ORCID Profile
0000-0003-4656-9473
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Materials Engineering | Electrochemistry | Polymers | Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry | Biomaterials | Materials Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Physical Chemistry (Incl. Structural) | Manufacturing Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Manufacturing Engineering | Functional Materials | Condensed Matter Physics—Structural Properties | Nanotechnology | Characterisation Of Macromolecules | Physical Chemistry Of Macromolecules | Instruments And Techniques | Data Storage Representations | Polymers and Plastics | Other Physical Sciences | Materials engineering | Synthesis Of Macromolecules | Synthesis of Materials | Colloid And Surface Chemistry | Ceramics | Chemical Sciences Not Elsewhere Classified | Polymerisation Mechanisms | Control Systems, Robotics and Automation | Composite Materials | Alloy Materials | Textile Technology | Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified | Polymers and plastics | Functional materials | Condensed Matter Physics not elsewhere classified | Biophysics | Packaging, Storage And Transportation | Manufacturing Robotics and Mechatronics (excl. Automotive Mechatronics) | Macromolecular Chemistry Not Elsewhere Classified | Microtechnology | Metals and Alloy Materials | Robotics And Mechatronics | Mechanical Engineering | Composite and Hybrid Materials | Macromolecular materials | Biomechanical Engineering | Sensor (Chemical And Bio-) Technology | Electroanalytical Chemistry | Nanoscale Characterisation | Industrial Chemistry | Nanomanufacturing | Nanomaterials | Sustainable Agricultural Development | Dental Materials and Equipment | Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified | Physical Sciences Not Elsewhere Classified |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Polymeric materials (e.g. paints) | Other | Solar-photoelectric | Manufactured products not elsewhere classified | Energy storage | Metals (composites, coatings, bonding, etc.) | Medical instrumentation | Scientific instrumentation | Chemical sciences | Paints | Structural metal products | Sheet metal products | Expanding Knowledge in the Chemical Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Engineering | Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified | Rehabilitation of degraded farmland | Physical sciences | Nautical equipment | Appliances and Electrical Machinery and Equipment | Treatments (e.g. chemicals, antibiotics) | Ceramics | Synthetic resins and rubber | Plastic products (incl. Construction materials) | Expanding Knowledge in Technology | Medical Instruments | Expanding Knowledge in the Physical Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Other
Related Links
Publications
An investigation into behaviour of electroactive polymers as mechanical sensors
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 2007
Understanding the assistive technology needs of people over 55: The future of mobility aids
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-04-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12648
Abstract: To understand mobility issues not adequately serviced by assistive technology (AT). A two-stage mixed-methods research project that forms the basis of future AT design and manufacture. Stage 1: a focus group comprising 46 participants (people aged 55 years or older with mobility issue/s) and their support networks. Stage 2: a s le of 413 people over 55 completed a purpose-designed survey informed by stage 1, regarding mobility issues and perceived desirability of suggested AT mobility aids. Two core themes emerged: (a) functionality issues relating to existing AT designs and (b) identified mobility issues encountered during activities of daily living that could potentially be resolved by developing new AT. Importance was placed on certain features of AT mobility aids with cost, transportability and aesthetics being primary issues. Consulting end-users and their networks ensures valuable insight into how future AT can better address and target mobility needs.
Knitted Carbon-Nanotube-Sheath/Spandex-Core Elastomeric Yarns for Artificial Muscles and Strain Sensing
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 15-09-2016
Abstract: Highly stretchable, actuatable, electrically conductive knitted textiles based on Spandex (SPX)/CNT (carbon nanotube) composite yarns were prepared by an integrated knitting procedure. SPX filaments were continuously wrapped with CNT aerogel sheets and supplied directly to an interlocking circular knitting machine to form three-dimensional electrically conductive and stretchable textiles. By adjusting the SPX/CNT feed ratio, the fabric electrical conductivities could be tailored in the range of 870 to 7092 S/m. The electrical conductivity depended on tensile strain, with a linear and largely hysteresis-free resistance change occurring on loading and unloading between 0% and 80% strain. Electrothermal heating of the stretched fabric caused large tensile contractions of up to 33% and generated a gravimetric mechanical work capacity during contraction of up to 0.64 kJ/kg and a maximum specific power output of 1.28 kW/kg, which far exceeds that of mammalian skeletal muscle. The knitted textile provides the combination of strain sensing and the ability to control dimensions required for smart clothing that simultaneously monitors the wearer's movements and adjusts the garment fit or exerts forces or pressures on the wearer, according to needs. The developed processing method is scalable for the fabrication of industrial quantities of strain sensing and actuating smart textiles.
A new approach to develop, characterise and model actuating textiles
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-01-2021
Abstract: Smart materials are capable of recognising environmental stimuli, processing the information arising from the stimuli, and responding to it in an appropriate manner. It is well known that smart textiles provide some interesting possibilities in this regard. Consequently, smart textiles based on artificial muscles polymer actuators will provide a breakthrough to many areas including soft robotics, prosthetics, and healthcare for the benefit of humankind. Therefore, it is a worthy attempt to work on artificial muscle designs to aid them in applications. This paper presents the effect of fibre arrangement within a material structure for force and stroke generation. A method of fabrication, characterisation of actuating textiles was presented with experimental results. Most importantly, a modelling was carried out to develop equations to calculate the force and stroke of actuating textiles which has not been reported to date. A reasonable agreement was found between calculated and measured force/stroke curves of both woven and knitted textiles. The woven textile exhibited a force enhancement directly proportional to the number of actuators while retaining the same strain of the single actuator. Nonetheless, the force and strain of knitted textile were highly dependent on the number of wales and courses per unit length. The fabricated knitted textile showed a lesser strain than the single actuator with a force lification. However, the performance parameters of as fabricated knitted textiles were higher than the fabricated woven textile. Finally a practical applications, process for bulk manufacturing of silicone coated actuators was proposed to enable them in commercialised products and long length production. This study will enable developers to select the fibre architectures and suitable actuators to suit a particular end requirement.
Gas concentration control by directly linking sensor to actuator
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-07-2003
DOI: 10.1117/12.484824
3D/4D Printing Hydrogel Composites: A Pathway to Functional Devices
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-12-2016
DOI: 10.1557/ADV.2015.9
4D Printing of Reversible Shape Morphing Hydrogel Structures
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-07-2017
Comparison of emeraldine salt, emeraldine base, and epoxy coatings for corrosion protection of steel during immersion in a saline solution
Publisher: Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.5006/1.3277532
Electrochemical induced ductile-brittle transition in tosylate-doped (pTS) polypyrrole
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1998
A de-doping/re-doping study of organic soluble polyaniline
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2002
Mechanism of stroke enhancement by coiling in carbon nanotube hybrid yarn artificial muscles (presentation video)
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 09-05-2014
DOI: 10.1117/12.2046188
Thermally Responsive Torsional and Tensile Fiber Actuator Based on Graphene Oxide
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-09-2018
Abstract: Graphene-based actuators are of practical interest because of their relatively low cost compared with other nanocarbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate the simple fabrication of graphene oxide (GO)-based fibers with an infiltrated nylon-6,6 polymer by wet spinning. These fibers could be twisted to form torsional actuators and further coiled to form tensile actuators. By controlling the relative twisting and coiling direction of the GO/nylon fiber, we were able to realize reversible contraction or elongation actuation with strokes as high as -80 and 75%, respectively, when the s les were heated to 200 °C. The tensile actuation showed a remarkably little hysteresis. Moreover, this GO/nylon actuator could lift loads over 100 times heavier than itself and generate a stable actuation at high temperatures over the melting point of the polymer. This novel kind of GO-based actuator, which has a multidirectional actuation, has potential for a wide range of applications such as artificial muscles, robotics, and temperature sensing.
Artificial Muscles Based on Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotube Laminates
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-05-2011
Bidirectional Core Sandwich Structure of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Spinnable Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 15-09-2020
A reactive wet spinning approach to polypyrrole fibres
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1039/C0JM04406G
Synthesis and Characterization of Covalently Linked Graphene/Chitosan Composites
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-08-2015
High strain electromechanical actuators based on electrodeposited polypyrrole doped with di-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
TITAN: a conducting polymer based microfluidic pump
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-11-2005
3D Printed Flexure Hinges for Soft Monolithic Prosthetic Fingers
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 09-2016
Switchable redox activity by proton fuelled DNA nano-machines
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1039/B820634A
Abstract: The switching electrochemical property of an SWNT/DNA hybrid can be produced through reversible conformational changes between the closed and open state originating from the pH-responding i-motif DNA which significantly improves its molecular switching and stability by hydrophobic interactions with SWNTs.
Conducting polymers electromechanical actuators and strain sensors
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2003
Torsional Carbon Nanotube Artificial Muscles
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 13-10-2011
Abstract: Rotary motors of conventional design can be rather complex and are therefore difficult to miniaturize previous carbon nanotube artificial muscles provide contraction and bending, but not rotation. We show that an electrolyte-filled twist-spun carbon nanotube yarn, much thinner than a human hair, functions as a torsional artificial muscle in a simple three-electrode electrochemical system, providing a reversible 15,000° rotation and 590 revolutions per minute. A hydrostatic actuation mechanism, as seen in muscular hydrostats in nature, explains the simultaneous occurrence of lengthwise contraction and torsional rotation during the yarn volume increase caused by electrochemical double-layer charge injection. The use of a torsional yarn muscle as a mixer for a fluidic chip is demonstrated.
