Dorothea Dumuid

Analysing body composition as compositional data: An exploration of the relationship between body composition, body mass and bone strength

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 17-09-2020

DOI: 10.1177/0962280220955221

Abstract: Human body composition is made up of mutually exclusive and exhaustive parts (e.g. %truncal fat, %non-truncal fat and %fat-free mass) which are constrained to sum to the same total (100%). In statistical analyses, in idual parts of body composition (e.g. %truncal fat or %fat-free mass) have traditionally been used as proxies for body composition, and have been linked with a range of health outcomes. But analysis of in idual parts omits information about the other parts, which are intrinsically co-dependent because of the constant sum constraint of 100%. Further, body mass may be associated with health outcomes. We describe a statistical approach for body composition based on compositional data analysis. The body composition data are expressed as logratios to allow relative information about all the compositional parts to be explored simultaneously in relation to health outcomes. We describe a recent extension to the logratio approach to compositional data analysis which allows absolute information about the total of the compositional parts (body mass) to be considered alongside relative information about body composition. The statistical approach is illustrated by an ex le that explores the relationships between adults’ body composition, body mass and bone strength.

Plasmonic metal oxides and their biological applications

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1039/D2MH00263A

Abstract: Doped metal oxide nanostructures with tunable plasmonic features enable a variety of high-performance biological applications.

A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines. The Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-01-2022

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-021-01236-2

Abstract: In 2018, the Australian Government updated the Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Young People. A requirement of this update was the incorporation of a 24-hour approach to movement, recognising the importance of adequate sleep. The purpose of this paper was to describe how the updated Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Young People (5 to 17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep were developed and the outcomes from this process . The GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach was used to develop the guidelines. A Leadership Group was formed, who identified existing credible guidelines. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth best met the criteria established by the Leadership Group. These guidelines were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and recommendations from the Canadian Guidelines. We conducted updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews. A Guideline Development Group reviewed, separately and in combination, the evidence for each behaviour. A choice was then made to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. We then conducted an online survey (n=237) along with three focus groups (n=11 in total) and 13 key informant interviews. Stakeholders used these to provide feedback on the draft guidelines. Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Guideline Development Group agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, maintain the wording of the guidelines, preamble, and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-hours), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years). To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used to develop movement behaviour guidelines. The judgments of the Australian Guideline Development Group did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian Guidelines were adopted with only very minor alterations. This allowed the Australian Guidelines to be developed in a shorter time frame and at a lower cost. We recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines that was developed using the GRADE approach is available with all supporting materials. Other countries may consider this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines.

Sleep and cardiometabolic health in children and adults: examining sleep as a component of the 24-h day

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2021

DOI: 10.1016/J.SLEEP.2020.12.001

Children's activity and diet behaviours in the summer holidays versus school year

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-03-2202

DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.13029

Abstract: Evidence shows children gain more weight during the summer holidays versus the school year. To examine within‐child differences in activity and diet behaviours during the summer holidays versus the school year. Children (mean age 9.4 years 37% male) wore accelerometers (GENEActiv n = 133), reported activities (Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents n = 133) and parents reported child diet ( n = 133) at five timepoints over 2 years capturing school and summer holiday values. Mixed‐effects models were used to compare school and summer holiday behaviours. Children spent less time in moderate‐ to vigorous‐physical activity (−12 min/day p = 0.001) and sleep (−12 min/day p 0.001) and more time sedentary (+27 min/day p 0.001) during summer holidays versus the school year. Screentime (+70 min/day p 0.001), domestic/social activities (+43 min/day p = .001), self‐care (+24 min/day p 0.001), passive transport (+22 min/day p = 0.001) and quiet time (+16 min/day p = 0.012) were higher during the summer holidays, compensating for less time in school‐related activities (−164 min/day p 0.001). Diet quality was lower (−4 points p 0.001) and children consumed fewer serves of fruit (−0.4 serves p 0.001) during the summer holidays versus the school year. Children are displaying poorer activity and diet behaviours during the summer holidays, which may contribute to accelerated weight gain over the holiday period.

Using wrist-worn accelerometers to identify the impact of medicines with anticholinergic or sedative properties on sedentary time: a 12-month prospective analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2023.03.006

The Physical Behaviour Intensity Spectrum and Body Mass Index in School-Aged Youth: A Compositional Analysis of Pooled Individual Participant Data

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 19-07-2022

DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH19148778

Abstract: We examined the compositional associations between the intensity spectrum derived from incremental acceleration intensity bands and the body mass index (BMI) z-score in youth, and investigated the estimated differences in BMI z-score following time reallocations between intensity bands. School-aged youth from 63 schools wore wrist accelerometers, and data of 1453 participants (57.5% girls) were analysed. Nine acceleration intensity bands (range: 0–50 mg to ≥700 mg) were used to generate time-use compositions. Multivariate regression assessed the associations between intensity band compositions and BMI z-scores. Compositional isotemporal substitution estimated the differences in BMI z-score following time reallocations between intensity bands. The ≥700 mg intensity bandwas strongly and inversely associated with BMI z-score (p 0.001). The estimated differences in BMI z-score when 5 min were reallocated to and from the ≥700 mg band and reallocated equally among the remaining bands were −0.28 and 0.44, respectively (boys), and −0.39 and 1.06, respectively (girls). The time in the ≥700 mg intensity band was significantly associated with BMI z-score, irrespective of sex. When even modest durations of time in this band were reallocated, the asymmetrical estimated differences in BMI z-score were clinically meaningful. The findings highlight the utility of the full physical activity intensity spectrum over a priori-determined absolute intensity cut-point approaches.

The Use of Time Flow Analysis to Describe Changes in Physical Ergonomic Work Behaviours Following a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Participatory Ergonomic Intervention

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 17-08-2022

DOI: 10.1093/ANNWEH/WXAC058

Abstract: Evaluations of participatory ergonomic interventions are often challenging as these types of interventions are tailored to the context and need of the workplace in which they are implemented. We aimed to describe how time flow analysis can be used to describe changes in work behaviours following a participatory ergonomic intervention. This study was based on data from a two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial with 29 childcare institutions and 116 workers (intervention: n = 60, control: n = 56). Physical behaviours at work were technically measured at baseline and 4-month follow-up. Physical behaviours were expressed in terms of relative work time spent forward bending of the back ≥30°, kneeling, active (i.e. walking, stair climbing and running) and sedentary. Average time flow from baseline to follow-up were calculated for both groups to investigate if work time was allocated differently at follow-up. A total of 116 workers (60 in the intervention and 56 in the control group) had valid accelerometer at baseline and follow-up. The largest group difference in time flowing from baseline to follow-up was observed for forward bending of the back and time spent kneeling. Compared to the control, the intervention group had less time flowing from forward bending of the back to kneeling (intervention: +11 min day, control: +16 min day) and more time flowing from kneeling to sedentary behaviours (intervention: +15 min day, control: +10 min day). The results of this study showed that time flow analysis can be used to reveal changes in work time-use following a participatory ergonomic intervention. For ex le, the analysis revealed that the intervention group had replaced more work time spent kneeling with sedentary behaviours compared to the control group. This type of information on group differences in time reallocations would not have been possible to obtain by comparing group differences in work time-use following the intervention, supporting the usefulness of time flow analysis as a tool to evaluate complex, context-specific interventions.

The perceived mental effort of everyday activities in older adults

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXGER.2022.111971

Abstract: People's perceptions of the mental effort required for everyday activities may drive variation in the relationships between lifestyles and cognitive ability. We asked n = 259 healthy older adults aged 60 to 70 years (90 males, 169 females) to provide a rating of the Perceived Mental Effort (PME) for each activity instance they recalled over a 48-h period as part of a time-use recall. PME was rated on a 9-point scale from "very, very low" (score of 1) to "very, very high" (score of 9). Across the entire s le, participants rated a total of 196 different activities and 17,433 activity instances. The mean PME for in idual activities was 3.50 ± 1.58. PMEs varied significantly by activity domain, with highest ratings being for Work (5.48 ± 1.72) and the lowest for Self-Care (2.89 ± 0.98). In multivariate analyses, PME ratings were higher in males than females (+0.30), PMEs were higher later in the day, increased with task duration, and decreased with age (all p < 0.0001). Time-weighted average in idual PMEs across the two days of recall ranged from 1.86 to 6.50, and were 0.3 units higher for males, but unrelated to age. Repeated intra-in idual PME ratings for the same activity were very reliable (ICC = 0.995, mean absolute difference = 0.03 ± 0.17). PMEs show promise as a reliable measure of mental effort.

One day you'll wake up and won't have to go to work: The impact of changes in time use on mental health following retirement

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 28-06-2018

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0199605

How are combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep related to cognitive function in older adults? A systematic review

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXGER.2022.111698

Abstract: The relationships between cognitive function and each of physical activity, sleep and sedentary behaviour in older adults are well documented. However, these three "time use" behaviours are co-dependent parts of the 24-hour day (spending time in one leaves less time for the others), and their best balance for cognitive function in older adults is still largely unknown. This systematic review summarises the existing evidence on the associations between combinations of two or more time-use behaviours and cognitive function in older adults. Embase, Pubmed, PsycInfo, Medline and Emcare databases were searched in March 2020 and updated in May 2021, returning a total of 25,289 papers for screening. A total of 23 studies were included in the synthesis, spanning >23,000 participants (mean age 71 years). Findings support previous evidence that spending more time in physical activity and limiting sedentary behaviour is broadly associated with better cognitive outcomes in older adults. Higher proportions of moderate-vigorous physical activity in the day were most frequently associated with better cognitive function. Some evidence suggests that certain types of sedentary behaviour may be positively associated with cognitive function, such as reading or computer use. Sleep duration appears to share an inverted U-shaped relationship with cognition, as too much or too little sleep is negatively associated with cognitive function. This review highlights considerable heterogeneity in methodological and statistical approaches, and encourages a more standardised, transparent approach to capturing important daily behaviours in older adults. Investigating all three time-use behaviours together against cognitive function using suitable statistical methodology is strongly recommended to further our understanding of optimal 24-hour time use for brain function in aging.

Longitudinal reallocations of time between 24-h movement behaviours and their associations with inflammation in children and adolescents: the UP&DOWN study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-06-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-023-01471-9

Abstract: While there is evidence that physical activity, sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep may all be associated with modified levels of inflammatory markers in adolescents and children, associations with one movement behaviour have not always been adjusted for other movement behaviours, and few studies have considered all movement behaviours in the 24-hour day as an exposure. The aim of the study was to explore how longitudinal reallocations of time between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), SB and sleep are associated with changes in inflammatory markers in children and adolescents. A total of 296 children/adolescents participated in a prospective cohort study with a 3-year follow-up. MVPA, LPA and SB were assessed by accelerometers. Sleep duration was assessed using the Health Behavior in School-aged Children questionnaire. Longitudinal compositional regression models were used to explore how reallocations of time between movement behaviours are associated with changes in inflammatory markers. Reallocations of time from SB to sleep were associated with increases in C3 levels (difference for 60 min/d reallocation [ d 60 ] = 5.29 mg/dl 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 10.29) and TNF-α ( d 60 = 1.81 mg/dl 95% CI = 0.79, 15.41) levels. Reallocations from LPA to sleep were also associated with increases in C3 levels ( d 60 = 8.10 mg/dl 95% CI = 0.79, 15.41). Reallocations from LPA to any of the remaining time-use components were associated with increases in C4 levels ( d 60 ranging from 2.54 to 3.63 mg/dl p 0.05), while any reallocation of time away from MVPA was associated with unfavourable changes in leptin ( d 60 ranging from 3088.44 to 3448.07 pg/ml p 0.05). Reallocations of time between 24-h movement behaviours are prospectively associated with some inflammatory markers. Reallocating time away from LPA appears to be most consistently unfavourably associated with inflammatory markers. Given that higher levels of inflammation during childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood, children and adolescents should be encouraged to maintain or increase the level of LPA to preserve a healthy immune system.

