop a program of rigorous evaluation, both quantitative and qualitative, in order to establish a benchmark for best practice and to systematically capture important learnings from a range of low‐ and middle‐income country contexts.

The coproduction of truancy control: results from a randomized trial of a police–schools partnership program

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 26-04-2017

DOI: 10.1177/0022427817705167

Abstract: To evaluate, under randomized field trial conditions, the deterrent effects of a police–school partnership, called the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP). The partnership sought to co-produce truancy reduction by actively engaging parents and their truanting children in a group conference dialogue that was designed to increase parental and child awareness of the truancy laws (and the consequences of noncompliance), and thereby foster students’ willingness to attend school. Using a randomized field trial design, 102 truanting young people were randomly allocated to a control, business-as-usual condition ( n = 51), or the ASEP experimental condition ( n = 51). In this paper, we use mixed model ANOVA and multiple regression analysis of self-report survey data from both students and their parents to assess differences between the experimental and control group on parental perceptions of prosecution likelihood and student willingness to attend school. We use qualitative analysis of the group conference transcripts to examine how the intervention affected these factors. Our results demonstrate that the police–school partnership intervention increased parental awareness of prosecution likelihood, which moderated students’ self-reported willingness to attend school. We conclude that police–school partnerships that engage parents and their children to better understand the laws pertaining to school attendance are a promising approach for co-producing the reduction of truancy.

Community-oriented policing's impact on interpersonal violent crime in developing countries [Protocol for a systematic review]

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2013

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.112

Drug law enforcement: A review of the evaluation literature

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 06-2007

DOI: 10.1177/1098611106287776

Abstract: This article describes the results of a systematic review of drug law enforcement evaluations. The authors describe the search procedures and document the results in five main categories: international/national interventions (e.g., interdiction and drug seizure), reactive/ directed interventions (e.g., crackdowns, raids, buy-busts, saturation patrol, etc.), proactive/ partnership interventions (e.g., third-party policing, problem-oriented policing, community policing, drug nuisance abatement, etc.), in idualized interventions (e.g., arrest referral and ersion), or interventions that used a combination of reactive/directed and proactive/ partnership strategies. Results indicate that proactive interventions involving partnerships between the police and third parties and/or community entities appear to be more effective at reducing both drug and nondrug problems in drug problem places than are reactive/ directed approaches. But the general quality of research in drug law enforcement is poor, the range of interventions that have been evaluated is limited, and more high-quality research is needed across a greater variety of drug interventions.

Third Sector Involvement in Criminal Justice

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55747-2_32

Crime and disorder in community context

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 18-10-2022

DOI: 10.4324/9781315668178

Policing in an era of uncertainty

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 08-2009

DOI: 10.1080/15614260802586335

Terrorism Risk, Resilience and Volatility: A Comparison of Terrorism Patterns in Three Southeast Asian Countries

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-10-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S10940-012-9181-Y

Intelligence-led policing: a comparative analysis of community context influencing innovation uptake

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 17-04-2015

DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2013.784312

Legitimacy policing of places: the impact on crime and disorder

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-09-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-014-9215-6

Third Party Policing

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Date: 06-02-2005

DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511489297

Abstract: Third party policing represents a major shift in contemporary crime control practices. As the lines blur between criminal and civil law, responsibility for crime control no longer rests with state agencies but is shared between a wide range of organisations, institutions or in iduals. The first comprehensive book of its kind, Third Party Policing examines this growing phenomenon, arguing that it is the legal basis of third party policing that defines it as a unique strategy. Opening up the debate surrounding this controversial topic, the authors examine civil and regulatory controls necessary to this strategy and explore the historical, legal, political and organizational environment that shape its adoption. This innovative book combines original research with a theoretical framework that reaches far beyond criminology into politics and economics. It offers an important addition to the world-wide debate about the nature and future of policing and will prove invaluable to scholars and policy makers.

Experimental criminology: looking back and forward on the 20th anniversary of the academy of experimental criminology

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 04-12-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-019-09384-Z

Book Review: Policing non-citizens

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 17-02-2015

DOI: 10.1177/0004865814554338

Advocate The case for third-party policing

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Date: 04-05-2006

DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511489334.010

Policing methamphetamine problems: a framework for synthesising expert opinion and evaluating alternative policy options

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 10-10-2013

DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X13000147

Abstract: Increasingly, governments and police agencies require evidence of effectiveness and efficiency with respect to law enforcement policies. The existing “what works” literature, specifically on drug law enforcement, focuses mainly on the effectiveness question when making complex choices between drug policy alternatives, but fails when it comes to incorporating empirical evidence and the experience of key experts in the decision-making process. In addition, little attempt has been made to employ sophisticated techniques to assist in complex policy decision making with respect to funding competing policing policy alternatives. We use the meth hetamine problem in Australia to illustrate a way of evaluating, using multi-criteria analysis, alternative policy options for developing better drug policy.

Reporting guidelines for social and psychological intervention trials: considering the special context of crime and justice interventions

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-08-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-013-9186-Z

Police-led partnership responses to high risk youths and their families: challenges associated with forming successful and sustainable partnerships

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 09-04-2014

DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2013.784295

The effects of a truancy reduction program on antisocial behavior: age, race, and sex differences

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 26-10-3030

DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2022.2135453

Harmonizing legal socialization to reduce antisocial behavior: results from a randomized field trial of truanting young people

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 05-06-2021

DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2019.1618894

Procedural justice and legitimacy in policing

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04543-6

Reducing Truancy and Fostering a Willingness to Attend School: Results from a Randomized Trial of a Police-School Partnership Program

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-03-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S11121-017-0771-7

Abstract: Truancy is a major social issue that is linked to a range of poor outcomes across the life course, including poor educational outcomes, drug and alcohol abuse, and antisocial behavior. Interventions that seek to reduce truancy problems range from school-based police officers to programs that reward good attendance to community-based interventions. This study reports primary outcome results of a randomized trial of a collaborative, police-school partnership that sought to reduce truancy and increase students' willingness to attend school. Using school attendance and students' self-report survey data, we find that the police-school partnership intervention shows promise for reducing truancy and improving students' willingness to attend school. We conclude that police-school partnerships that foster the willingness of young people to attend school should be examined in future evaluation research and be considered in the development of truancy prevention programs.

Change and stability in ethnic diversity across urban communities: Explicating the influence of social cohesion on perceptions of disorder

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 28-06-2013

DOI: 10.1177/0004865813486903

Abstract: A growing body of research shows that perceived community disorder is not solely driven by crime, but is influenced by the community’s social cohesion and ethnic composition. Drawing on two waves of survey data from 2509 and 2651 in iduals in Wave 1 and Wave 2 respectively, living in 71 communities in Brisbane Australia, we examine changes in ethnic composition over two time periods and how these changes influence perceived neighbourhood disorder. We also test whether or not social cohesion mediates these associations. Our findings indicate that high proportions of Indigenous residents and high levels of reported crime averaged across time are associated with greater perceived disorder. Whereas increases in household income over time are associated with lower perceived disorder. We also find that social cohesion is strongly associated with perceived disorder over time, but does not mediate the relationship between the racial and ethnic composition of the community and disorder. Yet when a community’s social cohesion is considered, the effect of increasing household income becomes non-significant.

Factors associated with youth gang membership in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.4073/CSR.2018.11

