ORCID Profile
0000-0002-6411-626X
Current Organisations
University of South Australia
,
University of Melbourne
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-07-2009
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-11-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9111271
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2014.04.001
Abstract: Women with coeliac disease may have a lower bone mineral density due to the malabsorption of calcium before diagnosis. A high sodium excretion is associated with increased calcium and bone loss. Our aim was to describe the bone mineral density (BMD) and sodium excretion in women with coeliac disease. In a cross-sectional study BMD of the lumbar spine and hip was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sodium, potassium and calcium excretion were measured from a 24 h urine collection. In 33 women (51 ± 16 yr) BMD was 1.14 ± 0.19 g/cm(2) and 0.94 ± 0.14 g/cm(2) at the lumbar spine and hip respectively. Age matched Z-scores were -0.1 ± 1.2 and -0.3 ± 1.1 at lumbar spine and hip respectively. Sodium excretion was 107 ± 51 mmol/d 14 (42%) had a sodium excretion >100 mmol Na/d (145 ± 45 mmol/d). Potassium and calcium excretion were 87 ± 25 mmol/d and 4.1 ± 2.0 mmol/d respectively. In women with Na excretion >100 mmol Na/d, Ca excretion was significantly greater than those with <100 mmol/d (4.9 ± 2.0 vs 3.4 ± 1.8, p < 0.05). Sodium excretion and BMI were positively correlated (r = 0.61, p < 0.001) as were sodium and calcium excretion (r = 0.43, p < 0.05). Sodium excretion was inversely related to femoral neck BMD (t = -2.4 p = 0.023) after adjustment for weight, age, years since diagnosis and potassium excretion. Weight, but no other variable, was a predictor of BMD at the lumbar spine (t = 2.58 p = 0.018). Sodium excretion was inversely related and potassium excretion positively related to femoral neck density which was similar to age matched women without coeliac disease.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.3390/DIABETOLOGY3020017
Abstract: We begin this editorial with a discussion about insulin [...]
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2796.2009.02174.X
Abstract: To compare the effects of an energy reduced very low carbohydrate, high saturated fat diet (LC) and an isocaloric high carbohydrate, low fat diet (LF) on endothelial function after 12 months. Forty-nine overweight or obese patients (age 50.0 +/- 1.1 years, BMI 33.7 +/- 0.6 kg m(-2)) were randomized to either an energy restricted ( approximately 6-7 MJ), planned isocaloric LC or LF for 52 weeks. Body weight, endothelium-derived factors, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), adiponectin, augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed. All data are mean +/- SEM. Weight loss was similar in both groups (LC -14.9 +/- 2.1 kg, LF -11.5 +/- 1.5 kg P = 0.20). There was a significant time x diet effect for FMD (P = 0.045) FMD decreased in LC (5.7 +/- 0.7% to 3.7 +/- 0.5%) but remained unchanged in LF (5.9 +/- 0.5% to 5.5 +/- 0.7%). PWV improved in both groups (LC -1.4 +/- 0.6 m s(-1), LF -1.5 +/- 0.6 m s(-1) P = 0.001 for time) with no diet effect (P = 0.80). AIx and VCAM-1 did not change in either group. Adiponectin, eSelectin, tPA and PAI-1 improved similarly in both groups (P < 0.01 for time). Both LC and LF hypoenergetic diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated with improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium-derived factors. However, the LC diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have detrimental effects on endothelial function.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 06-05-2020
DOI: 10.1126/SCITRANSLMED.AAX4517
Abstract: Neonatal administration of BCG vaccine rapidly increases neutrophil production to reduce mortality from sepsis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSISSUP.2011.06.001
Abstract: Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a dominantly inherited disorder present from birth that causes marked elevation in plasma cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease. There are at least 45,000 people with FH in Australia and New Zealand, but the vast majority remains undetected and those diagnosed with the condition are inadequately treated. To bridge this major gap in coronary prevention the FH Australasia Network (Australian Atherosclerosis Society) has developed a consensus model of care (MoC) for FH. The MoC is based on clinical experience, expert opinion, published evidence and consultations with a wide spectrum of stakeholders, and has been developed for use primarily by specialist centres intending starting a clinical service for FH. This MoC aims to provide a standardised, high-quality and cost-effective system of care that is likely to have the highest impact on patient outcomes. The MoC for FH is presented as a series of recommendations and algorithms focusing on the standards required for the detection, diagnosis, assessment and management of FH in adults and children. The process involved in cascade screening and risk notification, the backbone for detecting new cases of FH, is detailed. Guidance on treatment is based on risk stratifying patients, management of non-cholesterol risk factors, safe and effective use of statins, and a rational approach to follow-up of patients. Clinical and laboratory recommendations are given for genetic testing. An integrative system for providing best clinical care is described. This MoC for FH is not prescriptive and needs to be complemented by good clinical judgment and adjusted for local needs and resources. After initial implementation, the MoC will require critical evaluation, development and appropriate modification.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(94)90070-1
Abstract: Vitamin E supplementation has been reported to protect low density lipoprotein (LDL) from copper-induced oxidation and macrophage-mediated oxidation. We investigated the effect of in vitro vitamin E enrichment of LDL on the accumulation of [3H]cholesteryl ester (CE)-LDL and stimulation of cholesteryl ester formation in J774 macrophages. Vitamin E supplementation prolonged lag time (2.9-fold) before the initiation of copper-induced LDL oxidation. LDL, preincubated with 5 microM copper or with macrophages in Ham's F10 medium, accumulated in macrophages much more than did native LDL. However, following vitamin E enrichment, LDL accumulation was significantly reduced following oxidative stress. Vitamin E-enriched LDL also reduced the stimulation of cholesteryl ester formation in macrophages. Moreover, vitamin E enrichment of macrophages reduced the ability of the cells to oxidize LDL. The present results indicate that vitamin E supplementation protects LDL against copper-induced and macrophage-mediated oxidation, inhibits oxidation-dependent accumulation of LDL in macrophages, and prevents stimulation of cholesteryl ester formation in macrophages. Additionally we have provided evidence that intra-cellular enrichment with vitamin E prevents oxidative modification of LDL by macrophages.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1080/10641960802275734
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to elucidate the separate effects of energy restriction and weight loss on blood pressure (BP) and to assess the relationship between sodium intake, weight loss, and BP. Two hundred and eight overweight and obese subjects (age: 52.4 +/- 0.8 yrs BMI 33.6 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)) completed a weight loss diet program consisting of 8-12 weeks of moderate energy restriction (ER approximately 30% energy deficit, unrestricted salt intake) and four weeks of energy balance (EB). Body weight and BP were measured at baseline, the midpoint, and the end of ER and after EB. 24-hr Na+ excretion was measured at baseline and at the end of EB. Overall, body weight reduced progressively by 7.0 +/- 0.2 kg (7.5% p < 0.001) with the hypocaloric diet. BP fell substantially during the first phase of ER (-5.7 +/- 0.7/-2.6 +/- 0.4 mmHg, p = 0.001), corresponding to a 4.5 +/- 0.2 kg weight reduction, with no further BP changes during the second phase of ER, despite further weight loss (2.4 +/- 0.1 kg). During EB, BP remained stable. The hypotensive effects of caloric restriction and weight loss were similar across clinical subgroups defined by age, sex, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, and hypertensive status. BP responses to weight loss were independent of 24-hr urinary Na+ excretion. 24-hr urinary Na+ excretion was similar at baseline and at the end of EB (146.5 +/- 5.3 vs. 146.9 +/- 5.3 mmol/24-hr). The hypotensive effects of caloric restriction do not rebound upon return to eucaloric intake at a reduced body weight, and a high sodium intake does not appear to alter the hypotensive effects of weight loss. This reinforces the clinical importance of weight loss and supports the recommendation that strategies for promoting long-term weight loss should become the primary focus of dietary efforts to control BP in overweight patients.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-08-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2012.09.018
Abstract: Abundant evidence over past decades shows that foods with added plant sterols and plant stanols lower serum LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, despite the overwhelming data, numerous scientific questions still remain. The objective of this paper is to summarize the considerations of 60 academic and industrial experts who participated in the scientific meeting in Maastricht, the Netherlands, on issues related to the health effects of plant sterols and plant stanols. The meeting participants discussed issues including efficacy profiling, heterogeneity in responsiveness, effects beyond LDL-C lowering, and food formulation aspects of plant sterol and stanol consumption. Furthermore, aspects related to the potential atherogenicity of elevated circulatory plant sterol concentrations were discussed. Until the potential atherogenicity of plant sterols is resolved, based on the results >200 clinical trials, the risk to benefit of plant sterol use is favorable. Evidence on these topics in plant sterol and plant stanol research was presented and used to reach consensus where possible. It was concluded that endpoint studies looking at plant sterol and plant stanol efficacy are needed, however, there was no clear opinion on the best marker and best design for such a study. Based on the current scientific evidence, plant sterols and plant stanols are recommended for use as dietary options to lower serum cholesterol.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2013.06.014
Abstract: Endothelial dysfunction, as assessed by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) is an early event in atherosclerosis and an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. The effect of potassium supplementation on endothelial function and blood pressure (BP) in the postprandial state is not known. The aim of this study was to assess endothelial function using FMD in healthy volunteers. Thirty-two normotensive volunteers received a meal with 36 mmol potassium (High K) and a control 6 mmol potassium (Low K) meal on 2 separate occasions in a randomized order. FMD and BP were measured while participants were fasting and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the meal. There was a postprandial decrease in FMD in both groups. FMD decreased overall less after the High K meal compared to the Low K meal (meal effect p < 0.05). Both meals produced a postprandial decrease in BP at 30 min which returned to baseline levels by 120 min. No significant differences in BP were observed between meals. FMD and systolic BP were negatively correlated at 90 (r = -0.54-0.55, p < 0.01) and 120 min (r = -0.42-0.56, p < 0.01) after both meals. A high potassium meal, which contains a similar amount of potassium as 2.5 serves of bananas, can lessen the postprandial reduction in brachial artery FMD when compared to a low potassium meal.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2010
Abstract: Equity home bias for Australia superannuation funds is examined under a model that reflects observed decision processes. The mix of Australian and international equities is evaluated as a two-asset choice under the influence of legacy, an objective function that trades off expected returns against portfolio risk and peer risk, and under expectations that are formed adaptively and allow for taxation differences. The model closely replicates the observed equity mix, particularly relative to more traditional mean-variance formulations. The main implication is that home bias may be better explained under models that reflect industry practices and allow for various commingled influences. JEL classifications G11, G23
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 02-2003
Abstract: Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were randomized to a high protein (HP 40% carbohydrate and 30% protein n = 14) or a low protein (LP 55% carbohydrate and 15% protein) diet (n = 14). The intervention consisted of 12 wk of energy restriction (∼6000 kJ/d), followed by 4 wk of weight maintenance. Pregnancies (two HP and one LP) improvements in menstrual cyclicity, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (as measured by the homeostasis model) and decreases in weight (7.5%) and abdominal fat (12.5%) occurred independently of diet composition. Improvements in menstrual cyclicity were associated with greater decreases in insulin resistance and fasting insulin (P = 0.011). On the LP diet, high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 10% during energy restriction (P = 0.008), and the free androgen index increased 44% in weight maintenance stages (P = 0.027). Weight loss leads to improvements in cardiovascular and reproductive parameters potentially mediated by improvements in surrogate measures of insulin resistance. An HP weight loss diet may result in minor differential endocrine and metabolic improvements.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2009.134
Abstract: Dietary restriction and increased physical activity are recommended for obesity treatment. Very low carbohydrate diets are used to promote weight loss, but their effects on physical function and exercise tolerance in overweight and obese in iduals are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a very low carbohydrate, high fat (LC) diet with a conventional high carbohydrate, low fat (HC) diet on aerobic capacity, fuel utilization during submaximal exercise, perceived exercise effort (RPE) and muscle strength. Sixty subjects (age: 49.2+/-1.2 years BMI: 33.6+/-0.5 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an energy restricted (approximately 6-7 MJ, 30% deficit), planned isocaloric LC or HC for 8 weeks. At baseline and week 8, subjects performed incremental treadmill exercise to exhaustion and handgrip and isometric knee extensor strength were assessed. Weight loss was greater in LC compared with HC (8.4+/-0.4% and 6.7+/-0.5%, respectively P=0.01 time x diet). Peak oxygen uptake and heart rate were unchanged in both groups (P>0.17). Fat oxidation increased during submaximal exercise in LC but not HC (P<0.001 time x diet effect). On both diets, perception of effort during submaximal exercise and handgrip strength decreased (P 0.25). An LC weight loss diet shifted fuel utilization toward greater fat oxidation during exercise, but had no detrimental effect on maximal or submaximal markers of aerobic exercise performance or muscle strength compared with an HC diet. Further studies are required to determine the interaction of LC diets with regular exercise training and the long-term health effects.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-02-2005
Abstract: To compare the effects two high-protein (HP) diets that differ in dietary calcium and protein source on weight loss, body composition, glucose and lipid metabolism, markers of liver function, fibrinolysis and endothelial function and blood pressure. Randomized, parallel study (12 wk of energy restriction, 4 wk of energy balance) of high dairy protein/high-calcium (DP, 2400 mg Ca/d) and high mixed protein/moderate calcium (MP, 500 mg Ca/d) diets (5.5 MJ/d, 34% protein, 41% carbohydrate, 24% fat). In all, 50 healthy, overweight (age 25-64 y body mass index 25-35 kg/m(2) ) males (n=20) and females (n=30). Loss of total weight (-9.7+/-3.8 kg), fat mass (-8.3+/-0.4 kg) and lean mass (-1.6+/-0.3 kg) were independent of dietary group. Improvements in fasting insulin, lipids, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and markers of liver function, fibrinolysis and endothelial function were independent of dietary intervention. Increased dietary calcium/dairy foods in an energy-restricted, HP diet does not affect weight loss or body composition. Weight reduction following increased protein diets is associated with beneficial metabolic outcomes that are not affected by protein source.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-10-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.2006.01090.X
Abstract: There remains a large degree of disagreement about the association of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with impaired endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The purpose of this study was to determine whether overweight and obese women with PCOS have impaired endothelial function compared with weight-matched controls without PCOS and whether endothelial function is associated with cardiovascular risk markers and hormonal parameters. Cross-sectional analysis. An outpatient trial at the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation Clinical Research Unit. Overweight and obese women with PCOS (n= 12) and weight-matched controls without PCOS (n= 10). Endothelial function, cardiovascular risk markers and hormonal parameters were assessed in the patients. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound. Lipid profile, fasting insulin level, glucose level, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein level, folate level, Vitamin B(12) level and hormonal parameters. Women with PCOS had significantly higher testosterone levels (P < 0.001) and free androgen index (P= 0.006) compared with the controls without PCOS. Both groups were normoinsulinaemic, and there were no significant differences in any of the markers of CVD between women with and without PCOS. Furthermore, FMD was similar in both groups (PCOS 6.1 +/- 1.2% versus control 5.6 +/- 1.0%, P= 0.77). Compared with a group of weight-matched women with similar metabolic profiles, normoinsulinemic, overweight and obese women with PCOS did not show any greater impairment in endothelial function assessed by FMD. A normoinsulinemic phenotype of PCOS with low metabolic risk factors may reduce the risk of endothelial dysfunction in overweight and obese women with this syndrome. Further studies are required that directly compare FMD in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinaemic women with PCOS.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 18-06-2009
DOI: 10.2337/DC09-0723
Abstract: We evaluated whether a whey preload could slow gastric emptying, stimulate incretin hormones, and attenuate postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes. Eight type 2 diabetic patients ingested 350 ml beef soup 30 min before a potato meal 55 g whey was added to either the soup (whey preload) or potato (whey in meal) or no whey was given. Gastric emptying was slowest after the whey preload (P & 0.0005). The incremental area under the blood glucose curve was less after the whey preload and whey in meal than after no whey (P & 0.005). Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, insulin, and cholecystokinin concentrations were higher on both whey days than after no whey, whereas glucagon-like peptide 1 was greatest after the whey preload (P & 0.05). Whey protein consumed before a carbohydrate meal can stimulate insulin and incretin hormone secretion and slow gastric emptying, leading to marked reduction in postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-08-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2010
Abstract: Gastrointestinal surgery may ameliorate glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus within days to weeks--an effect that cannot be explained solely by the changes in food intake and body weight following gastric bypass. should clinicians, therefore, implement bariatric procedures to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients who do not meet current obesity-based criteria for surgery?