Human development index, children's health-related quality of life and movement behaviors

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-01-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S11136-018-1791-X

The association between time-use behaviours and physical and mental wellbeing in adults: a compositional isotemporal substitution analysis

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 02-2020

DOI: 10.1123/JPAH.2018-0687

Abstract: Background : Substantial evidence links activity domains with health and well-being however, research has typically examined time-use behaviors independently, rather than considering daily activity as a 24-hour time-use composition. This study used compositional data analysis to estimate the difference in physical and mental well-being associated with reallocating time between behaviors. Methods : Participants (n = 430 74% female 41 [12] y) wore an accelerometer for 7 days and reported their body mass index health-related quality of life (QoL) and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Regression models determined whether time-use composition, comprising sleep, sedentary behavior, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), was associated with well-being. Compositional isotemporal substitution models estimated the difference in well-being associated with reallocating time between behaviors. Results : Time-use composition was associated with body mass index and physical health-related QoL. Reallocating time to MVPA from sleep, sedentary behavior, and LPA showed favorable associations with body mass index and physical health-related QoL, whereas reallocations from MVPA to other behaviors showed unfavorable associations. Reallocations from LPA to sedentary behavior were associated with better physical health–related QoL and vice versa. Conclusion : Results reinforce the importance of MVPA for physical health but do not suggest that replacing sedentary behavior with LPA is beneficial for health and well-being.

Weather associations with physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep patterns of Australian adults: a longitudinal study with implications for climate change

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-03-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-023-01414-4

Abstract: Weather is a potentially important influence on how time is allocated to sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity across the 24-h day. Extremes of weather (very hot, cold, windy or wet) can create undesirable, unsafe outdoor environments for exercise or active transport, impact the comfort of sleeping environments, and increase time indoors. This 13-month prospective cohort study explored associations between weather and 24-h movement behaviour patterns. Three hundred sixty-eight adults (mean age 40.2 years, SD 5.9, 56.8% female) from Adelaide, Australia, wore Fitbit Charge 3 activity trackers 24 h a day for 13 months with minute-by-minute data on sleep, sedentary behaviour, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) collected remotely. Daily weather data included temperature, rainfall, wind, cloud and sunshine. Multi-level mixed-effects linear regression analyses (one model per outcome) were used. Ninety thousand eight hundred one days of data were analysed. Sleep was negatively associated with minimum temperature (-12 min/day change across minimum temperature range of 31.2 °C, p = 0.001). Sedentary behaviour was positively associated with minimum temperature (+ 12 min/day, range = 31.2 oC, p = 0.006) and wind speed (+ 10 min/day, range = 36.7 km/h, p 0.001), and negatively associated with sunshine (-17 min/day, range = 13.9 h, p 0.001). LPA was positively associated with minimum temperature (+ 11 min/day, range = 31.2 °C, p = 0.002), cloud cover (+ 4 min/day, range = 8 eighths, p = 0.008) and sunshine (+ 17 min/day, range = 13.9 h, p 0.001), and negatively associated with wind speed (-8 min/day, range = 36.7 km/h, p 0.001). MVPA was positively associated with sunshine (+ 3 min/day, range = 13.9 h, p 0.001) and negatively associated with minimum temperature (-13 min/day, range = 31.2 oC, p 0.001), rainfall (-3 min/day, range = 33.2 mm, p = 0.006) and wind speed (-4 min/day, range = 36.7 km/h, p 0.001). For maximum temperature, a significant ( p 0.05) curvilinear association was observed with sleep (half-U) and physical activity (inverted-U), where the decrease in sleep duration appeared to slow around 23 °C, LPA peaked at 31 oC and MVPA at 27 °C. Generally, adults tended to be less active and more sedentary during extremes of weather and sleep less as temperatures rise. These findings have the potential to inform the timing and content of positive movement behaviour messaging and interventions. The study was prospectively registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12619001430123).

The association of the body composition of children with 24-hour activity composition

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.JPEDS.2018.12.030

Abstract: To evaluate how the reallocation of time between sleep, sedentary time, light, and moderate-vigorous activities is associated with children's body composition. Population-based cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 938 11-12 year-olds, 50% boys). Twenty-four hour activity composition via accelerometry (minutes/day of sleep, sedentary time, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) and 3-part body composition (percentage truncal fat, percentage nontruncal fat, and percentage fat-free mass) via bioelectrical impedance analysis were measured. We estimated differences in 3-part body composition associated with the incremental reallocation of time between activities, using dual-compositional regression models adjusted for sex, age, puberty, and socioeconomic position. Reallocation of time between MVPA and any other activity was strongly associated with differences in body composition. Adverse body composition differences were larger for a given MVPA decrease than were the beneficial differences for an equivalent MVPA increase. For ex le, 15 minutes less MVPA (relative to remaining activities) was associated with absolute percentage differences of +1.7% (95% CI 1.2 2.4) for truncal fat, +0.8% (0.6 1.2) for nontruncal fat, and -2.6% (-3.5 -1.9) for fat-free mass, and a 15-minute increase was associated with -0.7% (-0.9 -0.5) truncal fat, -0.4% (-0.5 -0.3) nontruncal fat, and +1.1% (0.9 1.5) fat-free mass. Reallocations between sleep, sedentary time, and light physical activity were not associated with differences in body composition. Preventing declines in MVPA during inactive periods (eg, holidays) may be an important intervention goal. More MVPA, instead of other activities, may benefit body composition.

Adiposity and the isotemporal substitution of physical activity, sedentary time and sleep among school-aged children: a compositional data analysis approach

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-03-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-018-5207-1

Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2022

DOI: 10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00111-X

Health-Related Quality of Life and Lifestyle Behavior Clusters in School-Aged Children from 12 Countries

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.JPEDS.2016.12.048

Abstract: To evaluate the relationship between children's lifestyles and health-related quality of life and to explore whether this relationship varies among children from different world regions. This study used cross-sectional data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. Children (9-11 years) were recruited from sites in 12 nations (n = 5759). Clustering input variables were 24-hour accelerometry and self-reported diet and screen time. Health-related quality of life was self-reported with KIDSCREEN-10. Cluster analyses (using compositional analysis techniques) were performed on a site-wise basis. Lifestyle behavior cluster characteristics were compared between sites. The relationship between cluster membership and health-related quality of life was assessed with the use of linear models. Lifestyle behavior clusters were similar across the 12 sites, with clusters commonly characterized by (1) high physical activity (actives) (2) high sedentary behavior (sitters) (3) high screen time/unhealthy eating pattern (junk-food screenies) and (4) low screen time/healthy eating pattern and moderate physical activity/sedentary behavior (all-rounders). Health-related quality of life was greatest in the all-rounders cluster. Children from different world regions clustered into groups of similar lifestyle behaviors. Cluster membership was related to differing health-related quality of life, with children from the all-rounders cluster consistently reporting greatest health-related quality of life at sites around the world. Findings support the importance of a healthy combination of lifestyle behaviors in childhood: low screen time, healthy eating pattern, and balanced daily activity behaviors (physical activity and sedentary behavior). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01722500.

Compositional Data Analysis in Time-Use Epidemiology: What, Why, How

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 26-03-2020

DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH17072220

Abstract: In recent years, the focus of activity behavior research has shifted away from univariate paradigms (e.g., physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep) to a 24-h time-use paradigm that integrates all daily activity behaviors. Behaviors are analyzed relative to each other, rather than as in idual entities. Compositional data analysis (CoDA) is increasingly used for the analysis of time-use data because it is intended for data that convey relative information. While CoDA has brought new understanding of how time use is associated with health, it has also raised challenges in how this methodology is applied, and how the findings are interpreted. In this paper we provide a brief overview of CoDA for time-use data, summarize current CoDA research in time-use epidemiology and discuss challenges and future directions. We use 24-h time-use diary data from Wave 6 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (birth cohort, n = 3228, aged 10.9 ± 0.3 years) to demonstrate descriptive analyses of time-use compositions and how to explore the relationship between daily time use (sleep, sedentary behavior and physical activity) and a health outcome (in this ex le, adiposity). We illustrate how to comprehensively interpret the CoDA findings in a meaningful way.

Moving beyond more: towards a healthy balance of daily behaviours

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2021

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01600-7

Routine health management information system data in Ethiopia: consistency, trends, and challenges

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 2021

DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1868961

24-Hour Physical Behavior Balance for Better Health for All: “The Sweet-Spot Hypothesis”

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S40798-021-00394-8

Abstract: “Sit less–move more” has been the univocal advice to adults for better health. Predominantly, this advice is based on research of physical behaviors during leisure-time. A recent study among 100,000 adults indicates a u-shaped association between leisure-time physical activity and risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality among adults in physically active occupations. This may be explained by the considerable difference in 24-h physical behaviors between adults in sedentary and physically active occupations. Thus, the advice “sit less–move more” might not be the best for health among adults in physically active occupations. To provide a scientific approach and encourage research on 24-h physical behaviors and health for those in physically active occupations, we propose the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis.” The hypothesis postulates that the “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for better health differs between adults, depending on their occupation. Specifically, the hypothesis claims that the advice “sit less–move more” does not bring adults in physically active occupations toward their “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for better health. The purpose of our paper is to encourage researchers to test this proposed hypothesis by describing its origin, its theoretical underpinning, approaches to test it, and practical implications. To promote health for all, and decrease social health inequalities, we see a great need for empirically testing the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis.” We propose the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis” to encourage discussion, debates, and empirical research to expand our collective knowledge about the healthy “24-h physical behavior balance” for all.

Lifestyle clusters and academic achievement in Australian Indigenous children: Empirical findings and discussion of ecological levers for closing the gap

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.SSMPH.2019.100535

The associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and academic performance

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2016.02.010

Abstract: To examine the relationships between children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behaviours, and academic performance. This study investigated cross-sectional relationships between children's accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns, and academic performance using a standardised, nationally-administered academic assessment. A total of 285 Australian children aged 9-11 years from randomly selected schools undertook 7-day 24h accelerometry to objectively determine their MVPA and sedentary behaviour. In the same year, they completed nationally-administered standardised academic testing (National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy NAPLAN). BMI was measured, and socio-demographic variables were collected in a parent-reported survey. Relationships between MVPA, sedentary behaviour and academic performance across five domains were examined using Generalised Linear Mixed Models, adjusted for a wide variety of socio-demographic variables. Higher academic performance was strongly and consistently related to higher sedentary time, with significant relationships seen across all five academic domains (range F=4.13, p=0.04 through to F=18.65, p=<0.01). In contrast, higher academic performance was only related to higher MVPA in two academic domains (writing F=5.28, p=0.02, and numeracy F=6.28, p=0.01) and was not related to language, reading and spelling performance. Findings highlight that sedentary behaviour can have positive relationships with non-physical outcomes. Positive relationships between MVPA and literacy and numeracy, as well as the well documented benefits for MVPA on physical and social health, suggest that it holds an important place in children's lives, both in and outside of school.

Adolescent time use and mental health: a cross-sectional, compositional analysis in the Millennium Cohort Study

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 10-2021

DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-047189

Abstract: To examine the association of 24-hour time-use compositions with mental health in a large, geographically erse s le of UK adolescents. Cross-sectional, secondary data analysis. Millennium Cohort Study (sixth survey), a UK-based prospective birth cohort. Data were available from 4642 adolescents aged 14 years. Analytical s les for weekday and weekend analyses were n=3485 and n=3468, respectively (45% boys, 85% white ethnicity). Primary outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ, socioemotional behaviour), Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ, depressive symptoms) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE, self-esteem). Behavioural exposure data were derived from 24-hour time-use diaries. On weekdays, participants spent approximately 54% of their time in sleep, 3% in physical activity, 9% in school-related activities, 6% in hobbies, 11% using electronic media and 16% in domestic activities. Predicted differences in SDQ, MFQ and RSE were statistically significant for all models (weekday and weekend) that simulated the addition or removal of 15 min physical activity, with an increase in activity being associated with improved mental health and vice versa. Predicted differences in RSE were also significant for simulated changes in electronic media use an increase in electronic media use was associated with reduced self-esteem. Small but consistent associations were observed between physical activity, electronic media use and selected markers of mental health. Findings support the delivery of physical activity interventions to promote mental health during adolescence, without the need to specifically target or protect time spent in other activities.