Abstract: This C bell systematic review examines the predictors of youth gang membership in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The review summarises findings from eight reports from five countries and the Caribbean region. The lack of available evidence limits the extent to which clear conclusions can be drawn about the factors associated with youth gang membership. The review is based on a very small number of studies, and has significant limitations in coverage. The limited evidence of the correlates of youth gang membership suggests factors that may drive gang membership and suggests areas where interventions may prove promising in the family, school, and community domains, as well as provide a starting point for future studies. Youth gang membership is associated with delinquency, violent crime and trafficking. A range of in idual, peer, family, school and community factors can predict the likelihood of youths getting involved with gangs. Knowledge of these factors can be helpful for reducing gang membership. Youth gang membership is associated with delinquency, violent crime and trafficking – and gang members are themselves frequently the victims of these offences. Yet youth gangs can also provide a form of social capital, a sense of belonging and purpose to disenfranchised youth. This review identifies the factors associated with young people joining gangs, and the differences between gang‐involved and non‐gang‐involved youth. Understanding these associations is essential to reduce the levels of gang membership and the incidence of related violence. This C bell systematic review examines the predictors of youth gang membership in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The review summarises findings from eight reports from five countries and the Caribbean region. Studies of youth gangs in in low‐ and middle‐income countries were included, with participants aged 10‐29 years. The studies had to assess an in idual predictor or correlate of youth gang membership, where the predictor or correlate is a single characteristic, not a conglomeration of multiple constructs. Included studies had designs including data on both gang‐involved and non‐gang‐involved youth, recruited with strategies that were eligible. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. One of these studies did not report all the required data and so was not included in the analyses. The studies were conducted in Turkey, Trinidad and Tobago, the Caribbean, El Salvador, China and Brazil. Factors associated with gang membership Domain Significantly associated with gang membership No significant association with gang membership In idual Delinquency Alcohol and soft drug use Male gender Risky sexual behaviours Employment Psychological risk factors (low self‐control, impulsivity) and lack of psychological protective factors (empathy, future orientation, belief in moral order) Victimisation Age Minority ethnicity Protective behaviours surrounding sexual behaviour or alcohol and soft drug use. Peer Socialising with delinquent peers Socialising with pro‐social peers Family Negative family environments Lack of parental monitoring Middle‐income families had greater odds of reporting youth gang membership than those from either high or low‐income families (finding from one study) Parental education Parental attitudes to antisocial behaviour School Low school attachment Exposure to violence at school Educational difficulties Opportunities for prosocial involvement Level of education School type School performance Community Exposed to neighbourhood violence Neighbourhood environment risk or protective factors, or geography The eight studies analysed in the review address the associations between life events and circumstances, and the likelihood of being a youth gang member across five domains: in idual, peers, family, school and community. Significant associations were found with factors in each domain. The lack of available evidence limits the extent to which clear conclusions can be drawn about the factors associated with youth gang membership. The review is based on a very small number of studies, and has significant limitations in coverage. The limited evidence of the correlates of youth gang membership suggests factors that may drive gang membership and suggests areas where interventions may prove promising in the family, school, and community domains, as well as provide a starting point for future studies. The review authors searched for studies published up to September 2013. This C bell systematic review was published in December 2018. Youth gang membership is well documented throughout low‐ and middle‐income countries, and youth gang members are increasingly associated with delinquency, violent crime and trafficking. They are also frequently the victims of these offences, often in disproportionate numbers compared to non‐gang youth. Yet youth gangs can also provide a form of social capital, a sense of belonging and purpose to disenfranchised youth. Extensive research, primarily from high‐income countries, has categorized five domains of risk and protective factors for youth gang involvement, drawn from the realm of developmental psychology. These domains are: In idual, Peer, Family, School, and Community. Youth gang membership is seen as the culmination of interrelated structural and process factors, which in combination with negative life events may increase the attractiveness of gang membership. This review aimed to identify the factors associated with young people joining gangs, and to identify and quantify the differences between gang‐involved and non‐gang‐involved youth. Understanding these associations is essential to reduce the levels of gang membership and the incidence of related violence. This review addresses two key objectives: (1) to synthesize the published and unpublished empirical evidence on the factors associated with membership of youth gangs in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2) to assess the relative strength of the different factors across the domains of in idual, family, school, peer group and community. The search was conducted in English, French, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese. We searched 55 locations including academic databases, journals, and grey literature locations, and located over 54,000 documents to screen. We included studies meeting the following criteria: Reports on youth gangs All participants aged 10‐29 years Located in low‐ or middle‐income country Assesses an in idual predictor or correlate of youth gang membership Predictor or correlate is a single characteristic Predictor or correlate is not a conglomeration of multiple constructs Eligible recruitment strategy for respondents Study design included data on both gang involved and non‐gang involved youth. We conducted a broad abstract screening of over 54,000 titles and abstracts, followed by a close abstract screening of 1509 abstracts. We screened the full‐text of 98 documents. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. One of these studies did not report sufficient data to allow the calculation of a standardized effect size, and so was not included in the analyses. A total of 85 independent effect sizes were extracted from the eight studies with sufficient data to create a standardized effect size. We calculated Cohen's d from continuous data and the Log Odds Ratio from dichotomous data. All effects were categorized into the five predictor domains, and further classified into conceptually similar group and risk or protective factors. We synthesized the data using multiple random effects meta‐analyses with inverse variance weighting. The eight studies analysed in the review address the associations between life events and circumstances, and the likelihood of being a youth gang member. All studies were based on cross‐sectional survey data, using different statistical methods to identify correlations between youth characteristics and the likelihood of being a member of a youth gang. No longitudinal, prospective or retrospective studies were located. The studies were conducted in Turkey, Trinidad and Tobago, the Caribbean, El Salvador, China and Brazil. We organized the analyses according to five domains of factors that may be associated with youth gang involvement and summarize the main findings below: In idual factors Delinquency, alcohol and soft drug use, male gender, risky sexual behaviours, employment, psychological risk factors (low self‐control, impulsivity), and victimisation were each associated with significantly higher odds of youth gang membership. Psychological protective factors (empathy, future orientation, belief in moral order) were associated with lower odds. No association between youth gang membership and age, minority ethnicity, or protective behaviours surrounding sexual behaviour or alcohol and soft drug use. Peer factors There is a small amount of evidence that socialising with delinquent peers is associated with increased odds of youth gang membership, but there is no significant relationship demonstrated between socialising with pro‐social peers and youth gang membership. Family factors Negative family environments are associated with more youth gang membership, while both a positive family environment and parental monitoring were associated with lower odds. One study showed that youth from middle‐income families had greater odds of reporting youth gang membership than those from either high or low‐income families. No significant relationship was seen between youth gang membership and parental education or parental attitudes to antisocial behaviour. School factors Low school attachment, exposure to violence at school, educational difficulties and opportunities for prosocial involvement all show significant association with more youth gang membership. No significant relationship was seen between youth gang membership and level of education, school type, or school performance. Community factors There were significantly higher odds of youth gang membership amongst those who reported that they were exposed to violence in their neighbourhood. No demonstrated association between youth gang membership and neighbourhood environment risk or protective factors, or geography. Gang membership is typically viewed as a culmination of interrelated structural and process factors. Understanding the factors associated with youth gang membership can help inform prevention strategies to reduce the levels of youth gang membership and the incidence of youth gang violence. Unfortunately the small number of studies contributing to any analysis limits the conclusions that can be drawn from this study. Moreover, many of the in idual and peer associations identified in this review (such as delinquency, drug use, and sexual risk factors) may be as a result of gang membership rather than its cause. However, our results suggest certain family, school, and community level factors associated with gang membership that could be addressed through targeted preventive interventions, particularly family environment, parental monitoring, school attachment, educational difficulties, and exposure to violence in the home, at school, or in the community. The lack of available evidence limits the extent to which we can draw any clear conclusions about the factors associated with youth gang membership. This current review is based on a very small number of studies, and has significant limitations in coverage however it provides some limited evidence of the correlates of youth gang membership. Specifically, this review suggests factors that may drive gang membership and suggests areas where interventions may prove promising in the family, school, and community domains, as well as provide a starting point for future studies.

Boozy nights and violent fights: perceptions of environmental cues to violence and crime in licensed venues

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 05-07-2016

DOI: 10.1177/0886260516657910

Abstract: This article examines perceptions of environmental cues to crime, violence, and injuries in barroom settings, and how they differ between bar fight participants and non-participants. Bouncer friendliness, patron sex composition, and room temperature were chosen as experimental variables based on three criteria: (a) emerged as a theme in bar user focus groups, (b) unclear effects in the literature, and (c) policy relevant and easy to modify. These experimental variables were manipulated in written vignettes set in a bar. A three-part online questionnaire recorded 681 male university students' responses to questions on demographics, the experiment, drinking and clubbing habits, and the Snell Masculinity Scale. A 2 × 2 × 2 randomized independent groups factorial design with covariates was embedded in the questionnaire, measuring the effects of the experimental variables on bar users' perceived fear of victimization, likelihood and frequency of crime, venue preference, and perceived severity of injuries after accounting for prior bar fight participation and masculinity. Participants generally rated perceived fear of victimization, likelihood and frequency of crime, and severity of injuries to be highest when the bouncer was unfriendly, the temperature was hot, and patrons were majority male. Only main effects were significant ( p < .01). Masculinity scale responses were not related to participant perceptions. While fight participants (9.8% of the s le) and non-participants had similar perceptions of the risk associated with certain environmental cues, fight participants were significantly (a) less fearful of victimization in settings they perceived as dangerous and (b) more willing to drink in any hypothetical venue.

Evidence-based policing in Australia and New Zealand

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 08-10-2021

DOI: 10.4324/9781003027508-12

Street-level drug law enforcement: A meta-analytical review

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 22-12-2006

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-006-9017-6

Viewing systematic reviews and meta-analysis in social research through different lenses

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-09-2014

DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-511

Abstract: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are used to combine results across studies to determine an overall effect. Meta-analysis is especially useful for combining evidence to inform social policy, but meta-analyses of applied social science research may encounter practical issues arising from the nature of the research domain. The current paper identifies potential resolutions to four issues that may be encountered in systematic reviews and meta-analyses in social research. The four issues are: scoping and targeting research questions appropriate for meta-analysis selecting eligibility criteria where primary studies vary in research design and choice of outcome measures dealing with inconsistent reporting in primary studies and identifying sources of heterogeneity with multiple confounded moderators. The paper presents an overview of each issue with a review of potential resolutions, identified from similar issues encountered in meta-analysis in medical and biological sciences. The discussion aims to share and improve methodology in systematic reviews and meta-analysis by promoting cross-disciplinary communication, that is, to encourage ‘viewing through different lenses’.

The impact of arrest and seizure on drug crime and harms: a systematic review

Publisher: Australian Institute of Criminology

Date: 17-09-2020

DOI: 10.52922/TI04688

Abstract: Drawing on the Global Policing Database (GPD), this review assesses the impact of supplier arrests and seizures on drug crime, drug use, drug price, drug purity, and drug harm outcomes. Just 13 impact evaluation studies (reported in 18 documents) met inclusion criteria. An evidence and gap map was constructed, showing that research to date relates primarily to drug harms, followed by drug crime and drug price, and that there are significant gaps in the impact evaluation literature. The results of this review demonstrate the limited amount of high-quality scientific evidence that can be used to examine the impact of supplier arrest and seizure on a range of drug-related outcomes.

PROTOCOL: Predictors of youth gang membership in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.126

History of randomized controlled experiments in criminal justice

Publisher: Springer New York

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_252

Crime, Hot Spots

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-02-2007

DOI: 10.1002/9781405165518.WBEOSC149

Abstract: Hot spots of crime are defined as “small places in which the occurrence of crime is so frequent that it is highly predictable, at least over a one year period” (Sherman 1995: 36). Hot spots are places like street corners, malls, apartment blocks, subway stations, and public parks that generate a large number of complaints to police. Research shows that about 3 percent of all places generate over half of all citizen complaints about crime and disorder to the police.

Third-party policing: A theoretical analysis of an emerging trend

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 06-1998

DOI: 10.1080/07418829800093761

A global analysis of the impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on crime

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-06-2021

DOI: 10.1038/S41562-021-01139-Z

Abstract: The stay-at-home restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19 led to unparalleled sudden change in daily life, but it is unclear how they affected urban crime globally. We collected data on daily counts of crime in 27 cities across 23 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of stay-at-home restrictions on different types of crime in each city. Our findings show that the stay-at-home policies were associated with a considerable drop in urban crime, but with substantial variation across cities and types of crime. Meta-regression results showed that more stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime.

Disrupting the Pathway from Truancy to Delinquency: A Randomized Field Trial Test of the Longitudinal Impact of a School Engagement Program

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-11-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S10940-018-9395-8

Seeing Minorities And Perceptions Of Disorder: Explicating The Mediating And Moderating Mechanisms Of Social Cohesion

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-05-2013

DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12011

Utilizing cyberplace managers to prevent and control cybercrimes: a vignette experimental study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-03-2023

DOI: 10.1057/S41284-023-00371-8

Abstract: Place management is central to Routine Activities Theory and proactive utilization of place managers is one of 25 Situational Crime Prevention techniques. Yet little is known about the effectiveness of using place managers to prevent cybercrimes. This paper uses a vignette experimental survey of 213 cybersecurity professionals to explore their perceptions of cybercrime prevention. We find that organizations that partner with and proactively utilize cybersecurity professionals as place managers are perceived as more effective in controlling cybercrimes than those organizations that do not specifically assign professionals to proactively prevent and control cybercrimes. We conclude that assigned cyberplace managers are more likely to use their cyber skills and knowledge than those who lack the time and space to utilize their cyber expertise.