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2013.04.028
Abstract: Sodium intake is high in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary sodium excretion can be reduced by educating people with T2DM to read food labels and choose low sodium products. In a 3 month randomised controlled trial, 78 men (n=49) and women (n=29) with T2DM were recruited from a Diabetes Centre at a University teaching hospital. The intervention group was educated in a single session to use the nutrition information panel on food labels to choose products which complied with the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) guideline of 0.05). Sodium excretion was not reduced following the label reading education provided to this group of people with T2DM.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JDI.12120
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2003.08.002
Abstract: We investigated whether a polymorphism in the promoter region of the TNFalpha gene (-308 A/G) is associated with reduced weight loss in obese Australian subjects on an energy restricted diet. 189 healthy subjects and 91 subjects with type II diabetes were genotyped for the -308 Nco I polymorphism using PCR-RFLP techniques. A subset of these subjects (211 females and 45 males), were placed on a 30% energy restricted diet (6200 kJ) for 12 weeks. Subjects were assessed every 2 weeks and changes in body weight, waist circumference and BMI were used as determinants of weight loss. Fasting plasma was analysed for glucose, insulin, lipids and free fatty acids. 64% of subjects were GG homozygotes, 31% were AG heterozygotes and 5% were AA homozygotes. There was no significant difference between the allele frequency in healthy subjects (0.21) and type 2 diabetic patients (0.24). The presence of the -308 A/G polymorphism did not significantly influence initial BMI, the amount of weight lost (GG, 8.1+/-0.65 kg, AG, 6.9+/-0.77 kg, AA, 7.6+/-0.12 kg), waist circumference or any metabolic variable. The AA variant at position -308 in the promoter region of the TNFalpha gene does not influence the amount of weight lost in overweight and obese men and women on a 30% energy restricted diet.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0952-3278(98)90062-X
Abstract: Insulin resistance is an important condition which underlies much of the coronary artery disease in affluent societies. We have related insulin resistance, as assessed by fasting plasma insulin, to erythrocyte membrane composition in 54 healthy men and women on a low fat diet. We found a inverse relationship (r = -0.41, P = 0.002) between fasting plasma insulin and the percentage of arachidonic acid in erythrocyte fatty acids. An inverse relationship of similar strength was found with total n-6 fatty acids and a positive relationship was found with the percentage of saturated fatty acids (r = 0.39, P < 0.01). No relationship was found with n-3 fatty acids. We would suggest that n-6 fatty acids, and in particular arachidonic acid, modify the membrane environment of the insulin receptor (or the glucose transporters) so that lower levels of insulin are required for glucose homeostasis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2015.09.008
Abstract: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is at the centre of endothelial physiology producing nitric oxide which dilates blood vessels, inhibits platelet aggregation and smooth muscle cell proliferation and reduces adhesion molecule production. The laminar shear stress is a common test used usually as the flow mediated dilatation test (FMD) which is sensitive to saturated fat, sodium and potassium although with the latter ion it is possible potassium has direct effects on ion channels in the smooth muscle cell as well as the endothelial cell. High blood pressure and blood cholesterol both reduce nitric oxide production, the latter probably by increasing caveolin-1 which binds nitric oxide synthase. Saturated fat reduces nitric oxide by elevating LDL cholesterol and caveolin-1 while insulin stimulates nitric oxide synthase activity by serine phosphorylation. Polyphenols from tea, coffee and cocoa and virgin olive oil enhance FMD and eNOS activity is essential for this activity. Wine polyphenols produce mixed results and it is not clear at present that they are beneficial. Blackberries and other polyphenol-rich fruit also enhance FMD. Dietary nitrate from beetroot and green leafy vegetables is converted to nitrite by salivary microbes and then to nitric oxide and this acts directly on the smooth muscle to lower blood pressure particularly in a low oxygen environment. Dietary nitrate also improves work efficiency and improves flow mediated dilatation.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 09-11-2009
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-07-2023
DOI: 10.3390/DIABETOLOGY4030024
Abstract: Since 2005, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been clinically available, which has resulted in a significant transformation in diabetes care, both in terms of weight management and glucose control [...]
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-08-2007
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-01-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2014.12.001
Abstract: A case-control analysis involving 98 in iduals with diabetes and 98 age, sex and BMI matched controls was conducted to determine dietary quality and adherence to dietary recommendations. Diet quality was comparable and intake of fat, saturated fat, fibre, fruit and vegetables did not meet recommendations in both groups.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-07-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2009.05.020
Abstract: Reproductive disorders and psychological distress are common co-morbidities of obesity in young women. Psychological and reproductive disturbances may also be associated with increased food cravings but the relationships between these factors have not been explored. This study aimed to explore the pattern of food cravings and to determine the relationship between psychological distress, reproductive health and food cravings in overweight and obese young women using baseline data in a weight loss trial. A total of 198 young women were included in this analysis (BMI 33.3+/-0.3 kg/m(2), age 28+/-0.3 years). The most frequently craved food item was chocolate (3.9+/-0.08 i.e., sometimes-often). The most frequently craved food categories were fast foods (2.6+/-0.07) and sweets (2.5+/-0.05). Psychological distress was significantly correlated with food cravings (R(2)=0.18, P<0.05). High fat (r=0.2), sweets (r=0.17) and overall cravings (r=0.20) were significantly correlated with energy intake (P 0.05). Participants with menstrual disturbances had greater fast food cravings independent of age, BMI and PCOS status (P<0.05). Participants with hyperandrogenemia had greater high fat food cravings independent of age, BMI and PCOS status (P 0.05). These results suggest that psychological distress, hyperandrogenemia and menstrual disturbances are associated with greater food cravings. Further investigations are required to elucidate the relationship between hyperandrogenemia and food cravings in young women.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-04-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Abstract: Little is known about the effect of dietary fat emulsion microstructure on plasma TG concentrations, satiety hormones, and food intake. The aim of this study was to structure dietary fat to slow digestion and flatten postprandial plasma TG concentrations but not increase food intake. Emulsions were stabilized by egg lecithin (control), sodium sterol lactylate, or sodium caseinate/monoglyceride (CasMag) with either liquid oil or a liquid oil/solid fat mixture. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 4 emulsions containing 30 g of fat in a 350-mL preload were consumed by 10 men and 10 women (BMI = 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m(2) age = 58.8 ± 4.8 y). Pre- and postprandial plasma TG, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations and food intake were measured. In a second experiment in a subset of the participants (n = 8, 4 men and 4 women), (13)C-labeled mixed TG was incorporated into 2 different emulsions and breath (13)C was measured over 6 h. In the first experiment, the postprandial rise in plasma TG concentrations following the CasMag-stabilized emulsion containing 30% solid fat was lower than all other emulsions at 90 and 120 min (P < 0.05). Plasma CCK (P < 0.0001), GLP-1 (P < 0.01), and PYY (P < 0.001) concentrations were also reduced following this emulsion compared with control. Food intake at a test meal, eaten 3 h after the preload, did not differ among the emulsions. In the second experiment, when measured by the (13)C breath test, 25% of the TG in the CasMag emulsion was absorbed and metabolized compared with control. In conclusion, fat can be structured to decrease its effect on plasma TG concentrations without increasing food intake.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-01-2021
Abstract: Our objective was to describe the development and validation of a survey investigating barriers to weight loss, perception of diabetes risk, and views of diet strategies following gestational diabetes (GDM). The survey underwent three stages of development: generation of items, expert evaluation, and pilot testing. A content validation index (CVI) was calculated from expert responses regarding item relevance, coherence, clarity, and response options. Experts also responded to the domain fit of questions linked to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Pilot responders answered the survey and responded to review questions. Six experts in the field of nutrition, midwifery, psychology, or other health or medical research completed the expert review stage of the survey. In the pilot test, there were 20 responders who were women with previous GDM and who were living in Australia. The overall CVI from the expert review was 0.91. All questions except one received an I-CVI of .78 for relevance (n = 35). Fourteen of the 27 items linked to the TDF received an agreement ratio of .0. Twenty-seven of the 31 pilot questions were completed by ≥90% of responders. Pilot review questions revealed an agreement percentage of ≥86% (n = 12) regarding the survey’s ease to complete, understand, importance, length, and interest level. The final survey tool consists of 30 items and achieved content validation through expert evaluation and pilot testing.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-03-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510000280
Abstract: Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is the hydrophilic 64-amino acid C-terminal glycopeptide released into cheese whey when κ-casein is cleaved by chymosin. GMP exists as a mixture of different glycoforms due to the carbohydrates sialic acid ( N -acetylneuraminic acid, Neu N Ac), galactose (Gal), galactosamine and glucosamine attached by O -glycosidic linkages. GMP reportedly stimulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which may promote satiety. The objectives of the present study were to manufacture three glycoforms of GMP, minimally glycosylated GMP (3·5 ( sd 0·1) % Neu N Ac and 1·5 ( sd 0·1) % Gal), glycosylated GMP (12·0 ( sd 0·3) % Neu N Ac and 4·2 ( sd 0·2) % Gal) and a GMP-depleted whey protein concentrate, and to assess the effects of these fractions relative to glucose on CCK, subjective measures of satiety and food intake. In a randomised double-blind acute study, twenty overweight/obese males (56·9 ( sd 7·2) years, 97·4 ( sd 8·1) kg, 31·5 ( sd 3·0) kg/m 2 ) were recruited to consume four 50 g preloads (two GMP preparations, GMP-depleted whey and glucose) containing 895 kJ. Blood s les and subjective measures of satiety were collected before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the consumption of preload, and CCK levels were measured. A lunchtime meal of hot food was provided from which subjects ate ad libitum until satisfied. Energy and nutrient intakes from the food consumed were calculated. There was no significant difference in CCK levels, subjective measures of satiety or food intake between treatments at the given preload level. These results suggest that the protein fractions at the dose employed do not influence satiety, CCK levels or energy intake at a subsequent meal.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2012
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is associated with reductions in cognitive function that are associated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, but there is no information on whether cognition is related to postmeal glucose spikes. We explored the relationship of cognition to glucose levels measured by a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) both before and after a weight loss diet. Forty-four white subjects with type 2 diabetes (59.0 ± 6.2 years old body mass index, 32.8 ± 4.2 kg/m(2) HbA1c, 6.9 ± 1.0%) completed an 8-week energy-restricted (approximately 6-7 MJ, 30% deficit) diet. Cognitive functioning (short-term memory, working memory, speed of processing [inspection time], psychomotor speed, and executive function) was assessed during four practice sessions, baseline, and Week 8. Parallel glucose levels were attained using the CGMS in 27 subjects. Outcomes were assessed by fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial peak glucose (G(max)), time spent >12 mmol/L (T > 12), and 24-h area under the glucose curve (AUC(24)). Despite a fall in FBG of 0.65 mmol/L after 8 weeks, digits backward results correlated with FBG at both Week 0 and Week 8 (r = -0.43, P < 0.01 and r = -0.32, P < 0.01, respectively). Digits forward results correlated with FBG (r = -0.39, P < 0.01), G(max) (r = -0.46, P < 0.05), and AUC(24) (r = -0.50, P < 0.01) at Week 0 and FBG (r = -0.59, P < 0.001), G(max) (r = 0.37, P = 0.01), AUC(24) (r = -0.41, P < 0.01), and percentage weight loss (r = 0.31, P < 0.01) at Week 8. Cognitive function was not altered by weight loss, gender, baseline lipid levels, or premorbid intelligence levels (National Adult Reading Test). FBG, G(max,) and AUC(24) were related to cognitive function and an energy-restricted diet for 8 weeks did not alter this relationship.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2002
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-08-2023
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202308.0457.V1
Abstract: Consumption of prunes has been shown to slow bone loss after menopause in American women but there is no data on its effects in Asian women. 135 postmenopausal Korean women with osteopenia were randomized to 100g/day of prunes or no prunes with 600U vitamin D and 600mg of calcium for 12 months. Bone density was measured at baseline and 12 months in the lumbar spine, both hips and the L forearm. Serum levels of CTX and P1NP and vitamin D calcium and phosphate were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. PTH was measured at baseline if vitamin D was low Four women dropped out of each group over the 12 months. There was no difference between groups in blood measures or bone density in any region over the 12 month trial., In conclusion 100g/day of prunes has no effect in Korean woman on bone density or bone markers.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-08-2023
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-12-2020
Abstract: Weight loss after gestational diabetes (GDM) reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) however, weight loss remains challenging in this population. In order to explore perceptions of T2DM risk, barriers to weight loss, and views of diet strategies in women with previous GDM, a cross-sectional online survey of n = 429 women in Australia aged ≥18 years with previous GDM was conducted. Opinions of intermittent energy restriction (IER) were of interest. Seventy-five percent of responders (n = 322) had overweight or obesity, and 34% (n = 144) believed they had a high risk of developing T2DM. Within the Theoretical Domains Framework, barriers to weight loss were prominently related to Environmental Context and Resources, Beliefs about Capabilities, and Behavioural Regulation. Exercising was the most tried method of weight loss over other diet strategies (71%, n = 234) and weight loss support by a dietician was appealing as in idual appointments (65%, n = 242) or an online program (54%, n = 200). Most women (73%, n = 284) had heard of IER (the “5:2 diet”), but only 12% (n = 34) had tried it. Open comments (n = 100) revealed mixed views of IER. Women in Australia with previous GDM were found to lack a self-perceived high risk of developing T2DM and expressed barriers to weight loss related to their family environment, beliefs about their capabilities and behavioural regulation. IER is appealing for some women with previous GDM however, views vary.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-06-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU11071438
Abstract: Background: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) over and above that related to type 2 diabetes. The optimal diet for the treatment of metabolic syndrome is not clear. Materials and Methods: A review of dietary interventions in volunteers with metabolic syndrome as well as studies examining the impact of dietary fat on the separate components of metabolic syndrome was undertaken using only recent meta-analyses, if available. Results: Most of the data suggest that replacing carbohydrates with any fat, but particularly polyunsaturated fat, will lower triglyceride(TG), increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and lower blood pressure, but have no effects on fasting glucose in normal volunteers or insulin sensitivity, as assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic cl s. Fasting insulin may be lowered by fat. Monounsaturated fat (MUFA) is preferable to polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) for fasting insulin and glucose lowering. The addition of 3–4 g of N3 fats will lower TG and blood pressure (BP) and reduce the proportion of subjects with metabolic syndrome. Dairy fat (50% saturated fat) is also related to a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome in cohort studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2005.09.001
Abstract: To evaluate the effect of consuming a variety of foods enriched in long-chain n-3 fatty acids in low fish eaters. Evaluation of reported dietary intakes in a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, controlled parallel design trial. Eighty-five men and women with overweight and mildly elevated triglyceride levels who have a low habitual intake of fish. Subjects were randomized to consume foods either enriched in long-chain n-3 fats or control foods (not enriched). Subjects were asked to consume eight portions per day (equivalent to approximately 1 g/day long-chain n-3 fatty acid if randomized to the intervention). Reported energy, macronutrient, and fatty acid intakes were measured by diet history, 3-day food records, and body weight. Repeated measures analysis of variance, Kruskall-Wallis test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots were conducted. The two groups did not differ in mean dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake at baseline (258 mg and 313 mg for the intervention and control groups, respectively). At 6 months the intervention group members increased their intake of long-chain n-3 fats 4.5-fold compared with baseline and with the control group (P<.001). The data from the diet histories correlated well with the food records for all reported macronutrient and fatty acid values. Food pattern analysis showed that milk (13.8%), cereal (12.1%), and bread (11.3%) contributed the most to the overall long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake in the intervention group. This long-term study in free-living subjects indicates that population intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids could be substantially increased through the availability of a variety of n-3 fatty acid-enriched processed foods.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2017.10.010