Compositional insights on the association between physical activity and sedentary behavior on momentary mood in daily life

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2021.102102

Associations between meeting 24-hour movement guidelines and academic achievement in Australian primary school-aged children

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSHS.2020.12.004

Changes in diet, activity, weight, and wellbeing of parents during COVID-19 lockdown

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 03-03-2021

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0248008

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted lifestyle behaviour as public health initiatives aim to “flatten the curve”. This study examined changes in activity patterns (physical activity, sedentary time, sleep), recreational physical activities, diet, weight and wellbeing from before to during COVID-19 restrictions in Adelaide, Australia. This study used data from a prospective cohort of Australian adults (parents of primary school-aged children n = 61, 66% female, aged 41±6 years). Participants wore a Fitbit Charge 3 activity monitor and weighed themselves daily using Wi-Fi scales. Activity and weight data were extracted for 14 days before (February 2020) and 14 days during (April 2020) COVID-19 restrictions. Participants reported their recreational physical activity, diet and wellbeing during these periods. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine change over time. Participants slept 27 minutes longer (95% CI 9–51), got up 38 minutes later (95% CI 25–50), and did 50 fewer minutes (95% CI -69–-29) of light physical activity during COVID-19 restrictions. Additionally, participants engaged in more cycling but less swimming, team sports and boating or sailing. Participants consumed a lower percentage of energy from protein (-0.8, 95% CI -1.5–-0.1) and a greater percentage of energy from alcohol (0.9, 95% CI 0.2–1.7). There were no changes in weight or wellbeing. Overall, the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on lifestyle were small however, their impact on health and wellbeing may accumulate over time. Further research examining the effects of ongoing social distancing restrictions are needed as the pandemic continues.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours, Recreational Screen Use and Psychosocial Health Outcomes in Children: A Compositional Data Analysis Approach

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 03-06-2021

DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH18115995

Abstract: It remains unclear whether the time-use composition of 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA)) and recreational screen use are independently associated with psychosocial health. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between 24-h movement behaviour composition, recreational screen use and psychosocial health outcomes in children. Measures completed at baseline (n = 127 11.7 years) and follow-up (n = 88 12.8 years) included accelerometer-based 24-h movement behaviours, self-reported recreational screen use and psychosocial health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale). Linear mixed models were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the 24-h movement behaviour composition and recreational screen use levels with psychosocial health outcomes. Overall, the movement behaviour composition (p 0.05) and recreational screen use levels (p 0.01) were both cross-sectionally but not longitudinally associated with psychosocial health outcomes. Relative to other behaviours, sleep was negatively associated, while light-intensity PA was positively associated with internalising problems and total difficulties scores. ST was positively associated with internalising problems. High levels of recreational screen use ( h/day) were associated with greater externalising problems, total difficulties scores and psychological distress. These findings reinforce the importance of achieving a balance between different types of movement behaviours over a 24-h period for psychosocial health.

Equivalence Curves for Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

Date: 04-2021

DOI: 10.1542/PEDS.2020-025395

Abstract: In this population-based cohort of 1179 children 11 to 12 years of age, equivalent benefits to adiposity and HRQoL were associated with different changes (trade-offs) in activities. Understanding equivalence of time-use trade-offs may inform tailored lifestyle choices. We explored which time reallocations were associated with equivalent changes in children’s health outcomes. Participants were from the cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint Study (N = 1181 11–12 years 50% boys) nested within the population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Outcomes were adiposity (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BMI and waist girth), self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory), and academic achievement (standardized national tests). Participants’ 24-hour time use (sleep, sedentary behavior, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) from 8-day 24-hour accelerometry was regressed against outcomes by using compositional log-ratio linear regression models. Children with lower adiposity and higher HRQoL had more MVPA (both P & .001) and sleep (P = .002 P = .008), and less sedentary time (P = .02 P = .001) and light physical activity (P & .001 P = .04), each relative to remaining activities. Children with better academic achievement had more sedentary time (P = .03) and less light physical activity (P = .006), each relative to remaining activities. A 0.1 standardized decrease in adiposity was associated with either 55 minutes more sleep, 89 minutes less sedentary time, 34 minutes less light physical activity, or 19 minutes more MVPA. A 0.1 standardized increase in HRQoL was associated with either 64 minutes more sleep, 65 minutes less sedentary time, 72 minutes less light physical activity, or 29 minutes more MVPA. Equivalent differences in outcomes were associated with several time reallocations. On a minute-for-minute basis, MVPA was 2 to 6 times as potent as sleep or sedentary time.

Life on holidays: differences in activity composition between school and holiday periods in Australian children

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-2019

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-019-6765-6

Are longitudinal reallocations of time between movement behaviours associated with adiposity among elderly women? A compositional isotemporal substitution analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-01-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41366-019-0514-X

Multidimensional sleep and cardiometabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: examining self-report and objective dimensions of sleep

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 02-11-2022

DOI: 10.1177/26350106221137896

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the association between objective and self-report measures of sleep and cardiometabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. This study examines data on Australian adults, collected as part of the Child Health CheckPoint study. Sleep was examined in terms of actigraphy-derived sleep duration, timing, efficiency and variability and self-report trouble sleeping. Cardiometabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes were examined in terms of body mass index and biomarkers of inflammation and dyslipidemia. Generalized estimating equations, adjusted for geographic clustering, were used to determine the association between measures of sleep and cardiometabolic risk factors. Complete case analysis was conducted for 1017 parents (87% mothers). Both objective and self-report measures of sleep were significantly but weakly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Both objective and self-report measures of sleep are significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Self-report troubled sleep is associated with poorer cardiometabolic health, independent of actigraphy-derived sleep parameters.

The association between 24-hour activity, sedentary and sleep compositions and mental health in Australian adults: a cross-sectional study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S44167-023-00024-6

Compositional functional regression and isotemporal substitution analysis: Methods and application in time-use epidemiology

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 17-08-2023

DOI: 10.1177/09622802231192949

Abstract: The distribution of time that people spend in physical activity of various intensities has important health implications. Physical activity (commonly categorised by the intensity into light, moderate and vigorous physical activity), sedentary behaviour and sleep, should not be analysed separately, because they are parts of a time-use composition with a natural constraint of [Formula: see text] h/day. To find out how are relative reallocations of time between physical activity of various intensities associated with health, herewith we describe compositional scalar-on-function regression and a newly developed compositional functional isotemporal substitution analysis. Physical activity intensity data can be considered as probability density functions, which better reflects the continuous character of their measurement using accelerometers. These probability density functions are characterised by specific properties, such as scale invariance and relative scale, and they are geometrically represented using Bayes spaces with the Hilbert space structure. This makes possible to process them using standard methods of functional data analysis in the [Formula: see text] space, via centred logratio (clr) transformation. The scalar-on-function regression with clr transformation of the explanatory probability density functions and compositional functional isotemporal substitution analysis were applied to a dataset from a cross-sectional study on adiposity conducted among school-aged children in the Czech Republic. Theoretical reallocations of time to physical activity of higher intensities were found to be associated with larger and more progressive expected decreases in adiposity. We obtained a detailed insight into the dose–response relationship between physical activity intensity and adiposity, which was enabled by using the compositional functional approach.

The compositional isotemporal substitution model: a method for estimating changes in a health outcome for reallocation of time between sleep, physical activity and sedentary behaviour

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 20-11-2019

DOI: 10.1177/0962280217737805

Abstract: How people use their time has been linked with their health. For ex le, spending more time being physically active is known to be beneficial for health, whereas long durations of sitting have been associated with unfavourable health outcomes. Accordingly, public health messages have advocated swapping strategies to promote the reallocation of time between parts of the time-use composition, such as “Move More, Sit Less”, with the aim of achieving optimal distribution of time for health. However, the majority of research underpinning these public health messages has not considered daily time use as a composition, and has ignored the relative nature of time-use data. We present a way of applying compositional data analysis to estimate change in a health outcome when fixed durations of time are reallocated from one part of a particular time-use composition to another, while the remaining parts are kept constant, based on a multiple linear regression model on isometric log ratio coordinates. In an ex le, we examine the expected differences in Body Mass Index z-scores for reallocations of time between sleep, physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

Cross-sectional associations between 24-hour activity behaviours and mental health indicators in children and adolescents: A compositional data analysis

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 21-02-2021

DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1890351

Academic performance and lifestyle behaviors in Australian school children: a cluster analysis

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 23-04-2017

DOI: 10.1177/1090198117699508

Abstract: Poor academic performance has been linked with particular lifestyle behaviors, such as unhealthy diet, short sleep duration, high screen time, and low physical activity. However, little is known about how lifestyle behavior patterns (or combinations of behaviors) contribute to children's academic performance. We aimed to compare academic performance across clusters of children with common lifestyle behavior patterns. We clustered participants (Australian children aged 9-11 years, n = 284) into four mutually exclusive groups of distinct lifestyle behavior patterns, using the following lifestyle behaviors as cluster inputs: light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity sedentary behavior and sleep, derived from 24-hour accelerometry self-reported screen time and diet. Differences in academic performance (measured by a nationally administered standardized test) were detected across the clusters, with scores being lowest in the Junk Food Screenies cluster (unhealthy diet/high screen time) and highest in the Sitters cluster (high nonscreen sedentary behavior/low physical activity). These findings suggest that reduction in screen time and an improved diet may contribute positively to academic performance. While children with high nonscreen sedentary time performed better academically in this study, they also accumulated low levels of physical activity. This warrants further investigation, given the known physical and mental benefits of physical activity.

Parent wellbeing, family screen time and socioeconomic status during early childhood predict physical activity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children at ages 8-13

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2022

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2022.09.166

Abstract: Physical activity is holistically linked to culture and wellbeing among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, the First Nation Peoples of Australia. Socioecological correlates of high physical activity among Indigenous children include living in a remote area and low screen time but little is known about early life determinants of physical activity. This paper examines sociodemographic, family, community, cultural, parent social and emotional wellbeing determinants of physical activity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Longitudinal cohort study. The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children, the largest First Nations child cohort study in the world, primarily collects data through parental report. Multiple logistic regression analyses examined Wave 1 (age 0-5 years) predictors of achieving ≥1 h/day of physical activity at Wave 9 (aged 8-13 years). Of the 1181 children, 596 (50.5 %) achieved ≥1 h of physical activity every day. Achieving ≥1 h/day of physical activity at Wave 9 was associated with the following Wave 1 determinants: high parent social and emotional wellbeing (resilience adjusted odds ratio 1.87 (95 % confidence interval: 1.32-2.65)), living in remote (odds ratio 3.66 (2.42-5.54)), regional (odds ratio 2.98 (2.13-4.18)) or low socioeconomic areas (odds ratio 1.85 (1.08-3.17)), main source of family income not wages/salaries (odds ratio 0.66 (0.46-0.97)), and if families played electronic games (odds ratio 0.72 (0.55-0.94)). To achieve high physical activity levels among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, high parental culture specific social and emotional wellbeing and low family screen time in early life may compensate for apparently low socio-economic circumstances, including living in remote areas.

Trends and correlates of meeting 24-hour movement guidelines: a 15-year study among 167,577 Thai adults

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-08-2020

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-020-01011-9

Abstract: Time spent in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep always takes up the whole day. New public health guidelines combining recommendations for PA, SB, and sleep have been issued in several countries. Thailand was the first country to release the 24-h guidelines for adults. Currently, there is no evidence on the population prevalence of meeting 24-h movement guidelines in Thailand. This study, therefore, aimed to determine 15-year trends and associations of meeting 24-h movement guidelines among Thai adults. We analysed cross-sectional data from 2001, 2004, 2009, and 2015 Thai Time-Use Surveys, coded using the International Classification of Activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS). All ICATUS-based activities were categorised into moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), SB, and sleep based on a previously developed classification system. A total of 167,577 adult participants were included. The participants were classified according to the Thai 24-h movement guidelines into meeting or not meeting the following criteria: 1) ≥150 min/week of MVPA 2) interrupting SB every 2 h 3) sleeping 7–9 h per day and 4) adhering to all three guidelines. In 2015, the prevalence of adults who met the MVPA, SB, sleep, and overall recommendations was 81.7, 44.6, 56.4, and 21.3%, respectively. A significant linear increase was found for the prevalence of meeting the SB recommendation, while the prevalence meeting the MVPA, sleep, and overall recommendations was lowest in 2001, peaked in 2004 or 2009, and declined in 2015. The lowest odds for meeting the 24-h guidelines were found among males, those living in urban areas, inhabitants of Bangkok and South Thailand, unemployed, and those with low education level. Despite promising trends in the prevalence of meeting PA, SB, and sleep recommendations, a majority of Thai adults still do not meet the overall 24-h movement guidelines. Further actions are needed to promote more MVPA, less SB, and adequate sleep in Thai adults, particularly among males, those living in urban areas, inhabitants of Bangkok and South Thailand, unemployed, and those with low education level.

Rethinking the sleep-health link

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.SLEH.2018.05.004

Abstract: Sleep is important for the physical, social and mental well-being of both children and adults. In this paper, we discuss the need to consider sleep as a multidimensional construct and as a component of total 24-hour activity. First, we make a case for considering sleep as a multidimensional construct, whereby all characteristics of sleep (including duration, quality, timing, and variability) and their links with health are examined. Second, we argue that sleep should also be conceptualized as part of the daily spectrum of time-use, along with other types of activity. We propose novel statistical models, in particular compositional data analysis (CoDA), as appropriate analytical methods for a new sleep paradigm.