Controlling drug and disorder problems: The role of place managers

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-1998

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-9125.1998.TB01252.X

Web-based GIS to support visualization and analysis of community variations in crime

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Date: 25-07-2014

DOI: 10.4337/9780857932976.00033

Editorial: Fifty Campbell systematic reviews relevant to the policy response to COVID‐19

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-08-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1107

Predicting Perceptions of Crime: Community Residents’ Recognition and Classification of Local Crime Problems

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 26-07-2018

DOI: 10.1177/0004865817721590

Abstract: In the scholarship of crime prevention, little is understood regarding the prompts for in idual observation and classification of local crime problems. Moreover, studies that evaluate in iduals’ perceptions of crime tend to emphasise the risk of victimisation rather than the probability of crime controller behaviour. In order to predict whether and how a community resident combats neighbourhood crime and disorder, we first require a greater understanding of how in iduals recognise and categorise those same neighbourhood phenomena. To explore these processes, the current project uses large-scale multilevel survey data from the Australian Community Capacity Study to test the predictive influence of in idual characteristics, local social processes, and suburb features on a resident’s identification and categorisation of minor, moderate, and major neighbourhood crime problems. Results indicate that lived experiences with prior victimisation and interactions with the police, greater frequencies of neighbouring behaviours but lower levels of collective efficacy, socioeconomic disadvantage, and ethnic homogeneity are all associated with a greater likelihood of reporting serious local crime problems.

Police perceptions of prejudice: how police awareness training influences the capacity of police to assess prejudiced motivated crime

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 05-07-2018

DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2016.1206099

Triaging online child abuse material: testing a decision support tool to enhance law enforcement and investigative prioritisation

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 02-03-2021

DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2021-0020

Abstract: Online production and transmission of child abuse material (CAM) is a complex and growing global problem. The exponential increase in the volume of CyberTips of CAM offending is placing information processing and decision-making strains on law enforcement. This paper presents the outcomes of a project that reviewed an existing risk assessment tool and then developed a new tool for CAM triaging and investigative prioritisation. Using a mixed method approach, the authors first explored the capacity of an existing risk assessment tool for predicting a police action. The authors then used these findings to design and implement a replacement CAM decision support tool. Using a random s le of CyberTip alert cases from 2018, the authors then tested the efficiency of the new tool. The existing risk assessment tool was not fit for CAM triaging purposes. Just six questions from the old tool were found to be statistically and significantly associated with law enforcement agents achieving a police action. The authors found that an immediate threat of abuse/endangering a child, potential case solvability, CAM image assessment, chat assessment, criticality and some weighting for professional judgement were significant in being associated with a police action. The new decision support tool is more efficient to complete and achieved a 93.6% convergence of risk ratings with the old tool using 2018 case data. This research is unique in its development of an evidence-based decision support tool that enhances the ability of law enforcement agents to objectively and efficiently triage and prioritise increasing numbers of CyberTip alerts.

Problem‐oriented policing in public housing: identifying the distribution of problem places

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 06-1997

DOI: 10.1108/13639519710169117

Abstract: Describes a problem‐oriented policing program in Jersey City that seeks to identify, analyze, and target drug, disorder, and violent crime problems in public housing. Describes the problem scanning and identification processes that were used to detect hot spot locations within six public housing sites in the study. Begins the research with a premise that public housing sites differ from one site to the next and that, even within some public housing sites, some common area places will have problems, while others will not. Research findings support this premise. Concludes that there is a distribution of crime problems both across and within public housing sites challenging the hot spot label universalistically applied to public housing sites. The problem identification process has implications for the way problem‐solving teams approach policing public housing sites.

Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-1999

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-9125.1999.TB00496.X

Parental Responsibilities for Truanting Children: An Analysis of the Laws in Australia

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-11-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S40299-020-00539-5

A survey of traditional Chinese medicine consumers to investigate the impact of China's legalization of rhino horn trade on stigmatization and likelihood of use

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-09-2021

DOI: 10.1111/CSP2.536

Abstract: Rhino poaching continues to threaten species survival despite decades‐long trade bans, with rhino horn use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contributing to global demand. Conservationists have debated over policy alternatives like trade legalization, and insight into TCM stakeholders is needed to support policymaking. The need for more research became made more urgent with China's 2018 decision to initiate the process of legalizing domestic trade. In this study, we conducted a large‐scale online survey of TCM consumers in Guangdong province, China. We found that while stigmatization of rhino horn use is limited at present, it is likely to drop further with trade legalization. Prescription usage will be the most likely source of increased rhino horn demand if trade is legalized. Given the terms established in China's 2018 policy document, we stress the importance of engaging constructively with policymakers and TCM stakeholders to influence the process of establishing medical standards and regulatory mechanisms such that clinical access in a future legal trade is stringently controlled.

Promoting trust in police: Findings from a randomised experimental field trial of procedural justice policing

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 03-12-2014

DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2013.862246

Controlling Gun Violence: Assessing the Impact of Australia’s Gun Buyback Program Using a Synthetic Control Group Experiment

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-11-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S11121-019-01064-8

Abstract: Gun Buyback programs have been implemented in various forms in countries such as the UK, USA, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina. Whether or not these programs are an effective approach for reducing national violent crime and homicides, however, remains unclear. Much of the uncertainty is due to the different ways in which Gun Buyback programs have been implemented. The Australian Gun Buyback program is distinguished from Gun Buyback programs in other countries by its abrupt implementation, its narrow focus on a particular class of firearms, and its broad application across the entire population. We assess the impact of Australia's 1996 Gun Buyback program on national homicide rates using a synthetic control group quasi-experimental design, comparing the results to suicide and motor vehicle fatality trends to test for plausible alternative hypotheses. Results suggest that the Gun Buyback program significantly reduced Australia's homicide rate in the decade following the intervention (1997-2007).

The Role of Randomized Experiments in Developing the Evidence for Evidence-Based Policing

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Date: 15-06-2023

DOI: 10.1017/9781108885737.011

PROTOCOL :Criminal justice interventions for preventing terrorism and radicalisation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2022

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1273

Abstract: This is the protocol for a C bell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: to identify the existing evidence that considers the effectiveness of criminal justice interventions in preventing terrorism and radicalisation and to identify existing gaps in the evidence where new primary research could be undertaken and where future synthesis could be conducted.

Beyond the evidence: organizational learning from RCTs in policing

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 12-2014

DOI: 10.1093/POLICE/PAU050

Problem-oriented policing in public housing: The Jersey City evaluation

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 03-2000

DOI: 10.1080/07418820000094501

Do Individual Differences Matter in the Way People View Police Legitimacy? A Partial Replication and Extension of Invariance Thesis

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 18-10-2021

DOI: 10.1093/POLICE/PAZ066

Abstract: The invariance thesis of police legitimacy argues that, regardless of in idual differences, the more citizens perceive police as procedurally just and effective, the more they will see the police as a legitimate authority. Research primarily undertaken in the USA shows support for the invariance thesis with some nuanced findings for victims and those with prior police contact. This study conducts a partial replication and extension of the Wolfe et al.’s study (Wolfe, S., Nix, J., Kaminski, R., and Rojek, J. (2016). ‘Is the Effect of Procedural Justice on Police Legitimacy Invariant? Testing the Generality of Procedural Justice and Competing Antecedents of Legitimacy.’ Journal of Quantitative Criminology 32(2): 253–282) testing the invariance thesis, comparing the effects of citizen perceptions of procedural justice (PJ) and police effectiveness (PE) on perceptions of police legitimacy across in idual characteristics in Australia. Using a survey of 4,167 residents across 148 communities, we find the effects of PJ perceptions on police legitimacy are largely invariant across in idual differences. Yet contrary to previous research, our study finds that the impact of PE perceptions is not invariant and particularly matter for people with visible minority status.

Different actions for different crimes: Explaining individual action in local crime problems

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 31-07-2017

DOI: 10.1002/JCOP.21902

The impact of mobile technology devices on street checks and crime incidents reported: results of a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-06-2021

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-021-09470-1

Simulated experiments and their potential role in criminology and criminal justice

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-08-2008

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-008-9058-0

Police Legitimacy in Community Context

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 27-04-2015

DOI: 10.1177/1043986215570780

Perceptions of police legitimacy and citizen decisions to report hate crime incidents in Australia

Publisher: Queensland University of Technology

Date: 06-2018

DOI: 10.5204/IJCJSD.V7I2.489

Abstract: This article examines the importance of perceptions of police legitimacy in the decision to report hate crime incidents in Australia. It addresses an identified gap in the literature by analysing the 2011-2012 National Security and Preparedness Survey (NSPS) results to not only explore differences between hate crime and non-hate crime reporting but also how in idual characteristics and perceptions of legitimacy influence decisions about reporting crime to police. Using the NSPS survey data, we created three Generalised Linear Latent and Mixed Models (Gllamm), which explore the influence of in idual characteristics and potential barriers on the decision to report crime/hate crime incidents to police. Our results suggest that hate crimes are less likely to be reported to police in comparison to non-hate crime incidents, and that more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and police cooperation are associated with the victim’s decision to report hate crime victimisation.

Managing citizens calls to the police: The impact of Baltimore's 3-1-1 call system

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-2002

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-9133.2002.TB00110.X

The Spatial Distribution of Random Gunfire: A Block-Level Investigation of Physical and Social Structural Conditions

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-2000

DOI: 10.1007/BF02887594

Leadership in problem-oriented policing

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 16-08-2013

DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2012-0055

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of leadership in problem‐oriented policing (POP). This paper uses interrupted time series models to isolate the impact on crime trends of a transformational leader's efforts to spearhead the implementation of a program of POP, called the problem solving model (PSM), in a southern state in Australia. This paper finds that the PSM led directly to an impact on overall crime, with a significant reduction in crimes per 100,000 persons per year after the introduction of the PSM. The majority of the overall crime drop attributable to implementation of POP was driven by reductions in property crime. It was noted that the leadership influence of the PSM was not effective in reducing all types of crime. Crimes against the person where not affected by the introduction of the PSM and public nuisance crimes largely followed the forecasted, upward trajectory. The driver behind the PSM was Commissioner Hyde and the success of the PSM is largely attributable to his strong commitment to transformational leadership and a top‐down approach to implementation. These qualities encapsulate the original ideas behind POP that Goldstein (1979, 2003), back in 1979, highlighted as critical for the success of future POP programs. Reducing crime is an important part of creating safe communities and improving quality of life for all citizens. This research shows that successful implementation of the PSM within South Australia under the strong leadership of Commissioner Hyde was a major factor in reducing property crime and overall crime rates. This paper is valuable because it demonstrates the link between strong leadership in policing, the commissioner's vision for POP and how his vision then translated into widespread adoption of POP. The study empirically shows that the statewide adoption of POP led to significant reductions in crime, particularly property crime.