Abstract: Over the last 7 years there has been intense debate about the advice to reduce saturated fat and increase polyunsaturated fat to reduce CVD risk. The aim of this review was to examine systematic reviews and meta-analyses since 2010 on this topic plus additional cohort studies and interventions not included in these reviews. High saturated and trans fat intake (which elevates LDL like saturated fat) in the Nurses and Health Professional Follow-Up Studies combined is associated with an 8-13% higher mortality and replacement of saturated fat with any carbohydrate, PUFA and MUFA is associated with lower mortality with PUFA being more effective than MUFA (19% reduction versus 11%). With CVD mortality only PUFA and fish oil replacement of saturated fat lowers risk with a 28% reduction in CVD mortality per 5% of energy. Replacing saturated fat with PUFA or MUFA is equally effective at reducing CHD events and replacement with whole grains will lower events while replacement with sugar and starch increases events. Replacement of saturated fat with carbohydrate has no effect on CHD events or death. Only PUFA replacement of saturated fat lowers CHD events and CVD and total mortality. Replacing saturated fat with linoleic acid appears to be beneficial based on the Hooper Cochrane meta-analysis of interventions although other analyses with fewer studies have shown no effect. Reducing saturated fat and replacing it with carbohydrate will not lower CHD events or CVD mortality although it will reduce total mortality. Replacing saturated fat with PUFA, MUFA or high-quality carbohydrate will lower CHD events.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000163185.28245.A1
Abstract: Objective— It is unknown whether a low-fat diet, which may elevate triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, harms the endothelium. Our aim was to determine whether a low-fat, high-carbohydrate (CARB) diet impaired endothelial vasodilation compared with high saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) diets. Methods and Results— Forty healthy subjects were randomly crossed over to 4, 3-week isocaloric diets high in PUFA, MUFA, or SFA, containing at least 25 g of the relevant fat or a low-fat, CARB, high–glycemic load diet. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), fasting blood lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma intercellular, and vascular adhesion molecules plasma E- and P-selectin were measured after each intervention. SFA impaired FMD compared with all other diets (5.41±2.45% versus 10.80±3.69% P =0.01). FMD did not change on CARB relative to MUFA or PUFA, despite 23% to 39% rises in triglyceride and 10% to 15% falls in HDL cholesterol. P-selectin was highest after SFA (121±52.7 ng/mL) versus MUFA (98±44.5 ng/mL P =0.001) and PUFA (96±36.4 ng/mL P =0.001). Conclusion— High SFA caused deterioration in FMD compared with high PUFA, MUFA, or CARB diets. Inflammatory responses may also be increased on this diet.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-03-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510000267
Abstract: Fatty acids are the chemical moieties that are thought to stimulate oral nutrient sensors, which detect the fat content of foods. In animals, oral hypersensitivity to fatty acids is associated with decreased fat intake and body weight. The aims of the present study were to investigate oral fatty acid sensitivity, food selection and BMI in human subjects. The study included two parts study 1 established in thirty-one subjects (29 ( sem 1·4) years, 22·8 ( sem 0·5) kg/m 2 ) taste thresholds using 3-AFC (3-Alternate Forced Choice Methodology) for oleic, linoleic and lauric acids, and quantified oral lipase activity. During study 2, fifty-four subjects (20 ( sem 0·3) years, 21·5 ( sem 0·4) kg/m 2 ) were screened for oral fatty acid sensitivity using oleic acid (1·4 m m ), and they were defined as hypo- or hypersensitive via triplicate triangle tests. Habitual energy and macronutrient intakes were quantified from 2 d diet records, and BMI was calculated from height and weight. Subjects also completed a fat ranking task using custard containing varying amounts (0, 2, 6 and 10 %) of fat. Study 1 reported median lipase activity as 2 μmol fatty acids/min per l, and detection thresholds for oleic, linoleic and lauric acids were 2·2 ( sem 0·1), 1·5 ( sem 0·1) and 2·6 ( sem 0·3) m m . Study 2 identified twelve hypersensitive subjects, and hypersensitivity was associated with lower energy and fat intakes, lower BMI ( P 0·05) and an increased ability to rank custards based on fat content ( P 0·05). Sensitivity to oleic acid was correlated to performance in the fat ranking task ( r 0·4, P 0·05). These data suggest that oral fatty acid hypersensitivity is associated with lower energy and fat intakes and BMI, and it may serve as a factor that influences fat consumption in human subjects.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-11-2019
DOI: 10.3390/JCM8111988
Abstract: Vitamin D, along with calcium, is generally considered necessary for bone health and reduction of fractures. However, he effects of improving vitamin D status have not always been observed to improve bone mineral density (BMD). We have investigated whether varying vitamin D status in humans, as measured by serum 25(OH)D levels, relate to micro-structural and histomorphetric measures of bone quality and quantity, rather than density. Intertrochanteric trabecular bone biopsies and serum s les were collected from patients undergoing hip arthroplasty (65 females, 38 males, mean age 84.8 ± 8.3 years) at Royal Adelaide Hospital. Estimated GFR, serum ionized calcium, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, supplement and medication intake prior to surgery were taken from patient case records. Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured by immunoassays. Trabecular bone structural indices were determined by high-resolution micro-CT. Mean wall thickness (MWT) was measured on toluidine blue-stained histological sections. Bone mRNA levels for vitamin D metabolising enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 were measured by qRT-PCR. While serum 25(OH)D levels did not associate with bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV%), serum 25(OH)D levels were strongly and independently associated with MWT (r = 0.81 p 0.0001) with values significantly greater in patients with higher serum 25(OH)D levels. Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels were negatively associated with Bone Surface/Bone Volume (BS/BV) (r = −0.206, p 0.05) and together with bone CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 mRNA accounted for 10% of the variability of BS/BV (p = 0.001). These data demonstrate that serum 25(OH)D is an independent positive predictor of micro-structural and bone formation measures and may be dependent, in part, on its metabolism within the bone.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1996
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(96)05818-2
Abstract: We have investigated possible mechanisms by which n-3 fatty acid-enriched macrophages enhance the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), and the ability of antioxidant vitamins to prevent this. Macrophages were enriched with n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) following incubation with fish oil. These macrophages produced large amount of TBARS in medium containing metals, and showed enhanced capacity to oxidize LDL (3-4 fold increase compared to control cells) and to accumulate the modified LDL. 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not inhibit the enhanced capacity of n-3 fatty acid-enriched cells to oxidize LDL. However antioxidants, (vitamin E-enriched macrophages or vitamin C in the medium), inhibited this enhanced capacity. Medium conditioned by n-3 fatty acid-enriched cells had pro-oxidant effects on metal-initiated LDL oxidation. We conclude that n-3 fatty acid-enriched macrophages display increased oxidant capacity which is not inhibited by ETYA or SOD, and that antioxidant vitamins inhibit the enhanced capacity to oxidize LDL.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2009
Publisher: Wageningen Academic Publishers
Date: 14-08-2018
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14142986
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of consuming 35 g of peanuts prior to two main meals per day as part of a weight loss diet, compared to a traditional low-fat weight loss diet, on body weight, markers of glycemic control, and blood pressure in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes over 6 months. A two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted. Adults (age 18 years) with a BMI of kg/m2 at risk of type 2 diabetes were randomized to the peanut group or the traditional low-fat-diet group (control). The peanut group was advised to consume 35 g of lightly salted dry-roasted peanuts prior to two main meals per day. Participants in the control group were given education to follow a low-fat diet. Both groups had dietetic counseling to restrict energy intake (women: kJ/1300 kcal/d men: kJ/1700 kcal/d). Outcome assessment occurred at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. In total, 107 participants were randomized (65% female mean age 58 ± 14 years, BMI 33 ± 5.4 kg/m2, waist circumference 109 ± 13 cm, AUSDRISK score 15 ± 5 points), and 76 participants completed the study. No between-group difference in body weight (primary outcome) was observed at 6 months (mean difference, −0.12 kg 95% CI, −2.42, 2.18 p = 0.92). The mean weight loss at 6 months was 6.7 ± 5.1 kg in the cohort (visit p 0.001). HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2-h glucose, and HOMA-IR were not different between the groups. Systolic blood pressure was reduced to a greater extent in the peanut group vs. the control group at 6 months (−5.33 mmHg 95% CI, −9.23, −1.43 p = 0.008). Intake of 35 g of peanuts prior to two main meals per day, in the context of an energy-restricted diet, resulted in weight loss comparable to a traditional low-fat weight loss diet without preloads. Greater systolic blood pressure reductions were observed with peanut intake, which may lower cardiovascular disease risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.FERTNSTERT.2010.02.057
Abstract: In overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome, weight loss improves arterial compliance and postprandial lipidemia. Modifying dietary carbohydrate or protein in weight loss provided similar improvements in arterial compliance and postprandial lipidemia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.MRGENTOX.2010.08.009
Abstract: The impact of popular weight-loss diets with different macronutrient profiles on bowel health in humans has not been previously assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a high-protein/high red meat (HP) diet influences faecal water genotoxicity and other standard biomarkers of bowel health differently compared with a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet. Thirty-three male subjects were randomly assigned to a HP (35% protein, 40% carbohydrate) or HC (17% protein, 58% carbohydrate) isocaloric energy-restricted dietary intervention consisting of 12 weeks intensive weight loss followed by weight maintenance for up to 52 weeks. Faecal s les were collected at 0, 12 and 52 weeks. Faecal water genotoxicity was assessed in the WIL2-NS human B lymphoblastoid cell line by means of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Average weight loss after 12 weeks was 9.3 ± 0.7kg for both diets, with no further change in weight at 52 weeks. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect with time (P<0.001) but not diet for total DNA damage, with a reduction in genotoxicity after 12 weeks intensive weight loss, and a subsequent increase after 9 months weight maintenance to levels not significantly different from baseline. There was no significant effect for time or diet on faecal pH, short-chain fatty acid excretion, phenol or p-cresol. Results suggest that HP and HC weight-loss diets may modify the carcinogenic profile of the bowel contents such that weight loss may exert a beneficial effect by reducing genotoxic load in the short term however, these results require verification against a non-weight-loss control.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-12-2020
Abstract: There is an association between the consumption of artificial sweeteners and Type 2 diabetes in cohort studies, but intervention studies do not show a clear elevation of blood glucose after the use of artificial sweeteners. The objective of this study was to examine whether two commonly used artificial sweeteners had an adverse effect on glucose control in normal-weight subjects, and in overweight and obese subjects when consumed for 2 weeks. In the study, 39 healthy subjects (body-mass index, kg/m2) (18–45) without Type 2 diabetes with an age of 18–75 years were randomly assigned to 0.6 L/day of an artificially sweetened soft drink containing acesulfame K (950) and aspartame (951) or 0.6 L/day of mineral water for 2 weeks each in a crossover study. There was a 4 week washout period with no drinks consumed. Glucose levels were read by a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) during each 2 week period. A 75 g oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at the beginning and end of each intervention period. Blood s les were collected at baseline, and 1 and 2 h for glucose and insulin. A 2 week intake of artificially sweetened beverage (ASB) did not alter concentrations of fasting glucose and fasting insulin, the area under the curve (AUC) for OGTT glucose and insulin, the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for OGTT glucose and insulin, the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the Matsuda index compared with the baseline and with the changes after a 2 week intake of mineral water. Continuous 2 week glucose concentrations were not significantly different after a 2 week intake of ASB compared with a 2 week intake of mineral water. This study found no harmful effect of the artificially sweetened soft drink containing acesulfame K (950) and aspartame (951) on glucose control when consumed for 2 weeks by people without Type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2006-0609
Abstract: Although dietary protein produces higher acute satiety relative to carbohydrate, the influence of protein source and body mass index (BMI) has not been clearly described. The objective of the study was to assess postprandial responses to different protein sources, compared with glucose, in males with normal and high BMI. This was a randomized, crossover study of four preloads followed by blood s ling (+15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min) and buffet meal. The study was conducted at an outpatient clinic. The study population included 72 men, with a BMI range 20.6-39.9 kg/m(2). Interventions consisted of liquid preloads (1.1 MJ, 450 ml) containing 50 g whey, soy, gluten, or glucose. Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (n = 38), ad libitum energy intake, and appetite ratings were measured. Energy intake was 10% lower after all protein preloads, compared with the glucose treatment (P < 0.05), independent of BMI status and protein type. All protein loads prolonged the postprandial suppression of ghrelin (P < 0.01) and elevation of GLP-1 (P < 0.01) and cholecystokinin (P < 0.05). Fasting GLP-1 concentrations [overweight, 17.5 +/- 1.3 lean, 14.7 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (5.2 +/- 0.4 and 4.4 +/- 0.1 pmol/liter, respectively) P < 0.001] and postprandial responses (P = 0.038) were higher in overweight subjects. Whey, soy, and gluten similarly tend to reduce ad libitum food intake 3 h later in lean and overweight males relative to glucose. Postprandial ghrelin, GLP-1, insulin, and cholecystokinin may contribute to this higher satiety after protein consumption. GLP-1 concentrations are increased in overweight subjects, which may affect satiety responses in this group.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-08-2021
Abstract: Evidence supports an association between low magnesium (Mg) intake and coronary heart disease and between Mg intake and endothelial function. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of one week of Mg supplementation on endothelial function, assessed by flow mediated dilatation (FMD). Nineteen healthy men and women completed this cross-over pilot study in which participants were randomised to take an over-the-counter magnesium supplement for one week or to follow their usual diet. Weight, FMD and blood pressure (BP) were taken on completion of each intervention and 24 h urine collections and blood s les were taken to assess compliance. Baseline serum Mg was within normal range for all participants. Urinary Mg and urinary magnesium-creatinine ratio (Mg/Cr) significantly increased between interventions, (p = 0.03, p = 0.005, respectively). No significant differences in FMD or BP were found between the interventions. A significant negative correlation was seen between age and FMD (r = −0.496, p = 0.031). When adjusted for age, saturated fat was negatively associated with FMD (p = 0.045). One week of Mg supplementation did not improve FMD in a healthy population.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-09-2018
Abstract: Current research indicates curcumin [diferuloylmethane a polyphenolic compound isolated from the rhizomes of the dietary spice turmeric (Curcuma longa)] exerts a beneficial effect on health which may be partly attributable to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this review is to examine potential mechanisms of the actions of curcumin in both animal and human studies. Curcumin modulates relevant molecular target pathways to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, suppress inflammation, stimulate antioxidant enzymes, facilitate insulin signalling and reduce gut permeability. Curcumin also inhibits Aβ and tau accumulation in animal models and enhances mitochondria and synaptic function. In conclusion, in high-dose animal studies and in vitro, curcumin exerts a potential beneficial effect on cardiometabolic disease. However, human studies are relatively unconvincing. More intervention studies should be conducted with the new curcumin formulation with improved oral bioavailability.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Abstract: People with type 2 diabetes are advised to consume an even meal distribution of carbohydrate. Whether this distribution is optimal is unknown. Our objective was to show that omitting carbohydrate in the first meal after a fast would lead to an augmented lunch response. Two diets of 1-d duration that differed only in the breakfast-meal composition (carbohydrate or no carbohydrate) were consumed on sequential days in a randomized crossover study. The procedure was repeated in the alternate order 1 wk later. Blood glucose concentrations were tested with the use of continuous glucose monitoring. The primary endpoints were the percentage of time spent with a blood glucose concentration >10 mmol/L (%T >10) and peak blood glucose (G The daily G The withholding of carbohydrate in the first meal results in significantly decreased G
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-01-2020
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202001.0221.V1
Abstract: Fructose in beverages has adverse effects on lipids, glucose and insulin sensitivity after acute and chronic ingestion. There is limited data showing that chronic consumption of fructose in solid foods has harmful effects. We hypothesized that a moderate amount of fructose compared with sucrose in solid food consumed for a month would not adversely influence fasting or postprandial lipids and glucose after an acute fat and carbohydrate load. Twenty-five men and women with prediabetes and/or obesity and overweight consumed in random order two acute test meals of muffins sweetened with either fructose or sucrose, followed by 4-week chronic consumption of 42g/day of either fructose or sucrose in low fat muffins after which the 2 meal tests were repeated. Subjects were randomised to sugar type in the chronic feeding period. Sugar type had no effect on the incremental area under the curve for triglyceride or uric acid at either time point (P=0.4 and P=0.9). There was no overall difference between meal tests at baseline and after 1 month and no effect of consuming sucrose or fructose muffins for 1 month. Fasting triglyceride increased after chronic consumption of fructose by 0.31& lusmn .37 mmol/L compared with sucrose in people with IFG/IGT only (P=0.004). Fructose at a moderate intake of & % of energy in solid food has no different effects on postprandial triglyceride and uric acid compared with sucrose although fasting triglyceride was increased in people with IFG/IGT after 1 month of fructose muffins suggesting the need for caution.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-12-2012