The association between reallocations of time and health using compositional data analysis: a systematic scoping review with an interactive data exploration interface

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 19-10-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-023-01526-X

Joint Profiles of Sedentary Time and Physical Activity in Adults and Their Associations with Cardiometabolic Health

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 30-07-2022

DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003008

Abstract: This study aimed to identify and characterize joint profiles of sedentary time and physical activity among adults and to investigate how these profiles are associated with markers of cardiometabolic health. The participants included 3702 of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 at age 46 yr, who wore a hip-worn accelerometer during waking hours and provided seven consecutive days of valid data. Sedentary time, light-intensity physical activity, and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity on each valid day were obtained, and a data-driven clustering approach (“KmL3D”) was used to characterize distinct joint profiles of sedentary time and physical activity intensities. Participants self-reported their sleep duration and performed a submaximal step test with continuous heart rate measurement to estimate their cardiorespiratory fitness (peak heart rate). Linear regression was used to determine the association between joint profiles of sedentary time and physical activities with cardiometabolic health markers, including adiposity markers and blood lipid, glucose, and insulin levels. Four distinct groups were identified: “active couch potatoes” ( n = 1173), “sedentary light movers” ( n = 1199), “sedentary exercisers” ( n = 694), and “movers” ( n = 636). Although sufficiently active, active couch potatoes had the highest daily sedentary time ( h) and lowest light-intensity physical activity. Compared with active couch potatoes, sedentary light movers, sedentary exercisers, and movers spent less time in sedentary by performing more physical activity at light-intensity upward and had favorable differences in their cardiometabolic health markers after accounting for potential confounders (1.1%–25.0% lower values depending on the health marker and profile). After accounting for sleep duration and cardiorespiratory fitness, waking activity profiles characterized by performing more physical activity at light-intensity upward, resulting in less time spent in sedentary, were associated with better cardiometabolic health.

Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children's school day activity behaviours: A compositional data analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.PMEDR.2018.07.011

Movement behavior profiles and obesity: a latent profile analysis of 24-h time-use composition among Danish workers

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-07-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41366-019-0419-8

Characterising activity and diet compositions for dementia prevention: protocol for the ACTIVate prospective longitudinal cohort study

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-047888

Abstract: Approximately 40% of late-life dementia may be prevented by addressing modifiable risk factors, including physical activity and diet. Yet, it is currently unknown how multiple lifestyle factors interact to influence cognition. The ACTIVate Study aims to (1) explore associations between 24-hour time-use and diet compositions with changes in cognition and brain function and (2) identify duration of time-use behaviours and the dietary compositions to optimise cognition and brain function. This 3-year prospective longitudinal cohort study will recruit 448 adults aged 60–70 years across Adelaide and Newcastle, Australia. Time-use data will be collected through wrist-worn activity monitors and the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults. Dietary intake will be assessed using the Australian Eating Survey food frequency questionnaire. The primary outcome will be cognitive function, assessed using the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III. Secondary outcomes include structural and functional brain measures using MRI, cerebral arterial pulse measured with diffuse optical tomography, neuroplasticity using simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography, and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control using event-related potential and time frequency analyses. Compositional data analysis, testing for interactions between time point and compositions, will assess longitudinal associations between dependent (cognition, brain function) and independent (time-use and diet compositions) variables. The ACTIVate Study will be the first to examine associations between time-use and diet compositions, cognition and brain function. Our findings will inform new avenues for multidomain interventions that may more effectively account for the co-dependence between activity and diet behaviours for dementia prevention. Ethics approval has been obtained from the University of South Australia’s Human Research Ethics committee (202639). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, conference presentations, targeted media releases and community engagement events. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001659190).

Patterns of health behaviour associated with active travel: a compositional data analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-03-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-018-0662-8

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of chatbots on lifestyle behaviours

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-06-2023

DOI: 10.1038/S41746-023-00856-1

Abstract: Chatbots (also known as conversational agents and virtual assistants) offer the potential to deliver healthcare in an efficient, appealing and personalised manner. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of chatbot interventions designed to improve physical activity, diet and sleep. Electronic databases were searched for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, and pre-post trials that evaluated chatbot interventions targeting physical activity, diet and/or sleep, published before 1 September 2022. Outcomes were total physical activity, steps, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption, sleep quality and sleep duration. Standardised mean differences (SMD) were calculated to compare intervention effects. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess chatbot type, intervention type, duration, output and use of artificial intelligence. Risk of bias was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment tool. Nineteen trials were included. S le sizes ranged between 25–958, and mean participant age ranged between 9–71 years. Most interventions ( n = 15, 79%) targeted physical activity, and most trials had a low-quality rating ( n = 14, 74%). Meta-analysis results showed significant effects (all p 0.05) of chatbots for increasing total physical activity (SMD = 0.28 [95% CI = 0.16, 0.40]), daily steps (SMD = 0.28 [95% CI = 0.17, 0.39]), MVPA (SMD = 0.53 [95% CI = 0.24, 0.83]), fruit and vegetable consumption (SMD = 0.59 [95% CI = 0.25, 0.93]), sleep duration (SMD = 0.44 [95% CI = 0.32, 0.55]) and sleep quality (SMD = 0.50 [95% CI = 0.09, 0.90]). Subgroup analyses showed that text-based, and artificial intelligence chatbots were more efficacious than speech/voice chatbots for fruit and vegetable consumption, and multicomponent interventions were more efficacious than chatbot-only interventions for sleep duration and sleep quality (all p 0.05). Findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that chatbot interventions are efficacious for increasing physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, sleep duration and sleep quality. Chatbot interventions were efficacious across a range of populations and age groups, with both short- and longer-term interventions, and chatbot only and multicomponent interventions being efficacious.

Your best day: an interactive app to translate how time reallocations within a 24-hour day are associated with health measures

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 07-09-2022

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0272343

Abstract: Reallocations of time between daily activities such as sleep, sedentary behavior and physical activity are differentially associated with markers of physical, mental and social health. An in idual’s most desirable allocation of time may differ depending on which outcomes they value most, with these outcomes potentially competing with each other for reallocations. We aimed to develop an interactive app that translates how self-selected time reallocations are associated with multiple health measures. We used data from the Australian Child Health CheckPoint study ( n = 1685, 48% female, 11–12 y), with time spent in daily activities derived from a validated 24-h recall instrument, %body fat from bioelectric impedance, psychosocial health from the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and academic performance (writing) from national standardized tests. We created a user-interface to the compositional isotemporal substitution model with interactive sliders that can be manipulated to self-select time reallocations between activities. The time-use composition was significantly associated with body fat percentage (F = 2.66, P .001), psychosocial health (F = 4.02, P .001), and academic performance (F = 2.76, P .001). Dragging the sliders on the app shows how self-selected time reallocations are associated with the health measures. For ex le, reallocating 60 minutes from screen time to physical activity was associated with -0.8 [95% CI -1.0 to -0.5] %body fat, +1.9 [1.4 to 2.5] psychosocial score and +4.5 [1.8 to 7.2] academic performance. Our app allows the health associations of time reallocations to be compared against each other. Interactive interfaces provide flexibility in selecting which time reallocations to investigate, and may transform how research findings are disseminated.

The Goldilocks Day for healthy adiposity measures among children and adolescents

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 28-09-2023

DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2023.1158634

Time-Use Patterns and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents

Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

Date: 07-2017

DOI: 10.1542/PEDS.2016-3656

Abstract: To describe 24-hour time-use patterns and their association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in early adolescence. The Child Health CheckPoint was a cross-sectional study nested between Waves 6 and 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The participants were 1455 11- to 12-year-olds (39% of Wave 6 51% boys). The exposure was 24-hour time use measured across 259 activities using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents. “Average” days were generated from 1 school and 1 nonschool day. Time-use clusters were derived from cluster analysis with compositional inputs. The outcomes were self-reported HRQoL (Physical and Psychosocial Health [PedsQL] summary scores Child Health Utility 9D [CHU9D] health utility). Four time-use clusters emerged: “studious actives” (22% highest school-related time, low screen time), “techno-actives” (33% highest physical activity, lowest school-related time), “stay home screenies” (23% highest screen time, lowest passive transport), and “potterers” (21% low physical activity). Linear regression models, adjusted for a priori confounders, showed that compared with the healthiest “studious actives” (mean [SD]: CHU9D 0.84 [0.14], PedsQL physical 86.8 [10.8], PedsQL psychosocial 79.9 [12.6]), HRQoL in “potterers” was 0.2 to 0.5 SDs lower (mean differences [95% confidence interval]: CHU9D −0.03 [−0.05 to −0.00], PedsQL physical −5.5 [−7.4 to −3.5], PedsQL psychosocial −5.8 [−8.0 to −3.5]). Discrete time-use patterns exist in Australian young adolescents. The cluster characterized by low physical activity and moderate screen time was associated with the lowest HRQoL. Whether this pattern translates into precursors of noncommunicable diseases remains to be determined.

A study on prospective associations between adiposity and 7-year changes in movement behaviors among older women based on compositional data analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-03-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S12877-021-02148-3

Abstract: It is unclear whether adiposity leads to changes in movement behaviors, and there is a lack of compositional analyses of longitudinal data which focus on these associations. Using a compositional approach, this study aimed to examine the associations between baseline adiposity and 7-year changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) among elderly women. We also explored the longitudinal associations between change in adiposity and change in movement-behavior composition. This longitudinal study included 176 older women (mean baseline age 62.8 (4.1) years) from Central Europe. Movement behavior was assessed by accelerometers and adiposity was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and follow-up. A set of multivariate least-squares regression analyses was used to examine the associations of baseline adiposity and longitudinal changes in adiposity as explanatory variables with longitudinal changes in a 3-part movement-behavior composition consisting of SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) as outcome variables. No significant associations were found between baseline adiposity and longitudinal changes in the movement-behavior composition ( p 0.05). We found significant associations of changes in body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) with changes in the movement-behavior composition. An increase in BMI was associated with an increase of SB at the expense of LPA and MVPA ( β = 0.042, p = 0.009) and with a decrease of MVPA in favor of SB and LPA ( β = − 0.059, p = 0.037). An increase in FM% was significantly associated only with an increase of SB at the expense of LPA and MVPA ( β = 0.019, p = 0.031). This study did not support the assumption that baseline adiposity is associated with longitudinal changes in movement behaviors among elderly women, but we found evidence for change-to-change associations, suggesting that a 7-year increase in adiposity is associated with a concurrent increase of SB at the expense of LPA and MVPA and with a concurrent decrease of MVPA in favor of LPA and SB. Public health interventions are needed to simultaneously prevent weight gain and promote physically active lifestyle among elderly women.

Sleep and physical activity: when a null finding is not really a null finding

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.SMRV.2020.101302

Daily activities are associated with non-invasive measures of neuroplasticity in older adults

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2021

DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2021.01.016

Optimising activity and diet compositions for dementia prevention: Protocol for the ACTIVate prospective longitudinal cohort study

Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Date: 31-07-2021

DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.28.21261299

Abstract: Approximately 40% of late-life dementia may be prevented by addressing modifiable risk factors, including physical activity and diet. Yet, it is currently unknown how multiple lifestyle factors interact to influence cognition. The ACTIVate Study aims to 1) Explore associations between 24-hour time-use and diet compositions with changes in cognition and brain function and 2) Identify durations of time-use behaviours and the dietary compositions to optimise cognition and brain function. This three-year prospective longitudinal cohort study will recruit 448 adults aged 60-70 years across Adelaide and Newcastle, Australia. Time-use data will be collected through wrist-worn activity monitors and the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (MARCA). Dietary intake will be assessed using the Australian Eating Survey food frequency questionnaire. The primary outcome will be cognitive function, assessed using the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III). Secondary outcomes include structural and functional brain measures using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), cerebral arterial pulse measured with Diffuse Optical Tomography (Pulse-DOT), neuroplasticity using simultaneous Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Electroencephalography (EEG), and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control using event-related potential (ERP) and time-frequency analyses. Compositional data analysis, testing for interactions between time-point and compositions, will assess longitudinal associations between dependent (cognition, brain function) and independent (time-use and diet compositions) variables. The ACTIVate Study will be the first to examine associations between time-use and diet compositions, cognition and brain function. Our findings will inform new avenues for multidomain interventions that may more effectively account for the co-dependence between activity and diet behaviours for dementia prevention. Ethics approval has been obtained from University of South Australia’s Human Research Ethics committee (202639). Findings will be disseminated through peer reviewed manuscripts, conference presentations, targeted media releases and community engagement events. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001659190). The ACTIVate Study will collect comprehensive measures of lifestyle behaviours and dementia risk over time in 448 older adults aged 60-70 years. Using newly developed Compositional Data Analysis (CoDA) techniques we will examine the associations between time-use and diet compositions, cognition and brain function. Data will inform the development of a digital tool to help older adults obtain personalised information about how to reduce their risk of cognitive decline based on changes to time use and diet. Recruitment will be focussed on older adults to maximise the potential of making an impact on dementia prevention in the next 10 years. Findings may not be generalisable to younger adults.