Harvesting temperature fluctuations as electrical energy using torsional and tensile polymer muscles
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C5EE02219C
Abstract: Low-grade waste heat is harvested as electrical energy by employing thermally-powered torsional and tensile artificial muscles made from inexpensive polymer fibers used for fishing line and sewing thread.
Micro-humidity sensors based on a processable polyaniline blend
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2005
Torsional artificial muscles
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C9MH01441A
Abstract: Torsional actuators are of potential application in areas that include smart textiles, exoskeletons, microfluidic mixing, microsensors, photonic displays, and energy-harvesting devices.
Electroactive conducting polymers for corrosion control: Part 2. Ferrous metals
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-07-2002
Coaxial mussel-inspired biofibers: making of a robust and efficacious depot for cancer drug delivery
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1039/D0TB00052C
Abstract: A new generation of coaxial hydrogel fibers have been developed as biocompatible, and effective platform to deliver combination of drugs locally to the tumor site to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.
Electroactive conducting polymers for corrosion control Part 1. General introduction and a review of non-ferrous metals
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-07-2002
Time-dependent mechanical properties of tough ionic-covalent hybrid hydrogels
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
Fabrication of a graphene coated nonwoven textile for industrial applications
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1039/C6RA15190F
Abstract: A hybrid electrically conductive polyester–graphene textile was fabricated as a high-performance smart textile for geotextile and/or heating element applications.
Conjugated Polymer Actuators: Fundamentals
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-04-2009
Use of Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes in Electromechanical Actuator Systems Based on Inherently Conducting Polymers
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 17-05-2003
DOI: 10.1021/CM020918K
Actuation behaviour of polyaniline films and tubes prepared by phase inversion technique
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.582275
Shape-engineerable composite fibers and their supercapacitor application
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1039/C5NR07147J
Abstract: Due to excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nano materials, it is of great interest to fabricate flexible, high conductive, and shape engineered carbon based fibers. As part of these approaches, hollow, twist, ribbon, and other various shapes of carbon based fibers have been researched for various functionality and application. In this paper, we suggest simple and effective method to control the fiber shape. We fabricate the three different shapes of hollow, twisted, and ribbon shaped fibers from wet spun giant graphene oxide (GGO)/single walled-nanotubes (SWNTs) oly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels. Each shaped fibers exhibit different mechanical properties. The average specific strengthes of the hollow, twist, and ribbon fibers presented here are 126.5, 106.9, and 38.0 MPa while strain are 9.3, 13.5, and 5%, respectively. Especially, the ribbon fiber shows high electrical conductivity (524 ± 64 S cm(-1)) and areal capacitance (2.38 mF cm(-2)).
Soft Mechanical Sensors Through Reverse Actuation in Polypyrrole
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-09-2007
Pneumatic carbon nanotube actuators
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-12-2002
DOI: 10.1002/1521-4095(20021203)14:23<1728::AID-ADMA1728>3.0.CO;2-8
Wet-Spun Biofiber for Torsional Artificial Muscles
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2017
Abstract: The demands for new types of artificial muscles continue to grow and novel approaches are being enabled by the advent of new materials and novel fabrication strategies. Self-powered actuators have attracted significant attention due to their ability to be driven by elements in the ambient environment such as moisture. In this study, we demonstrate the use of twisted and coiled wet-spun hygroscopic chitosan fibers to achieve a novel torsional artificial muscle. The coiled fibers exhibited significant torsional actuation where the free end of the coiled fiber rotated up to 1155 degrees per mm of coil length when hydrated. This value is 96%, 362%, and 2210% higher than twisted graphene fiber, carbon nanotube torsional actuators, and coiled nylon muscles, respectively. A model based on a single helix was used to evaluate the torsional actuation behavior of these coiled chitosan fibers.
Characterization of conducting polymer based bimorph vibration sensors
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 16-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.582159
Thermal actuation of hydrogels from PNIPAm, alginate, and carbon nanofibres
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-09-2018
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.24430
Carbon Nanotube Actuators
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 21-05-1999
DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.284.5418.1340
Abstract: Electromechanical actuators based on sheets of single-walled carbon nanotubes were shown to generate higher stresses than natural muscle and higher strains than high-modulus ferroelectrics. Like natural muscles, the macroscopic actuators are assemblies of billions of in idual nanoscale actuators. The actuation mechanism (quantum chemical–based expansion due to electrochemical double-layer charging) does not require ion intercalation, which limits the life and rate of faradaic conducting polymer actuators. Unlike conventional ferroelectric actuators, low operating voltages of a few volts generate large actuator strains. Predictions based on measurements suggest that actuators using optimized nanotube sheets may eventually provide substantially higher work densities per cycle than any previously known technology.
Introduction to Organic Electronic and Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 03-10-2016
A standard testing method for tensile actuators (Conference Presentation)
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 29-03-2019
DOI: 10.1117/12.2513574
Carbon Nanotube Electroactive Polymer Materials: Opportunities and Challenges
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1557/MRS2008.47
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with macroscopically ordered structures (e.g., aligned or patterned mats, fibers, and sheets) and associated large surface areas have proven promising as new CNT electroactive polymer materials (CNT-EAPs) for the development of advanced chemical and biological sensors. The functionalization of CNTs with many biological species to gain specific surface characteristics and to facilitate electron transfer to and from them for chemical- and bio-sensing applications is an area of intense research activity. Mechanical actuation generated by CNT-EAPs is another exciting electroactive function provided by these versatile materials. Controlled mechanical deformation for actuation has been demonstrated in CNT mats, fibers, sheets, and in idual nanotubes. This article summarizes the current status and technological challenges for the development of electrochemical sensors and electromechanical actuators based on carbon nanotube electroactive materials.
Response Characterization of Electroactive Polymers as Mechanical Sensors
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 04-2008
Wearable Electronic Textiles from Nanostructured Piezoelectric Fibers
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-02-2020
A comprehensive test method for measuring actuation performance of McKibben artificial muscles
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 08-03-2021
Abstract: The versatile nature of artificial muscles and their applications is derived from their ability to actuate in tensile, torsional and bending modes that can mimic the action of hydraulic rams, electric motors and biomimetic curling arms, respectively. Artificial muscles have exhibited great potential for fabricating robotic components and surgical tools due to their resemblance to biological muscles along with their high actuation force per mass. For further investigation of these artificial muscles as tensile actuators with practical applications, it is imperative to standardise methods for characterising their performance. This article applies an integrated characterization method: simultaneously measuring the free stroke of a McKibben-type hydraulic artificial muscle the stroke while operating against an externally applied force (isotonic) the blocked force of these muscles while keeping the muscle at constant length (isometric) and the force and displacement change when the muscle operates against a return spring (variable force, pressure). This linear mechanics approach has been verified and allows the prediction of these fundamental actuation characteristics while illustrating the effects of changing external load on the muscle performance. This study proposes an important approach to assist the design of McKibben muscles when used to carry variable loads such as in exoskeletons, prosthetics, and robotics applications.
Extrusion printing of ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels with high toughness
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1039/C3TB21159B
Polyaniline fibres containing single walled carbon nanotubes: Enhanced performance artificial muscles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
Highly conductive carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid yarn
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-07-2014
Actuated Pins for Braille Displays
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-04-2009
Bio-Inspired Stretchable and Contractible Tough Fiber by the Hybridization of GO/MWNT/Polyurethane
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 29-07-2019
Abstract: Spider silks represent stretchable and contractible fibers with high toughness. Those tough fibers with stretchability and contractibility are attractive as energy absorption materials, and they are needed for wearable applications, artificial muscles, and soft robotics. Although carbon-based materials and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite fibers exhibit high toughness, they are still limited in low extensibility and an inability to operate in the wet-state condition. Herein, we report stretchable and contractible fiber with toughness that is inspired by the structure of spider silk. The bioinspired tough fiber provides 495 J/g of gravimetric toughness, which exceeds 165 J/g of spider silk. Besides, the tough fiber was reversibly stretched to ∼80% strain without damage. This toughness and stretchability are realized by hybridization of aligned graphene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a polyurethane matrix as elastic amorphous regions and β-sheet segments of spider silk. Interestingly, the bioinspired tough fiber contracted up to 60% in response to water and humidity similar to supercontraction of the spider silk. It exhibited 610 kJ/m
Self-maintained colorimetric acid/base sensor using polypyrrole actuator
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
Development of an all-polymer, axial force electrochemical actuator
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1999
Electroactive polymer actuator devices (EAPAD)
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-07-2003
DOI: 10.1117/12.484375
Focused Ion Beam Fabricated Polystyrene-Platinum Thermal Microactuator
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMR.254.86
Abstract: In idually released polystyrene-platinum bimorph microcantilevers that have potential applications as MEMS/NEMS thermal actuators are produced using focused ion beam micromachining technique. The microcantilevers are sharply defined and triangular in cross-section, and are about 20µm long, 2 µm wide and 1.5 µm thick. The fabrication process is fast ( 3 hours) and does not require any mask or resist. The nanometer-scale displacement of the resulting bimorph microactuator with respect to temperature change is recorded via imaging in a scanning electron microscope, equipped with a heating stage. By increasing the temperature to ca. 55 °C, a tip deflection of ca. 380 nm was measured. This result is compared with the numerical result obtained from a finite element analysis (FEA).