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2011.242
Abstract: To combat the increasing incidence of obesity, much research has been devoted to devising successful strategies for weight loss, including manipulation of diet and gastric surgery. Obesity itself can be associated with renal dysfunction, and the degree of reversibility of this with weight loss has being studied. However, there are significant limitations and flaws in the methods we have available to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in overweight and obese subjects. Obesity is associated with changes in body composition including lean and fat mass. This has implications for assumptions that underpin creatinine-based measures such as creatinine clearance, estimated GFR and other equations devised for obesity including the Salazar-Corcoran equation. These changes in body composition also affect measures of glomerular filtration such as cystatin C and nuclear medicine isotope scans. This article will review the accuracy of these current measures of renal function in the obese and consider the evidence for adjusting for body surface area or adjusting for lean body mass. Finally, the effect of weight loss itself on serial measurements of renal function in a given in idual, independent of a true change in renal function, will be reviewed. Ultimately using the Cockcroft-Gault equation with an adjustment for lean body mass seems to be the best measure for renal function in obesity. No method for measuring renal function in situations of weight loss has been shown to be unequivocally superior.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-12-2007
Abstract: To examine the effect of barley flour (barley cultivar, Hordeum Vulgare var Himalaya 292) incorporated into breakfast and lunch compared with otherwise identical meals containing white wheat flour on the thermic effect of food (TEF), subsequent food intake and metabolic parameters. Randomized single blinded crossover study. Outpatient setting. Fourteen healthy women consumed a test breakfast at 0700 h. Energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), appetite ratings using a visual analogue scale (VAS), insulin and glucose levels were measured before and after a test lunch at 1330 h. Food intake was recorded for the remainder of the day. The TEF was 5% for both test lunches and meal type did not affect any variable measured by the VAS. There was an increase in post-prandial RQ above baseline (0.80) independent of treatment (0.88 and 0.90 for barley and wheat-containing meals, respectively, P<0.001). Mean area under the glycaemic response curve (AUC) for wheat-containing meals was 4.68+/-1.67 mmol/l/h, 22% higher than for the barley-containing meals (3.67+/-1.91 mmol/l/h), P=0.05. AUC of insulin in response to wheat-containing meals (78.1+/-35.3 mIU/l/h) was 32% greater than barley-containing meals (52.8+/-24.7 mU/l/h), P<0.02. Ad libitum food intake over the next 10 h was reduced by 23% (9.6 vs 11.0 MJ, P<0.05) after the wheat-containing meals compared to the barley-containing glycaemic index meals. Inclusion of an ingredient containing increased soluble fibre and amylose did not reduce spontaneous food intake but rather was associated with higher subsequent energy intakes despite its reduced glycaemic and insulinemic effects. CSIRO, Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Abstract: Fructose, which is a sweetener with a low glycemic index, has been shown to elevate postprandial triglyceride compared with glucose. There are limited data on the effect of fructose in a solid mixed meal containing starch and protein. We determined the effects of sucrose, fructose, and sucralose on triglyceride, glucose, and insulin in an acute study in healthy, overweight, and obese in iduals. The study had a randomized crossover design. Twenty-seven participants with a mean age of 44 y and a mean body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 26 completed the study. Fructose (52 g), sucrose (65 g), and sucralose (0.1 g) were delivered as sweet-taste-balanced muffins with a total fat load (66 g). Blood s les were taken at baseline and every 30 min for 4-h glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations, and the area under the curve (AUC) and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) were analyzed. No significant difference was shown between the 3 sweeteners for triglyceride and glucose concentrations and the AUC. The glucose iAUC was lower for fructose than for sucrose and sucralose (P < 0.05). Insulin concentrations differed significantly by the type of muffin (P = 0.001), the interaction of time by type of muffin (P = 0.035), the AUC (P < 0.001), and the iAUC (P < 0.001). Fructose had a significantly lower insulin response than that of either sucrose (P-treatment = 0.006) or sucralose (P-treatment = 0.041). Fructose, at a moderate dose, did not significantly elevate triglyceride compared with sucrose or sucralose and lowered the glucose iAUC. These results indicate that these sweeteners, at an equivalent sweetness, can be used in normal solid meals. Fructose showed a lower insulin response, which may be beneficial in the long term in in iduals at risk of type 2 diabetes. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12615000279527.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2003.09.012
Abstract: Elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity. We investigated whether mononuclear cell production of TNF-alpha decreased with weight loss in an obese population. Seventeen obese patients with type 2 diabetes (BMI 32.5+/-0.9 kg/m(2)) and 33 obese, non-diabetic controls (BMI 31.2+/-0.5 kg/m(2)) underwent 12 weeks of 30% total energy restriction (6622+/-84 KJ per day). Every 4 weeks, weight and blood pressure were measured and fasting venous blood was analysed for lipid, glucose and insulin concentrations. At the beginning and end of energy restriction, mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood and TNF-alpha production measured by ELSIA. TNF-alpha production was not associated with the degree of adiposity but was higher in diabetic subjects (P<0.04). There was a reduction after energy restriction (281+/-43 to 182+/-30 pg/ml, P<0.05) however the presence of type 2 diabetes did not influence the magnitude of this change. Plasma glucose and insulin levels decreased after weight loss in all subjects and weak correlations were found with TNF-alpha concentrations (r=0.3, P<0.05). We conclude that maximal production of TNF-alpha from mononuclear cells decreases with energy restriction and is weakly associated with plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in obese patients.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-08-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10091136
Abstract: Effective strategies to achieve weight loss and long-term weight loss maintenance have proved to be elusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore whether the choice of weight loss strategy is associated with greater weight loss. An electronic search was conducted using the MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and PsycINFO (Database of Abstracts of Literature in the Field of Psychology, produced by the American Psychological Association and distributed on the association’s APA PsycNET) databases for clinical trials and randomized controlled trials, investigating the role of choice in weight loss strategies. A total of nine studies were identified as meeting the pre-specified criteria. All of the studies included a ‘Choice’ or preference arm and a ‘No Choice’ arm or group who did not receive their preference as a control. A total of 1804 subjects were enrolled in these studies, with weight loss observed in both experimental and control groups of all studies, irrespective of dietary intervention, study duration, or follow-up length. Twelve interventions in nine trials were used for the meta-analysis, with results indicating a greater weight loss in the control groups, 1.09 ± 0.28 (overall mean difference in weight loss between groups ± standard error p = 0). There was no significant effect of duration or attrition. In this meta-analysis, the choice of weight loss strategy did not confer a weight loss benefit.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2013.03.023
Abstract: Cross-sectional studies show associations between depression and endothelial function (as measured by endothelium-dependent brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation [FMD]) but it is not known whether changes in these parameters are associated following dietary management. We have previously reported that compared with consumption of a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet, despite comparable weight loss, a very low-carbohydrate (LC diet) impaired FMD and increased depression. The purpose of this study was to conduct a secondary analysis to examine whether there was an association between changes in FMD and depression. Forty-seven overweight men and women (body mass index 26-43 kg/m(2) and ages 24-64 y) completed a 12-mo randomized controlled trial during which participants consumed either an energy-restricted, isocaloric LC or HC diet. Weight, body composition, Homeostasis Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA), depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), Anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]) and FMD were assessed before and after the intervention. This secondary analysis focused on multiple regression analysis of these parameters. Changes in BDI were independently predicted by changes in FMD (β = -0.356 P = 0.026) but not by diet intervention assignment or changes in weight or HOMA. No variables were significant predictors of the change in STAI. Over time, impairments in FMD were independently associated with increased depression, independent of diet composition, or changes in weight and insulin resistance. This data supports a mechanistic association between depression and endothelial function, which may influence long-term health.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507883000
Abstract: The effect of feed protein type on body composition and growth has been examined. Evidence exists that whey protein concentrate is effective at limiting body fat expansion. The presence of caseinomacropeptide, a mixture of glycosylated and non-glycosylated carbohydrate residues, in particular glycomacropeptide (GMP) in whey protein concentrate may be important for this effect. The influence of whey protein isolate (WPI) and GMP on weight gain and body composition was examined by feeding Wistar rats ad libitum for 7 weeks with five semi-purified American Institute of Nutrition-based diets differing in protein type: (1) casein (2) barbequed beef (3) control WPI (no GMP) (4) WPI+GMP at 100 g/kg (5) WPI+GMP at 200 g/kg. Body composition was assessed, and plasma s les were assayed for TAG, insulin and glucose. Body-weight gain was lower ( − 21 %) on the control WPI diet relative to casein, with a non-significant influence associated with GMP inclusion ( − 30 %), the effect being equivalent at both levels of GMP addition. Renal and carcass fat mass were reduced in the highest GMP diet when compared with WPI ( P 0·05). Plasma insulin was lowered by GMP at the highest addition compared with WPI alone ( − 53 % P 0·01). Plasma TAG in the WPI+GMP (200 g/kg) group were lower ( − 27 % P 0·05) than the casein and beef groups. In conclusion, GMP appears to have a significant additional influence when combined with WPI on fat accumulation. WPI alone appears to have the predominant influence accounting for 70 % of the overall effect on body-weight gain. Mechanisms for this effect have not been identified but food intake was not responsible.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507252687
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine after 52 weeks whether advice to follow a lower carbohydrate diet, either high in monounsaturated fat or low fat, high in protein had differential effects in a free-living community setting. Following weight loss on either a high monounsaturated fat, standard protein (HMF 50 % fat, 20 % protein (67 g/d), 30 % carbohydrate) or a high protein, moderate fat (HP) (40 % protein (136 g/d), 30 % fat, 30 % carbohydrate) energy-restricted diet (6000 kJ/d) subjects were asked to maintain the same dietary pattern without intensive dietary counselling for the following 36 weeks. Overall weight loss was 6·2 ( sd 7·3) kg ( P 0·01 for time with no diet effect, 7·6 ( sd 8·1) kg, HMF v. 4·8 ( sd 6·6) kg, HP). In a multivariate regression model predictors of weight loss at the end of the study were sex, age and reported percentage energy from protein ( R 2 0·22, P 0·05 for the whole model). Fasting plasma insulin decreased ( P 0·01, with no difference between diets), 13·9 ( sd 4·6) to 10·2 ( sd 5·2) mIU/l, but fasting plasma glucose was not reduced. Neither total cholesterol nor LDL-cholesterol were different but HDL was higher, 1·19 ( sd 0·26) v. 1·04 ( sd 0·29) ( P 0·001 for time, no diet effect), while TAG was lower, 1·87 ( sd 1·23) v. 2·22 ( sd 1·15) mmol/l ( P 0·05 for time, no diet effect). C-reactive protein decreased (3·97 ( sd 2·84) to 2·43 ( sd 2·29) mg/l, P 0·01). Food records showed that compliance to the prescribed dietary patterns was poor. After 1 year there remained a clinically significant weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors with no adverse effects of a high monounsaturated fat diet.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-10-2008
Abstract: In patients with obesity, low-fat diets seem to result in a weight loss of 3-4 kg at 3 years, but long-term data are limited. Calorie-controlled diets seem to outperform low-fat diets with reported weight losses of 6-7 kg at 4 years, but, again, data are very limited an initial very-low-calorie diet approach does not lead to greater weight loss than low-fat diets in the long term. Use of meal replacements can lead to an 8 kg weight loss at 4 years, but this finding has been reported only in one, uncontrolled study. High-protein, low-carbohydrate (or very-low-carbohydrate) diets have also been evaluated and seem to be superior to high-carbohydrate diets at least for up to 2 years. Very-low-carbohydrate diets can lead to elevations in LDL cholesterol levels in some in iduals. Cognitive behavioral therapy added to diet therapy can facilitate approximately 5 kg additional weight loss, and exercise can facilitate an additional 1-1.5 kg weight loss. Drug treatment, particularly with sibutramine and rimonabant, can increase weight loss with a mildly hypocaloric diet by an additional 3-5 kg, but weight-loss drugs are costly and have adverse effects. If dietary and medical therapies fail, gastric banding can lead to a weight loss of approximately 14% at 10 years, with greater losses of up to 25% with gastric bypass and gastroplasty. Bariatric surgery can also lead to a reduction in mortality and comorbidities but adverse effects can occur including nutritional deficiencies and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-02-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2018.05.001
Abstract: The relationship between dietary intake and carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in in iduals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes has not been well studied. We investigated the association between dietary intake and common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA IMT) and PWV in a cohort with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. A one-year randomised controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effect of improving dietary quality on CCA IMT. These subjects were followed up again approximately 12 months after the completion of the trial (i.e. approximately 24 month since baseline). The study cohort included 87 subjects that had dietary intake and CCA IMT measured at baseline and after a mean of 2.3 years' follow-up. PWV was measured in a subs le of this cohort. Age and baseline mean CCA IMT were strongly associated with mean CCA IMT at 24 months. After adjustment for age and baseline mean CCA IMT, baseline consumption of carbohydrate (r = -0.28 p = 0.01), sugars (r = -0.27 p = 0.01), fibre (r = -0.26 p = 0.02), magnesium (r = -0.25 p = 0.02) and the Alternate Health Eating Index (AHEI) score (r = -0.23 p = 0.03) were inversely associated with mean CCA IMT at 24 months. Mixed linear modelling showed an interaction between mean CCA IMT and AHEI at baseline (p = 0.024). Those who were in the highest AHEI tertile at baseline had greater CCA IMT regression at 24 months compared to those in the lowest tertile, after adjustment for baseline age, BMI, smoking pack years, time since diabetes diagnosis, and mean arterial pressure at baseline (mean -0.043 mm 95% CI -0.084, -0.003 p = 0.029). In this prospective analysis greater diet quality at baseline, as measured by the AHEI, was associated with greater CCA IMT regression after approximately two years. This suggests that greater diet quality is associated with better longer term vascular health in in iduals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-05-2006
Abstract: A number of reviewers have examined studies investigating the relationship between coronary heart disease and stroke prior to 2000. Since then, several key studies have been published. Five studies have examined the relationship between wholegrain consumption, coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular (CVD) disease and found protection for either or both diseases. The researchers concluded that a relationship between wholegrain intake and CHD is seen with at least a 20% and perhaps a 40% reduction in risk for those who eat wholegrain food habitually vs those who eat them rarely. Notwithstanding the fact that fibre is an important component of wholegrains, many studies have not shown an independent effect of fibre alone on CHD events. Thus in terms of CHD prevention, fibre is best obtained from wholegrain sources. Wholegrain products have strong antioxidant activity and contain phytoestrogens, but there is insufficient evidence to determine whether this is beneficial in CHD prevention. Soluble fibre clearly lowers cholesterol to a small but significant degree and one would expect that this would reduce CHD events. There have been a small number of epidemiological studies showing soy consumption is associated with lower rates of heart disease. Countering the positive evidence for wholegrain and legume intake has been the Nurses Health Study in 2000 that showed women who were overweight or obese consuming a high glycaemic load (GL) diet doubled their relative risk of CHD compared with those consuming a low GL diet. Although the literature relating GL with CHD events is somewhat mixed, the relationship with risk factors such as HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and C reactive protein is relatively clear. Thus, carbohydrate-rich foods should be wholegrain and, if they are not, then the lowest glycaemic index (GI) product should be used. Promotion of carbohydrate foods should be focused on wholegrain cereals because these have proven to be associated with health benefits. There is insufficient evidence about whether the addition of other components of wholegrains such as polyphenolics or minerals (such as magnesium or zinc) would improve the health benefits of refined grain foods and this needs investigation. Whether adding bran to refined carbohydrate foods can improve the situation is also not clear, and it was found that added bran lowered heart disease risk in men by 30%. This persisted after full adjustment (including GL) suggesting, at least in men, that fibre may be more important than GI. Thus there are two messages: The intake of wholegrain foods clearly protects against heart disease and stroke but the exact mechanism is not clear. Fibre, magnesium, folate and vitamins B6 and vitamin E may be important. The intake of high GI carbohydrates (from both grain and non-grain sources) in large amounts is associated with an increased risk of heart disease in overweight and obese women even when fibre intake is high but this requires further confirmation in normal-weight women. Carbohydrate-rich foods should be wholegrain and if they are not, then the lowest GI product available should be consumed. Glycemic index is largely irrelevant for foods that contain small amounts of carbohydrate per serve (such as most vegetables).