Cross-sectional associations between 24-hour time-use composition, grey matter volume and cognitive function in healthy older adults

Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Date: 16-05-2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.23289982

Abstract: Increasing physical activity (PA) is an effective strategy to slow reductions in cortical volume and maintain cognitive function in older adulthood. However, PA does not exist in isolation, but coexists with sleep and sedentary behaviour to make up the 24-hour day. We investigated how the balance of all three behaviours (24-hour time-use composition) is associated with grey matter volume in healthy older adults, and whether grey matter volume influences the relationship between 24-hour time-use composition and cognitive function. This cross-sectional study included 378 older adults (65.6 ± 3.0 years old, 123 male) from the ACTIVate study across two Australian sites (Adelaide and Newcastle). Time-use composition was captured using 7-day accelerometry, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure grey matter volume both globally and across regions of interest (ROI: frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippoc i, and lateral ventricles). Pairwise correlations were used to explore univariate associations between time-use variables, grey matter volumes and cognitive outcomes. Compositional data analysis linear regression models were used to quantify associations between ROI volumes and time-use composition, and explore potential associations between the interaction between ROI volumes and time-use composition with cognitive outcomes. After adjusting for covariates (age, sex, education), there were no significant associations between time-use composition and any volumetric outcomes. There were significant interactions between time-use composition and frontal lobe volume for long-term memory (p=0.018) and executive function (p=0.018), and between time-use composition and total grey matter volume for executive function (p=0.028). Spending more time in moderate-vigorous PA was associated with better long-term memory scores, but only for those with smaller frontal lobe volume (below the s le mean). Conversely, spending more time in sleep and less time in sedentary behaviour was associated with better executive function in those with smaller total grey matter volume. Although 24-hour time use was not associated with total or regional grey matter independently, total grey matter and frontal lobe grey matter volume mediated the relationship between time-use composition and several cognitive outcomes. Future studies should investigate these relationships longitudinally to assess whether changes in time-use composition correspond to changes in grey matter volume and cognition.

Past, present, and future: trends in sleep duration and implications for public health

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.SLEH.2017.07.006

Abstract: Sleep is important for the physical, social and mental well-being of both children and adults. Over the years, there has been a general presumption that sleep will inevitably decline with the increase in technology and a busy 24-hour modern lifestyle. This narrative review discusses the empirical evidence for secular trends in sleep duration and the implications of these trends.

Balancing time use for children’s fitness and adiposity: Evidence to inform 24-hour guidelines for sleep, sedentary time and physical activity

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 19-01-2021

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0245501

Abstract: Daily time spent on one activity cannot change without compensatory changes in others, which themselves may impact on health outcomes. Optimal daily activity combinations may differ across outcomes. We estimated optimal daily activity durations for the highest fitness and lowest adiposity. Cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint data (1182 11-12-year-olds 51% boys) from the population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used. Daily activity composition (sleep, sedentary time, light physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) was from 8-day, 24-hour accelerometry. We created composite outcomes for fitness (VO 2max standing long jump) and adiposity (waist-to-height ratio body mass index fat-to-fat-free log-ratio). Adjusted compositional models regressed activity log-ratios against each outcome. Best activity compositions ( optimal time-use zones ) were plotted in quaternary tetrahedrons the overall optimal time-use composition was the center of the overlapping area. Time-use composition was associated with fitness and adiposity (all measures p .001). Optimal time use differed for fitness and adiposity. While both maximized MVPA and minimized sedentary time, optimal fitness days had higher LPA (3.4 h) and shorter sleep (8.25 h), but optimal adiposity days had lower LPA (1.0 h) and longer sleep (10.9 h). Balancing both outcomes, the overall optimal time-use composition was (mean [range]): 10.2 [9.5 10.5] h sleep, 9.9 [8.8 11.2] h sedentary time, 2.4 [1.8 3.2] h LPA and 1.5 [1.5 1.5] h MVPA. Optimal time use for children’s fitness and adiposity involves trade-offs. To best balance both outcomes, estimated activity durations for sleep and LPA align with, but for MVPA exceed, 24-h guidelines.

Sport and academic performance in Australian Indigenous children

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 09-11-2021

DOI: 10.1177/0004944120971373

Abstract: Sport may promote academic performance through physiological and psychosocial mechanisms. We aimed to examine the association between sports participation and academic performance in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Participants were from four successive waves of Australia’s Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children ( n = 303, baseline age 5–6 y). Cumulative sports participation was regressed against academic performance from two standardised tests. Children participating in sport at all four waves performed significantly better than children participating in sport in 0, 2 or 3 waves in Progressive Achievement Test (PAT) Maths (110 vs. 103, 105 and 105, p = 0.007, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively), and better than children participating at two waves in National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) numeracy (438 vs. 409, p = 0.006). There were no significant differences in PAT reading or NAPLAN literacy. Sports participation appears to be associated with subsequent better numeracy (2–7 months of learning) in a s le of Australian indigenous children. Fostering sports participation among indigenous children may be an avenue for reducing disadvantage.

How do 24-h movement behaviours change during and after vacation? A cohort study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-023-01416-2

Abstract: For adults, vacations represent a break from daily responsibilities of work – offering the opportunity to re-distribute time between sleep, sedentary behaviour, light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across the 24-h day. To date, there has been minimal research into how activity behaviour patterns change on vacation, and whether any changes linger after the vacation. This study examined how daily movement behaviours change from before, to during and after vacations, and whether these varied based on the type of vacation and vacation duration. Data collected during the Annual Rhythms In Adults’ lifestyle and health (ARIA) study were used. 308 adults (mean age 40.4 years, SD 5.6) wore Fitbit Charge 3 fitness trackers 24 h a day for 13 months. Minute-by-minute movement behaviour data were aggregated into daily totals. Multi-level mixed-effects linear regressions were used to compare movement behaviours during and post-vacation (4 weeks) to pre-vacation levels (14 days), and to examine the associations with vacation type and duration. Participants took an average of 2.6 (SD = 1.7) vacations of 12 (SD = 14) days’ ( N = 9778 days) duration. The most common vacation type was outdoor recreation (35%) followed by family/social events (31%), rest (17%) and non-leisure (17%). Daily sleep, LPA and MVPA all increased (+ 21 min [95% CI = 19,24] p 0.001, + 3 min [95% CI = 0.4,5] p 0.02, and + 5 min [95% CI = 3,6] p 0.001 respectively) and sedentary behaviour decreased (-29 min [95% CI = -32,-25] p 0.001) during vacation. Post-vacation, sleep remained elevated for two weeks MVPA returned to pre-vacation levels and LPA and sedentary behaviour over-corrected, with LPA significantly lower for 4 weeks, and sedentary behaviour significantly higher for one week. The largest changes were seen for “rest” and “outdoor” vacations. The magnitude of changes was smallest for short vacations ( 3 days). Vacations are associated with favourable changes in daily movement behaviours. These data provide preliminary evidence of the health benefits of vacations. The study was prospectively registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12619001430123).

Life on holidays

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-10-2019

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-019-7671-7

Abstract: Emerging evidence suggests that children become fatter and less fit over the summer holidays but get leaner and fitter during the in-school period. This could be due to differences in diet and time use between these distinct periods. Few studies have tracked diet and time use across the summer holidays. This study will measure rates of change in fatness and fitness of children, initially in Grade 4 (age 9 years) across three successive years and relate these changes to changes in diet and time use between in-school and summer holiday periods. Grade 4 Children attending Australian Government, Catholic and Independent schools in the Adelaide metropolitan area will be invited to participate, with the aim of recruiting 300 students in total. Diet will be reported by parents using the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool. Time use will be measured using 24-h wrist-worn accelerometry (GENEActiv) and self-reported by children using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (e.g. chores, reading, sport). Measurement of diet and time use will occur at the beginning (Term 1) and end (Term 4) of each school year and during the summer holiday period. Fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) and fatness (body mass index z -score, waist circumference, %body fat) will be measured at the beginning and end of each school year. Differences in rates of change in fitness and fatness during in-school and summer holiday periods will be calculated using model parameter estimate contrasts from linear mixed effects model. Model parameter estimate contrasts will be used to calculate differences in rates of change in outcomes by socioeconomic position (SEP), sex and weight status. Differences in rates of change of outcomes will be regressed against differences between in-school and summer holiday period diet and time use, using compositional data analysis. Analyses will adjust for age, sex, SEP, parenting style, weight status, and pubertal status, where appropriate. Findings from this project may inform new, potent avenues for intervention efforts aimed at addressing childhood fitness and fatness. Interventions focused on the home environment, or alternatively extension of the school environment may be warranted. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202 . Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.

Sedentary behavior patterns and adiposity in children: a study based on compositional data analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-04-2020

DOI: 10.1186/S12887-020-02036-6

Abstract: Between-person differences in sedentary patterns should be considered to understand the role of sedentary behavior (SB) in the development of childhood obesity. This study took a novel approach based on compositional data analysis to examine associations between SB patterns and adiposity and investigate differences in adiposity associated with time reallocation between time spent in sedentary bouts of different duration and physical activity. An analysis of cross-sectional data was performed in 425 children aged 7–12 years (58% girls). Waking behaviors were assessed using ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Multi-frequency bioimpedance measurement was used to determine adiposity. Compositional regression models with robust estimators were used to analyze associations between sedentary patterns and adiposity markers. To examine differences in adiposity associated with time reallocation, we used the compositional isotemporal substitution model. Significantly higher fat mass percentage (FM% β ilr1 = 0.18 95% CI: 0.01, 0.34 p = 0.040) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT β ilr1 = 0.37 95% CI: 0.03, 0.71 p = 0.034) were associated with time spent in middle sedentary bouts in duration of 10–29 min (relative to remaining behaviors). No significant associations were found for short ( 10 min) and long sedentary bouts (≥30 min). Substituting the time spent in total SB with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with a decrease in VAT. Substituting 1 h/week of the time spent in middle sedentary bouts with MVPA was associated with 2.9% (95% CI: 1.2, 4.6), 3.4% (95% CI: 1.2, 5.5), and 6.1% (95% CI: 2.9, 9.2) lower FM%, fat mass index, and VAT, respectively. Moreover, substituting 2 h/week of time spent in middle sedentary bouts with short sedentary bouts was associated with 3.5% (95% CI: 0.02, 6.9) lower FM%. Our findings suggest that adiposity status could be improved by increasing MVPA at the expense of time spent in middle sedentary bouts. Some benefits to adiposity may also be expected from replacing middle sedentary bouts with short sedentary bouts, that is, by taking standing or activity breaks more often. These findings may help design more effective interventions to prevent and control childhood obesity.

Weekly, seasonal, and festive period weight gain among Australian adults

Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)

Date: 27-07-2023

DOI: 10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2023.26038

Abstract: Obesity is a major global health concern. A better understanding of temporal patterns of weight gain will enable the design and implementation of interventions with potential to alter obesity trajectories. To describe changes in daily weight across 12 months among Australian adults. This cohort study conducted between December 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021 in Adelaide, South Australia, involved 375 community-dwelling adults aged 18 to 65 years. Participants wore a fitness tracker and were encouraged to weigh themselves, preferably daily but at least weekly, using a body weight scale. Data were remotely gathered using custom-developed software. Time assessed weekly, seasonally, and at Christmas/New Year and Easter. Data were visually inspected to assess the overall yearly pattern in weight change. Data were detrended (to remove systematic bias from intrain idual gradual increases or decreases in weight) by calculating a line of best fit for each in idual’s annual weight change relative to baseline and subtracting this from each participant’s weight data. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to compare weight across days of the week and seasons and at Christmas/New Year and Easter. Of 375 participants recruited, 368 (mean [SD] age, 40.2 [5.9] years 209 [56.8%] female mean [SD] baseline weight, 84.0 [20.5] kg) provided at least 7 days of weight data for inclusion in analyses. Across the 12-month period, participants gained a median of 0.26% body weight (218 g) (range, −29.4% to 24.0%). Weight fluctuated by approximately 0.3% (252 g) each week, with Mondays and Tuesdays being the heaviest days of the week. Relative to Monday, participants’ weight gradually decreased from Tuesday, although not significantly so (mean [SE] weight change, 0.01% [0.03%] P = .83), to Friday (mean [SE] weight change, −0.18% [0.03%] P & .001) and increased across the weekend to Monday (mean [SE] weight change for Saturday, −0.16% [0.03%] P & .001 mean [SE] weight change for Sunday, −0.10% [0.03%] P & .001). Participants’ weight increased sharply at Christmas/New Year (mean [SE] increase, 0.65% [0.03%] z score, 25.30 P & .001) and Easter (mean [SE] weight change, 0.29% [0.02%], z score, 11.51 P & .001). Overall, participants were heaviest in summer (significantly heavier than in all other seasons), were lightest in autumn (mean [SE] weight change relative to summer, −0.47% [0.07%] P & .001), regained some weight in winter (mean [SE] weight change relative to summer, −0.23% [0.07%] P = .001), and became lighter in spring (mean [SE] weight change relative to summer, −0.27% [0.07%] P & .001). In this cohort study of Australian adults with weekly and yearly patterns in weight gain observed across 12 months, high-risk times for weight gain were Christmas/New Year, weekends, and winter, suggesting that temporally targeted weight gain prevention interventions may be warranted.