Self-Healing Electrode with High Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Strength for Artificial Electronic Skin
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 28-10-2019
Abstract: A self-healing electrode is an electrical conductor that can repair internal damage by itself, similar to human skin. Since self-healing electrodes are based on polymers and hydrogels, these components are still limited by low electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. In this study, we designed an electrically conductive, mechanically strong, and printable self-healing electrode using liquid crystal graphene oxide (LCGO) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The conductive ink was easily prepared by simply mixing LCGO and AgNWs solutions. The ultrathin (3 μm thick) electrode can be printed in various shapes, such as a butterfly, in a freestanding state. The maximum conductivity and strength of the LCGO/AgNW composite were 17 800 S/cm and 4.2 MPa, respectively these values are 24 and 4 times higher, respectively, than those of a previously developed self-healing electrode. The LCGO/AgNW composite self-healed internal damage in ambient conditions with moisture and consequently recovered 96.8% electrical conductivity and 95% mechanical toughness compared with the undamaged state. The electrical properties of the composite exhibited metallic tendencies. Therefore, these results suggest that the composite can be used as an artificial electronic skin that detects environmental conditions, such as compression and temperature. This self-healing artificial electronic skin could be applied to human condition monitoring and robotic sensing systems.
Artificial Muscles from Fishing Line and Sewing Thread
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 21-02-2014
Abstract: In designing materials for artificial muscles, the goals are to find those that will combine high strokes, high efficiency, long cycle life, low hysteresis, and low cost. Now, Haines et al. (p. 868 see the Perspective by Yuan and Poulin ) show that this is possible. Twisting high-strength, readily available polymer fibers, such as those used for fishing lines or sewing thread, to the point where they coil up, allowed construction of highly efficient actuators that could be triggered by a number of stimuli.
Simple and strong: twisted silver painted nylon artificial muscle actuated by Joule heating
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 26-03-2014
DOI: 10.1117/12.2046411
Carbon nanotube and graphene fiber artificial muscles
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C9NA00038K
Abstract: Recent advances in artificial muscles based on twisted and coiled carbon nanotube yarns and graphene fibers.
Fast trilayer polypyrrole bending actuators for high speed applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
3D printing of tough hydrogel composites with spatially varying materials properties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
Comparative displacement study of bilayer actuators comprising of conducting polymers, fabricated from polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
Processable conducting graphene/chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1039/C4TB01636J
Abstract: Electrically conductive, mechanically improved graphene/chitosan/lactic acid composites were synthesised and could be easily processed into multi-layer scaffolds using additive fabrication techniques.
The effect of geometry and material properties on the performance of a small hydraulic McKibben muscle system
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DNA-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Fibers for supercapacitors and Artificial Muscles
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-02-2008
3D Printable Vacuum-Powered Soft Linear Actuators
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2019
Electrically Conductive, Tough Hydrogels with pH Sensitivity
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 27-08-2012
DOI: 10.1021/CM301666W
Bond Reformation, Self-Recovery, and Toughness in Hydrogen-Bonded Hydrogels
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 27-11-2020
Tensile testing of individual glassy, rubbery and hydrogel electrospun polymer nanofibres to high strain using the atomic force microscope
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2013
In vivo biocompatibility of porous and non-porous polypyrrole based trilayered actuators
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-09-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S10856-017-5979-3
Abstract: Trilayered polypyrrole (PPy) actuators have high stress density, low modulus and have wide potential biological applications including use in artificial muscles and in limb prosthesis after limb utation. This article examines the in vivo biocompatibility of actuators in muscle using rabbit models. The actuators were specially designed with pores to encourage tissue in growth this study also assessed the effect of such pores on the stability of the actuators in vivo. Trilayered PPy actuators were either laser cut with 150 µm pores or left pore-less and implanted into rabbit muscle for 3 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks and retrieved subsequently for histological analysis. In a second set of experiments, the cut edges of pores in porous actuator strips were further sealed by PPy after laser cutting to further improve its stability in vivo. Porous actuators with and without PPy sealing of pore edges were implanted intramuscularly for 4 and 8 weeks and assessed with histology. Pore-less actuators incited a mild inflammatory response, becoming progressively walled off by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. Porous actuators showed increased PPy fragmentation and delamination with associated greater foreign body response compared to pore-less actuators. The PPy fragmentation was minimized when the pore edges were sealed off by PPy after laser cutting showing less PPy debris. Laser cutting of the actuators with pores destabilizes the PPy. This can be overcome by sealing the cut edges of the pores with PPy after laser. The findings in this article have implications in future design and manufacturing of PPy actuator for use in vivo.
The Bionic Bra: Using electromaterials to sense and modify breast support to enhance active living
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2018
Poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochemical actuators showing increased strain and work per cycle at higher operating stresses
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
Fast Carbon Nanotube Charging and Actuation
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-04-2006
A novel dual mode actuation in chitosan/polyaniline/carbon nanotube fibers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 20-02-2007
Sheath-run artificial muscles
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 12-07-2019
Abstract: Although guest-filled carbon nanotube yarns provide record performance as torsional and tensile artificial muscles, they are expensive, and only part of the muscle effectively contributes to actuation. We describe a muscle type that provides higher performance, in which the guest that drives actuation is a sheath on a twisted or coiled core that can be an inexpensive yarn. This change from guest-filled to sheath-run artificial muscles increases the maximum work capacity by factors of 1.70 to 2.15 for tensile muscles driven electrothermally or by vapor absorption. A sheath-run electrochemical muscle generates 1.98 watts per gram of average contractile power-40 times that for human muscle and 9.0 times that of the highest power alternative electrochemical muscle. Theory predicts the observed performance advantages of sheath-run muscles.
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel for diving/surfacing device
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-02-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MI12020210
Abstract: Underwater robots and vehicles have received great attention due to their potential applications in remote sensing and search and rescue. A challenge for micro aquatic robots is the lack of small motors needed for three-dimensional locomotion in water. Here, we show a simple ing and surfacing device fabricated from thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-containing hydrogel. The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-containing device exhibited fast and reversible ing/surfacing cycles in response to changing temperature. Modulation of the interaction between poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains and water molecules at temperatures above or below the lower critical solution temperature regulates the gel density through the swelling and de-swelling. The gel surfaced in water when heated and sank when cooled. We further showed reversible ing/surfacing cycles of the device when exposed to electrical and ultrasonic stimuli. Finally, a small electrically heated gel was incorporated into a miniature submarine and used to control the ing depth. These results suggest that the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-containing device has good potential for underwater remote-controlled micro aquatic robots.
Optimisation of a polypyrrole based actuator
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1997
Feedback control of tri-layer polymer actuators to improve their positioning ability and speed of response
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
Twisted and coiled multi-ply yarns artificial muscles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
<title>Factors influencing performance of electrochemical actuators based on inherently conducting polymers (ICPs)</title>
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 10-07-2002
DOI: 10.1117/12.475170
Artificial Muscles from Hybrid Carbon Nanotube‐Polypyrrole‐Coated Twisted and Coiled Yarns
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-09-2020
The mechanical and the electrical properties of conducting polypyrrole fibers
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Date: 15-05-2010
DOI: 10.1063/1.3425793
Abstract: The mechanical and the electrical properties of polypyrrole (PPy) fibers and electrochemically deposited PPy films were studied. It was found that the PPy fibers showed a significantly higher strength than the PPy films due to better orientation of the molecular structure. The electrochemically prepared PPy films had a higher electrical conductivity than that of the fibers at high temperature. At low temperature, the PPy fibers showed the higher conductivity. The conductivity results were analyzed in the frame of the three-dimensional variable range hopping model. The results showed that at room temperature the average hopping distance for the fibers was about 4 Å while for the films it increases to about 5.7 Å. This corresponds to about 1 and 2 monomer units in length for the fiber and film s les, respectively.
Study of the surface potential and photovoltage of conducting polymers using electric force microscopy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2001
Atomic force microscopy investigation of the adhesion between a single polymer sphere and a flat surface
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1998
Edge-Functionalized Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Films for Flexible Neural Cuff Electrodes
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 04-08-2023
The optimum functionalization of carbon nanotube/ferritin composites
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-07-2008
Electrothermally Driven Carbon-Based Materials as EAPs: Fundamentals and Device Configurations
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Twist–coil coupling fibres for high stroke tensile artificial muscles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Hybrid Nanomembranes for High Power and High Energy Density Supercapacitors and Their Yarn Application
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-11-2015
DOI: 10.1021/NN203640A
Abstract: We report mechanically robust, electrically conductive, free-standing, and transparent hybrid nanomembranes made of densified carbon nanotube sheets that were coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) using vapor phase polymerization and their performance as supercapacitors. The hybrid nanomembranes with thickness of ~66 nm and low areal density of ~15 μg/cm(2)exhibited high mechanical strength and modulus of 135 MPa and 12.6 GPa, respectively. They also had remarkable shape recovery ability in liquid and at the liquid/air interface unlike previous carbon nanotube sheets. The hybrid nanomembrane attached on a current collector had volumetric capacitance of ~40 F/cm(3) at 100 V s(-1) (~40 and ~80 times larger than that of onion-like carbon measured at 100 V s(-1) and activated carbon measured at 20 V s(-1), respectively), and it showed rectangular shapes of cyclic voltammograms up to ~5 V s(-1). High mechanical strength and flexibility of the hybrid nanomembrane enabled twisting it into microsupercapacitor yarns with diameters of ~30 μm. The yarn supercapacitor showed stable cycling performance without a metal current collector, and its capacitance decrease was only ~6% after 5000 cycles. Volumetric energy and power density of the hybrid nanomembrane was ~70 mWh cm(-3) and ~7910 W cm(-3), and the yarn possessed the energy and power density of ~47 mWh cm(-3) and ~538 W cm(-3).