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-03-2009
Abstract: The importance of diet in DNA damage prevention is well established however, the comparison of weight loss diets with different micronutrient and macronutrient profiles on genome stability in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) has not been studied. This study tested the hypothesis that genome stability in PBLs of overweight men who consume a high protein-high red meat (HP) weight loss diet is different from that of overweight men who consume a high carbohydrate (HC) weight loss diet. Thirty-three male subjects were randomly assigned to an HP or HC isocaloric energy-restricted dietary intervention for 12 weeks intensive weight loss and weight maintenance up to 52 weeks. Blood s les were collected at 0, 12 and 52 weeks. DNA damage in PBLs was assessed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay. Average weight loss after 12 weeks was 9.3 +/- 0.7 kg for both diets, with no further change at 52 weeks. Two-way analysis of variance showed no time or diet effect on micronucleus frequency (chromosome loss/breaks). There was a significant trend with time (P = 0.03) but not diet, for reduction of nuclear buds (gene lification). There was a positive trend with time for increased nucleoplasmic bridges (chromosome rearrangement) (P = 0.051). Necrosis and apoptosis both significantly decreased with time (P = 0.037 and P = 0.007, respectively) with no diet effect. There was no significant effect of time or diet for nuclear ision index, a biomarker of immune response. The results suggest that the effect of the HP weight loss diet on DNA damage measured using the CBMN-Cyt assay in PBLs was not different from that observed for the HC weight loss diet.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-12-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10121935
Abstract: Objectives: Accumulating epidemiological and intervention evidence suggest that nut consumption is associated with reduced incidence of some cardiometabolic diseases. However, to date no review of meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies has evaluated the effects of nut consumption on cardiometabolic disease. Design/Results: Electronic searches for meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies were undertaken in PubMed®/MEDLINE®. Meta-analyses of prospective studies show that nut consumption appears to be associated with reduced all-cause mortality by 19–20% (n = 6), cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence (19% n = 3) and mortality (25% n = 3), coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence (20–34% n = 2) and mortality (27–30% n = 2) and stroke incidence (10–11% n = 7) and mortality (18% n = 2). No association between nut consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was observed in meta-analyses of prospective studies, whereas a decrease in fasting blood glucose ranging from 0.08 to 0.15 mmol/L was observed in 3 meta-analyses of intervention studies. In the interventions, nut consumption also had favorable effects on total cholesterol (0.021 to 0.28 mmol/L reduction from 8 meta-analyses of interventions) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.017 to 0.26 mmol/L reduction from 8 meta-analyses of interventions) and endothelial function (0.79 to 1.03% increase in flow-mediated dilation from 4 meta-analyses of interventions). Nut consumption did not significantly affect body weight. Nut consumption had no effect on inflammatory markers in intervention studies. The effect on blood pressure was inconsistent. A higher nut consumption was associated with a lower incidence of hypertension in prospective studies, while nut consumption did not improve blood pressure in intervention studies. Conclusions: Nut consumption appeared to be associated with lower all-cause mortality and CVD and CHD mortality. There was no association between nut consumption and the incidence of T2DM although fasting blood glucose is decreased in intervention studies. In intervention studies nuts lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2007
Abstract: Obesity and insulin resistance play an important role in initiating or maintaining ill health in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This implies that treatment that reduces body weight and insulin resistance would alleviate the symptoms of PCOS. Lifestyle modification has been found to be effective in restoring reproductive function in up to 80% of in iduals who achieve at least 5% weight loss. However, long-term weight maintenance is a challenge. This article provides a review of reduced glycemic load diets, including low glycemic index, very low carbohydrate, high-protein and high monounsaturated fat diets, on metabolic and reproductive health in PCOS and non-PCOS populations. Dietary trials in non-PCOS women suggest that higher-protein, reduced glycemic load diets were probably more beneficial than the conventional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet but further studies are required to confirm this in PCOS women. Similarly, the optimal exercise regime for PCOS women remains to be investigated.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 16-02-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2009.10.006
Abstract: Young women are at high risk of weight gain but few weight management interventions have been investigated in this group. This study aimed to determine the effect of metformin on body weight, body composition, metabolic risk factors and reproductive hormone levels in overweight or obese young women compared to placebo and comprehensive lifestyle intervention. 203 overweight or obese young women (BMI 33.2+/-0.3 kg/m², age 28+/-0.3 years) were randomised to 1500 mg/day metformin (M) plus general lifestyle advice, placebo (P) plus general lifestyle advice or comprehensive lifestyle intervention including structured diet, exercise and behavioural therapy (L) for 12-weeks. At 12-weeks, linear mixed models found that L group had greater weight loss (-4.2+/-0.4 kg) compared to M (-1.0+/-0.4 kg) and P groups (-0.2+/-0.3 kg) (P 3%), compared to 3% (2/65) from M group and none (0/59) from L group (P < 0.001). The L group had the greatest decrease in waist circumference (-5.2+/-0.7 cm) and fat mass (-5.4+/-0.7 kg) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). No significant time-by-group effects were seen in plasma lipids, SHBG, testosterone, blood pressure, serum folate, serum ferritin and serum vitamin B12. Lifestyle intervention was more effective in reducing body weight and improving body composition compared to metformin among healthy overweight or obese young women.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-03-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-04-2009
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.24343
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality and is considered to be largely attributable to inappropriate lifestyle and behavior patterns. The purpose of this review was to undertake a comparison of the strength of the associations between known and putative risk factors for colorectal cancer by conducting 10 independent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Studies published between 1966 and January 2008 were identified through EMBASE and MEDLINE, using a combined text word and MESH heading search strategy. Studies were eligible if they reported estimates of the relative risk for colorectal cancer with any of the following: alcohol, smoking, diabetes, physical activity, meat, fish, poultry, fruits and vegetables. Studies were excluded if the estimates were not adjusted at least for age. Overall, data from 103 cohort studies were included. The risk of colorectal cancer was significantly associated with alcohol: in iduals consuming the most alcohol had 60% greater risk of colorectal cancer compared with non- or light drinkers (relative risk 1.56, 95% CI 1.42-1.70). Smoking, diabetes, obesity and high meat intakes were each associated with a significant 20% increased risk of colorectal cancer (compared with in iduals in the lowest categories for each) with little evidence of between-study heterogeneity or publication bias. Physical activity was protective against colorectal cancer. Public-health strategies that promote modest alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, weight loss, increased physical activity and moderate consumption of red and processed meat are likely to have significant benefits at the population level for reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-08-2020
Abstract: The type of food eaten for breakfast may determine the amount of food consumed at the next meal. This may be important when considering dietary advice for overweight and obese in iduals who are trying to lose weight. The aim of the study was to investigate the energy intake and subjective sensations of hunger using a visual analogue scale (VAS) of a breakfast meal of eggs compared with a breakfast meal of cereal in overweight Australian adults. In a cross-over study, participants attended the University of South Australia’s Clinical Trial Facility on two separate days, one week apart. On each day participants consumed one of two isoenergetic breakfasts (1800 kJ), either eggs and toast or cereal with milk and orange juice. Fifty overweight or obese participants, 44 ± 21 years, 86 ± 14 kg, with a body mass index (BMI) of 31 ± 4 kg/m2 completed both study visits. Energy intake following the egg breakfast was significantly reduced compared with the cereal breakfast (4518 vs. 5283 kJ, p = 0.001). BMI and gender were unrelated to these effects. The sensation of hunger was less after the egg breakfast (p = 0.028 for diet by time interaction) and returned more quickly after the cereal breakfast. There were no effects of gender or age. Energy intake was reduced at an ad libitum lunch meal 4 hours after a breakfast meal containing eggs. The findings suggest that satiety responses of overweight and obese are not different to non-obese participants as our study confirms findings from studies conducted in different populations. Determining which foods may help overweight and obese in iduals manage their food intake is important for diet planning.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 04-2002
Abstract: OBJECTIVE—To determine the effect of a high-protein (HP) diet compared with a low-protein (LP) diet on weight loss, resting energy expenditure (REE), and the thermic effect of food (TEF) in subjects with type 2 diabetes during moderate energy restriction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this study, 26 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes consumed a HP (28% protein, 42% carbohydrate) or LP diet (16% protein, 55% carbohydrate) during 8 weeks of energy restriction (1,600 kcal/day) and 4 weeks of energy balance. Body weight and composition and REE were measured, and the TEF in response to a HP or LP meal was determined for 2 h, at weeks 0 and 12. RESULTS—The mean weight loss was 4.6 ± 0.4 kg (P & 0.001), of which 4.5 ± 0.4 kg was fat (P & 0.001), with no effect of diet (P = 0.6). At both weeks 0 and 12, TEF was greater after the HP than after the LP meal (0.064 vs. 0.050 kcal · kcal−1 energy consumed · 2 h−1, respectively overall diet effect, P = 0.003). REE and TEF were reduced similarly with each of the diets (time effects, P = 0.02 and P & 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS—In patients with type 2 diabetes, a low-fat diet with an increased protein-to-carbohydrate ratio does not significantly increase weight loss or blunt the fall in REE.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.MRFMMM.2007.11.007
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with insulin resistance and reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. The potential genetic contributors to PCOS are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that genomic instability (chromosome malsegregation and DNA damage) is increased in PCOS. Overweight age, weight and BMI-matched women with (n=14) and without (n=16) PCOS (age 34.2+/-6.0 years, weight 90.7+/-14.5 kg, BMI 34.0+/-5.6 kg/m(2), mean+/-S.D.) were assessed for chromosome malsegregation (assessed by X chromosome chromogenic in situ hybridisation) and micronucleus frequency (assessed by the cytokinesis block micronucleus index) in lymphocytes. Women with PCOS had significantly elevated genomic instability as demonstrated by a significantly higher number of binucleated lymphocytes containing micronuclei, total number of micronuclei, a higher proportion of aneuploid X chromosome signals (2:1 X and 3:1 X) and a lower proportion of normal X chromosome segregation signals (2:2 X) in binucleated lymphocytes than women without PCOS. Surrogate measures of insulin resistance positively correlated with the proportion of aneuploid cells (2:1 3:1 X chromosome signals) and inversely with the proportion of normal cells (2:2 X chromosome signals). Women with PCOS display increased genomic instability (higher micronuclei and chromosome malsegregation) compared to women without PCOS and this increase may be related to the insulin resistance phenotype.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
Abstract: The effect of salt reduction on vascular function, assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), is unknown. Our aim was to compare the effects of a low-salt (LS 50 mmol Na/d) diet with those of a usual-salt (US 150 mmol Na/d) diet on FMD. This was a randomized crossover design in which 29 overweight and obese normotensive men and women followed an LS diet and a US diet for 2 wk. Both diets had similar potassium and saturated fat contents and were designed to ensure weight stability. After each intervention, FMD, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and blood pressure were measured. FMD was significantly greater (P = 0.001) with the LS diet (4.89 +/- 2.42%) than with the US diet (3.37 +/- 2.10%), systolic blood pressure was significantly (P = 0.02) lower with the LS diet (112 +/- 11 mm Hg) than with the US diet (117 +/- 13 mm Hg), and 24-h sodium excretion was significantly lower (P = 0.0001) with the LS diet (64.1 +/- 41.3 mmol) than with the US diet (156.3 +/- 56.7 mmol). There was no correlation between change in FMD and change in 24-h sodium excretion or change in blood pressure. No significant changes in augmentation index or pulse wave velocity were observed. Salt reduction improves endothelium-dependant vasodilation in normotensive subjects independently of the changes in measured resting clinic blood pressure. These findings suggest additional cardioprotective effects of salt reduction beyond blood pressure reduction. The trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (unique identifier: ANZCTR12607000381482 www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=82159).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2011
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 07-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2000
Abstract: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, which may become suboptimal with increasing body fatness. HDL cholesterol that is reduced in obese subjects paradoxically decreases during weight reduction. To determine how weight reduction affects HDL subclasses that are involved in reverse cholesterol transport, we studied HDL from obese diabetic subjects before and after energy restriction within background diets high in either carbohydrate or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol decreased after 8 and 12 weeks of weight reduction. With the very-low-fat diet, HDL cholesterol decreased significantly at 8 weeks, but recovered to initial levels after 12 weeks as body weight began to stabilize. Plasma apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) decreased substantially and significantly at 8 and 12 weeks with both diets, and was reflected in the reduction of apo A-I in HDL subclasses alpha1, alpha2, pre-beta1, and pre-beta2 + pre-beta3. The calculation of the percentage distribution of apo A-I among HDL species showed that only the proportion of pre-beta1-HDL decreased, whereas alpha2-HDL increased. This led to a significant increase in the alpha1 + alpha2 re-beta ratio, ie, the ratio of the large cholesterol "storage" or "sink" HDL to the HDL "shuttle" fraction considered to be the initial acceptor of cell cholesterol. These data suggest that despite the reduction in HDL cholesterol and apo A-I, the redistribution of apo A-I in pre-beta1-HDL and alpha-HDL observed with weight reduction appears to revert to the pattern that we have previously reported in lean as opposed to overweight subjects.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-09-2005
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease is strongly associated with obesity and there is evidence that weight loss has positive effects on cardiovascular disease risk. The aims of this study were to compare meal replacements (MR) with a conventional low-fat diet as weight loss strategies and to examine the effect of weight loss on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and other markers of endothelial function in overweight Australians with raised triglycerides (TG) (> 2 mmol/l). Subjects matched for age, gender, fasting plasma TG and body mass index were randomized to two low- fat high- carbohydrate weight loss strategies (both < 6000 kJ), one using MR and the other a structured eating plan, control (C). Subjects followed both diets for 3 months. In total, 55 subjects completed the study. FMD, pulse wave velocity and blood pressure (BP) were measured at baseline and at 3 months, as were fasting blood s les for lipids, glucose, insulin, C reactive protein (CRP) and endothelium-derived factors. Mean weight loss was 6.3 +/- 3.7 kg (6.0 +/- 4.2 vs 6.63 +/- 3.35 kg, MR vs C) with no difference between diet groups. TG, insulin, CRP, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1) fell after weight loss, but FMD did not change. Systolic BP fell by 8 mmHg and pulse wave velocity improved. In subjects with elevated TG, weight loss resulted in significant improvements in cardiovascular risk markers, particularly endothelium-derived factors (PAI-1 and sICAM1). However, FMD did not improve with weight loss.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-10-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1463-1326.2010.01307.X
Abstract: To investigate timing of protein ingestion relative to resistance exercise training (RT) on body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, glycaemic control and resting energy expenditure (REE) during weight loss on a high-protein (HP) diet in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Thirty-four men/women with T2DM (age 57 ± 7 years and body mass index 34.9 ± 4.2 kg m(-2) ) were randomly assigned to the ingestion of a HP meal (860 kJ, 21 g protein, 0.7 g fat, 29.6 g carbohydrate) either immediately prior to RT or at least 2 h following RT. All participants followed a 16-week, energy-restricted (6-7 MJ day(-1) ), HP diet (carbohydrate : protein : fat 43 : 33 : 22) and participated in supervised RT (3 day week(-1) ). Outcomes were assessed pre- and postintervention at 16 weeks. There was an overall reduction in bodyweight (-11.9 ± 6.1 kg), fat mass (-10.0 ± 4.4 kg), fat-free mass (-1.9 ± 3.1 kg), waist circumference (-12.1 ± 5.3 cm), REE (-742 ± 624 kJ day(-1) ), glucose (-1.9 ± 1.7 mmol l(-1) ), insulin (-6.1 ± 6.7 mU l(-1) ) and glycosylated haemoglobin (-1.1 ± 0.1%), p ≤ 0.01 time for all variables, with no difference between groups (p ≥ 0.41 group effect). Strength improved and cardiometabolic risk factors were reduced similarly in both groups single repetition maximum chest press 11.0 ± 8.7 kg, single repetition maximum lat pull down 9.9 ± 6.0 kg, total cholesterol -0.6 ± 0.5 mmol l(-1) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol -0.1 ± 0.2 mmol l(-1) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -0.3 ± 0.5 mmol l(-1) , triglycerides -0.6 ± 0.7 mmol l(-1) , blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) -13 ± 10/-7 ± 7 mmHg (p ≤ 0.04 time effect, p ≥ 0.24 group effect). A HP, energy-restricted diet with RT was effective in improving glycaemic control, body composition, strength and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients with T2DM irrespective of altering the timing of protein ingestion relative to RT.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-05-2021