Neighborhood social ties and shared expectations for informal social control: do they influence informal social control actions?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S10940-016-9285-X

Nonresponse bias in randomized controlled experiments in criminology: Putting the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET) under a microscope

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 06-2013

DOI: 10.1177/0193841X13518534

Abstract: The goal of this article is to examine whether or not the results of the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET)—a randomized controlled trial that tested the impact of procedural justice policing on citizen attitudes toward police—were affected by different types of nonresponse bias. We use two methods (Cochrane and Elffers methods) to explore nonresponse bias: First, we assess the impact of the low response rate by examining the effects of nonresponse group differences between the experimental and control conditions and pooled variance under different scenarios. Second, we assess the degree to which item response rates are influenced by the control and experimental conditions. Our analysis of the QCET data suggests that our substantive findings are not influenced by the low response rate in the trial. The results are robust even under extreme conditions, and statistical significance of the results would only be compromised in cases where the pooled variance was much larger for the nonresponse group and the difference between experimental and control conditions was greatly diminished. We also find that there were no biases in the item response rates across the experimental and control conditions. RCTs that involve field survey responses—like QCET—are potentially compromised by low response rates and how item response rates might be influenced by the control or experimental conditions. Our results show that the QCET results were not sensitive to the overall low response rate across the experimental and control conditions and the item response rates were not significantly different across the experimental and control groups. Overall, our analysis suggests that the results of QCET are robust and any biases in the survey responses do not significantly influence the main experimental findings.

Optimising the length of random breath tests: Results from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 22-05-2015

DOI: 10.1177/0004865814532661

Abstract: Research suggests that the length and quality of police–citizen encounters affect policing outcomes. The Koper Curve, for ex le, shows that the optimal length for police presence in hot spots is between 14 and 15 minutes, with diminishing returns observed thereafter. Our study, using data from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET), examines the impact of encounter length on citizen perceptions of police performance. QCET involved a randomised field trial, where 60 random breath test (RBT) traffic stop operations were randomly allocated to an experimental condition involving a procedurally just encounter or a business-as-usual control condition. Our results show that the optimal length of time for procedurally just encounters during RBT traffic stops is just less than 2 minutes. We show, therefore, that it is important to encourage and facilitate positive police–citizen encounters during RBT at traffic stops, while ensuring that the length of these interactions does not pass a point of diminishing returns.

Police-Led Interventions to Enhance Police Legitimacy

Publisher: Springer New York

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_478

Community variations in violence: The role of social ties and collective efficacy in comparative context

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 04-12-2010

DOI: 10.1177/0022427809348898

Abstract: This article explores the relative roles of social ties and collective efficacy in explaining community variations in violent victimization in Australia. Using data from a survey of 2,859 residents across 82 communities in the city of Brisbane, coupled with official reported crime data provided by the Queensland Police Service and Australian Bureau of Statistics census data for 2001, the authors employ multilevel statistical models to depict the relative importance of social ties and collective efficacy in predicting between-neighborhood violent victimization in an Australian context. The models include measures of social relationships and community-based crime prevention programs, and the authors compare and contrast their findings with studies of collective efficacy in Chicago and Stockholm, finding similar results. These findings suggest that despite structural and cultural differences between the United States and Australia in particular, collective efficacy is a significant mechanism in explaining the spatial distribution of self-reported violent victimization in the Australian context. This research underscores the importance of cross-cultural theory testing and the need to further develop the measurement of ecological constructs such as social ties and organizational behavior.

Medicinal Use and Legalized Trade of Rhinoceros Horn From the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners in Hong Kong

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1177/1940082918787428

Experimental Criminology

Publisher: No publisher found

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195396607-0085

Multiagency programs with police as a partner for reducing radicalisation to violence

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-05-2021

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1162

PROTOCOL: Body‐worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2019

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1043

Procedural Justice

Publisher: No publisher found

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195396607-0241

Multiagency programs with police as a partner for reducing radicalisation to violence [Title registration]

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-2019

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1044

PROTOCOL: Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-05-2021

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1166

Changing the Relationship Between Impulsivity and Antisocial Behavior: The Impact of a School Engagement Program

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 21-06-2018

DOI: 10.1177/0011128718781305

Brisbane: a story of neighbourhoods and crime in a modern Australian city

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 18-10-2022

DOI: 10.4324/9781315668178-1

Violence in and around entertainment districts: A longitudinal analysis of the impact of late-night lockout legislation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 13-12-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-9930.2011.00353.X

National Security and Preparedness Survey Technical Report

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2013

DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2594567

Innovative Methods for Terrorism and Counterterrorism Data

Publisher: Springer New York

Date: 19-08-2011

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0953-3_5

Reporting of problematic drinkers and the harm they cause: Assessing the role of alcohol use, sex, and age of those affected by a problematic drinker.

Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)

Date: 02-2016

DOI: 10.1037/PHA0000060

Abstract: This study explores survey respondents' reports of alcohol-related harm created by another person's drinking and whether the experience of harm was influenced by the respondent's own risky drinking behavior and other relevant personal demographics (age and sex). Drawing from a cross-sectional survey of Australian adults, the study analyzes the likelihood that frequent risky drinkers, infrequent risky drinkers, nonrisky drinkers, and nondrinkers would report a problematic drinker and the different harms experienced as a result of the problematic drinker. The study also examines the type of harms experienced and the number of different harms experienced. Both unadjusted and adjusted models (accounting for age and sex) are reported. Results showed that respondents' own drinking behavior influenced their reporting of a problematic drinker and the breadth of harms reported. More frequent risky drinkers reported a problematic drinker than did nonrisky drinkers, but the difference in odds was not significant between nondrinkers and nonrisky drinkers, nor between infrequent risky drinkers and frequent risky drinkers. The reported average number of harms for infrequent and frequent risky drinking categories was less than that for nondrinkers but was not significant. There was a nonlinear negative relationship between the age of the respondent and the probability of reporting a problematic drinker, and, after accounting for age, compared to men, women were significantly more likely to report a problematic drinker. The study highlights some evidence for the effect that in iduals who drink at riskier levels may experience more harms due to their heavier drinking social networks but downplay these experiences that others cause.

Police legitimacy in the Australian community context

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 18-10-2022

DOI: 10.4324/9781315668178-6

Converging neighbourhood vulnerabilities: the impact of exogenous shocks on crime

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 18-10-2022

DOI: 10.4324/9781315668178-9

Criminal justice responses to child sexual abuse material offending: a systematic review and evidence and gap map

Publisher: Australian Institute of Criminology

Date: 08-04-2021

DOI: 10.52922/TI78023

Abstract: This report provides the world’s first systematic review of criminal justice responses to child sexual abuse material (CSAM) offending. The systematic search identified 20,820 records, yielding eight eligible impact evaluations. Six studies focused on policing and two on the judicial arm of the criminal justice system. No correctional impact evaluations met our inclusion criteria. We qualitatively synthesise the evidence and use an evidence and gap map to visualise the current state of the evaluation evidence. Future research needs to prospectively design and rigorously evaluate evidence-informed interventions that are specifically tailored to CSAM offending.

From Bench to Curbside

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2017

DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12287

School truancy and welfare receipt dynamics in early adulthood: A longitudinal study

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 12-10-2023

DOI: 10.1177/26338076231202047

Truancy Intervention Reduces Crime: Results from a Randomized Field Trial

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 21-04-2018

DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2017.1313440

Editorial: The Campbell Crime & Justice Coordinating Group: Celebrating 20 years of achievements

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1099

The pros and cons of publicity campaigns as a crime control tactic

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2003

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-9133.2003.TB00013.X

China's Legalization of Domestic Rhino Horn Trade: Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner Perspectives and the Likelihood of Prescription

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 21-04-2021

DOI: 10.3389/FEVO.2021.607660

Abstract: Despite the international ban on the trade of rhino horn that has been in place since 1977, persistent demand for horn in Asia has driven a spike in poaching over the past decade. This has embroiled the conservation community in a debate over the efficacy of banning trade relative to other solutions. Proposals for trade to be legalized and supplied through the dehorning of live rhinos or the production of synthetic horn are contentious. The need for empirical research into the potential impacts of legalization on demand was made more urgent in 2018 when China publicized its intentions to reopen its domestic trade and permit the use of rhino horn in medical treatment. In this study, we interviewed 84 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners in the Chinese province of Guangdong. While 58 (69.05%, n = 84) of our interviewees were in favor of trade legalization, only 32 (38.10%, n = 84) thought it likely that trade legalization would cause them to increase their prescription of rhino horn over current levels. This is probably because clinical cases in which rhino horn is medically appropriate are uncommon. We also found that 33 (39.29%, n = 84) practitioners were open to using synthetic horn for patient treatment, which has implications for the viability of synthetic horn as a conservation tool. This research contributes empirical insight to advance the discourse on rhino horn trade policy.

The power of policing partnerships: sustaining the gains

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-04-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-014-9202-Y

Acquiring core investigative interviewing skills in police academy training

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 11-04-2021

DOI: 10.1093/POLICE/PAAB017

Abstract: The ability of a police officer to elicit case-relevant information from a witness, victim, or suspect of a crime is a fundamental component of policing capability. The skills required to conduct an effective interview are not innate requiring police officers to be formally trained. The structural design, teaching, and assessment methods employed in the delivery of investigative interviewing training are assumed to directly impact a trainee’s level of engagement and level of interviewing knowledge and skills acquired. This paper uses a qualitative case study approach to observe how core investigative interviewing skills are acquired through formal training. Our findings suggest a relationship between the adult learning construct adopted, the levels of learner engagement generated, and the achievement of desired learning outcomes. Our findings will inform future designs of investigative interviewing training that seek to maximize both learning outcomes and returns on resource investments.

Social behavior in public space: An analysis of behavioral adaptations to CCTV

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-2002

DOI: 10.1057/PALGRAVE.SJ.8340118

Shaping Citizen Perceptions of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial of Procedural Justice

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-2013

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-9125.2012.00289.X

Social identity and procedural justice in police encounters with the public: results from a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 13-12-2016

DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2014.989159

A systematic method for search term selection in systematic reviews

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-08-2013

DOI: 10.1002/JRSM.1096

Abstract: The wide variety of readily available electronic media grants anyone the freedom to retrieve published references from almost any area of research around the world. Despite this privilege, keeping up with primary research evidence is almost impossible because of the increase in professional publishing across disciplines. Systematic reviews are a solution to this problem as they aim to synthesize all current information on a particular topic and present a balanced and unbiased summary of the findings. They are fast becoming an important method of research across a number of fields, yet only a small number of guidelines exist on how to define and select terms for a systematic search. This article presents a replicable method for selecting terms in a systematic search using the semantic concept recognition software called leximancer (Leximancer, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia). We use this software to construct a set of terms from a corpus of literature pertaining to transborder interventions for drug control and discuss the applicability of this method to systematic reviews in general. This method aims to contribute a more 'systematic' approach for selecting terms in a manner that is entirely replicable for any user.