Development of polypyrrole-based electromechanical actuators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2000
Electroformation of conducting polymers in a hydrogel support matrix
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
Effect of First Network Topology on the Toughness of Double Network Hydrogels
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 05-08-2013
DOI: 10.1021/MA400892G
Mechanical properties of chitosan/CNT microfibers obtained with improved dispersion
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
<title>Electrochemically driven actuators from conducting polymers, hydrogels, and carbon nanotubes</title>
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 06-04-2001
DOI: 10.1117/12.424410
Three-dimensional printing fiber reinforced hydrogel composites
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 08-09-2014
DOI: 10.1021/AM503878D
Abstract: An additive manufacturing process that combines digital modeling and 3D printing was used to prepare fiber reinforced hydrogels in a single-step process. The composite materials were fabricated by selectively pattering a combination of alginate/acrylamide gel precursor solution and an epoxy based UV-curable adhesive (Emax 904 Gel-SC) with an extrusion printer. UV irradiation was used to cure the two inks into a single composite material. Spatial control of fiber distribution within the digital models allowed for the fabrication of a series of materials with a spectrum of swelling behavior and mechanical properties with physical characteristics ranging from soft and wet to hard and dry. A comparison with the "rule of mixtures" was used to show that the swollen composite materials adhere to standard composite theory. A prototype meniscus cartilage was prepared to illustrate the potential application in bioengineering.
Electromechanical coupling in polypyrrole sensors and actuators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF POLYPYRROLE COLLOIDS
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1994
Direct Sub-Micrometer Patterning of Nanostructured Conducting Polymer Films via a Low-Energy Infrared Laser
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 14-07-2011
DOI: 10.1021/NL2011593
Abstract: Despite the many attractive properties of conjugated polymers, their practical applications are often limited by the lack of a simple, scalable, and nondisruptive patterning method. Here, a direct, scalable, high-resolution patterning technique for conducting polymers is demonstrated that does not involve photoresists, masks, or postprocessing treatment. Complex, well-defined patterns down to sub-micrometer scales can be created from nanofibrous films of a wide variety of conducting polymers by photothermally welding the nanofibers using a low-energy infrared laser. The welding depth, structural robustness, and optical properties of the films are readily controlled. In addition, the electrical properties such as conductivity can be precisely tuned over a 7-order of magnitude range, while maintaining the characteristic tunable electronic properties in the nonwelded polyaniline regions.
Towards fully optimized conducting polymer bending sensors: the effect of geometry
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 03-06-2009
Erratum: Conducting polymers - Bridging the bionic interface (Soft Matter (2007) 28 DOI: 10.1039/b618204f)
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1039/B706981M
Molecular weight distribution of network strands in double network hydrogels estimated by mechanical testing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
Triaxial braided piezo fiber energy harvesters for self-powered wearable technologies
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA10964H
Abstract: A new strategy of a triaxial architecture based on piezoelectric fibers, silver coated nylon and braiding technology as a wearable energy harvesting generator.
Modulated release of dexamethasone from chitosan–carbon nanotube films
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2009
Surface roughness: Its implications and inference with regards to ultra microindentation measurements of polymer mechanical properties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Unipolar stroke, electroosmotic pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 29-01-2021
Abstract: Carbon nanotube yarns can be used as electrochemical actuators because infiltration with ions causes a contraction in length and an expansion in diameter. Either positive or negative ions can cause this effect. Chu et al. constructed an all-solid-state muscle that eliminated the need for an electrolyte bath, which may expand the potential for its use in applications. By infiltrating the yarns with charged polymers, the fibers start partially swollen, so the length can increase through the loss of ions. It is thus possible to increase the overall stroke of the muscle. Further, these composite materials show a surprising increase in stroke with scan rate. Science , this issue p. 494
Evaluation of thrust force generated for a robotic fish propelled with polypyrrole actuators
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2010
DOI: 10.1002/PI.2777
Mechanical stiffness augmentation of a 3D printed soft prosthetic finger
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2016
An integrated electrochemical sensor-actuator system
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Strain response from polypyrrole actuators under load
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-06-2002
DOI: 10.1002/1616-3028(20020618)12:6/7<437::AID-ADFM437>3.0.CO;2-I
Progress Toward Robust Polymer Hydrogels
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/CH11156
Abstract: In this review we highlight new developments in tough hydrogel materials in terms of their enhanced mechanical performance and their corresponding toughening mechanisms. These mechanically robust hydrogels have been developed over the past 10 years with many now showing mechanical properties comparable with those of natural tissues. By first reviewing the brittleness of conventional synthetic hydrogels, we introduce each new class of tough hydrogel: homogeneous gels, slip-link gels, double-network gels, nanocomposite gels and gels formed using poly-functional crosslinkers. In each case we provide a description of the fracture process that may be occurring. With the exception of double network gels where the enhanced toughness is quite well understood, these descriptions remain to be confirmed. We also introduce material property charts for conventional and tough synthetic hydrogels to illustrate the wide range of mechanical and swelling properties exhibited by these materials and to highlight links between these properties and the network topology. Finally, we provide some suggestions for further work particularly with regard to some unanswered questions and possible avenues for further enhancement of gel toughness.
Use of Ionic Liquids for π-Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Devices
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 09-08-2002
Abstract: π-Conjugated polymers that are electrochemically cycled in ionic liquids have enhanced lifetimes without failure (up to 1 million cycles) and fast cycle switching speeds (100 ms). We report results for electrochemical mechanical actuators, electrochromic windows, and numeric displays made from three types of π -conjugated polymers: polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. Experiments were performed under ambient conditions, yet the polymers showed negligible loss in electroactivity. These performance advantages were obtained by using environmentally stable, room-temperature ionic liquids composed of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium cations together with anions such as tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate.
An atomic force microscopy study of weathering of polyester/melamine paint surfaces
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
High-strength graphene and polyacrylonitrile composite fiber enhanced by surface coating with polydopamine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Conducting polymer fibers
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2015
Gender-Specific Molecular and Clinical Features Underlie Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 14-01-2016
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-0751
Abstract: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer that occurs more frequently in men, but is associated with longer survival in women. Insight into the survival advantage of female patients may advance the molecular understanding of MPM and identify therapeutic interventions that will improve the prognosis for all MPM patients. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of tumor specimens from 10 MPM patients and matched control s les to identify potential driver mutations underlying MPM. We identified molecular differences associated with gender and histology. Specifically, single-nucleotide variants of BAP1 were observed in 21% of cases, with lower mutation rates observed in sarcomatoid MPM (P & 0.001). Chromosome 22q loss was more frequently associated with the epithelioid than that nonepitheliod histology (P = 0.037), whereas CDKN2A deletions occurred more frequently in nonepithelioid subtypes among men (P = 0.021) and were correlated with shorter overall survival for the entire cohort (P = 0.002) and for men (P = 0.012). Furthermore, women were more likely to harbor TP53 mutations (P = 0.004). Novel mutations were found in genes associated with the integrin-linked kinase pathway, including MYH9 and RHOA. Moreover, expression levels of BAP1, MYH9, and RHOA were significantly higher in nonepithelioid tumors, and were associated with significant reduction in survival of the entire cohort and across gender subgroups. Collectively, our findings indicate that erse mechanisms highly related to gender and histology appear to drive MPM. Cancer Res 76(2) 319–28. ©2015 AACR.
Wireless aquatic navigator for detection and analysis (WANDA)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Electrochemical actuation properties of a novel solution-processable polythiophene
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
Fast bender actuators for fish-like aquatic robots
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 27-03-2008
DOI: 10.1117/12.784977
Responsive systems based on conducting polymers
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 14-11-1997
DOI: 10.1117/12.293529
Highly processable method for the construction of miniature conducting polymer moisture sensors
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.582241
Hybrid Yarns: Highly Conductive Carbon Nanotube‐Graphene Hybrid Yarn (Adv. Funct. Mater. 37/2014)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2014
A pH‐sensitive, strong double‐network hydrogel: Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates–poly(acrylic acid)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-12-2011
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.23016
Actuators for the cochlear implant
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2003
Microstructures of conducting polymers: Patterning and actuation study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Light-Triggered Soft Artificial Muscles: Molecular-Level Amplification of Actuation Control Signals
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-08-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-08777-2
Abstract: The principle of control signal lification is found in all actuation systems, from engineered devices through to the operation of biological muscles. However, current engineering approaches require the use of hard and bulky external switches or valves, incompatible with both the properties of emerging soft artificial muscle technology and those of the bioinspired robotic systems they enable. To address this deficiency a biomimetic molecular-level approach is developed that employs light, with its excellent spatial and temporal control properties, to actuate soft, pH-responsive hydrogel artificial muscles. Although this actuation is triggered by light, it is largely powered by the resulting excitation and runaway chemical reaction of a light-sensitive acid autocatalytic solution in which the actuator is immersed. This process produces actuation strains of up to 45% and a three-fold chemical lification of the controlling light-trigger, realising a new strategy for the creation of highly functional soft actuating systems.