Abstract: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency might be a catalyst in the process of endothelial dysfunction, an early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of an oral Mg supplement as compared to control on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Nineteen participants (39 years, body mass index (BMI) 22.9 kg/m2) completed this randomized cross-over study. Blood pressure (BP) and FMD were measured and blood s les were taken before participants drank 200 mL water, with or without an over the counter Mg supplement (450 mg and 300 mg for men and women). Measurements were repeated at 60 and 120 min. There was a statistically significant two-way interaction between treatment and time on serum Mg (p = 0.037). A difference of −0.085 mm in FMD was observed 60-min post drink in the control group, as compared to baseline FMD, and no difference was observed in the supplement group as compared to baseline. Despite the non-significant interaction between treatment and time on FMD, once adjusted for baseline, the difference seen in the control group and the lack of change in the supplement group at 60 min post-drink suggests that Mg might attenuate the reduction in FMD post-prandially.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-03-2021
Abstract: Women consuming a strictly vegan lant-based diet may be at increased risk of low iodine intake due to avoidance of animal products containing iodine. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the iodine excretion and intake in women consuming vegan lant based diets compared with women consuming omnivore diets. Fifty-seven women (n = 31 plant-based, n = 26 omnivores), provided two spot urine s les to assess urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Two days of dietary intake were also recorded by participants. As the data were not normally distributed results are reported as median (IQR). UIC was significantly different between groups, 44 (26–66) µg/L in the vegan lant-based group versus 64 (40–88) µg/L in omnivores (p 0.05). UIC did not meet the µg/L level recommended by the World Health Organization. Iodine intake was also significantly different, 78 (62–91) µg/day in the vegan lant-based group and 125 (86–175) µg/day in the omnivores (p = 0.000). Iodine intake and bread intake were correlated with iodine excretion (CC 0.410–4.11, p = 0.003). These data indicate iodine insufficiency in both groups of women as the median values were below the minimum WHO recommendation. A larger study assessing iodine excretion in the Australian women of reproductive age who are not pregnant or breastfeeding is needed to confirm these findings.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/DOM.12034
Abstract: Rates of remission in obese patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes (>2 years), following an adjustable gastric band are unclear. We conducted a retrospective case-control study of patients (n = 89) matched for age and body mass index with non-surgical controls. Cases had a longer duration of diabetes (99 ± 53 and 80 ± 59 months, p < 0.05) and a lower HbA1c than controls (7.9 ± 1.6 vs. 8.5 ± 1.9%, p < 0.05). At follow-up (median 105 weeks) cases had lost 16.8 ± 13.5 kg and controls 1.7 ± 8.9 kg (p < 0.001) and HbA1c decreased by 0.6-0.8% (p < 0.001 for time) with no difference between cases and controls. Diabetes resolution, defined by HbA1c less than 6.5% and taking no medications, occurred in 14 (16%) cases and 2 controls. This is in contrast to published outcomes of resolution of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. We conclude that there is a clear need for randomized studies of the effect of gastric banding in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Abstract: Intraduodenal fat and carbohydrate modulate antropyloroduodenal motility and hormone release and suppress appetite and energy intake in a load-dependent manner. Protein also suppresses energy intake, but its effects on these gastrointestinal factors and their role in the appetite-suppressive effects of protein remain unclear. We aimed to characterize the effects of different intraduodenal protein loads on antropyloroduodenal pressures, gastrointestinal hormone release, glucose and insulin concentrations, appetite perceptions, and energy intake. Sixteen lean, healthy men were studied on 4 occasions in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin, peptide YY, ghrelin, blood glucose, serum insulin, and appetite were measured during 60-min, 4-mL/min intraduodenal infusions of protein at 0.5, 1.5, or 3 kcal/min or saline (control). Energy intakes at a buffet lunch consumed immediately after the infusion were quantified. Increases in the load of protein resulted in greater suppression of antral motility, greater stimulation of basal and isolated pyloric pressures and plasma cholecystokinin and GLP-1 concentrations, and greater suppression of energy intake. However, energy intake was reduced only after a protein load of 3 kcal/min compared with after all other treatments (P < 0.05). The suppression of energy intake after adjustment for cholecystokinin, GLP-1, and insulin was related inversely with basal pyloric pressure (r = -0.51, P < 0.001). The acute effects of intraduodenal protein on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormone release, glucose, and insulin are load dependent and contribute to the suppression of energy intake. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as 12610000376044.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-12-2019
Abstract: Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), is a protein involved in cell growth and differentiation, development, wound repair and metabolism. Research looking at the impact of weight loss on FGF-21 levels is limited. The objective of this exploratory study was to determine changes in serum FGF-21 levels following weight loss induced by either continuous energy restriction or intermittent energy restriction. A sub cohort of participants who completed a 12-month dietary intervention trial following continuous energy restriction, or a week-on week-off energy restriction pattern, were selected for analysis. FGF-21 levels were not altered by weight loss and were not correlated with body weight or BMI at baseline or 12 months. Weight loss after 12 months either through continuous energy restriction or intermittent energy restriction was −5.9 ± 4.5 and −4.9 ± 3.4 kg, respectively. There was no change in FGF-21 levels, 0.3 ± 0.9 and 0.04 ± 0.2 ng/mL (p = 0.2). In conclusion, weight loss in healthy overweight or obesity subjects did not affect FGF-21 levels.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
DOI: 10.1093/AJCN/NQAB058
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1079/BJN20051377
Abstract: Aleurone flour (ALF) is a rich source of natural folate ( μg/100 g wet weight). Our objective was to establish whether intake of ALF in man can significantly improve folate status and reduce plasma homocyst(e)ine. We performed a randomised, controlled intervention, of 16 weeks duration, in free-living healthy in iduals (mean age 46–52 years). Participants were assigned to one of three groups: ALF, 175 g bread made with ALF and placebo tablet each day PCS, 175 g bread made with pericarp seed coat (PCS) flour and placebo tablet each day (low-folate control) or FA, 175 g bread made with PCS flour and tablet containing 640 μg folic acid each day (high-folate control). The daily folate intake contributed by the bread and tablet was 233 μg in the PCS group, 615 μg in the ALF group and 819 μg in the FA group. The number of participants completing all phases of the PCS, ALF and FA interventions was twenty-five, twenty-five and eighteen, respectively. Plasma and red-cell folate increased significantly ( P ·0001) and plasma homocyst(e)ine decreased significantly ( P ·0001) in the ALF and FA groups only. Plasma folate and red-cell folate in the ALF group (mean, 95 % CI) increased from baseline values of 12·9 (9·9, 15·7) nmol/l and 509 (434, 584) nmol/l to 27·1 (22·5, 31·7) nmol/l and 768 (676, 860) nmol/l, respectively. Plasma homocyst(e)ine in the ALF group decreased from 9·1 (8·2, 10·0) μmol/l at baseline to 6·8 (6·2, 7·5) μmol/l after 16 weeks. In conclusion, moderate dietary intake of ALF can increase red-cell folate and decrease plasma homocyst(e)ine substantially.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2010.02.006
Abstract: There are national targets for salt intake of 6 g salt/day in Australia and the United States. Despite this, there is limited knowledge about the effectiveness of dietary education in reducing salt intake to this level. The objective of this study was to investigate whether dietary education enabled a reduction in salt consumption. In an 8-week parallel study, 49 healthy free-living adults were recruited from the Adelaide community by newspaper advertisement. In a randomized parallel design, participants received dietary education to choose foods identified by either Australia's National Heart Foundation Tick symbol or by the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand's low-salt guideline of 120 mg sodium/100 g food. Sodium excretion was assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium collections at baseline and weeks 4 and 8. Participants' experiences of following the education strategies were recorded by self-administered questionnaire. These data were collected between August and October 2008. Forty-three participants completed the study. After 8 weeks, urinary sodium excretion decreased from 121+/-50 to 106+/-47 mmol/24 hours (7.3+/-3.0 to 6.4+/-2.8 g salt/24 hours) in the Tick group and from 132+/-44 to 98+/-50 mmol/24 hours (7.9+/-2.6 to 6.0+/-3.0 g salt/24 hours) in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand group (P<0.05, with no between-group difference). Barriers to salt reduction were limited variety and food choice, difficulty when eating out, and increased time associated with identifying foods. In conclusion, dietary sodium reduction is possible among free-living in iduals who received dietary advice.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-12-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2004
DOI: 10.1007/S00125-004-1511-7
Abstract: This study compared the long-term weight loss and health outcomes at 1-year follow-up, after a 12-week intensive intervention consisting of two low-fat, weight-loss diets, which differed in protein content. We randomly assigned 66 obese patients (BMI: 27-40 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes to either a low-protein (15% protein, 55% carbohydrate) or high-protein diet (30% protein, 40% carbohydrate) for 8 weeks of energy restriction (approximately 6.7 MJ/day) and 4 weeks of energy balance. Subjects were asked to maintain the same dietary pattern for a further 12 months of follow-up. The study was completed by 38 of the subjects, with equal dropouts in each group. At Week 64, weight reductions against baseline were -2.2+/-1.1 kg (low protein) and -3.7+/-1.0 kg (high protein), p<0.01, with no diet effect. Fat mass was not different from baseline in either group. At Week 12, both diets reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 6 and 3 mm Hg respectively, but blood pressure increased more with weight regain during follow-up in the low-protein group (p< or =0.04). At Week 64, both diets significantly increased HDL cholesterol and lowered C-reactive protein concentrations. There was no difference in the urinary urea : creatinine ratio at baseline between the two groups, but this ratio increased at Week 12 (in the high-protein group only, p<0.001, diet effect), remaining stable during follow-up in both diets. A high-protein weight-reduction diet may in the long term have a more favourable cardiovascular risk profile than a low-protein diet with similar weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2007-1188
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities, specifically menstrual dysfunction and anovulation in conjunction with elevated pre-antral follicle number and arrested follicular maturation. Although anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), an inhibitor of follicle recruitment and maturation, is increased in women with PCOS, the usefulness of circulating AMH levels as a clinical predictor of menstrual response to weight loss in PCOS is not known. Overweight women with PCOS (n = 26, age 32.9 +/- 5.8 yr, weight 98.9 +/- 20.8 kg, body mass index 36.1 +/- 7.0 kg/m(2), mean +/- sd) followed an 8-wk weight loss and 6-month weight maintenance program. Net reductions in weight (4.6 +/- 4.8 kg), waist circumference (6.0 +/- 5.3 cm), testosterone (0.3 +/- 0.6 nmol/liter), fasting insulin (3.7 +/- 7.6 mU/liter), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (0.7 +/- 1.3) occurred for all subjects over the entire study duration. Of 26 subjects, 15 (57.7%) responded to the intervention with improvements in menstrual cyclicity (responders). Compared to nonresponders, responders had lower AMH levels at baseline (23.6 +/- 12.0 vs. 37.9 +/- 17.8 pmol/liter P = 0.021). Only responders had reductions in fasting insulin (6.1 +/- 5.9 mU/liter P = 0.001) and homeostasis model assessment (1.3 +/- 5.9 P = 0.002) with acute weight loss (wk 0-8). Baseline AMH was most strongly predicted by baseline ghrelin, free testosterone, and insulin (r(2) = 0.528 P = 0.002). Overweight women with PCOS who respond to weight loss with menstrual improvements have significantly reduced preweight loss AMH and demonstrate improvements in surrogate measures of insulin resistance with weight loss. Pretreatment AMH is a potential clinical predictor of menstrual improvements with weight loss in PCOS.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 04-2006
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2005-1856
Abstract: Dietary proteins appear to be more satiating than carbohydrate. The mechanism and effect of protein and carbohydrate type are unclear. The objective of the study is to compare the acute effect of different proteins and carbohydrates on indicators of appetite and appetite regulatory hormones. This is a randomized cross-over study of four orally consumed preloads followed by blood s ling (+15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min), then a buffet meal. The study was carried out in an outpatient clinic. Nineteen overweight (body mass index 32.1 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2)) men participated. Liquid preloads (1 MJ) contained whey (55 g), casein (55 g), lactose (56 g), or glucose (56 g). Plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucose and amino acids, gastric emptying rate (plasma paracetamol), appetite rating (visual analog scale), and ad libitum energy intake were the main outcome measures. Energy intake was 10 +/- 3% higher after the glucose preload compared with lactose and protein preloads (P < 0.05), which were predicted by ghrelin at 120 min (P < 0.05). CCK was 71 +/- 6% higher 90 min after the protein preloads compared with glucose and lactose (P < 0.05), which predicted appetite at 180 min (P < 0.05). There was a small increase in branched chain amino acids after the whey preload compared with casein (P < 0.01), but this was independent of appetite and energy intake. Acute appetite and energy intake are equally reduced after consumption of lactose, casein, or whey compared with glucose, which was consistent with differences in plasma ghrelin. Higher CCK responses after proteins correlated with satiety but did not affect energy intake.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-02-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
Abstract: Both orosensory stimulation and feedback from the gastrointestinal tract contribute to energy intake regulation. We evaluated the hypothesis that overweight or obese subjects would be less sensitive to both oral and intraduodenal oleic acid exposure than would lean subjects. Eleven overweight or obese and 8 lean men were studied on 2 occasions, during which antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline or oleic acid (18:1 load: 0.78 kcal/min) energy intake (buffet lunch) was determined immediately afterward. Oral detection thresholds for 18:1 and recent dietary intake (2-d recall) were also quantified. In lean subjects, the number of isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) was greater during 18:1 infusion than during saline infusion (P < 0.05) no significant differences were observed between the 18:1 and saline infusions in the overweight or obese subjects. In both groups, 18:1 stimulated plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY and suppressed energy intake compared with saline (P < 0.05), with trends for reduced cholecystokinin and energy intake responses in the overweight or obese subjects. Detection thresholds for 18:1 were greater in overweight or obese (7.9 ± 0.1 mmol/L) than in lean (4.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L) subjects (P < 0.05). Overweight or obese subjects had greater recent energy (P < 0.05) and fat (P = 0.07) intakes than did lean subjects. There was a direct relation (r = 0.669) of body mass index with 18:1 detection thresholds and inverse relations (r < -0.51) of IPPWs with body mass index and 18:1 detection thresholds (P < 0.05). The ability to detect oleic acid both orally and within the gastrointestinal tract is compromised in obese men, and oral and gastrointestinal responses to oleic acid are related. This trial was registered at www.actr.org.au (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry) as 12609000557235.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1155/2012/918571
Abstract: Background . There is limited information on the effectiveness of meal replacements (MRs) as a weight-loss strategy in an unsupervised community setting. Aim . To evaluate the use of MR compared with a diet book for 6 months. Subjects and Methods . Obese subjects ( n = 120 ) with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited from the community in Adelaide, South Australia, and randomised to intervention or control. Subjects in the intervention were advised to consume 2 MR/day for 3 months and 1 MR/day for 3 months and follow the manufacturers’ instructions from printed material and the website. Subjects in the control arm were given a commercially available diet book. Results . Consumption of 2 MR for 3 months and 1 MR for the subsequent 3 months led to weight loss of 5.5 kg (5%) and a 0.26% decrease in HbA1c while the diet book group had a weight loss of 3 kg (3%) ( P = 0.027 for difference between groups) and a decrease in HbA1c of 0.15% (between group ns) in those who completed the 6-month study. On intention-to-treat (last observation carried forward) weight loss at 6 months was 3.4 kg in MR and 1.8 kg in control ( P = 0.07 ). Decreases in HbA1c were 0.22% and 0.12%, respectively ( P = ns ). HDL cholesterol increased by 4% in MR and decreased by 1% in control ( P = 0.004 ). Blood pressure decreased equally in both groups. There were reductions in fasting glucose in both groups at 6 months with no changes in LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Conclusion . MR confers benefits in HbA1C reduction and weight loss at 6 months in those who completed the study.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-03-2007
DOI: 10.1017/S000711450747252X
Abstract: Consumption of fish or fish oils rich in the n -3 long chain PUFA EPA and DHA may improve multiple risk factors for CVD. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular consumption of foods enriched with n -3 long-chain PUFA can improve n -3 long-chain PUFA status (erythrocytes) and cardiovascular health. Overweight volunteers with high levels of triacylglycerols (TG ·6 mmol/l) were enrolled in a 6-month dietary intervention trial conducted in Adelaide ( n 47) and Perth ( n 39), and randomised to consume control foods or n -3-enriched foods to achieve an EPA + DHA intake of 1 g/d. Test foods were substituted for equivalent foods in their regular diet. Erythrocyte fatty acids, plasma TG and other CVD risk factors were monitored at 0, 3 and 6 months. There were no significant differences between groups for blood pressure, arterial compliance, glucose, insulin, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ) over 6 months, even though regular consumption of n -3-enriched foods increased EPA + DHA intake from 0·2 to 1·0 g/d. However, the n -3 long-chain PUFA content of erythrocytes increased by 35 and 53 % at 3 and 6 months, respectively, in subjects consuming the n -3-enriched foods. These increases were positively associated with measures of arterial compliance and negatively associated with serum CRP and urinary 11-dehydro-TXB 2 excretion. Sustainable increases in dietary intakes and erythrocyte levels of n -3 long-chain PUFA can be achieved through regular consumption of suitably enriched processed foods. Such increases may be associated with reduced CV risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-03-2011