Day-to-day pattern of work and leisure time physical behaviours: are low socioeconomic status adults couch potatoes or work warriors?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-07-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-021-11409-0

Abstract: Most studies on day-to-day patterns of physical behaviours (i.e. physical activities and sedentary behaviour) are based on adults with high socioeconomic status (SES) and without differentiating between work and leisure time. Thus, we aimed to characterise the day-to-day leisure time physical behaviours patterns among low SES adults and investigate the influence of work physical behaviours. This cross-sectional study included 963 adults from low SES occupations (e.g. manufacturing, cleaning and transportation). The participants wore accelerometers for 1–7 days to measure physical behaviours during work and leisure time, expressed as time-use compositions consisting of time spent sedentary, standing or being active (walking, running, stair climbing, or cycling). Compositional multivariate multilevel models were used to regress daily leisure time-use composition against work time-use compositions. Interaction between weekday and (1) type of day, (i.e., work/non-work) and (2) the work time-use composition were tested. Compositional isotemporal substitution was used to interpret the estimates from the models. Each weekday, workers consistently spent most leisure time being sedentary and most work time standing. Leisure time physical behaviours were associated with type of day ( p 0.005, more sedentary on workdays vs. non-workdays), weekday ( p 0.005, more sedentary on Friday, Saturday and Sunday), standing work ( p 0.005, more sedentary and less standing and active leisure time on Sunday), and active work ( p 0.005, less sedentary and more standing and active leisure time on Sunday). Sedentary leisure time increased by 18 min, while standing and active leisure time decreased by 11 and 7 min, respectively, when 30 min were reallocated to standing at work on Sunday. Conversely, sedentary leisure time decreased by 25 min, and standing and active leisure time increased by 15 and 10 min, respectively, when 30 min were reallocated to active time at work on Sunday. While low SES adults’ leisure time was mostly sedentary, their work time was predominantly standing. Work physical behaviours differently influenced day-to-day leisure time behaviours. Thus, public health initiatives aiming to change leisure time behaviours among low SES adults should consider the influence of work physical behaviours.

Relationships between older adults’ use of time and cardio-respiratory fitness, obesity and cardio-metabolic risk

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2018.02.003

Use of time in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Longitudinal associations with symptoms and quality of life using a compositional analysis approach

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 21-03-2019

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0214058

Are all MVPA minutes equal? Associations between MVPA characteristics, independent of duration, and childhood adiposity

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-07-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-021-11420-5

Abstract: The inverse relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) duration and childhood adiposity is well established. Less is known about how characteristics of MVPA accumulation may be associated with adiposity, independent of MVPA duration. This study aimed to investigate how the MVPA characteristics of children, other than duration (bout length, time of day, day-to-day consistency, intensity), were associated with adiposity. Cross-sectional study of the Australian arm of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) (participants: n = 424, age range 9–11, 44% male). Adiposity was determined by percent body fat via bioelectrical impedance. MVPA duration and characteristics (bout length, time of day, consistency, intensity) were derived from 7-day, 24-h accelerometry. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine the in idual and multivariate associations between MVPA characteristics and adiposity. Univariate analyses showed that higher MVPA duration (β range = − 0.26,-0.15), longer bouts of MVPA (β range = 0.15,0.22) and higher MVPA intensity (β range = − 0.20,-0.13) were all inversely associated with adiposity (all p 0.05). When models were adjusted for MVPA duration, only MVPA intensity (β range = − 0.16,-0.04) showed consistent significant associations with adiposity. Characteristics of MVPA other than duration and intensity appear to be unrelated to adiposity.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of domain-specific physical activity composition with health-related quality of life in childhood and adolescence in Australia

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-06-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-023-01466-6

Abstract: Health benefits have been linked with physical activity (PA), as well as some domains of PA among youth (e.g. organized PA and active transport). However, less is known about whether some PA domains are more beneficial than others. There is also a lack of evidence about whether health outcomes are related to the composition of PA (i.e. the share of PA spent in different domains). This study aimed to identify: (1) how the absolute durations of organized PA, non-organized PA, active transport and active chores/work at 10-11y are in idually associated with physical, psychosocial and total health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at 10-11y and 12-13y and (2) how the domain-specific composition of PA at 10-11y is associated with HRQOL at 10-11y and 12-13y. Data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used in cross-sectional (n ≥ 2730) and longitudinal analyses (n ≥ 2376). Measurement included the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™) for HRQOL domains and one-day time-use diaries (TUDs) for PA domains. Robust linear regression models were used, controlling for age, sex, pubertal status, socioeconomic position, body mass index and TUD context (season and school attendance). Compositional models additionally adjusted for total PA duration and longitudinal models controlled for baseline PedsQL™ scores. Non-compositional models indicated that the duration of organized PA, and to a lesser extent non-organized PA, were positively but weakly associated with some HRQOL outcomes at 10-11y. These trends were not reflected in longitudinal models, although a 30-min increase in non-organized PA per day did predict marginally better psychosocial HRQOL at 12-13y (+ 0.17% 95%CI = + 0.03%, + 0.32%). Compositional models revealed that a 30-min increase in organized PA relative to other domains was positively but weakly associated with physical (+ 0.32% 95%CI = + 0.01%, + 0.63%), psychosocial (+ 0.41% 95%CI = + 0.11%, + 0.72%) and total HRQOL (+ 0.39% 95%CI = + 0.12%, + 0.66%) at 10-11y. However, the overall PA composition at 10-11y was not related to HRQOL at 12-13y. Non-compositional and compositional models generally concurred on the direction of cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships (and lack thereof) between PA domains and HRQOL outcomes. The strongest associations were cross-sectional between organized PA and HRQOL at 10-11y. However, all associations between PA domains and HRQOL outcomes were weak and may not be clinically meaningful.

Changes in 24-Hour Domain-Specific Movement Behaviors and Their Associations With Children's Psychosocial Health During the Transition From Primary to Secondary School: A Compositional Data Analysis

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 05-2022

DOI: 10.1123/JPAH.2021-0630

Abstract: Background : Little is known about the influence of 24-hour movement behaviors on children’s psychosocial health when transitioning from primary to secondary school. This study described changes in 24-hour domain-specific movement behavior composition and explored their associations with changes in psychosocial health during this transition. Methods : Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The analytical s le (n = 909) included children who were enrolled in primary school at baseline (2010) and in secondary school at follow-up (2012). Time spent in 8 domains of movement behaviors was derived from the child-completed time-use diaries. Psychosocial health was examined using the self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires. Analyses included repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance and compositional regression. Results : Children reported engaging in more social activities and sleeping less over the transition period. Increased time spent in social activities ( β ilr = −0.06, P = .014) and recreational screen use ( β ilr = −0.17, P = .003) (relative to other domains) were associated with decreased prosocial behavior in boys. Changes in movement behavior composition were not associated with changes in girls’ psychosocial health. Conclusion : This study found considerable changes in children’s 24-hour movement behavior composition, but a lack of consistent association with changes in psychosocial health during the primary to secondary school transition.

Parenting styles and their associations with children's body composition, activity patterns, fitness, diet, health, and academic achievement

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 07-2023

DOI: 10.1089/CHI.2022.0054

Evolutionary Time-Use Optimization for Improving Children’s Health Outcomes

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14721-0_23

Associations between 24-hour time use and academic achievement in Australian primary school-aged children

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 26-08-2020

DOI: 10.1177/1090198120952041

Abstract: Previous research has examined associations between in idual activity behaviors and academic achievement. Yet activity behaviors should be analyzed together because they are codependent parts of the 24-hour day. This study aims to explore the associations between all daily activity behaviors (sleep, sedentary time, light physical activity [LPA], and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) and academic achievement using compositional data analysis. Participants for this study were drawn from two cohorts: the Australian arm of the cross-sectional International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment ( n = 452 mean age 10.7 years ( SD = 0.4) 54% female) and CheckPoint ( n = 1278 mean age 12 years [ SD = 0.4] 50% female), a cross-sectional study nested between Waves 6 and 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Objective daily activity behavior data (sleep, sedentary time, LPA, and MVPA) were collected using 8-day, 24-hour accelerometry. Academic achievement was assessed using a nationally administered standardized test in literacy (spelling, grammar and punctuation, writing and reading) and numeracy. Compositional models (adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic position, and pubertal development) regressed academic scores against isometric log ratios of activity behaviors. We used the models to estimate academic achievement for observed daily activity mixes. Estimated outcomes were plotted against time spent in each in idual activity domain, and loess curves were fitted. In two different cohorts using two different accelerometers, lower LPA was related to better numeracy and literacy and higher sedentary time to better literacy (relative to time spent in other domains). Discussion and conclusion. LPA likely “drains time” from other movement behaviors, which are beneficial for academic achievement.

The 'Goldilocks Day' for children's skeletal health: compositional data analysis of 24-hour activity behaviors

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-09-2020

DOI: 10.1002/JBMR.4143

Twenty-four-hour time-use composition and cognitive function in older adults: cross-sectional findings of the ACTIVate study

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 24-11-2022

DOI: 10.3389/FNHUM.2022.1051793

Abstract: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep are associated with cognitive function in older adults. However, these behaviours are not independent, but instead make up exclusive and exhaustive components of the 24-h day. Few studies have investigated associations between 24-h time-use composition and cognitive function in older adults. Of these, none have considered how the quality of sleep, or the context of physical activity and sedentary behaviour may impact these relationships. This study aims to understand how 24-h time-use composition is associated with cognitive function across a range of domains in healthy older adults, and whether the level of recreational physical activity, amount of television (TV) watching, or the quality of sleep impact these potential associations. 384 healthy older adults (age 65.5 ± 3.0 years, 68% female, 63% non-smokers, mean education = 16.5 ± 3.2 years) participated in this study across two Australian sites (Adelaide, n = 207 Newcastle, n = 177). Twenty-four-hour time-use composition was captured using triaxial accelerometry, measured continuously across 7 days. Total time spent watching TV per day was used to capture the context of sedentary behaviours, whilst total time spent in recreational physical activity was used to capture the context of physical activity (i.e., recreational accumulation of physical activity vs. other contexts). Sleep quality was measured using a single item extracted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Cognitive function was measured using a global cognition index (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III) and four cognitive domain composite scores (derived from five tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery: Paired Associates Learning One Touch Stockings of Cambridge Multitasking Reaction Time Verbal Recognition Memory). Pairwise correlations were used to describe independent relationships between time use variables and cognitive outcomes. Then, compositional data analysis regression methods were used to quantify associations between cognition and 24-h time-use composition. After adjusting for covariates and false discovery rate there were no significant associations between time-use composition and global cognition, long-term memory, short-term memory, executive function, or processing speed outcomes, and no significant interactions between TV watching time, recreational physical activity engagement or sleep quality and time-use composition for any cognitive outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of considering all activities across the 24-h day against cognitive function in older adults. Future studies should consider investigating these relationships longitudinally to uncover temporal effects.