Policing Australia’s heroin drought: using an agent-based model to simulate alternative outcomes

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-08-2008

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-008-9057-1

Effective drug policy: a new approach demonstrated in the Drug Policy Modelling Program

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2007

DOI: 10.1080/09595230701247665

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe a new comprehensive approach to studying illicit drug policy - one that integrates evidence, disciplinary approaches, drug use behaviours and policy making processes. The methods described here include systematic reviews of the evidence, studies of the ways in which policy decision-making actually occurs, and the use of modelling approaches that can explicate the multi-dimensional nature of drug policy responses and their dynamic interactions. The approach described has the potential to facilitate new drug policy that would not have been possible or apparent through the sole study of one aspect of drug policy, such as the evidence-base or the political context or the economics of drug markets. We believe this approach may be more likely to produce strategic drug policy because it reflects the richness and complexity of the real world of drug use, and drug policy. The purpose of employing an integrative methodology is to create the potential for new drug policy insights, ideas and interventions - not restricted to one body of evidence, nor to accidental or fortuitous policy-making processes.

Policing interventions for targeting interpersonal violence in developing countries: a systematic review

Publisher: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.23846/SR31277

Investigative interviewing skills in policing: Examining the transfer of training into workplace practices

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 03-09-2021

DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2019-0182

Abstract: Police invest significant time, energy and resources to equip officers with the skills required to conduct effective investigative interviews. However, transferring those skills acquired or developed in a training environment for application in the police workplace is a journey fraught with impediments and ersions. Invariably, the quality and amount of skills transferred and applied on the job represent a paltry return on resource investment. This research explores the factors that impact the transfer of investigative interviewing skills from the training environment to the police workplace. Interviews with 40 officers, both uniformed and plain-clothes, were conducted to explore the influences on and impediments to effective skill transfer. Data were inductively analysed and thematically pattern-matched with existing research findings in the adult training domain. Results indicate that trainee motivation, perceptions of training relevance, perceptions of training quality and preparedness to conduct the task as trained directly and indirectly influence the degree to which investigative interviewing skills transfer from the training environment to the police workplace. This is original research in a domain that has previously received limited academic attention. An awareness of the factors that negatively impact on the transfer of acquired skills and ways to mitigate or ameliorate the detrimental effects are likely to assist police trainers and workplace managers to improve transfer rates and get more outcome value for the money, time and effort invested in training regimes.

Rhino horn use by consumers of traditional Chinese medicine in China

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-02-2021

DOI: 10.1111/CSP2.365

Policing health regulations in democratic societies: A focus on COVID-19 challenges and opportunities in Australia

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 26-03-2021

DOI: 10.1080/01924036.2021.1907605

Foreword to the 10(th) Anniversary Special Issue

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-11-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-015-9248-5

Third Party Policing and School Truancy

Publisher: Springer New York

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_172

Parental attachment and truant rationalizations of antisocial behavior: findings from a randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 23-09-2020

DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2019.1668825

Making Every Police–Citizen Interaction Count

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 31-01-2018

DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12340

Compstat in Australia: An analysis of the spatial and temporal impact

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCRIMJUS.2010.12.005

Police Leadership in Fostering Evidence-Based Agency Reform

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 13-10-2016

DOI: 10.1093/POLICE/PAV031

Family engagement strategies to reduce crime

Publisher: Springer New York

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_177

Street-level drug law enforcement: an updated systematic review

Publisher: Australian Institute of Criminology

Date: 08-09-2020

DOI: 10.52922/TI04640

Abstract: The Global Policing Database is used to update a 2007 systematic review of the impact of street-level law enforcement interventions on drug crime and drug-related calls-for-service. A total of 26 studies (reported in 29 documents) were eligible for this updated review. Eighteen of the 26 studies reported sufficient data to calculate effect sizes. We find that, overall, street-level policing approaches are effective in reducing drug crime, particularly those involving partnerships. We also find that geographically targeted law enforcement interventions are more effective in reducing drug crime than standard, unfocused approaches. Approaches that target larger problem areas for intervention are more effective for reducing drug crime (but not calls-for-service) than approaches that focus on micro problem places.

Police stops to reduce crime: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-01-2023

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1302

Abstract: Police‐initiated pedestrian stops have been one of the most widely used crime prevention tactics in modern policing. Proponents have long considered police stops to be an indispensable component of crime prevention efforts, with many holding them responsible for the significant reductions in violent crime observed across major US cities in recent decades. Critics, however, have taken issue with the overuse of pedestrian stops, linking them to worsening mental and physical health, attitudes toward the police, and elevated delinquent behavior for in iduals directly subject to them. To date, there has been no systematic review or meta‐analysis on the effects of these interventions on crime and in idual‐level outcomes. To synthesize the existing evaluation research regarding the impact of police‐initiated pedestrian stops on crime and disorder, mental and physical health, in idual attitudes toward the police, self‐reported crime/delinquency, violence in police‐citizen encounters, and police misbehavior. We used the Global Policing Database, a repository of all experimental and quasi‐experimental evaluations of policing interventions conducted since 1950, to search for published and unpublished evaluations of pedestrian stop interventions through December of 2019. This overarching search was supplemented by additional searches of academic databases, gray literature sources, and correspondence with subject‐matter experts to capture eligible studies through December 2021. Eligibility was limited to studies that included a treatment group of people or places experiencing pedestrian stops and a control group of people or places not experiencing pedestrian stops (or experiencing a lower dosage of pedestrian stops). Studies were required to use an experimental or quasi‐experimental design and evaluate the intervention using an outcome of area‐level crime and disorder, mental or physical health, in idual or community‐level attitudes toward the police, or self‐reported crime/delinquency. We adopted standard methodological procedures expected by the C bell Collaboration. Eligible studies were grouped by conceptually similar outcomes and then analyzed separately using random effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Treatment effects were represented using relative incident rate ratios, odds ratios, and Hedges' g effect sizes, depending on the unit of analysis and outcome measure. We also conducted sensitivity analyses for several outcome measures using robust variance estimation, with standard errors clustered by each unique study/s le. Risk of bias was assessed using items adapted from the Cochrane randomized and non‐randomized risk of bias tools. Our systematic search strategies identified 40 eligible studies corresponding to 58 effect sizes across six outcome groupings, representing 90,904 people and 20,876 places. Police‐initiated pedestrian stop interventions were associated with a statistically significant 13% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −16%, −9%, p 0.001) reduction in crime for treatment areas relative to control areas. These interventions also led to a diffusion of crime control benefits, with a statistically significant 7% (95% CI: −9%, −4%, p 0.001) reduction in crime for treatment displacement areas relative to control areas. However, pedestrian stops were also associated with a broad range of negative in idual‐level effects. In iduals experiencing police stops were associated with a statistically significant 46% (95% CI: 24%, 72%, p 0.001) increase in the odds of a mental health issue and a 36% (95% CI: 14%, 62%, p 0.001) increase in the odds of a physical health issue, relative to control. In iduals experiencing police stops also reported significantly more negative attitudes toward the police ( g = −0.38, 95% CI: −0.59, −0.17, p 0.001) and significantly higher levels of self‐reported crime/delinquency ( g = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.48, p 0.001), equating to changes of 18.6% and 15%, respectively. No eligible studies were identified measuring violence in police‐citizen encounters or officer misbehavior. While eligible studies were often considered to be at moderate to high risk of bias toward control groups, no significant differences based on methodological rigor were observed. Moderator analyses also indicated that the negative in idual‐level effects of pedestrian stops may be more pronounced for youth, and that significant differences in effect sizes may exist between US and European studies. However, these moderator analyses were limited by a small number of studies in each comparison, and we were unable to compare the effects of police stops across racial groupings. While our findings point to favorable effects of pedestrian stop interventions on place‐based crime and displacement outcomes, evidence of negative in idual‐level effects makes it difficult to recommend the use of these tactics over alternative policing interventions. Recent systematic reviews of hot spots policing and problem‐oriented policing approaches indicate a more robust evidence‐base and generally larger crime reduction effects than those presented here, often without the associated backfire effects on in idual health, attitudes, and behavior. Future research should examine whether police agencies can mitigate the negative effects of pedestrian stops through a focus on officer behavior during these encounters.

Conservation criminology: modelling offender target selection for illegal fishing in marine protected areas

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 27-03-2019

DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZZ020

Abstract: The emergence of conservation criminology over the past decade provides a unique insight into patterns of wildlife crime. Wildlife crime has a dramatic impact on many vulnerable species and represents a significant challenge to the management of protected areas around the world. This paper contributes to the field of conservation criminology by examining the travel patterns of fishing poachers in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia. The results demonstrate that distance is a key feature of offender target selection, reflecting the established environmental criminology concept of distance decay. The analysis also reveals a significant relationship between in idual no-take zones and regional population areas. The applicability of a nodal-oriented approach to wildlife crime prevention is discussed.

Space-time patterns of poaching risk: Using the near-repeat hypothesis to inform compliance enforcement in marine protected areas

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOCON.2020.108652

Crime, Place, and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-9133.2012.00812.X

Intelligence-led policing: a comparative analysis of organizational factors influencing innovation uptake

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 19-11-2013

DOI: 10.1177/1098611112467411

Abstract: The capacity of police organizations to adopt innovative practices is poorly understood. This article compares and contrasts the uptake of one particular innovation: intelligence-led policing (ILP), in New Zealand, using a survey of 286 officers and 32 depth interviews to explore police attitudes and perceptions of the organizational factors influencing the adoption of ILP. We found that leadership and effective use of technology were critical to initiating and sustaining innovation. We conclude with a discussion of how police departments might best plan for and execute the adoption of new, innovative approaches to crime control.

Civil remedies and drug control: A randomized field trial in Oakland, California

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 04-2000

DOI: 10.1177/0193841X0002400203

Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of a civil remedy program (Beat Health) on drug and disorder problems under experimental field trial conditions. Using calls for service data, the authors find statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups, when drug problem calls prior to the start of the intervention were compared to drug calls during a 12-month follow-up period. The Beat Health sites, especially the residential sites, improved relative to the control sites. By contrast, the control treatment (patrol response) led to significant increases in drug problems, particularly at the commercial properties included in this study. The authors also examined the spatial influences of the Beat Health and patrol responses in catchment areas surrounding each of the 100 study sites. The results show some improvement in the experimental residential sites. The authors found, however, a possible displacement of drug problems in and around both the commercial experimental and control sites. They show that the displacement effect is most notable in the commercial control sites.