DOI: 10.1136/EBM1197
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2008
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-06-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12061767
Abstract: Dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are believed to contribute to pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine if a diet high in red and processed meat and refined grains (HMD) would elevate plasma concentrations of protein-bound AGEs compared with an energy-matched diet high in whole grain, dairy, nuts and legumes (HWD). We conducted a randomized crossover trial with two 4-week weight-stable dietary interventions in 51 participants without type 2 diabetes (15 men and 36 women aged 35.1 ± 15.6 y body mass index (BMI), 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2). Plasma concentrations of protein-bound Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), Nε-(1-carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL) and Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The HMD significantly increased plasma concentrations (nmol/mL) of CEL (1.367, 0.78 vs. 1.096, 0.65 p 0.01 n = 48) compared with the HWD. No differences in CML and MG-H1 between HMD and HWD were observed. HMD increased plasma CEL concentrations compared with HWD in in iduals without type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-06-2020
Abstract: The protective effect of obesity on bone health has been challenged by studies that link visceral adiposity to poor bone microarchitecture in young obese men and women. In postmenopausal women, the role of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on bone turnover markers (BTMs) has not been investigated. The aim was to investigate the impact of VAT on BTMs, total bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid levels (1-84 PTH) levels in postmenopausal women. A total of 76 lean and overweight women (without osteoporosis) underwent VAT measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA). Blood s les were analyzed for serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP), 1–84 PTH and vitamin D (25 hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D) levels. VAT volumes ranged from 91 to 3392 cm3 and body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.3 to 53.9 kg/m2. Women in the highest VAT quartile had significantly lower CTX-1, 25(OH)D, osteocalcin and the highest BMD (p 0.05, for all). While VAT positively associated with BMD, after controlling for BMI, VAT was a negative predictor of BMD (β = 0.368, p 0.05). VAT was an independent negative predictor of CTX-1 (β = −0.263, p 0.05) and osteocalcin levels (β = −0.277, p 0.05). Among all measures of adiposity, VAT was the strongest independent determinant of BMD and BTMs. In clinical settings, VAT, and not BMI, may be a sensitive predictor of bone health in obese women.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-10-2008
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 20-07-2010
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.C3393
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512002322
Abstract: Red meat intake has been frequently associated with the development of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes but vegetable protein has been associated with protection from these diseases. Whether this is related to the protein per se or to the increased polyunsaturated fat or higher fibre levels associated with more vegetarian diets is not clear. High protein diets are associated with greater satiety and in some studies are associated with greater weight loss compared with high carbohydrate diets especially in an ad libitum design. These diets also lower plasma triglyceride and blood pressure and sometimes spare lean mass. There appear to be no harmful effects of high protein diets on bone density or renal function in weight loss studies.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-01-2006
Abstract: It is speculated that high saturated fat very low carbohydrate diets (VLCARB) have adverse effects on cardiovascular risk but evidence for this in controlled studies is lacking. The objective of this study was to compare, under isocaloric conditions, the effects of a VLCARB to 2 low saturated fat high carbohydrate diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk. Eighty three subjects, 48 ± 8 y, total cholesterol 5.9 ± 1.0 mmol/L, BMI 33 ± 3 kg/m 2 were randomly allocated to one of 3 isocaloric weight loss diets (6 MJ) for 8 weeks and on the same diets in energy balance for 4 weeks: Very Low Fat (VLF) (CHO:Fat:Protein %SF = 70:10:20 3%), High Unsaturated Fat (HUF) = (50:30:20 6%), VLCARB (4:61:35 20%) Percent fat mass loss was not different between diets VLCARB -4.5 ± 0.5, VLF-4.0 ± 0.5, HUF -4.4 ± 0.6 kg). Lean mass loss was 32-31% on VLCARB and VLF compared to HUF (21%) (P 0.05). LDL-C increased significantly only on VLCARB by 7% (p 0.001 compared with the other diets) but apoB was unchanged on this diet and HDL-C increased relative to the other 2 diets. Triacylglycerol was lowered by 0.73 ± 0.12 mmol/L on VLCARB compared to -0.15 ± 0.07 mmol/L on HUF and -0.06 ± 0.13 mmol/L on VLF (P 0.001). Plasma homocysteine increased 6.6% only on VLCARB (P = 0.026). VLCARB lowered fasting insulin 33% compared to a 19% fall on HUF and no change on VLF (P 0.001). The VLCARB meal also provoked significantly lower post prandial glucose and insulin responses than the VLF and HUF meals. All diets decreased fasting glucose, blood pressure and CRP (P 0.05). Isocaloric VLCARB results in similar fat loss than diets low in saturated fat, but are more effective in improving triacylglycerols, HDL-C, fasting and post prandial glucose and insulin concentrations. VLCARB may be useful in the short-term management of subjects with insulin resistance and hypertriacylglycerolemia.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-03-2021
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202103.0637.V1
Abstract: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency may be a catalyst in the process of endothelial dysfunction, an early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim was to determine the acute effect of an oral Mg supplement compared to control on endothelieal function assessed by flow-mediated-dilatation (FMD). Nineteen participants (39 years, body mass index (BMI) 22.9kg/m2) completed this randomised cross-over study. Blood pressure (BP) and FMD were measured and blood s les taken before participants drank 200ml water with or without an over the counter Mg supplement (450mg and 300mg for men and women). Measurements were repeated at 60 and 120 minutes. There was a statistically significant two-way interaction between treatment and time on serum Mg (p = .037). A difference of -0.085mm in FMD was observed 60 minutes post drink in the control group compared to baseline FMD, and no difference was observed in the supplement group compared to baseline. Despite the non-significant interaction between treatment and time on FMD, the difference seen in the control group and the lack of change in the supplement group at 60 minutes post-drink suggests that Mg may attenuate the reduction in FMD post-prandially.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1038/439266B
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-02-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU11030492
Abstract: Background/objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in reproductive-aged women. Weight management is a first-line treatment for PCOS according to international evidence-based guidelines. However, the factors associated with attrition or success in weight loss interventions are not known for women with PCOS. The objective of this study was to identify characteristics associated with attrition and weight loss success in women with PCOS and overweight or obesity undergoing weight loss interventions. Methods: Four randomised controlled clinical weight loss trials comprising energy restricted diets and/or exercise interventions of 2–8 months duration. The interventions were conducted over 2001–2007 in outpatient clinical research centres with n = 221 premenopausal women with PCOS and overweight/obesity recruited through community advertisement. The main outcome measures were attrition and ≥5% weight loss at 2 months and study completion. Results: Weight loss was 5.7 ± 2.9 kg at 2 months and 7.4 ± 5.3 kg after study completion (p 0.001). Attrition was 47.1% and ≥5% weight loss occurred in 62.5% and 62.7% of women at 2 months and study completion respectively. Baseline depressive symptoms (OR 1.07 95% CI 0.88, 0.96, p = 0.032) and lower appointment attendance by 2 months (OR 0.92 95% CI 0.88, 0.96, p 0.001) were independently associated with attrition. Lower appointment attendance over the whole study was independently associated with not achieving ≥5% weight loss at study completion (OR 0.95 95% CI 0.92, 0.99, p = 0.020). Conclusions: Despite high attrition, successful weight loss was achieved by 63% of women with PCOS in a clinical research setting. Higher baseline depressive symptoms were associated with greater attrition and higher appointment attendance was associated with lower attrition and greater weight loss success. These finding have implications for development of successful weight management programs in PCOS.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JACC.2007.08.050
Abstract: This study was designed to compare the effects of an energy-reduced, isocaloric very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat (VLCHF) diet and a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on weight loss and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes. Despite the popularity of the VLCHF diet, no studies have compared the chronic effects of weight loss and metabolic change to a conventional HCLF diet under isocaloric conditions. A total of 88 abdominally obese adults were randomly assigned to either an energy-restricted (approximately 6 to 7 MJ, 30% deficit), planned isocaloric VLCHF or HCLF diet for 24 weeks in an outpatient clinical trial. Body weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipids, insulin, apolipoprotein B (apoB), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at weeks 0 and 24. Weight loss was similar in both groups (VLCHF -11.9 +/- 6.3 kg, HCLF -10.1 +/- 5.7 kg p = 0.17). Blood pressure, CRP, fasting glucose, and insulin reduced similarly with weight loss in both diets. The VLCHF diet produced greater decreases in triacylglycerols (VLCHF -0.64 +/- 0.62 mmol/l, HCLF -0.35 +/- 0.49 mmol/l p = 0.01) and increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (VLCHF 0.25 +/- 0.28 mmol/l, HCLF 0.08 +/- 0.17 mmol/l p = 0.002). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased in the HCLF diet but remained unchanged in the VLCHF diet (VLCHF 0.06 +/- 0.58 mmol/l, HCLF -0.46 +/- 0.71 mmol/l p < 0.001). However, a high degree of in idual variability for the LDL response in the VLCHF diet was observed, with 24% of in iduals reporting an increase of at least 10%. The apoB levels remained unchanged in both diet groups. Under isocaloric conditions, VLCHF and HCLF diets result in similar weight loss. Overall, although both diets had similar improvements for a number of metabolic risk markers, an HCLF diet had more favorable effects on the blood lipid profile. This suggests that the potential long-term effects of the VLCHF diet for CVD risk remain a concern and that blood lipid levels should be monitored. (Long-term health effects of high and low carbohydrate, weight loss diets in obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome www.anzctr.org.au ACTR No. 12606000203550).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-10-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S00774-010-0225-9
Abstract: The role of dietary protein in bone health has been controversial. On the one hand, a plentiful supply of dietary amino acids has been considered important to support bone remodeling while on the other hand there have been concerns that the dietary acid load associated with protein consumption promotes hypercalciuria and loss of bone calcium stores. This article reviews the effect of dietary protein on bone mass and bone density, and the effect on markers of bone resorption and formation and also on fracture risk, looking at both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and examining both meat and vegetable protein including soy and milk basic protein. The results are not entirely consistent and suggest that the interaction between dietary protein and other components in a mixed diet, such as calcium intake and vegetables and fruit to neutralize acid, are important and may determine whether high-protein diets are beneficial to bone health. Overall the results suggest that dietary protein has a modest beneficial effect on bone markers and bone density. This effect has yet to be consistently linked to reduced fracture risk, probably because of the role of other etiological factors such as the risk of falls. There is not enough evidence currently to suggest that animal protein is superior or inferior to vegetable protein, or that milk or soy protein, respectively, is more favorable than other protein sources.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
Abstract: Dietary salt is related to blood pressure (BP), and cardiovascular disease and increased sodium intakes have been shown to impair vascular function. The effect of salt on endothelial function postprandially is unknown. The aim was to investigate the postprandial effect of dietary salt on endothelial function as measured by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and peripheral arterial tonometry in healthy subjects. Sixteen healthy, normotensive subjects received a meal with added salt (HSM 65 mmol Na) and a control low-salt meal (LSM 5 mmol Na) on 2 separate occasions in a randomized order. Endothelial function was measured while fasting and postprandially at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min by using FMD and reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry. BP was also measured. Baseline FMD, reactive hyperemia index (RHI), and BP values were similar across interventions. Overall FMD was reduced 2 h postprandially. FMD was significantly more impaired after the HSM than after the LSM at 30 min [HSM (mean ± SD): 3.39 ± 2.44% LSM: 6.05 ± 3.21% P < 0.01] and at 60 min (HSM: 2.20 ± 2.77% LSM: 4.64 ± 2.48% P < 0.01). No significant differences in BP or RHI were observed between meals. An HSM, which reflects the typical amount of salt consumed in a commonly eaten meal, can significantly suppress brachial artery FMD within 30 min. These results suggest that high salt intakes have acute adverse effects on vascular dilatation in the postprandial state. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=335115 as ACTRN12610000124033.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-01-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2007.07.002
Abstract: Structured weight loss programs such as those using meal replacements are associated with both short-term and long-term weight loss, but the effectiveness of structured weight loss programs using whole foods has not been established. The primary aim of the present study was to retrospectively establish self-reported weight status in women, 3 years after participation in a 12-week food based structured weight loss program monitored by dietitians. The secondary aim was to determine which factors were associated with successful weight loss maintenance. Eighty-five of the 100 participants who completed the 12-week program participated in an 18-question telephone interview which included self-reported weight. Weight loss from baseline was 3.8 (S.D. 5.5) kg (4.4 (S.D. 6.1) %) (P < 0.001). Overall, 61% of participants weighed less than at baseline, 13% had gained weight, and the remaining 26% had maintained their baseline weight. From baseline, 37 (44%) participants had a clinically important weight loss of ≥ 5%, and were, on average, 9.8 (S.D. 4.2) % lighter (P < 0.001). The remaining 48 (56%) participants (weight loss < 5%) were not significantly different to their weight at baseline (P = 0.77). We conclude that a food based structured weight loss program monitored by dietitians, as defined by this intervention, was associated with long-term weight loss maintenance.:
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-08-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.RBMO.2012.07.013
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. The effect of weight loss on the vascular inflammatory markers plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is unknown. Overweight women with (n=14) and without (n=13) PCOS of comparable age and body mass index undertook an 8-week weight-loss programme. Women with PCOS had elevated PAI-1, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 before and after weight loss compared with the controls. For all women, sVCAM-1 (P=0.026) and sICAM-1 (P=0.04) decreased with weight loss. Women with PCOS have elevated inflammatory markers, which are partially reduced by weight loss.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2019.04.013
Abstract: Two medication change protocols were tested, both based on haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), with one protocol also accounting for hypoglycaemic events. The aim was to compare the two protocols during intermittent energy restriction (5:2 diet). Forty-two adults with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7% [53 mmol/mol], BMI of ≥27 kg/m There was a significant difference in change in the number of hypoglycaemic events between fixed and adjusted protocols (-1.0 vs. -3.5 P = 0.04). Over 60% of participants on the adjusted protocol had no hypoglycaemic events. This pilot study demonstrates the importance of assessing the risk of hypoglycaemia before starting a 5:2 diet and that the adjusted medication protocol is likely the best option for patients at risk. This study has been registered with the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) www.anzctr.org.au and given the registration number ACTRN12617000512325.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-06-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-01-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2006-2336
Abstract: Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. It is unknown whether overweight women with and without PCOS achieve similar benefits from weight loss for cardiovascular risk factors. Method: Overweight body mass index-matched women with (n = 15) and without (n = 17) PCOS (weight, 95.3 ± 17.6 kg body mass index, 35.6 ± 5.3 kg/m2, mean ± sd) followed an 8-wk weight loss regime. Results: All subjects had similar reductions in weight (3.9 ± 3.6 kg, 3.8%, vs. 4.5 ± 4.1 kg, 4.7%, respectively, for PCOS and non-PCOS), waist circumference, fat mass, triglycerides, free testosterone, and fasting and postprandial insulin. At baseline, C-reactive protein (CRP) between groups was not significantly different (5.5 ± 3.1 mg/liter for PCOS vs. 4.9 ± 3.0 mg/liter for non-PCOS). There was a significant interaction between PCOS status and CRP (P = 0.016) such that CRP decreased with weight loss for non-PCOS women (−1.2 ± 1.8 mg/liter P = 0.025) but not for PCOS women. For all women, the change in CRP correlated with the change in weight (r = 0.560 P = 0.003), fat mass (r = 0.477 P = 0.016), and postprandial insulin (r = 0.402 P = 0.046). Adiponectin, IL-6, and TNF-α were not significantly different between groups before or after weight loss. Only subjects with baseline CRP levels below the median (4.52 mg/liter) showed increases in adiponectin (0.98 ± 1.3 μg/liter) (P = 0.015) and greater reductions in triglycerides (P = 0.001) with weight loss. Conclusion: A 4–5% weight loss improved lipid, glucose, and insulin profiles in women with and without PCOS. This degree of weight loss was not effective in lowering CRP concentrations in PCOS women, suggesting that greater weight loss is required in this group to achieve equivalent cardiovascular benefit to non-PCOS women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2009.09.002