Trends in well-being among youth in Australia, 2017-2022

Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)

Date: 22-08-2023

DOI: 10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2023.30098

Abstract: Little is known about temporal trends in children’s well-being and how the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the well-being of young Australians. Certain demographic groups may be more vulnerable to experiencing declines in well-being. To examine well-being trends over 6 consecutive years among South Australian students and explore the influence of sociodemographic characteristics. Longitudinal analyses of annual (2017 to 2022) cross-sectional data of students in grades 4 through 9 (n = 40 392 to 56 897 per year) attending South Australian government schools from the Well-being and Engagement Collection (WEC) census. Calendar year (2017-2022) and sociodemographic characteristics (sex, school grade, parental education, language spoken at home, residential region) from school enrollment records. Students self-reported life satisfaction, optimism, happiness, cognitive engagement, emotional regulation, perseverance, worry, and sadness. Over 6 years (2017 to 2022), a total of 119 033 students (mean [SD] age, 12.1 y 51.4% male) participated in this study. Most well-being measures declined over time, with consistent worsening of well-being from 2020 onward. For ex le, compared with 2017, sadness was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.25-0.27) points higher in 2020 (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.27) and remained elevated by more than 0.26 points (SMD, 0.27) in 2021 and 2022. At almost every time point, greatest well-being was reported by students of male sex (except cognitive engagement and perseverance), in earlier school grades, with highest parental education, speaking a language other than English at home, and residing in outer regional and remote settings (for satisfaction, optimism, and emotional regulation). Sociodemographic differences in well-being were generally consistent over time however, sex differences widened from 2020 for all indicators except cognitive engagement and perseverance. For ex le, between 2017 and 2022, sadness increased by 0.27 (95% CI, 0.25-0.29) more points among females than males (SMD, 0.28). In this longitudinal analysis of annual census data, there were downward trends in students’ well-being, especially since 2020. The largest sociodemographic disparities were observed for students of female sex, those in later school grades, and those with lowest parental education. Urgent and equitable support for the well-being of all young people, particularly those facing disparity, is imperative.

Is Daily Composition of Movement Behaviors Related to Blood Pressure in Working Adults?

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 10-2018

DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001680

Abstract: To investigate the association of the daily composition of time spent sedentary, in light physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and time in bed (movement behaviors) with blood pressure (BP) among white- and blue-collar workers. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and body mass index of 827 workers were objectively measured. Daily composition of movement behaviors was derived from an Actigraph placed on the thigh for 1 to 5 d using the Acti4 software (2012–2013). The composition was expressed as isometric log-ratios. The cross-sectional associations between daily movement behavior composition and BP were investigated using the Compositional Data Analysis approach. The associations were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, lift/carry duration, medication intake, and job sector. Daily composition of time spent in movement behaviors was significantly associated with SBP ( F = 2.84, P = 0.04), but not DBP ( F = 0.48, P = 0.69). Specifically, time reallocation to sedentary time and light physical activity from the remaining behaviors was deleteriously associated with SBP, whereas time reallocation to time in bed and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from the remaining behaviors was beneficially associated with SBP. However, the results were only significant for time spent sedentary ( P = 0.01) and in bed ( P = 0.047). Daily composition of movement behaviors is associated with SBP among workers. Spending more time sedentary compared with other behaviors was deleteriously associated with SBP, whereas spending more time in bed was beneficially associated with SBP. How time is spent in different movement behaviors throughout the day is important for BP and needs to be further investigated to be included in future clinical practice guidelines.

Towards responsive policy and actions to address non-communicable disease risks amongst adolescents in Indonesia: insights from key stakeholders

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.LANSEA.2023.100260

Patterns of time use across the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity spectrum

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 16-03-2018

DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH15030533

Abstract: Descriptions of time use patterns in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are scarce and the relationship between use-of-time and COPD severity remains unclear. This study aimed to describe a typical day for people with COPD and to explore the differences in time-use patterns across the Body Mass-Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnoea and Exercise Capacity (BODE) index using compositional analyses. Using a cross-sectional design, 141 adults with clinically stable COPD had their demographics, objective measures of function (pulmonary, exercise capacity and physical activity), and self-reported COPD-related impairment recorded. Daily time-use compositions were derived from 24-h accelerometry and 24-h use-of-time recall interviews. Compositional multiple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between the BODE index and 24-h time-use compositions. These models were used to predict daily time (min/d) that is spent in time-use components across the BODE index. The BODE index score was clearly associated with 24-h accelerometry (p 0.0001) and 24-h use-of-time recall (p 0.0001) compositions. Relative to the remaining time-use components, higher BODE index scores were associated with greater sedentary behaviour (p 0.0001), Quiet time (p 0.0001), Screen time (p = 0.001) and Self-care (p = 0.022), and less daily Chores (p 0.0001) and Household administration (p = 0.015) time. As the BODE index scores increased, time-use predictions were strongly associated with decreases in Chores (up to 206 min/d), and increases in Screen (up to 156 min/d) and Quiet time (up to 131 min/d). Time–use patterns may provide a basis for planning interventions relative to the severity of COPD.

Fitness, fatness and the reallocation of time between children’s daily movement behaviours: an analysis of compositional data

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-05-2017

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-017-0521-Z

Health outcomes associated with reallocations of time between sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity: a systematic scoping review of isotemporal substitution studies

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 13-07-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-018-0691-3

Screen time in early childhood

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2020

DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30005-5

Longitudinal associations of movement behaviours with body composition and physical fitness from 4 to 9 years of age: structural equation and mediation analysis with compositional data

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-02-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-023-01417-1

Abstract: The associations of movement behaviours (physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviour [SB], and sleep) with body composition and physical fitness from pre-school to childhood, as well as the direction of the associations, could provide important information for healthy lifestyle promotion in children. This study investigated the longitudinal and bidirectional associations of movement behaviours with body composition and physical fitness measured at 4 and 9 years of age. This longitudinal study included baseline ( n = 315, 4.5 [SD = 0.1] years) and follow-up data ( n = 231, 9.6 [SD = 0.1] years) from the MINISTOP study. Movement behaviours were measured for 7 days using wrist-worn accelerometers, body composition with air-displacement plethysmography, and physical fitness with the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery. Cross-lagged panel models and mediation analyses were performed in combination with compositional data analysis. We did not observe direct associations of the movement behaviours at 4 years with either body composition or physical fitness at 9 years (all P 0.05). However, fat mass index at 4 years was negatively associated with vigorous PA (VPA), relative to remaining behaviours (VPA, β = − 0.22, P = 0.002) and light PA (LPA), relative to SB and sleep (β = − 0.19, P = 0.016) at 9 years. VPA (relative to remaining), moderate PA (MPA) (relative to LPA, SB, and sleep), and SB (relative to sleep) tracked from 4 to 9 years (all β ≥ 0.17, all P 0.002), and these behaviours shared variance with fat mass index (all|β| ≥ 0.19, all P 0.019), and aerobic, motor, and muscular fitness (all|β| ≥ 0.19, all P 0.014) at 9 years. Mediation analysis suggested that the tracking of VPA (relative to remaining behaviours) from 4 to 9 years was negatively associated with fat mass index (β ≥ − 0.45, P = 0.012), and positively with aerobic fitness at 9 years (β ≥ 1.64, P = 0.016). PA and SB tracked from the pre-school years into childhood. Fat mass index at 4 years of age was negatively associated with VPA (relative to remaining behaviours) and LPA (relative to SB and sleep) at 9 years of age. The tracking of VPA was associated with lower fat mass index and higher aerobic fitness at 9 years of age. These findings suggest that higher levels of VPA in pre-school age, if maintained throughout childhood, may support the development of healthy body composition and aerobic fitness levels in later childhood.

Longitudinal association between movement behaviours and depressive symptoms among adolescents using compositional data analysis

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 09-2021

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0256867

Abstract: Research examining the associations between movement behaviours and mental health indicators within a compositional framework are sparse and limited by their cross-sectional study design. This study has three objectives. First, to describe the change in movement behaviour composition over time. Second, to explore the association between change in movement behaviour composition and change in depressive symptoms. Third, to explore how reallocations of time between movement behaviours are associated with changes in depressive symptoms. Longitudinal data of 14,620 students in grades 9–12 (mean age: 14.9 years) attending secondary schools in Canada (Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec) were obtained from two waves (2017/18, 2018/19) of the COMPASS study. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time, and sleep duration were self-reported. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Revised)−10 (CESD-R-10). Compositional data analyses using pivot coordinates and compositional isotemporal substitution for longitudinal data were used to analyse the data. Analyses accounted for school clustering, were stratified by gender and age ( or ≥ 15 years), and were adjusted for race/ethnicity, body mass index z-score, baseline movement behaviour composition, and baseline depressive symptoms. There were significant differences in movement behaviour composition over time across all subgroups. For ex le, the relative contributions of MVPA and sleep duration to the movement behaviour composition decreased over time while screen time increased among younger boys and girls and older girls. Increasing sleep duration relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. screen time and MVPA) was associated with lower depressive symptoms among all subgroups. Increasing screen time relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. MVPA and sleep duration) was associated with higher depressive symptoms among all subgroups. Increasing MVPA relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. screen time and sleep duration) was associated with lower depressive symptoms in older girls only. Isotemporal substitution estimates indicated that decreasing screen time by 60 minutes/day and replacing that time with 60 minutes of additional sleep is associated with the largest change in depressive symptoms across all subgroups. Findings from this prospective analysis suggest that increased sleep duration and reduced screen time are important determinants of lower depressive symptoms among adolescents.

Building your best day for healthy brain aging-The neuroprotective effects of optimal time use

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2019.04.204

Abstract: As the number of older people increases, so too does the prevalence of neurodegenerative disease. Worldwide, health organisations have identified the need for practical, affordable interventions to slow or delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, for which there are multiple modifiable risk factors. The effects of various interventions on brain health has been investigated, including achieving sufficient physical activity, getting appropriate amounts and quality of sleep, and limiting sedentary behaviours. Few of these studies, though, have taken into account more than one lifestyle behaviour within a single study. Epidemiologists have recently initiated a paradigm shift to move away from studying the independent effects of each physical activity, sleep and sedentary behaviour, and towards an integrated 24-h time-use paradigm. Time is finite, and thus to increase time in one activity (for ex le physical activity), equal time must be taken away from other activities (sleep and sedentary behaviour). This 24-h time-use paradigm has begun to be used when studying obesity, adiposity and quality of life however, to the authors' knowledge, it has not yet been adopted by cognitive neuroscientists for the study of cognition or brain function. This narrative review synthesises the evidence for the neurophysiological effects of physical activity, sleep and sedentary behaviour independently, with a particular focus on brain structure, function and neurodegenerative disease risk. Then, we conclude with a call to action, addressing the need for studies to move towards an integrated 24-h time-use paradigm.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between active commuting and patterns of movement behaviour during discretionary time: A compositional data analysis

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 16-08-2019

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0216650

Standardised criteria for classifying the International Classification of Activities for Time-use Statistics (ICATUS) activity groups into sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-11-2019

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-019-0875-5

Abstract: Globally, the International Classification of Activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS) is one of the most widely used time-use classifications to identify time spent in various activities. Comprehensive 24-h activities that can be extracted from ICATUS provide possible implications for the use of time-use data in relation to activity-health associations however, these activities are not classified in a way that makes such analysis feasible. This study, therefore, aimed to develop criteria for classifying ICATUS activities into sleep, sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), based on expert assessment. We classified activities from the Trial ICATUS 2005 and final ICATUS 2016. One author assigned METs and codes for wakefulness status and posture, to all subclass activities in the Trial ICATUS 2005. Once coded, one author matched the most detailed level of activities from the ICATUS 2016 with the corresponding activities in the Trial ICATUS 2005, where applicable. The assessment and harmonisation of each ICATUS activity were reviewed independently and anonymously by four experts, as part of a Delphi process. Given a large number of ICATUS activities, four separate Delphi panels were formed for this purpose. A series of Delphi survey rounds were repeated until a consensus among all experts was reached. Consensus about harmonisation and classification of ICATUS activities was reached by the third round of the Delphi survey in all four panels. A total of 542 activities were classified into sleep, SB, LPA, and MVPA categories. Of these, 390 activities were from the Trial ICATUS 2005 and 152 activities were from the final ICATUS 2016. The majority of ICATUS 2016 activities were harmonised into the ICATUS activity groups ( n = 143). Based on expert consensus, we developed a classification system that enables ICATUS-based time-use data to be classified into sleep, SB, LPA, and MVPA categories. Adoption and consistent use of this classification system will facilitate standardisation of time-use data processing for the purpose of sleep, SB and physical activity research, and improve between-study comparability. Future studies should test the applicability of the classification system by applying it to empirical data.