A police partnership targeting truancy: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-08-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S41887-020-00048-X

Abstract: How can an Australian police agency best test its role in a truancy prevention programme that can help to prevent crime? Operational and analytic planning for testing the Ability School Engagement Partnership (ASEP) programme in Queensland that aims to increase school attendance and reduce anti-social behaviour, including offending. Fulfilling the requirements for registering a randomised trial protocol with the Clinicaltrials.gov Registry (NCT04281966 date registered 24 February 2020). A protocol deploying a cluster randomised trial offers sufficient statistical power to detect a moderately large effect size as statistically significant with 80% probability. Implementation of this protocol as planned would provide an internally valid test of the effectiveness of the ASEP programme in real-world conditions.

Monograph No. 27. Criminal justice responses relating to personal use and possession of illicit drugs: The reach of Australian drug diversion programs and barriers and facilitators to expansion

Publisher: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney

Date: 2019

DOI: 10.26190/5CCA661CE09CE

Translational criminology in the Antipodes: a tale of trials, tribulations, and (sometimes) triumph

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 30-03-2022

DOI: 10.4324/9781003153009-17

Developmental transitions during adulthood and neighborliness: A multilevel cluster analysis

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-09-2019

DOI: 10.1002/JCOP.22246

Abstract: Neighborliness plays a critical role in promoting social integration, and is known to positively influence health and psychosocial adjustment. We examined variation in neighborliness based on developmental transitions as well as on the neighborhood context. We examined the direct and moderating role of neighborhood factors, to determine whether the neighborhood context modified the influence of developmental transitions on neighborliness. We analyzed data from a longitudinal study of Australian communities, in addition to census data. First, we analyzed developmental transition clusters. Next, we employed multilevel modeling to assess the impact of clusters and other key factors on neighborliness. We tested interactions to determine whether the influence of cluster membership on neighborliness was modified by the neighborhood. We found evidence for direct effects of cluster membership and structural factors on neighborliness. In addition, the neighborhood context modified the influence of cluster membership on neighborliness. Our findings underscore the importance of promoting neighborhood social engagement throughout the life course.

Managing police patrol time: The role of supervisor directives

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 12-2005

DOI: 10.1080/07418820500364692

Analyzing block randomized studies: the example of the Jersey City drug market analysis experiment

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 16-12-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-018-9349-Z

Crop targeting's impact as a drug control strategy [Protocol for a systematic review]

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.132

A methodological guide for translating study instruments in cross-cultural research: Adapting the 'connectedness to nature' scale into Chinese

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2020

DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13465

Perceiving teachers as procedurally just limits the negative effects of delinquent peer associations: An analysis of Australian adolescent boys’ and girls’ perceptions of school authority

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 27-05-2021

DOI: 10.1111/JOSI.12447

Abstract: This research addressed whether perceptions of antisocial peers play a role in shaping in idual perceptions of the legitimacy of school authority figures in young people. Using data from a s le of 102 young people from Brisbane, Australia, who participated in the Ability School Engagement Program, we examined whether associating with peers who engage in antisocial behavior was related to perceptions of the legitimacy of school authority over time. Mixed‐effects linear regression analyses indicated that associations with antisocial peers were related to poorer perceptions of school authority over a 2‐year period. We also found that antisocial peer associations had a bigger impact on perceptions of school legitimacy for girls compared to boys. These relationships, however, were not statistically significant when perceptions of school procedural justice were controlled for, suggesting the important role of school procedural justice in shaping perceptions of school legitimacy, even among young people who associate with more antisocial peers.

Putting Process into Routine Activity Theory: Variations in the Control of Crime Opportunities

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1057/SJ.2015.39

Policing immigrants: using a randomized control trial of procedural justice policing to promote trust and cooperation

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 13-10-2018

DOI: 10.1177/0004865816673691

Abstract: Immigrants are often less trusting of police than non-immigrants because they can feel ill-served by police and the laws they enforce. Procedural justice policing has been regarded as central to improving public trust and confidence in police. Using survey data from citizens exposed to the world’s first randomized field trial of procedural justice policing (Queensland Community Engagement Trial), we found that trust in police, but not willingness to report crime to police, was higher among those exposed to the procedural justice condition compared to the control condition. Interestingly, the effect of procedural justice on trust and crime reporting was moderated by age and immigrant status procedural justice had a more positive effect for immigrants, particularly those younger than 26 years of age.

Surrounded by violence: how do individual perceptions and community context shape views about violence?

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 08-08-2018

DOI: 10.1177/0004865817723409

Abstract: In this paper we examine the community- and in idual-level characteristics associated with in iduals’ perceptions of violence. We use data collected in the Australian Community Capacity Study Wave 3 survey of over 4000 in iduals living in 148 local residential communities in Brisbane and employ multilevel models to examine the association between community context, in idual perceptions of police effectiveness and the belief that people in one’s community support violence to resolve conflict. We find communities with histories of violent crime and more negative views about police effectiveness tend to be communities where residents perceive their neighbours will support the use of violence to resolve conflict.

Hoteliers as crime control partners

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 11-02-2019

DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-08-2018-0126

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present evaluation results of Operation Galley, an intelligence-led policing (ILP) intervention that sought to proactively address the problem of drug dealing from hotel rooms by engaging hoteliers as crime control partners with the Queensland Police Service. Operation Galley, a randomized control field trial, rank ordered and matched 120 hotels on size, star rating, location and estimated degree of suspicious behaviour. Hotels were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Operation Galley hotels who received a procedurally just letter, followed by a personal visit with detectives the letter-only hotels who received the procedurally just letter and the business as usual hotels. Using repeated measures ANOVA and general linear models, results of the 12-month trial indicate that the Operation Galley condition led to an increase in police engagement with hoteliers, increasing the recognition, reporting and police enforcement of drug offenders. The Operation Galley trial demonstrates that the ILP approach helped foster positive engagement between hoteliers and detectives. The approach cultivated hoteliers as crime control partners and thereby increased the flow of human source intelligence, helping police to better target and respond to drug dealing problems in hotel rooms. Results of the Operation Galley trial demonstrate that hoteliers can be leveraged as crime control partners, providing important human source intelligence about drug dealing and facilitating the capacity of police to better respond to drug problems in hotels.

Advancing knowledge about replication in criminology

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-07-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-018-9337-3

PROTOCOL: Police programs that seek to increase community connectedness for reducing violent extremism behaviour, attitudes and beliefs

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-02-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1076

Abstract: Community engagement and connectedness are identified as potential mitigating factors for those at risk of engaging in violent extremism. Police have a critical role in promoting social inclusion and social connectedness and thereby preventing violent extremism. Thus, it is essential to understand the effectiveness of policing programs aimed at promoting community connectedness and their impact on reducing violent extremism. To date, there has been no systematic synthesis of the evaluation evidence for these policing approaches and their impact on violent extremism. This is the protocol for a review that will include any policing intervention that aims to promote community connectedness. The present proposed review is necessary to ascertain whether policing interventions that seek to promote community connectedness are effective for reducing violent extremism behaviour, attitudes and beliefs.

Police programmes that seek to increase community connectedness for reducing violent extremism behaviour, attitudes and beliefs

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1111

Abstract: Police can play a role in tackling violent extremism through disrupting terrorist plots and by working with communities to identify in iduals at risk of radicalisation. Police programmes to tackle violent extremism can involve a range of approaches and partnerships. One approach includes efforts to improve community connectedness by working to address social isolation, belonging, economic opportunities and norms and values that may lead people to endorse or support violent extremist causes and groups. The assumption is that the risk of an in idual being radicalised in the community can be reduced when police work in pothe international legal ordersitive ways with community members and groups to mobilise and support activities that help generate a sense of belonging and trust. Police programmes that build a sense of belonging and trust may help ensure in iduals are not influenced by activities that violent extremists use to attract support for their cause. The review aimed to systematically examine whether or not police programmes that seek to promote community connectedness are effective in reducing violent extremist behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. The review also sought to identify whether effectiveness varied by the intervention type and location. Using terrorism‐related terms, we searched the Global Policing Database to identify eligible published and unpublished evaluations between January 2002 and December 2018. We supplemented this with comprehensive searches of relevant terrorism and counter‐terrorism websites and research repositories, reference harvesting of eligible and topic‐relevant studies, forward citation searches of eligible studies, hand‐searches of leading journals and consultations with experts. Eligible studies needed to include an initiative that involved the police, either through police initiation, development, leadership or where the police were receivers of the programme (such as a training programme) or where the police delivered or implemented the intervention. The initiative also needed to be some kind of a strategy, technique, approach, activity, c aign, training, programme, directive or funding/organisational change that involved police in some way to promote community connectedness. Community connectedness was defined as being community consultation, partnership or collaboration with citizens and/or organisational entities. Eligible outcomes included violent extremism, along with radicalisation and disengagement which are considered to be attitudinal and belief‐based components of violent extremism. These outcomes could be measured via self‐report instruments, interviews, observations and/or official data. To be included, studies could utilise in iduals, micro‐ or macroplaces as the participants. Finally, studies needed to provide a quantitative impact evaluation that utilised a randomised or quasi‐experimental design with a comparison group that either did not receive the intervention, or that received “business‐as‐usual” policing, no intervention or an alternative intervention. The systematic search identified 2,273 records (after duplicate removal). After systematic screening across two stages (title/abstract and full‐text), just one study (reported in two documents) met the review eligibility criteria. Standardised mean differences (SMD) were used to estimate intervention effects for this single study and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias in Non‐Randomised Studies‐Interventions tool (ROBINS‐I). The single eligible study ( n = 191) was a quasi‐experimental evaluation of the Muslim‐led intervention—World Organisation for Resource Development Education (WORDE)—conducted in the United States in 2015. The intervention comprised three components: community education, enhancing agency networks and multicultural volunteerism activities. Self‐report data were collected from youth and adults who were civically engaged, sensitised to issues of violent extremism and who had existing cooperative relationships with law enforcement and social services. The comparison group comprised matched participants who had not engaged with the WORDE programme. The outcomes most closely aligned with conceptual definitions of deradicalization, specifically levels of acceptance and/or engagement with cultural and religious differences or pluralistic views and modification of group or personal identity. Based on single survey items, the SMD ranged from small to medium in favour of the treatment group aside from one item which favoured the comparison group (“ I make friends with people from other races ”, SMD = −0.51, 95% CI: −0.82, −0.19). However, of the nine SMDs calculated, six had confidence intervals including zero. These effects should be interpreted with caution due to the study's overall serious risk of bias. It is important to note that it is not explicitly clear whether the evaluation participants in the treatment group were all directly exposed to the two intervention components that involved police. Hence, these evaluation outcomes may not be direct measures of how effect police were at countering violent extremism by promoting community connectiveness. The aim of this systematic review was to examine whether or not police programmes that seek to promote community connectedness are effective in reducing violent extremist behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. There is insufficient evidence available to ascertain whether such interventions achieve these outcomes. This finding is the result of the fact that interventions that have been evaluated tend to be characterised by evaluation designs that do not adopt experimental or quasi‐experimental approaches or use outcomes that are outside of scope for this review. While the volume of studies identified provide support for the assertion that police can play a role in tackling violent extremism by participating in, and implementing, programmes that promote community connectedness, it is unclear at this time if such approaches work in reducing violent extremism. Whilst we conclude that investment needs to be made in more robust methods of evaluation to test for programme effectiveness, we acknowledge that conducting evaluation and research in the area of counter‐terrorism/violent extremism is challenging.