Three-Dimensional Printed Braided Sleeves for Manufacturing McKibben Artificial Muscles
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 03-2019
Applied potential limits for polypyrrole in a two-electrode device
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-05-1999
DOI: 10.1117/12.349709
Actuator Materials for Environmentally Powered Engines
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-04-2023
Abstract: The first solid‐state engine that converted heat into continuous mechanical motion using a thermally responsive actuating material was introduced almost a century ago. These engines used vulcanized rubber where the cyclically heating and cooling of the rubber generate continuous mechanical power in pendulum or wheel type engines. The development of solid‐state heat engines has seen several waves of activity with interest stimulated by the introduction of new actuating materials capable of responding to different environmental stimuli. Opportunities for improved engine outputs are afforded by recently developed artificial muscle materials. A theoretical connection between engine output and the characteristics of the actuator material is developed to compare the performances of vulcanized rubber, shape memory alloys (SMAs), and twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) fiber artificial muscles. It is shown that with an engine designed to suit the actuation performance of TCPs engines powered by the tensile actuation of such materials would exceed the output of SMA heat engines. The properties needed in actuator materials to further enhance engine output are identified and polymer structures that may produce such properties are described.
Carbon nanotube and polyaniline composite actuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 11-2003
DOI: 10.1117/12.469073
The Role of Unbound Oligomers in the Nucleation and Growth of Electrodeposited Polypyrrole and Method for Preparing High Strength, High Conductivity Films
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 13-07-2012
DOI: 10.1021/LA301701G
Abstract: Polypyrrole is a material with immensely useful properties suitable for a wide range of electrochemical applications, but its development has been hindered by cumbersome manufacturing processes. Here we show that a simple modification to the standard electrochemical polymerization method produces polypyrrole films of equivalently high conductivity and superior mechanical properties in one-tenth of the polymerization time. Preparing the film as a series of electrodeposited layers with thorough solvent washing between layering was found to produce excellent quality films even when layer deposition was accelerated by high current. The washing step between the sequentially polymerized layers altered the deposition mechanism, eliminating the typical dendritic growth and generating nonporous deposits. Solvent washing was shown to reduce the concentration of oligomeric species in the near-electrode region and hinder the three-dimensional growth mechanism that occurs by deposition of secondary particles from solution. As artificial muscles, the high density sequentially polymerized films produced the highest mechanical work output yet reported for polypyrrole actuators.
DNA hydrogel fiber with self-entanglement prepared by using an ionic liquid
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-03-2008
Increased actuation rate of electromechanical carbon nanotube actuators using potential pulses with resistance compensation
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 25-06-2003
Mechanism of electropolymerisation of methyl methacrylate and glycidyl acrylate on stainless steel
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-05-2002
INFLUENCE OF STERIC STABILIZERS ON THE ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLYPYRROLES
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1994
Effect of tensile load on the actuation performance of pH‐sensitive hydrogels
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-11-2014
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.23639
4D printing with mechanically robust, thermally actuating hydrogels
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-04-2015
Abstract: A smart valve is created by 4D printing of hydrogels that are both mechanically robust and thermally actuating. The printed hydrogels are made up of an interpenetrating network of alginate and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). 4D structures are created by printing the "dynamic" hydrogel ink alongside other static materials.
Self-healing graphene oxide-based composite for electromagnetic interference shielding
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Corrigendum to “Molecular weight distribution of network strands in double network hydrogels estimated by mechanical testing” [Polymer 55 (2014) 3037–3044]
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Conducting polymers as a basis for responsive materials systems
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-1998
DOI: 10.1177/1045389X9800900904
Abstract: Conducting polymers such as polypyrrole and polyaniline are being extensively studied for their use in a wide range of new products. These materials are unique in that they have switchable properties due to their 2 or more mechanically stable oxidation states. Thus, films or coatings can be easily switched by the application of small voltages and currents to change the mechanical and electrical properties, the density, light absorbance and even to emit light in a diode arrangement. This paper reviews the factors that influence the performance of conducting polymers in four applications being developed at the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute: actuators, membranes, sensors and corrosion resistant coatings.
Actuation behaviour of layered composites of polyaniline, carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2005
Investigation of the applied potential limits for polypyrrole when employed as the active components of a two-electrode device
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
The influence of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and electrical properties of polyaniline fibers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2005
Synergistic toughening of composite fibres by self-alignment of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS1661
A Sequential Debonding Fracture Model for Hydrogen-Bonded Hydrogels
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-08-2018
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.24718
Electrically, Chemically, and Photonically Powered Torsional and Tensile Actuation of Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Yarn Muscles
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 16-11-2012
Abstract: Actuators are used to convert heat, light, or electricity into a twisting or tensile motion, and are often described as artificial muscles. Most materials that show actuation either provide larger forces with small- litude motions, such as the alloy NiTi, or provide larger motions with much less force, such as polymeric materials. Other problems with such actuators can include slow response times and short lifetimes. Lima et al. (p. 928 , see the Perspective by Schulz ) show that a range of guest-filled, twist-spun carbon nanotube yarns can be used for linear or torsional actuation, can solve the problems of speed and lifetime, and do not require electrolytes for operation.
Electrically Contractile Polymers Augment Right Ventricular Output in the Heart
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/AOR.12300
Abstract: Research into the development of artificial heart muscle has been limited to assembly of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes seeded around a matrix, while nonbiological approaches to tissue engineering have rarely been explored. The aim of the study was to apply electrically contractile polymer-based actuators as cardiomyoplasty for positive inotropic support of the right ventricle. Complex trilayer polypyrrole (PPy) bending polymers for high-speed applications were generated. Bending motion occurred directly as a result of electrochemically driven charging and discharging of the PPy layers. In a rat model (n = 5), strips of polymers (3 × 20 mm) were attached and wrapped around the right ventricle (RV). RV pressure was continuously monitored invasively by direct RV cannulation. Electrical activation occurred simultaneously with either diastole (in order to evaluate the polymer's stand-alone contraction capacity group 1) or systole (group 2). In group 1, the pressure generation capacity of the polymers was measured by determining the area under the pressure curve (area under curve, AUC). In group 2, the RV pressure AUC was measured in complexes directly preceding those with polymer contraction and compared to RV pressure complexes with simultaneous polymer contraction. In group 1, the AUC generated by polymer contraction was 2768 ± 875 U. In group 2, concomitant polymer contraction significantly increased AUC compared with complexes without polymer support (5987 ± 1334 U vs. 4318 ± 691 U, P ≤ 0.01). Electrically contractile polymers are able to significantly augment right ventricular contraction. This approach may open new perspectives for myocardial tissue engineering, possibly in combination with fetal or embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
Carbon nanotube and polyaniline composite actuators*
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 25-06-2003
The development and characterisation of polyaniline-single walled carbon nanotube composite fibres using 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPSA) through one step wet spinning process
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
High-power biofuel cell textiles from woven biscrolled carbon nanotube yarns
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-06-2014
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS4928
Abstract: Biofuel cells that generate electricity from glucose in blood are promising for powering implantable biomedical devices. Immobilizing interconnected enzyme and redox mediator in a highly conducting, porous electrode maximizes their interaction with the electrolyte and minimizes diffusion distances for fuel and oxidant, thereby enhancing power density. Here we report that our separator-free carbon nanotube yarn biofuel cells provide an open-circuit voltage of 0.70 V, and a maximum areal power density of 2.18 mW cm(-2) that is three times higher than for previous carbon nanotube yarn biofuel cells. Biofuel cell operation in human serum provides high areal power output, as well as markedly increased lifetime (83% remained after 24 h), compared with previous unprotected biofuel cells. Our biscrolled yarn biofuel cells are woven into textiles having the mechanical robustness needed for implantation for glucose energy harvesting.