Annual rhythms in adults' lifestyle and health (ARIA): protocol for a 12-month longitudinal study examining temporal patterns in weight, activity, diet, and wellbeing in Australian adults

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-01-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-020-10054-3

Abstract: Almost one in three Australian adults are now obese, and the rate continues to rise. The causes of obesity are multifaceted and include environmental, cultural and lifestyle factors. Emerging evidence suggests there may be temporal patterns in weight gain related, for ex le, to season and major festivals such as Christmas, potentially due to changes in diet, daily activity patterns or both. The aim of this study is to track the annual rhythm in body weight, 24 h activity patterns, dietary patterns, and wellbeing in a cohort of Australian adults. In addition, through data linkage with a concurrent children’s cohort study, we aim to examine whether changes in children’s body mass index, activity and diet are related to those of their parents. A community-based s le of 375 parents aged 18 to 65 years old, residing in or near Adelaide, Australia, and who have access to a Bluetooth-enabled mobile device or a computer and home internet, will be recruited. Across a full year, daily activities (minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) will be measured using wrist-worn accelerometry (Fitbit Charge 3). Body weight will be measured daily using Fitbit wifi scales. Self-reported dietary intake (Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies V3.2), and psychological wellbeing (WHOQOL-BREF and DASS-21) will be assessed eight times throughout the 12-month period. Annual patterns in weight will be examined using Lowess curves. Associations between changes in weight and changes in activity and diet compositions will be examined using repeated measures multi-level models. The associations between parent’s and children’s weight, activity and diet will be investigated using multi-level models. Temporal factors, such as day type (weekday or weekend day), cultural celebrations and season, may play a key role in weight gain. The aim is to identify critical opportunities for intervention to assist the prevention of weight gain. Family-based interventions may be an important intervention strategy. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12619001430123 . Prospectively registered on 16 October 2019.

Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep in the Thai population: a compositional data analysis including 135,824 participants from two national time-use surveys

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 24-01-2023

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0280957

Abstract: To determine the amounts of time spent in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep in the Thai population, as well as their sociodemographic correlates and changes over time. We analysed cross-sectional data collected in a population-representative, stratified random s le of 135,824 Thais aged 10 years and over as part of the two most recent Thai National time-use surveys (2009 and 2015). Daily activities reported by the participants were coded using the International Classification of Activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS) and categorised as PA, SB, or sleep. In the latest survey, participants spent on average the largest amount of time sleeping (geometric mean [g] = 9.44 h/day 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.42, 9.47), followed by PA (g = 8.60 h/day 95% CI: 8.55, 8.64) and SB (g = 5.96 h/day 95% CI: 5.93, 6.00). The time spent in PA was higher on weekdays, while the amounts of SB and sleep were higher on weekends (p 0.05). Males, older age groups, and unemployed people spent less time in PA and more time in SB, compared with other population groups (p 0.05). We found a relatively large increase in SB (mean difference [d] = 39.64 min/day 95% CI: 36.18, 42.98) and decrease in PA (d = 54.33 min/day 95% CI: -58.88, -49.30) over time. These findings were consistent across most sociodemographic groups, with the most concerning shifts from active to sedentary lifestyle found among people with a higher education degree and on weekends. Our findings revealed a shift to a more sedentary lifestyle in the Thai population. Public health interventions should focus on improving time use among males, older age groups, and unemployed people, while preventing the rapid decrease in PA and increase in SB among those with a higher education degree and on weekends.

Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 16-02-2023

DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2022-106195

Abstract: To synthesise the evidence on the effects of physical activity on symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adult populations. Umbrella review. Twelve electronic databases were searched for eligible studies published from inception to 1 January 2022. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials designed to increase physical activity in an adult population and that assessed depression, anxiety or psychological distress were eligible. Study selection was undertaken in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Ninety-seven reviews (1039 trials and 128 119 participants) were included. Populations included healthy adults, people with mental health disorders and people with various chronic diseases. Most reviews (n=77) had a critically low A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews score. Physical activity had medium effects on depression (median effect size=−0.43, IQR=−0.66 to –0.27), anxiety (median effect size=−0.42, IQR=−0.66 to –0.26) and psychological distress (effect size=−0.60, 95% CI −0.78 to –0.42), compared with usual care across all populations. The largest benefits were seen in people with depression, HIV and kidney disease, in pregnant and postpartum women, and in healthy in iduals. Higher intensity physical activity was associated with greater improvements in symptoms. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions diminished with longer duration interventions. Physical activity is highly beneficial for improving symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress across a wide range of adult populations, including the general population, people with diagnosed mental health disorders and people with chronic disease. Physical activity should be a mainstay approach in the management of depression, anxiety and psychological distress. CRD42021292710.

Changes in fitness and fatness in Australian schoolchildren during the summer holidays

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-10-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-023-17009-4

Goldilocks Days: optimising children’s time use for health and well-being

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 12-08-2021

DOI: 10.1136/JECH-2021-216686

Abstract: One size rarely fits all in population health. Differing outcomes may compete for best allocations of time. Among children aged 11–12 years, we aimed to (1) describe optimal 24-hour time use for erse physical, cognitive/academic and well-being outcomes, (2) pinpoint the ‘Goldilocks Day’ that optimises all outcomes and (3) develop a tool to customise time-use recommendations. In 2004, the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children recruited a nationally-representative cohort of 5107 infants with biennial follow-up waves. We used data from the cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint module (2015–2016, n=1874, 11–12 years, 51% males). Time use was from 7-day 24-hour accelerometry. Outcomes included life satisfaction, psychosocial health, depressive symptoms, emotional problems, non-verbal IQ vocabulary, academic performance, adiposity, fitness, blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, bone strength. Relationships between time use and outcomes were modelled using compositional regression. Optimal daily durations varied widely for different health outcomes (sleep: 8.3–11.4 hours sedentary: 7.3–12.2 hours light physical activity: 1.7–5.1 hours moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA): 0.3–2.7 hours, all models p≤0.04). In general, days with highest physical activity (predominantly MVPA) and low sedentary time were optimal for physical health, while days with highest sleep and lowest sedentary time were optimal for mental health. Days with highest sedentary time and lowest physical activity were optimal for cognitive health. The overall Goldilocks Day had 10 hours 21 min sleep, 9 hours 44 min sedentary time, 2 hours 26 min light physical activity and 1 hour 29 min MVPA. Our interactive interface allows personalisation of Goldilocks Days to an in idual’s outcome priorities. ‘Goldilocks Days’ necessitate compromises based on hierarchies of priorities for health, social and economic outcomes.

The association between socioeconomic status and use of time in Australian children and adolescents

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2023.07.007

Association between the use of weight management strategies and weight change among Australian adults over 12 months: an observational study

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 31-07-2023

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-023-16277-4

Abstract: Obesity is a growing, global public health issue. This study aimed to describe the weight management strategies used by a s le of Australian adults examine the socio-demographic characteristics of using each strategy and examine whether use of each strategy was associated with 12-month weight change. This observational study involved a community-based s le of 375 healthy adults (mean age: 40.1 ± 5.8 years, 56.8% female). Participants wore a Fitbit activity monitor, weighed themselves daily, and completed eight online surveys on socio-demographic characteristics. Participants also recalled their use of weight management strategies over the past month, at 8 timepoints during the 12-month study period. Most participants (81%) reported using at least one weight management strategy, with exercise hysical activity being the most common strategy at each timepoint (40–54%). Those who accepted their current bodyweight were less likely to use at least one weight management strategy (Odds ratio = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.22–0.64, p 0.01) and those who reported being physically active for weight maintenance had a greater reduction in bodyweight, than those who did not (between group difference: -1.2 kg, p 0.01). The use of supplements and fasting were associated with poorer mental health and quality of life outcomes (p 0.01). The use of weight management strategies appears to be common. Being physically active was associated with greater weight loss. In iduals who accepted their current body weight were less likely to use weight management strategies. Fasting and the use of supplements were associated with poorer mental health. Promoting physical activity as a weight management strategy appears important, particularly considering its multiple health benefits.

The adiposity of children is associated with their lifestyle behaviours: A cluster analysis of school-aged children from 12 nations

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 27-12-2016

DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.12196

Abstract: The relationship between children's adiposity and lifestyle behaviour patterns is an area of growing interest. The objectives of this study are to identify clusters of children based on lifestyle behaviours and compare children's adiposity among clusters. Cross-sectional data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment were used. the participants were children (9-11 years) from 12 nations (n = 5710). 24-h accelerometry and self-reported diet and screen time were clustering input variables. Objectively measured adiposity indicators were waist-to-height ratio, percent body fat and body mass index z-scores. sex-stratified analyses were performed on the global s le and repeated on a site-wise basis. Cluster analysis (using isometric log ratios for compositional data) was used to identify common lifestyle behaviour patterns. Site representation and adiposity were compared across clusters using linear models. Four clusters emerged: (1) Junk Food Screenies, (2) Actives, (3) Sitters and (4) All-Rounders. Countries were represented differently among clusters. Chinese children were over-represented in Sitters and Colombian children in Actives. Adiposity varied across clusters, being highest in Sitters and lowest in Actives. Children from different sites clustered into groups of similar lifestyle behaviours. Cluster membership was linked with differing adiposity. Findings support the implementation of activity interventions in all countries, targeting both physical activity and sedentary time.

Changes in 24-hour movement behaviours during the transition from primary to secondary school among Australian children

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 02-04-2022

DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1903562

Abstract: This study examined concurrent changes in all components of 24-h movement behaviours (24-h MB) (sleep, sedentary behaviour [SB] and physical activity [PA]) and compliance with the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines over the primary to the secondary school transition period. The analytical s le included 83 children (60.2% girls) who provided valid accelerometer-measured 24-h MB data during their final year of primary school (T1) and first year of secondary school (T2). Self-reported participation in domain-specific SB and PA, socio-demographic characteristics and weight status were also assessed. Change in 24-h MB composition from T1 to T2 was analysed using a compositional multivariate linear model for repeated measures. The difference in the proportion of meeting the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines was assessed using a McNemar-Bowker test. An unfavourable change was observed in the 24-h MB composition (

Branched-chain amino acids and sleep: a population-derived study of Australian children aged 11-12 years and their parents

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-02-2023

DOI: 10.1111/JSR.13855

Abstract: Micronutrients, particularly amino acids, are thought to play an important role in sleep regulation and maintenance. While tryptophan is a known predictor of sleep, less is known about branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), which compete with tryptophan for transport across the blood–brain barrier. The aim of this study was to determine the association between BCAAs and actigraphy‐derived sleep duration, timing and efficiency, and self‐reported trouble sleeping. This study examined data on children and adults collected as part of the Child Health CheckPoint study. Linear mixed models, adjusted for geographic clustering, were used to determine the association between BCAAs and sleep characteristics. Complete‐case analysis was conducted for 741 children aged 11–12 years old (51% females) and 941parents (87% mothers). While BCAAs were significantly associated with children's sleep duration, timing and self‐reported trouble sleeping, no associations were observed in adults, in fully adjusted models. In children, higher levels of BCAAs are associated with shorter sleep duration, delayed sleep timing, and more frequent reports of trouble sleeping.

Daily domain-specific time-use composition of physical behaviors and blood pressure

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-01-2019

DOI: 10.1186/S12966-018-0766-1

Compositional data analysis for physical activity, sedentary time and sleep research

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 30-05-2018

DOI: 10.1177/0962280217710835

Abstract: The health effects of daily activity behaviours (physical activity, sedentary time and sleep) are widely studied. While previous research has largely examined activity behaviours in isolation, recent studies have adjusted for multiple behaviours. However, the inclusion of all activity behaviours in traditional multivariate analyses has not been possible due to the perfect multicollinearity of 24-h time budget data. The ensuing lack of adjustment for known effects on the outcome undermines the validity of study findings. We describe a statistical approach that enables the inclusion of all daily activity behaviours, based on the principles of compositional data analysis. Using data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment, we demonstrate the application of compositional multiple linear regression to estimate adiposity from children’s daily activity behaviours expressed as isometric log-ratio coordinates. We present a novel method for predicting change in a continuous outcome based on relative changes within a composition, and for calculating associated confidence intervals to allow for statistical inference. The compositional data analysis presented overcomes the lack of adjustment that has plagued traditional statistical methods in the field, and provides robust and reliable insights into the health effects of daily activity behaviours.

Does home equipment contribute to socioeconomic gradients in Australian children's physical activity, sedentary time and screen time?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-08-2016

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-016-3419-9

Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau

Location: Ethiopia

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Administration For Refugee And Returnee Affairs (ARRA)

Location: Ethiopia

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Amhara Regional State Health Bureau

Location: Ethiopia

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Ethiopia Ministry Of Health

Location: Ethiopia

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Tsinghua University

Location: China

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University Of South Australia

Location: Australia

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Jimma University

Location: Ethiopia

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Discovery Early Career Researcher Award - Grant ID: DE230101174

Start Date: 2023

End Date: 12-2025

Amount: $443,154.00

Funder: Australian Research Council