Procedural justice, routine encounters and citizen perceptions of police: Main findings from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET)

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-07-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-012-9160-1

Body-worn cameras' effects on police officers and citizen behavior

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CL2.1112

The impact of COMPSTAT on reported crime in Queensland

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 05-06-2007

DOI: 10.1108/13639510710753243

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of Queensland Police Service's version of COMPSTAT, known as “Operational Performance Reviews” (OPRs), on reported crime. The paper employed interrupted time series analytic techniques to examine the impact of OPRs on various categories of reported crime in Queensland. The analyses assessed the extent to which OPRs were associated with crime reductions across the 29 police districts in Queensland. The introduction of OPRs was found to be associated with a significant decrease in the total number of reported offences in Queensland. OPRs were found to have their strongest effect on reported unlawful entries into dwellings and unlawful entries into other properties. The overall finding was that OPRs appeared to be a cost‐effective approach to controlling crime, resulting in an overall saving of AUD$1,162,175. The current study suggests that COMPSTAT generally – and Queensland's OPRs in particular – can be an effective police management mechanism, which results in observable reductions in reported crimes. Moreover, OPRs appear to be most effective at reducing property‐related crime. Modifications of this performance management process may help to generalize its effects to other types of crime. This study was the first to provide a systematic examination of the impact of OPRs on a relatively large number of offence categories.

Correction: Conservation criminology: modelling offender target selection for illegal fishing in marine protected areas (Vol 59, azz020, 2019)

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 14-05-2019

DOI: 10.1093/BJC/AZZ031

Using gunshot detection systems in police departments: The impact on police response times and officer workloads

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 06-1998

DOI: 10.1177/109861119800100202

Abstract: Gunshot detection systems are defined as technologically advanced acoustic sensing systems capable of identifying, discriminating and reporting gun shots within one second of a shot being fired. Manufacturers of gunshot detection systems propose that the technology can significantly decrease officer response times to random gunfire calls for service as well as indi rectly control random gunfire problems. Our paper examines some of the organizational imphcations of using gunshot detection systems in local law enforcement agencies. Drawing from a two-month field trial of a gun shot detection system implemented in Dallas, Tex., our paper explores the impact of the technology on officer response times and officer workloads. Our results suggest that implementation of gunshot detection technology in Dallas reduced officer response times by about one minute (7% reduc tion) yet significantly increased officer workloads.

School-based drug prevention programs: A review of what works

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 08-2008

DOI: 10.1375/ACRI.41.2.259

Abstract: This article examines the effectiveness of school-based drug prevention programs in preventing illicit drug use. Our article reports the results of a systematic review of the evaluation literature to answer three fundamental questions: (1) do school-based drug prevention programs reduce rates of illicit drug use? (2) what features are characteristic of effective programs? and (3) do these effective program characteristics differ from those identified as effective in reviews of school-based drug prevention of licit substance use (such as alcohol and tobacco)? Using systematic review and meta-analytic techniques, we identify the characteristics of school-based drug prevention programs that have a significant and beneficial impact on ameliorating illicit substance use (i.e., narcotics) among young people. Successful intervention programs typically involve high levels of interactivity, time-intensity, and universal approaches that are delivered in the middle school years. These program characteristics aligned with many of the effective program elements found in previous reviews exploring the impact of school-based drug prevention on licit drug use. Contrary to these past reviews, however, our analysis suggests that the inclusion of booster sessions and multifaceted drug prevention programs have little impact on preventing illicit drug use among school-aged children. Limitations of the current review and policy implications are discussed.

Living near violence: How proximity to violence shapes perceptions of police effectiveness and confidence in police

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVP.2017.07.007

Social capital and fear of crime in Brisbane

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 25-04-2017

DOI: 10.1177/1440783317704992

Abstract: Social capital is upheld for its value in explaining variations in crime across place. Collective efficacy is understood to be the superlative link between less effectual components of neighbourhood social capital (such as social ties and reciprocity) and lower rates of crime. The current study examines the value of neighbourhood social capital in explaining another community attribute associated with neighbourhoods: fear of crime. We conduct a secondary analysis of survey data collected from over 2000 people clustered in 82 Statistical Local Areas in Brisbane, Australia, to examine the correlates of fear of crime. We find that when comparing elements of social capital, the agentic element of social capital – collective efficacy – has the strongest relationship to reduced fear of crime.

Herman Goldstein (1931 – 2020): a tribute

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 15-03-2020

DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2020.1752213

Parental and student perceptions of procedural justice and legitimacy in the context of truancy: results from a randomized field trial

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 06-06-2019

DOI: 10.1177/0004865819853320

Technological approaches to controlling random gunfire - Results of a gunshot detection system field test

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 06-2002

DOI: 10.1108/13639510210429400

Abstract: Using a quasi‐experimental design methodology, this paper reports the results from a controlled field evaluation of the ShotSpotter gunshot location technology in Redwood City, California. Results from this field test indicate that overall, the ShotSpotter system was able to annunciate (detect) gunshots in 81 percent of the field trial events ( N = 25 of 31 shooting events) and triangulate (locate) gunshots in 84 percent of the field trial events ( N = 26 of 31 shooting events) within an average margin of error of 41ft. We conclude this paper with a discussion of the policy implications associated with using gunshot detection technology as a problem‐solving tool to detect, reduce and prevent incidences of random gunfire.

Crime script analysis for adult image-based sexual abuse: a study of crime intervention points for retribution-style offenders

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-2020

DOI: 10.1186/S40163-020-00130-9

Abstract: This research uses crime scripts to understand adult retribution-style image-based sexual abuse (RS-IBSA) offender decision-making and offending in offline and online environments. We explain the crime-commission process of adult RS-IBSA and identify crime intervention points at eight crime script stages. Publicly released court transcripts of adult RS-IBSA prosecution cases (n = 18) in New Zealand from 2015 to 2018 were utilised to examine the crime-commission process of adult RS-IBSA. We analysed the court transcripts thematically at offence-level prior to constructing the crime scripts. The study identified four types of adult RS-IBSA acts including the non-consensual dissemination of a victim’s intimate images, violent cyber sextortion, covert intimate photography, and unauthorised access of a victim’s phone/media. From our analysis, we identified three script tracks and constructed three distinct crime scripts: (1) threats, sextortion and dissemination (2) unauthorised access of a victim’s mobile device and dissemination and (3) covert intimate filming. We highlight areas for potential intervention for law enforcement agencies and policy makers to increase deterrence and personal security in online and offline spaces. Adult RS-IBSA occurs in a range of dating and domestic contexts. This study develops crime scripts for adult RS-IBSA and advances our understanding of how the Internet/smartphones/digital media translates into virtual crime scenes with opportunities for maximum harm infliction. We offer several policy implications including revising current RS-IBSA legislation and supporting law enforcement agencies with policing online and offline intimate relationship spaces through situational prevention.

Ethnic diversity and its impact on community social cohesion and neighborly exchange

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 02-2014

DOI: 10.1111/JUAF.12015

Legitimacy in policing: a systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2013