Soft, flexible micromanipulators comprising polypyrrole trilayer microactuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1117/12.2084176
Electrochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer Colloids
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1997
Monolithic actuators from flash-welded polyaniline nanofibers
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-01-2008
In-situ mechanical properties of tosylate doped (pTS) polypyrrole
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1997
Effect of synthesis conditions on the properties of wet spun polypyrrole fibres
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
Three‐dimensional nanofabrication of polystyrene by focused ion beam
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2818.2012.03656.X
Abstract: Focused ion beam micromachining provides a maskless and resistless technique for prototyping of structures from thermoplastic polymers, an ex le being the production of polystyrene microcantilevers with potential applications as micro/nanoelectromechanical systems sensors and actuators. The applicability of FIB technology is, however, often restricted by the damage created by high energy gallium ion bombardment and local beam heating, which can affect the desired properties and limit the minimum achievable size of the fabricated structure. To investigate the ion-induced damage and determine the limitations of the technique for polymer nanofabrication, we have exposed thin polystyrene film to the ion beam at varying ion doses, ion energies and specimen temperatures. Ion doses ranging from 10(16) to 10(18) ions cm(-2) show significant gallium implantation, redeposition of sputtered material and chemical degradation in the polymer. Raman results show that the local heating in polymer during milling is severe at room temperature, damaging the aromatic carbon bonding (C = C) in particular. These observations are supported by the results of a beam heating model and Monte Carlo simulations. The chemical degradation caused by local beam heating is found to be significantly reduced by cooling the specimen to -25°C during milling. This is consistent with observations that reversible and repeatable thermal actuation of a fabricated polystyrene-platinum microcantilever is only observed when the cantilever is prepared at low temperature milling. Using this cooling approach, polymer structures can be fabricated with dimensions as low as 200 nm and still retain a sufficient volume of material unaffected by the ion beam.
Carbon-Nanotube-Reinforced Polyaniline Fibers for High-Strength Artificial Muscles
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-03-2006
A Soft Stretchable Sensor: Towards Peripheral Nerve Signal Sensing
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-02-2018
DOI: 10.1557/ADV.2018.220
Bottom-up microfabrication process for individually controlled conjugated polymer actuators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Thin, Tough, pH-Sensitive Hydrogel Films with Rapid Load Recovery
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 14-03-2014
DOI: 10.1021/AM405708V
Abstract: Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are used as the building blocks of actuators and sensors. Their application has been limited, however, by their lack of mechanical strength and recovery from loading. Here, we report the preparation of pH-sensitive hydrogels as thin as 20 μm. The hydrogels are made of a polyether-based polyurethane and poly(acrylic acid). A simple method was employed to create hydrogels with thicknesses in the range of 20-570 μm. The hydrogel films volume changed by a factor of ∼2 when the pH was switched around the transition point (pH 4). Tensile extensibilities of up to ∼350% were maintained at each pH, and the average Young's modulus and tensile strength were in the range of 580-910 and 715-1320 kPa, respectively, depending on the pH. Repeated tensile loading and unloading to 100% extension showed little permanent damage, unlike analogous double-network hydrogels, and with immediate recovery (up to 75-85% of the first loading cycle), unlike hybrid ionic-covalent interpenetrating network hydrogels.
Swelling behavior of chitosan hydrogels in ionic liquid-water binary systems
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 23-09-2006
DOI: 10.1021/LA061586R
Abstract: The swelling behavior of chitosan hydrogels in ionic liquid-water binary systems was studied using hydrophilic room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) to elucidate the swelling mechanism of chitosan hydrogels. No penetration of RTIL into a dry chitosan material was observed. Swelling was achieved by soaking in water-RTIL binary mixtures, with larger swelling observed at higher water contents. In one instance, the binary mixture was acidic and produced larger than expected swelling due to the dissociation of the amine groups in the chitosan. The equilibrium binary system content behavior of the chitosan hydrogels depended upon the amount of free water, which is a measure of the number of water molecules that do not interact with the ionic liquid. After evaporation of water, remnant RTIL remained in the chitosan network and hardness testing indicated a plasticization effect, suggesting that the RTIL molecularly mixed with the chitosan. Chitosan hydrogels containing only RTIL were prepared by dropping pure RTIL onto a fully preswollen hydrogel followed by water evaporation. This method may be a useful means for preparing air-stable swollen chitosan gels.
Nanostructured electrically conducting biofibres produced using a reactive wet-spinning process
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 02-2010
Effect of First Network Topology on the Toughness of Double Network Hydrogels (vol 46, pg 6613, 2013)
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1021/MA401985F
Strong tough gels for 3D tissue constructs
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1557/OPL.2014.249
Abstract: The mechanical characteristics of ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels consisting of combinations of the biopolymers gellan gum and kappa-carrageenan, and the synthetic polymers polyacrylamide and an epoxy amine were investigated. Compression testing showed that these gels exhibited “double network” behavior, i.e. strong tough gels.
Mechanical properties of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels based on hybrid ionically and covalently crosslinked networks
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-05-2013
DOI: 10.1002/APP.39417
Electrodeposition of polyaniline and polyaniline composites from colloidal dispersions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1995
Soft Pneumatic Sensing Chambers for Generic and Interactive Human–Machine Interfaces
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2019
Controlled and scalable torsional actuation of twisted nylon 6 fiber
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-03-2016
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.24035
Fully 3D printed soft microactuators for soft microrobotics
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 10-07-2020
Abstract: The feasibility of additive manufacturing actuating microstructures and microdevices with small dimension is presented. Using a custom-built extrusion 3D printer and CAD model of the device structure, bilayer microactuators driven by hydrogels are fabricated down to a size of 300 × 1000 μ m 2, with a minimum thickness of 30 μ m. To explore the limitations of the 3D printing process, microactuators with a width of 300 μ m and lengths ranging from 1000 to 5000 μ m are manufactured and thereafter operated to demonstrate the feasibility of the process. Similarly, microrobotic devices consisting of a passive rigid body and flexible moving parts are 3D printed to illustrate the ease and versatility of the additive manufacturing technique to fabricate soft microgrippers or micromanipulators.
3D Printable Linear Soft Vacuum Actuators: Their Modeling, Performance Quantification and Application in Soft Robotic Systems
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 10-2019
Dual high-stroke and high–work capacity artificial muscles inspired by DNA supercoiling
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 28-04-2021
DOI: 10.1126/SCIROBOTICS.ABF4788
Abstract: High-stroke and energy-dense artificial muscles are made by mimicking DNA’s ability to contract by supercoiling.
Electrochemical pneumatic actuators utilising carbon nanotube electrodes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2009
MECHANISM OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATION IN POLYPYRROLE
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1995
Preparation and characterization of hybrid conducting polymer–carbon nanotube yarn
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1039/C2NR11580H
Abstract: Hybrid polypyrrole (PPy)-multi walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) yarns were obtained by chemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on the surface and within the porous interior of twisted MWNT yarns. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical, mechanical and electrical measurements. It was found that the hybrid PPy-MWNT yarns possessed significantly higher mechanical strength (over 740 MPa) and Young's modulus (over 54 GPa) than the pristine MWNT yarn. The hybrid yarns also exhibited substantially higher electrical conductivity (over 235 S cm(-1)) and their specific capacitance was found to be in excess of 60 F g(-1). Measurements of temperature dependence of electrical conductivity revealed semiconducting behaviour, with a large increase of band gap near 100 K. The collected low temperature data are in good agreement with a three-dimensional variable range hopping model (3D-VRH). The improved durability of the yarns is important for electrical applications. The composite yarns can be produced in commercial quantities and used for applications where the electrical conductivity and good mechanical properties are of primary importance.
Actuation behaviour of polyaniline films and tubes prepared by the phase inversion technique
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 27-07-2007
Responsive systems based on conducting polymers
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 14-11-1997
DOI: 10.1117/12.293573
Electrochemical properties of aligned nanotube arrays: basis of new electromechanical actuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 07-06-2000
DOI: 10.1117/12.387798
Coaxing predictable behaviour from unstable (intelligent) polymer systems: processing dynamic systems
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-1995
DOI: 10.1177/1045389X9500600301
Abstract: The development of intelligent polymeric materials is a multidimensional task. It requires the design of processing systems that retain dynamic properties meaning that the material produced is inherently "unstable". It also requires the design of communication tools that can be used to study, manipulate and control this dynamic character so as predictable, intelligent behaviour can be coaxed from these "unstable" systems.
Evaluation of solid polymer electrolytes for use in conducting polymer/nanotube actuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 07-06-2000
DOI: 10.1117/12.387797
Thermally actuated hydrogel bead based braided artificial muscle
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 07-04-2020
Graphene oxide dispersions: tuning rheology to enable fabrication
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1039/C3MH00144J
Abstract: Ultra-large graphene oxide sheets exhibit unique viscoelastic properties, making them a new class of soft material. We provide fundamental insights enabling development of various fabrication techniques utilizing this 2D material.
Porous PNIPAm hydrogels: Overcoming diffusion-governed hydrogel actuation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Controlled Transport of Droplets Using Conducting Polymers
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 17-08-2009
DOI: 10.1021/LA900835W
Abstract: The controlled transport and delivery of dichloromethane through platinum mesh coated with dodecylbenzenesulfonate-doped polypyrrole is demonstrated upon in situ electrochemical redox switching. Droplets of dichloromethane were observed to pass freely through the mesh upon reduction of the polymer as a result of the release of the surfactant dopant into the dichloromethane and the change in the surface energy of the polymer. Planar and liquid-filled tube configurations are investigated. These concepts are envisaged to prove useful for fluid control in microfluidic devices, in the preparation of microparticles for drug delivery, and in the development of organic microreactors.