DOI: 10.4073/CSR.2013.1

Abstract: This C bell systematic review assesses the direct and indirect benefits of public police interventions that use procedurally just dialogue. The review summarises findings from 30 studies conducted in Australia, the USA and England. The participants were in iduals (citizen, victim, offender etc.), groups (e.g. community) and third parties (e.g. religious advisors). Police‐led interventions specifically aimed at increasing legitimacy have a significant impact on public satisfaction with and confidence in the police. Such interventions are also associated with significantly increased public compliance/cooperation, procedural justice (fairness, neutrality, etc.) and legitimacy (obligation to obey police/law). Interventions also had a minor effect on reoffending. Police require voluntary cooperation from the general public to be effective in controlling crime and maintaining order. Research shows that citizens are more likely to comply and cooperate with police and obey the law when they view the police as legitimate. The most common pathway that the police use to increase citizen perceptions of legitimacy is through the use of procedural justice. Procedural justice, as described in the literature, comprises four essential components. These components are citizen participation in the proceedings prior to an authority reaching a decision (or voice), perceived neutrality of the authority in making the decision, whether or not the authority showed dignity and respect toward citizens throughout the interaction, and whether or not the authority conveyed trustworthy motives. Police departments throughout the world are implicitly and explicitly weaving the dialogue of these four principles of procedural justice (treating people with dignity and respect, giving citizens “voice” during encounters, being neutral in decision making, and conveying trustworthy motives) into their operational policing programs and interventions. This review synthesizes published and unpublished empirical evidence on the impact of interventions led by the public police to enhance citizen perceptions of police legitimacy. Our objective is to provide a systematic review of the direct and indirect benefits of policing approaches that foster legitimacy in policing that either report an explicit statement that the intervention sought to increase legitimacy or report that there was an application of at least one of the principles of procedural justice: participation, neutrality, dignity/respect, and trustworthy motives. Studies were identified using six electronic databases (CSA, Informit, Ingenta Connect, Ovid, Proquest and Web of Knowledge) and two library catalogues (National Police Library and the Cambridge University Library and dependent libraries). We also searched the reference list of each eligible study, and reviewed the biographies and publication lists of influential authors in the field of procedural justice and police legitimacy, to determine if there were any relevant studies not retrieved in the original search. Studies were included if they described any type of public police intervention (e.g. routine patrols, traffic stops, community policing, reassurance policing, problem‐oriented policing, conferencing) that either explicitly stated that the intervention was aimed at improving police legitimacy (through either a directive, training or organizational innovation) or explicitly used at least one of the principles of procedural justice. Studies had to include at least one direct outcome, such as citizen compliance, cooperation, or satisfaction with police, aimed at improving legitimacy, and could also include indirect outcomes, such as reduction in reoffending, or crime and social disorder. We included only studies that evaluated interventions if they were led by public police from any level of government (i.e., local, state and federal law enforcement officers). To be included in the systematic review, studies must have used one of the following research designs: an experimental (randomized) design involving at least two conditions, with one condition being the intervention and the other a control condition a quasi‐experimental (non‐randomized) design involving at least two conditions, with one condition being the intervention and the other a comparison condition a quasi‐experimental interrupted time‐series design that involved measurement of an aggregate outcome, such as crime rate, in equally spaced time intervals prior to and following the initiation of the police‐led intervention. The systematic search identified 963 unique studies on police legitimacy and/or procedural justice and policing, of which 933 were obtained. Of those, 163 studies reported on police‐led interventions. A final set of 30 studies, containing 41 independent evaluations, was eligible for meta‐analysis. Data analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis 2.0 (CMA), a statistical meta‐analysis software package. We conducted separate meta‐analyses using random effects models for each outcome of policing interventions that had been measured by at least two evaluations. The outcomes analyzed were: Direct – legitimacy, procedural justice, cooperation/compliance, and satisfaction/confidence Indirect – revictimization or reoffending. We obtained or calculated a single effect size per study per outcome, either a standardized mean difference ( g ) for a continuous outcome, or an odds ratios for outcomes reported as dichotomous. We also explored possible moderators of policing legitimacy including intervention type, research design, respondent type, crime type, year of publication, and country of publication, using analogs to the ANOVA implemented via subgroup analyses in CMA. In addition, we conducted a series of sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results to the following: inclusion of studies where data was imputed, inclusion of poor quality studies (e.g. lack of treatment integrity), and we inspected possible sources of bias in the data, including publication bias and small‐study effects. There were 41 independent evaluations available for meta‐analysis: 7 assessed legitimacy as an outcome, 14 assessed procedural justice, 8 assessed compliance/cooperation, 29 assessed satisfaction/confidence, and 26 assessed reoffending. The direct outcome satisfaction/confidence showed the highest overall effect that was statistically significant (OR 1.75, 95% confidence limits 1.54, 1.99), followed by compliance/cooperation (OR 1.62, 95% confidence limits 1.13, 2.32), and procedural justice (OR 1.47, 95% confidence limits 1.16, 1.86). The estimated effect size for the direct outcome legitimacy (OR 1.58, 95% confidence limits 0.85, 2.95), while quite large, has a wide confidence interval, indicating a high degree of uncertainty around the estimate. Interventions showed a marginal effect on reoffending as an indirect outcome measure ( g = ‐0.07, 95% confidence limits ‐0.14, 0.00). When reoffending was broken down by measurement method, studies that measured reoffending using official police data and self‐reported reoffending showed no effect ( g = 0.03, 95% confidence limits ‐0.05, 0.11) however, studies that measured self‐reported victimization showed a large decrease in revictimization as a result of the interventions ( g = ‐0.13, 95% confidence limits ‐0.23, ‐0.05). The main finding of this review is that the effects of legitimacy policing interventions on each direct outcome measure are in a positive direction. For all but the legitimacy outcome, the results were statistically significant. We note that there is a clear lack of randomized experiments in the international research literature that specifically seek to isolate and test the component parts of a legitimacy policing intervention. Notwithstanding the variability in the mode in which legitimacy policing is delivered (i.e., the study intervention) and the complexities around measurement of legitimacy outcomes, our review shows that the dialogue component of front‐line police‐led interventions is important for promoting citizen satisfaction, confidence, compliance and cooperation with the police, and for enhancing perceptions of procedural justice. In practical terms, this means that police can achieve positive changes in citizen attitudes to police through adopting procedurally justice dialogue as a component part of any type of police intervention. We conclude that the type of police intervention (the vehicle for delivering a procedurally just encounter) is secondary to the procedurally just dialogue that underpins the intervention. Police require voluntary cooperation from the general public to be effective in controlling crime and maintaining order. Research shows that citizens are more likely to cooperate with the police and obey the law when they view the police's authority as legitimate. One way that the police can increase their legitimacy and gain cooperation and respect from citizens is by using “procedurally just” dialogue that adopts language that treats citizens with dignity and respect, conveys trustworthy motives, allows citizens to speak up and express their views during encounters, and by not “profiling” people based on race, gender or any other characteristic. The objective of our review was to systematically assess the direct and indirect benefits of interventions led by the public police that contained elements of this type of procedurally just dialogue. The systematic search found 163 studies that reported on police‐led interventions, and a final set of 30 studies contained data suitable for meta‐analysis. The direct outcomes analyzed were legitimacy, procedural justice, and citizen cooperation/compliance and satisfaction/confidence in the police. In addition, an indirect outcome, reoffending, was also analyzed. The main finding of this review is that police interventions that comprised dialogue with a procedural justice component (or stated specifically that the intervention sought to increase legitimacy) did indeed enhance citizens' views on the legitimacy of the police, with all direct outcomes apart from legitimacy itself being statistically significant. Our review shows that by police adopting procedurally just dialogue, they can use a variety of interventions to enhance legitimacy, reduce reoffending, and promote citizen satisfaction, confidence, compliance and cooperation with the police.

Advocate Third-Party Policing

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Date: 29-08-2019

DOI: 10.1017/9781108278423.012

Truancy intervention and violent offending: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.AVB.2019.07.003

Procedural justice and police legitimacy: A systematic review of the research evidence

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-02-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-013-9175-2

Policing partnerships to address youth antisocial behavior: How parental risk‐taking shapes child outcomes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-07-2020

DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12510

Fostering intentions to attend school: applying the theory of planned behaviour to shape positive behavioural intentions in a cohort of truanting youths

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-01-2021

DOI: 10.1007/S12144-020-01309-8

Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) Techniques to Prevent and Control Cybercrimes: A Focused Systematic Review

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.COSE.2022.102611

Drug law enforcement in an agent-based model: Simulating the disruption to street-level drug markets

Publisher: IGI Global

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59904-591-7.CH018

Abstract: This chapter describes an agent-based model called SimDrugPolicing that explores the relative impact of three law enforcement strategies—standard patrol, hotspot policing, and problem-oriented policing— on an archetypal street-based illicit drug market. Using data from Melbourne (Australia), we simulate the relative effectiveness of these different drug law enforcement approaches. We examine the complex interactions between users, dealers, wholesalers, outreach workers and police to examine the relative effectiveness of the three drug law enforcement strategies, analyzing several outcome indicators such as the number of committed crimes, dealers’ and users’ cash, overdoses and fatal overdoses. Our results show that problem-oriented policing is the most effective approach to disrupting street level drug markets in a simulated urban environment.

Differential police control at drug dealing places

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1057/PALGRAVE.SJ.8340162

Campbell Collaboration systematic reviews and the Journal of Experimental Criminology: reflections on the last 20 years

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-05-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S11292-020-09433-Y

Policing community problems: Exploring the role of formal social control in shaping collective efficacy

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 04-2013

DOI: 10.1177/0004865812470118

Abstract: Research finds police-led crime control interventions focusing on places and involving partnerships tend to yield positive crime control outcomes. Some scholars argue that these positive outcomes are achieved when police use place-based, partnership-oriented interventions to facilitate and encourage collective efficacy (CE), the corollary being that these CE-enhancing efforts lead to less crime. Nevertheless, differentiating the police activities that impact CE across different types of communities is not well understood. This paper examines the role of police in shaping CE in two contrasting communities. Using in-depth interviews with residents and key informants we find that police are most likely to enhance CE when they foster a sense of effectiveness, use inclusive and partnership-oriented strategies and when they implement strategies in a manner that encourages perceptions of police legitimacy. Moreover, if police can maintain or cultivate a sense of empowerment among community residents, they are more likely to foster CE. Yet the role of police in enhancing CE is different in different community types. We discuss the implications of these findings for policy and practice.

Crime and disorder in drug hot spots: implications for theory and practice in policing

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 09-2000

DOI: 10.1177/1098611100003003006

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between street-level drug hot spots and crime and disorder problems in Jersey City, New Jersey. The research shows that drug hot spot areas include a disproportionate share of arrests and calls for police service not only for drug-related crime but for crime and disorder more generally. Street sections and intersections within the drug hot spot areas were also more likely to experience crime and disorder problems as compared with non-drug hot spot areas of the city. The findings support the idea of a spatial link between street-level drug hot spot activity, disorder, and serious crime. In concluding, the authors suggest how their findings may be used to enhance police policies with regard to street-level drug markets and crime and disorder activity more generally.

Bully victimization, truancy, and violent offending: evidence from the ASEP truancy reduction experiment

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 07-08-2020

DOI: 10.1177/1541204020940040

Abstract: Research indicates truancy and being bullied (otherwise called bully victimization) are independently linked to violent offending. We examine the associations between truancy, bully victimization, and violent offending in a s le of young people who participated in the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) truancy reduction experiment. Pre-intervention, half of the s le reported missing school because they were being bullied. Experiment and control participants both exhibited significant reductions in bully victimization and missing school because of bully victimization. Neither groups exhibited significant reductions in violent offending. Contrasting expectations, participants in the control group had significantly larger reductions in missing school because of bully victimization. Post-intervention measures of bully victimization were significantly related to higher odds of violent offending. Bully victimization is a critical factor in understanding the nexus between truancy and violent offending which, if neglected in an intervention (like ASEP) can lead to backfire effects for young people.

Rutgers The State University Of New Jersey

Location: United States of America

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University Of Queensland

Location: Australia

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Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0453870

Start Date: 07-2004

End Date: 05-2006

Amount: $102,900.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0453762

Start Date: 08-2004

End Date: 08-2007

Amount: $250,112.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP110100585

Start Date: 01-2011

End Date: 01-2016

Amount: $233,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0561851

Start Date: 07-2005

End Date: 09-2009

Amount: $72,444.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

ARC Centres Of Excellence - Grant ID: CE140100027

Start Date: 2014

End Date: 12-2020

Amount: $20,000,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Australian Laureate Fellowships - Grant ID: FL100100014

Start Date: 12-2010

End Date: 11-2015

Amount: $2,601,857.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Special Research Initiatives - Grant ID: SR0700002

Start Date: 10-2007

End Date: 12-2014

Amount: $11,000,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE130100129

Start Date: 2013

End Date: 12-2013

Amount: $150,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Research Networks - Grant ID: RN0457537

Start Date: 2005

End Date: 12-2010

Amount: $1,500,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0989083

Start Date: 2009

End Date: 12-2009

Amount: $550,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE110100049

Start Date: 05-2011

End Date: 12-2012

Amount: $600,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council