Trends and predictors of size and grade for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in BreastScreen Victoria
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2004
DOI: 10.1186/BCR838
Electrochemical production of conducting polymer colloids
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1995
Electrochemical polymerization of acrylics on stainless steel cathodes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-11-2002
DOI: 10.1002/APP.11436
The Suitability of 3-D Printed Eutectic Gallium-Indium Alloy as a Heating Element for Thermally Active Hydrogels
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-12-2016
DOI: 10.1557/ADV.2016.618
Polypyrrole stretchable actuators
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-09-2013
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.23177
Hydrogels Containing the Ferri/Ferrocyanide Redox Couple and Ionic Liquids for Thermocells
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1071/CH18395
Abstract: Thermoelectrochemical cells are a promising new technology for harvesting low-grade waste heat. The operation of these cells relies on a redox couple within an electrolyte, which is most commonly water-based, and improvement of these materials is a key aspect of the advancement of this technology. Here, we report the gelation of aqueous electrolytes containing the K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 redox couple using a range of different polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cmc), polyacrylamide (PAAm), and two commercial polyurethane-based polymers: HydroMed D640 and HydroSlip C. These polymers produce quasi-solid-state electrolytes with sufficient mechanical properties to prevent leakage, and allow improved device flexibility and safety. Furthermore, the incorporation of various ionic liquids within the optimized hydrogel network is investigated as a route to enhance the electrochemical and mechanical properties and thermal energy harvesting performance of the hydrogels.
Synthesis, modeling and characterization of conducting polymers
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 16-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.582203
Polyaniline-nanotube multifunctional fiber: capabilities toward the manufacturing of smart fabric
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 16-02-2004
DOI: 10.1117/12.582206
Characterisation of the topography and surface potential of electrodeposited conducting polymer films using atomic force and electric force microscopies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2000
Thermomechanical effects in the torsional actuation of twisted nylon 6 fiber
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-07-2017
DOI: 10.1002/APP.45529
Conducting polymers ? bridging the bionic interface
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1039/B618204F
Micron-scale polymer–metal cantilever actuators fabricated by focused ion beam
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Enhanced control and stability of polypyrrole electromechanical actuators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
The WSPC Reference on Organic Electronics: Organic Semiconductors
Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1142/9678
Poly(3-methylthiophene)-based electrochemical actuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-02-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.582291
Incorporation of novel polyelectrolyte dopants into conducting polymers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2000
Electropolymerised acrylic coatings for polymer-metal adhesion enhancement
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2003
Unipolar-stroke, electroosmotic-pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 18-04-2022
DOI: 10.1117/12.2612716
3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel–Elastomer Systems
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-01-2017
Abstract: A hydrogel-dielectric-elastomer system, polyacrylamide and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), is adapted for extrusion printing for integrated device fabrication. A lithium-chloride-containing hydrogel printing ink is developed and printed onto treated PDMS with no visible signs of delamination and geometrically scaling resistance under moderate uniaxial tension and fatigue. A variety of designs are demonstrated, including a resistive strain gauge and an ionic cable.
Free standing carbon nanotube composite bio‐electrodes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-06-2007
DOI: 10.1002/JBM.B.30702
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes present a new material for the construction of electrodes for electrochemical devices such as batteries, capacitors, and actuators. Such electrodes require high conductivity, strength, and surface area. The latter two requirements are often incompatible. Electrodes composed entirely of carbon nanotubes (bucky paper) have high surface areas but are typically weak, and have insufficient conductivity for practical macroscopic applications. Here we report a technique that uses naturally occurring biopolymers to produce electrodes (free standing films) that exhibit conductivities of 300 S/cm. These composites also have considerable mechanical strength (up to 145 MPa) and sufficient specific capacitance of 19-27 F/g to enable them to be used as freestanding electrodes. One potential application that deserves special attention is that of biocompatible electrodes, where the binder is a biopolymer already used in a range of implants. Preliminary studies reported here show that the new carbon nanotube biopolymer electrodes can foster prolific L929 cell growth.
Paint layer thermomechanical properties determined by in situ dynamic mechanical analysis in 3-point bending
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2004
Sensor response of polypyrrole trilayer benders as a function of geometry
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 27-03-2008
DOI: 10.1117/12.776171
Highly Stretchable Self‐Powered Wearable Electrical Energy Generator and Sensors
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-12-2020
Abstract: The ubiquity of wearables, coupled with the increasing demand for power, presents a unique opportunity for fiber‐based mobile energy generator systems. However, no commercially available systems currently exist with typical problems including low energy efficiency short cycle life slow and expensive manufacturing and stiff, heavy or bulky componentry that reduce wearer comfort and aesthetic appeal. Herein, a new method is demonstrated to create wearable energy generators and sensors using nanostructured hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/barium‐titanium oxide (BT) piezoelectric fibers and exploiting the enormous variety of textile architectures. Highly stretchable piezoelectric fibers based on coiled PVDF/rGO/BT fibers energy generator and sensor are developed. It is found that the coiled PVDF/ rGO/BT enables to stretch up to ≈100% strain that produces a peak voltage output of ≈1.3 V with a peak power density of 3 W Kg −1 which is 2.5 times higher than previously reported for piezoelectric textiles. An energy conversion efficiency of 22.5% is achieved for the coiled hybrid piezofiber energy generator. A prototype energy generator and sensors based on a hybrid piezofibers wearable device for energy harvesting and monitoring real time precise healthcare are demonstrated.
Weavable asymmetric carbon nanotube yarn supercapacitor for electronic textiles
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C8RA01384E
Abstract: Yarn type asymmetric supercapacitor with high weight ratio of rGO in anode for wearable electronics.
Production of polypyrrole fibres by wet spinning
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
Film substructure and mechanical properties of electrochemically prepared polypyrrole
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1995
Optimization of the sequential polymerization synthesis method for polypyrrole films
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Patterning and electrical interfacing of individually controllable conducting polymer microactuators
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Designing strong, fast, high-performance hydrogel actuators
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1039/D3CC01545A
Abstract: This highlight summarizes the strategies to improve mechanical and actuation performance of hydrogel actuators, which could broaden their potential applications.
Surprising shrinkage of expanding gels under an external load
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-12-2006
DOI: 10.1038/NMAT1553
Abstract: Hydrogels are fascinating and useful in that they can show large volume changes in response to various stimuli, such as temperature or chemical environment. Here we report the peculiar observation that chemically crosslinked hydrogels that normally expand owing to a change in electrolyte pH can be made to shrink in certain circumstances. Specifically, these hydrogels contract when tested at a constant compressive force and subjected to a pH change that causes expansion in the absence of the applied load. When tested under tension, the gels always expand. Although the effects of external stress on the swelling of gels is known, the concomitant change in gel mechanical properties during pH switching was found to be a more dominant effect in our studies. However, existing mechanical models used to predict dimensional changes in actuator materials could not explain both the tensile and compression results. In addition, we show that the friction between metal plates of the apparatus and the gel is a key factor in explaining the contractile actuation under compressive loads. The observations reported in this paper are important for the successful design and use of hydrogel actuators in devices such as valves for microfluidics.
In pursuit of high-force / high-stroke conducting polymer actuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 06-05-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.598407
Artificial Muscles and Soft Robotic Devices for Treatment of End‐Stage Heart Failure
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-03-2023
Abstract: Medical soft robotics constitutes a rapidly developing field in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with a promising future for millions of patients suffering from heart failure worldwide. Herein, the present state and future direction of artificial muscle‐based soft robotic biomedical devices in supporting the inotropic function of the heart are reviewed, focusing on the emerging electrothermally artificial heart muscles (AHMs). Artificial muscle powered soft robotic devices can mimic the action of complex biological systems such as heart compression and twisting. These artificial muscles possess the ability to undergo complex deformations, aiding cardiac function while maintaining a limited weight and use of space. Two very promising candidates for artificial muscles are electrothermally actuated AHMs and biohybrid actuators using living cells or tissue embedded with artificial structures. Electrothermally actuated AHMs have demonstrated superior force generation while creating the prospect for fully soft robotic actuated ventricular assist devices. This review will critically analyze the limitations of currently available devices and discuss opportunities and directions for future research. Last, the properties of the cardiac muscle are reviewed and compared with those of different materials suitable for mechanical cardiac compression.
Solid state actuators based on polypyrrole and polymer-in-ionic liquid electrolytes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2003
Development of polypyrrole-based electromechanical actuators
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-05-1999
DOI: 10.1117/12.349683
Force generation from polypyrrole actuators
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 05-03-2005
Effect of flexure hinge type on a 3D printed fully compliant prosthetic finger
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 07-2015
Electrochemical preparation of polypyrrole colloids using a flow cell
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1997
Efficient, Absorption‐Powered Artificial Muscles Based on Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Yarns
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-03-2015
Abstract: A new type of absorption-powered artificial muscle provides high performance without needing a temperature change. These muscles, comprising coiled carbon nanotube fibers infiltrated with silicone rubber, can contract up to 50% to generate up to 1.2 kJ kg(-1) . The drive mechanism for actuation is the rubber swelling during exposure to a nonpolar solvent. Theoretical energy efficiency conversion can be as high as 16%.
Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
The amounts per cycle of polypyrrole electromechanical actuators
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 13-05-2003
Effect of anisotropic thermal expansion on the torsional actuation of twist oriented polymer fibres
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Bioinspired 3D Printable Soft Vacuum Actuators for Locomotion Robots, Grippers and Artificial Muscles.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2018
Abstract: Continued technological progress in robotic systems has led to more applications where robots and humans operate in close proximity and even physical contact in some cases. Soft robots, which are made of highly compliant and deformable materials, provide inherent safety features unlike conventional robots that are made of stiff and rigid components. Soft robotics is a rapidly developing field exploiting biomimetic design principles, novel sensor and actuation concepts, and advanced manufacturing techniques. In this study, we propose novel 3D printable soft vacuum actuators that are inspired by the sporangium of fern trees. These actuators that are directly manufactured using commercial and affordable fused deposition modeling 3D printers offer many advantages such as high actuation speed (5.54 Hz), long lifetime (123,000 cycles), large payload to weight ratio (∼26), and significant output forces (∼16 N). The behavior of these actuators is accurately predicted, and their performance is optimized using finite element modeling. Furthermore, erse robotic applications such as locomotion robots (a walking robot moving with an average forward speed of
Design, Modeling, and Control of a 3D Printed Monolithic Soft Robotic Finger With Embedded Pneumatic Sensing Chambers
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 04-2021
Actuating individual electrospun hydrogel nanofibres
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1039/C2SM25387A
Ionic Liquids and Polypyrrole Helix Tubes: Bringing the Electronic Braille Screen Closer to Reality
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 28-07-2003
DOI: 10.1117/12.484721
Surfactant-controlled shape change of organic droplets using polypyrrole
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
Self-oscillatory actuation at constant DC voltage with pH-sensitive chitosan/polyaniline hydrogel blend
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 07-11-2006
DOI: 10.1021/CM060988H
Carbon-based torsional and tensile artificial muscles driven by thermal expansion (presentation video)
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 09-05-2014
DOI: 10.1117/12.2045270
Transparent and conformal 'piezoionic' touch sensor
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1117/12.2085598
Tough Supersoft Sponge Fibers with Tunable Stiffness from a DNA Self-Assembly Technique
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2009
Abstract: Tough and soft: Highly porous, spongelike materials self-assemble by calcium ion condensation of DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes (SWNTs-DNA see picture, IL = ionic liquid). The toughness, modulus, and swellability of the electrically conductive sponges can be tuned by controlling the density and strength of interfiber junctions. The sponges have compliances similar to the softest natural tissue, while robust interfiber junctions give high toughness.
Conducting polymer, carbon nanotube, and hybrid actuator materials
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 16-07-2001
DOI: 10.1117/12.432646
Polyaniline and polyaniline–carbon nanotube composite fibres as battery materials in ionic liquid electrolyte
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
A 3D-Printed Omni-Purpose Soft Gripper
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 10-2019
The use of embedded sensors for the monitoring of adhesive joints in marine environments
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 09-05-2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.599515
High performance conducting polymer actuators utilising a tubular geometry and helical wire interconnects
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2003
Individually controlled conducting polymer tri-layer microactuators
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 06-2013
Thermally activated paraffin-filled McKibben muscles
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 28-07-2016
Abstract: McKibben artificial muscles are one of the most pragmatic contractile actuators, offering performances similar to skeletal muscles. The McKibben muscles operate by pumping pressurized fluid into a bladder constrained by a stiff braid so that tensile force generated is lified in comparison to a conventional hydraulic ram. The need for heavy and bulky compressors umps makes pneumatic or hydraulic McKibben muscles unsuitable for microactuators, where a highly compact design is required. In an alternative approach, this article describes a new type of McKibben muscle using an expandable guest fill material, such as temperature-sensitive paraffin, to achieve a more compact and lightweight actuation system. Two different types of paraffin-filled McKibben muscles are introduced and compared. In the first system, the paraffin-filled McKibben muscle is simply immersed in a hot water bath and generates isometric forces up to 850 mN and a free contraction strain of 8.3% at 95°C. In the second system, paraffin is heated directly by embedded heating elements and exhibits the maximum isometric force of 2 N and 9% contraction strain. A quantitative model is also developed to predict the actuation performance of these temperature sensitive McKibben muscles as a function of temperature.
Ultra‐Soft Organogel Artificial Muscles Exhibiting High Power Density, Large Stroke, Fast Response and Long‐Term Durability in Air
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-05-2023
Abstract: Polymeric gel‐based artificial muscles exhibiting tissue‐matched Young's modulus (10 Pa–1 MPa) promise to be core components in future soft machines with inherently safe human–machine interactions. However, the ability to simultaneously generate fast, large, high‐power, and long‐lasting actuation in the open‐air environment, has yet been demonstrated in this class of ultra‐soft materials. Herein, to overcome this hurdle, the design and synthesis of a twisted and coiled liquid crystalline glycerol‐organogel (TCLCG) is reported. Such material with a low Young's modulus of 133 kPa can surpass the actuation performance of skeletal muscles in a variety of aspects, including actuation strain (66%), actuation rate (275% s −1 ), power density (438 kW m −3 ), and work capacity (105 kJ m −3 ). Notably, its power density is 14 times higher than the record of state‐of‐the‐art polymeric gels. No actuation performance degradation is detected in the TCLCG even after air exposure for 7 days, owing to the excellent water retention ability enabled by glycerol as co‐solvent with water. Using TCLCG, mobile soft robots with extraordinary maneuverability in unstructured environments are successfully demonstrated, including a crawler showing fast bidirectional locomotion (0.50 mm s −1 ) in a small‐confined space, and a roller that can escape after deep burying in sand.
Ultrafast charge and discharge biscrolled yarn supercapacitors for textiles and microdevices
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-06-2013
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS2970
Abstract: Flexible, wearable, implantable and easily reconfigurable supercapacitors delivering high energy and power densities are needed for electronic devices. Here we demonstrate weavable, sewable, knottable and braidable yarns that function as high performance electrodes of redox supercapacitors. A novel technology, gradient biscrolling, provides fast-ion-transport yarn in which hundreds of layers of conducting-polymer-infiltrated carbon nanotube sheet are scrolled into ~20 μm diameter yarn. Plying the biscrolled yarn with a metal wire current collector increases power generation capabilities. The volumetric capacitance is high (up to ~179 F cm(-3)) and the discharge current of the plied yarn supercapacitor linearly increases with voltage scan rate up to ~80 V s(-1) and ~20 V s(-1) for liquid and solid electrolytes, respectively. The exceptionally high energy and power densities for the complete supercapacitor, and high cycle life that little depends on winding or sewing (92%, 99% after 10,000 cycles, respectively) are important for the applications in electronic textiles.
Electrochemical pH oscillations of ethyl viologen/ionic liquid
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 20-02-2008
DOI: 10.1021/LA7027093
Abstract: A reversible and robust electrochemical pH oscillator was achieved using an ethyl viologen/ionic liquid (IL) aqueous solution under an applied redox potential in a batch reactor, where the IL incorporated into the pH oscillator increased the stability of the pH oscillation by acting as an electron buffer solution.
Mechanical recoverability and damage process of ionic-covalent PAAm-alginate hybrid hydrogels
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-09-2016
DOI: 10.1002/POLB.23899
Comparison of polyaniline primers prepared with different dopants for corrosion protection of steel
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2003
A bladder-free, non-fluidic, conductive McKibben artificial muscle operated electro-thermally
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 14-12-2016
Evaluation of encapsulating coatings on the performance of polypyrrole actuators
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 28-05-2013
Crosslinking neat ultrathin films and nanofibres of pH-responsive poly(acrylic acid) by UV radiation
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1039/B923831J
Photocontrolled directional transport using water-in-oil droplets
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1039/D0NJ04913A
Abstract: Photocontrolled directional transport in both 2D and 3D of water-in-oil droplets was achieved by merocyanine/spiropyran photoisomerization in the droplet.
Printed ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels from carrageenan and an epoxy amine
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA07109C
Abstract: Ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels were fabricated by 3D-printing.
Dynamic Mechanical and Creep Behaviour of Meltspun PVDF Nanocomposite Fibers
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-08-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NANO11082153
Abstract: Piezoelectric fibers have an important role in wearable technology as energy generators and sensors. A series of hybrid nanocomposite piezoelectric fibers of polyinylidene fluoride (PVDF) loaded with barium–titanium oxide (BT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared via the melt spinning method. Our previous studies show that high-performance fibers with 84% of the electroactive β-phase in the PVDF generated a peak output voltage up to 1.3 V and a power density of 3 W kg−1. Herein, the dynamic mechanical and creep behavior of these fibers were investigated to evaluate their durability and piezoelectric performance. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to provide phenomenological information regarding the viscoelastic properties of the fibers in the longitudinal direction. DSC and SEM were employed to characterize the crystalline structure of the s les. The storage modulus and the loss tangent increased by increasing the frequency over the temperature range (−50 to 150 °C) for all of the fibers. The storage modulus of the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers had a higher value (7.5 GPa) in comparison with other fibers. The creep and creep recovery behavior of the PVDF/nanofillers in the nanocomposite fibers have been explored in the linear viscoelastic region at three different temperatures (10–130 °C). In the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers, strong sheet/matrix interfacial interaction restricted the mobility of the polymer chains, which led to a higher modulus at temperatures 60 and 130 °C.
Using force-displacement relations to obtain actuation parameters from artificial muscles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
Preparation and characterisation of processable conducting polymer-hydrogel composites
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2000
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