Abstract: Escalating costs of pharmaceuticals for cardiovascular management highlight the need to develop effective lifestyle intervention programs to reduce reliance on these agents. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of a Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention Program (CLIP) compared with qualitative lifestyle advice (L) and Simvastatin plus qualitative lifestyle (S+L) on cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-five overweight adults with hypercholesterolemia were randomised to either L (qualitative advice on diet, exercise), S+L (20 mg/day Simvastatin plus L) or CLIP (6500 kJ structured menu plan: conventional and functional foods contributing <10% energy from saturated fat, ≥3 g soluble fibre, 2.4 g plant sterols, oily fish ≥2 times/week at lunch and dinner, plus exercise advice and self monitoring) for 6 weeks. LDL-cholesterol was lowered in CLIP (-0.57±0.67 mmol/L, 15%) and S+L (-1.43±0.59 mmol/L, 37%), but did not change significantly in L (-0.17±0.59, 4%) (P 0.05, all). Blood pressure changes were not different between groups. The structured CLIP program was more effective than qualitative lifestyle advice in improving weight, waist circumference and LDL-cholesterol without adverse effects on plasma carotenoids over a 6 week period. This program may therefore assist in comprehensive risk factor management, although the sustainability of these benefits needs confirmation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S11883-007-0063-Y
Abstract: Protein is more satiating than carbohydrate or fat, and high-protein diets (25%-35% of energy) are commonly used for weight loss. High-protein diets usually replace carbohydrate with protein and may be low or high in saturated fat. Invariably, serum triglyceride is lower with the lower intake of carbohydrate, but the effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are strongly dependent on the amount of carbohydrate restriction and the intake of saturated fat, and in some cases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may rise despite weight loss. In situations of weight stability, higher intakes of protein are associated with lower blood pressures, and in diabetic patients higher intakes of protein are associated with lower glycosylated hemoglobin. The overall effect on long-term atherosclerosis risk is not clear, as the current limited epidemiology provides conflicting data.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2006.241
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-04-2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-05-2008
Abstract: To test the dose-response effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) of plant sterols (PS) from different sources in a low-fat spread. Dose responses of soybean oil (BO), tall oil (TO) and a mix of tall oil and rapeseed oil (TO/RP) as fatty acid esters were tested in a parallel design in free-living subjects recruited from the general community who had elevated cholesterol concentrations. Subjects received either control for 6 weeks or 1.6 g PS per day for 3 weeks, then 3.0 g/day for 3 weeks. LDL-c was lowered significantly by consumption of 1.6 g/day of PS (-10.4%, range -7.3 to -11.4%). Increasing the dose to 3.0 g/day modestly reduced LDL-c concentrations further to -14.7%. TO, containing 78% sitosterol, produced an increase in serum sitosterol of 6.5 nmol/ml, while BO, containing only 27% c esterol, produced an increase in serum c esterol of 9.5 nmol/ml in 6 weeks. After PS withdrawal, serum sterols declined by 50% within 2 weeks. Different PS sources were equally effective in lowering serum LDL-c concentrations. The decrease in absolute concentrations of LDL-c was dependent on the baseline concentrations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-04-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1464-5491.2011.03451.X
Abstract: Sustainability of healthy lifestyle behaviours following participation in a research-based supervised lifestyle intervention programme is often poor. This study aimed to document factors reported by overweight and obese in iduals with Type 2 diabetes as enhancing or impeding sustainability of lifestyle behaviours following participation in such a programme. Thirty patients who completed a 16-week research-based supervised lifestyle intervention programme, incorporating a structured energy restricted diet with or without supervised resistance-exercise training underwent a semi-structured qualitative interview about their experiences in maintaining programme components after 1 year. Participants maintained 8.8 ± 8.9 kg of the 13.9 ± 6.6 kg weight loss achieved with the research-based supervised lifestyle intervention programme. Only 23% of participants indicated continuation of the complete diet programme. Desire for 'variety' (33%) and increased portion size (27%) were the most commonly reported reasons for discontinuation. Participants who undertook supervised exercise training during the programme indicated access to appropriate programmes/facilities (38%), more affordable gym membership (21%) and having a personal trainer/motivator (17%) would have facilitated exercise continuation. In overweight and obese in iduals with Type 2 diabetes, success of the research-based supervised lifestyle intervention programme was perceived as being primarily due to high levels of professional support and supervision, the discontinuation of which subsequently presented difficulties. The interview data provide insight into what people experience following the completion of a research-based intensive lifestyle intervention programme and suggest that programmes assembled for research purposes with the emphasis on compliance may not necessarily promote sustainable change.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1093/JN/NXAB384
Abstract: Postmenopausal women with higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) present with suppressed bone resorption (lower C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen CTX-1) and turnover (lower osteocalcin) but whether this blunts the effect of calcium is unknown. The primary outcome of this study was the effect of VAT on changes in CTX-1 after intake of 2 forms of calcium. Secondary outcomes included changes in parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Randomized open three period crossover trial conducted between 2017 and 2019 at the University of South Australia among 77 lean and overweight postmenopausal women (53-79 y) with BMI 27 kg/m2, respectively. Participants received a single dose of milk (1000 mg calcium), calcium carbonate tablet (1000 mg calcium), and fruit juice (no calcium) in random order with a 7-d washout period. Blood s les were collected at baseline and hourly for 5 h. Data was analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA of log-transformed data. At baseline, women with higher VAT had significantly lower CTX-1 and higher PTH (44% lower and 30% higher, respectively, between Q4 and Q1, P < 0.0001). VAT had no influence on the acute changes in CTX-1 or PTH with calcium or juice. A suppression of 44% in CTX-1 was seen with calcium carbonate and milk and a suppression of 18% with juice. PTH was suppressed more with calcium carbonate (47%) compared to milk (22%). Milk calcium reduced PTH and CTX-1 at 2 h, whereas calcium carbonate reduced PTH in 1 h. The suppression in CTX-1 was slower with lowest concentrations at 4-5 h. Intake of 1000 mg calcium from milk or from calcium carbonate is effective in acutely suppressing bone resorption in postmenopausal women irrespective of visceral fat. This trial is registered at www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12617000779370.aspx as ACTRN 12617000779370).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90200-Z
Abstract: Fourteen women and five men participated in a 20-week controlled, cross-over trial of the interaction of simvastatin, an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, with high and low fat diets. Simvastatin was found to be just as effective at lowering LDL cholesterol whether the subjects were on a 22% fat diet or a 38% fat diet (25% and 29% falls, respectively). Nevertheless, the lowest cholesterol levels were achieved by combining simvastatin with a low fat diet, the latter adding a further 5% reduction in plasma cholesterol. Simvastatin plus a low or high fat diet increased HDL cholesterol by 10.0% and 2.9% respectively (P = 0.003 overall) and reduced triglyceride concentration by 15.9% and 19% respectively (P less than 0.001). Significant diet-drug interactions were seen in LDL and HDL3 cholesterol. Simvastatin blunted the effect of dietary fat change so that the difference in LDL cholesterol, which was 0.71 mmol/l between high and low fat in the absence of simvastatin, was only 0.22 mmol/l with simvastatin. On a high fat diet, simvastatin produced almost no rise in HDL3 cholesterol whereas on a low fat diet HDL3 cholesterol was increased by 8.8% with simvastatin. The cholesterol content of VLDL and LDL were significantly reduced by simvastatin. The effects of diet and drug on apoproteins A-I and B resembles those on HDL and LDL cholesterol. The findings show interactions between simvastatin and dietary fat which have a bearing on the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-03-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1750-3841.2007.00314.X
Abstract: In order to determine whether milk proteins interact with cocoa polyphenols to modulate the uptake and concentration of polyphenols in plasma, 24 middle-aged men and women consumed 2 g of chocolate polyphenols, plus sugar and cocoa butter in 200 mL water, on 2 occasions. On 1 occasion, the chocolate mix contained 2.45 g of milk proteins. Blood s les were taken fasting and at regular intervals for 8 h. Catechin and epicatechins levels were measured in these s les and no differences were seen in average concentrations between the 2 treatments. Milk protein caused a slight increase in concentration at the early time points and a decrease at the later time points. In conclusion, milk powder did not influence the average concentration of polyphenols. While it slightly accelerated absorption, this is of no physiological significance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2014.12.012
Abstract: To determine the dietary predictors of central blood pressure, augmentation index and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Participants were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and had PWV and/or pulse wave analysis performed. Dietary intake was measured using the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies Version 2 Food Frequency Questionnaire. Serum lipid species and carotenoids were measured, using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, as biomarkers of dairy and vegetable intake, respectively. Associations were determined using linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. PWV (n = 95) was inversely associated with reduced fat dairy intake (β = -0.01 95% CI -0.02, -0.01 p = 0 < 0.05) in particular yoghurt consumption (β = -0.04 95% CI -0.09, -0.01 p = 0 < 0.05) after multivariate adjustment. Total vegetable consumption was negatively associated with PWV in the whole cohort after full adjustment (β = -0.04 95% CI -0.07, -0.01 p < 0.05). In idual lipid species, particularly those containing 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0 and 17:1 fatty acids, known to be of ruminant origin, in lysophosphatidylcholine, cholesterol ester, diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and triacylglycerol classes were positively associated with intake of full fat dairy, after adjustment for multiple comparisons. However, there was no association between serum lipid species and PWV. There were no dietary predictors of central blood pressure or augmentation index after multivariate adjustment. In this cohort of subjects with diabetes reduced fat dairy intake and vegetable consumption were inversely associated with PWV. The lack of a relationship between serum lipid species and PWV suggests that the fatty acid composition of dairy may not explain the beneficial effect.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00187-0
Abstract: C reactive protein (CRP) values in blood are a good indicator of the likelihood of acute coronary and cerebral events in both healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. This indicates that atherosclerotic lesions rich in inflammatory cells and cytokines are more likely to produce acute events either through vasospasm and/or thrombosis and also can be readily detected through elevations in CRP when measured using a high sensitivity assay (hsCRP). However the arterial wall is only one potential source of cytokines which induce CRP production. Fat cells also produce cytokines, in particular IL-6 which induces the synthesis of CRP by the liver. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is associated with elevations of hsCRP. This may be of pathogenic significance as CRP stimulates the uptake of LDL by macrophages, induces complement activation which may cause cellular damage in the artery, and enhances monocyte production of tissue factor, thus enhancing the risk of thrombosis. Caloric restriction and weight loss lowers IL-6 and CRP levels and may beneficially suppress an immune response. Whether particular dietary macronutrients or micronutrients alter IL-6 or CRP is unknown but this issue is clearly becoming more important.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2004
Abstract: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by idiopathic fatigue of greater than 6 months' duration with postexertional exacerbation and many other symptoms. A trend toward relative hypocortisolism is described in CFS. Twin and family studies indicate a substantial genetic etiologic component to CFS. Recently, severe corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) gene mutations have been associated with CFS in isolated kindreds. Human leukocyte elastase, an enzyme important in CBG catabolism at inflammatory sites, is reported to be elevated in CFS. We hypothesized that CBG gene polymorphisms may act as a genetic risk factor for CFS. A total of 248 patients with CFS defined by Centers for Disease Control criteria, and 248 controls were recruited. Sequencing and restriction enzyme testing of the CBG gene coding region allowed detection of severe CBG gene mutations and a common exon 3 polymorphism (c.825G-->T, Ala-Ser224). Plasma CBG levels were measured in 125 CFS patients and 198 controls by radioimmunoassay. Total and free (calculated and measured) cortisol levels were ascertained in single s les between 8-10 a.m. The age of onset (mid 30s) and gender ratio (2.2:1, female:male) of the patients were similar to those reported in U.S. epidemiologic studies. A trend toward a preponderance of serine224 homozygosity among the CFS patients was noted, compared with controls (chi2 = 5.31, P = 0.07). Immunoreactive-CBG (IR-CBG) levels were higher in Serine/Alanine (Ser/Ala) than Ala/Ala subjects and higher again in Ser/Ser subjects, this effect was strongest in controls Ser/Ser: 46.1+/-1.8 (n = 31, P = 0.03) vs. Ser/Ala: 42.4+/-1.0 (n = 56, P = 0.05) vs. Ala/Ala: 40.8+/-1.7 microg/mL (n = 21). Despite higher CBG levels, there was a nonsignificant trend toward lower total and free plasma cortisol in serine allele positive patients, total cortisol: Ser/Ser: 13.3+/-1.4 (n = 34) vs. Ser/Ala: 14.0+/-0.7 (n = 66) vs. Ala/Ala: 15.4+/-1.0 (n = 23). Homozygosity for the serine allele of the CBG gene may predispose to CFS, perhaps due to an effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function related to altered CBG-cortisol transport function or immune-cortisol interactions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Abstract: We investigated in a clinical setting whether increased intake of linoleic acid alters respiratory function in 26 mild asthmatics. Subjects completed a 16-week-dietary intervention comprising 8 weeks eating an enriched n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet (9.2% energy from linoleic acid) and consuming either a high monounsaturated or saturated fat diet in a random cross-over resign for 8 weeks. Neither FEV1 nor PC20 values changed significantly after increased linoleic acid consumption when compared with the other diets. Increased consumption of linoleic acid caused a 20% rise (p < or = 0.01) in plasma linoleic acid, a 38% decrease (p < or = 0.01) in plasma eicosapentaenoic acid, but no change in arachidonic acid. There were no changes in symptom scores or bronchodilator use.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1152/AJPREGU.00360.2004
Abstract: Small size at birth has been associated with an increased risk of central obesity and reduced lean body mass in adult life. This study investigated the time of onset of prenatally induced obesity, which occurs after maternal feed restriction, in the guinea pig, a species that, like the human, develops substantial adipose tissue stores before birth. We examined the effect of maternal feed restriction [70% ad libitum intake from 4 wk before to midpregnancy, then 90% until day 60 gestation (term ∼69 days)] on fetal growth and body composition in the guinea pig. Maternal feed restriction reduced fetal (−39%) and placental (−30%) weight at 60 days gestation and reduced liver, biceps muscle, spleen, and thymus weights, relative to fetal weight, while relative weights of brain, lungs, and interscapular and retroperitoneal fat pads were increased. In the interscapular depot, maternal feed restriction decreased the volume density of multilocular fat and increased that of unilocular fat, resulting in an increased relative weight of interscapular unilocular fat. Maternal feed restriction did not alter the relative weight of perirenal fat or the volume density of adipocyte populations within the depot but increased unilocular lipid locule size. Maternal feed restriction in the guinea pig is associated with decreased weight of major organs, including liver and skeletal muscle, but increased adiposity of the fetus, with relative sparing of unilocular adipose tissue. If this early-onset obesity persists, it may contribute to the metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction that these offspring of feed-restricted mothers develop as adults.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Abstract: It is currently unclear whether altering the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of low-fat, energy-restricted diets augments weight loss and cardiometabolic risk markers. The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared energy-restricted, isocaloric, high-protein, low-fat (HP) diets with standard-protein, low-fat (SP) diets on weight loss, body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), satiety and appetite, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Systematic searches were conducted by using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify weight-loss trials that compared isocalorically prescribed diets matched for fat intake but that differed in protein and carbohydrate intakes in participants aged ≥18 y. Twenty-four trials that included 1063 in iduals satisfied the inclusion criteria. Mean (±SD) diet duration was 12.1 ± 9.3 wk. Compared with an SP diet, an HP diet produced more favorable changes in weighted mean differences for reductions in body weight (-0.79 kg 95% CI: -1.50, -0.08 kg), fat mass (FM -0.87 kg 95% CI: -1.26, -0.48 kg), and triglycerides (-0.23 mmol/L 95% CI: -0.33, -0.12 mmol/L) and mitigation of reductions in fat-free mass (FFM 0.43 kg 95% CI: 0.09, 0.78 kg) and REE (595.5 kJ/d 95% CI: 67.0, 1124.1 kJ/d). Changes in fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, blood pressure, and total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol were similar across dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.20). Greater satiety with HP was reported in 3 of 5 studies. Compared with an energy-restricted SP diet, an isocalorically prescribed HP diet provides modest benefits for reductions in body weight, FM, and triglycerides and for mitigating reductions in FFM and REE.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00733-X
Abstract: Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) facilitates reverse cholesterol transport via HDL-C and this activity may be increased in obese subjects. In normal weight subjects the Taq1B variant of the CETP gene is associated with lower CETP activity and higher HDL-C. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the Taq1B polymorphism and HDL-C in obese women before and after weight loss. A total of 245 women (41 with type 2 diabetes) were genotyped for the Taq1B variant. Plasma lipids, insulin, glucose and oral glucose tolerance were also measured before and after weight loss. When all subjects were examined together the Taq1B genotype was not associated with HDL-C. However, when non-diabetic subjects were ided by median fasting insulin, a strong linear association was observed between Taq1B genotype and HDL-C in subjects below median for fasting insulin (B1B1 1.19+/-0.07 mmol/l, B1B2 1.35+/-0.06, B2B2 1.71+/-0.09, P<0.000). This association was not observed in subjects with fasting insulin above median or subjects with type 2 diabetes, either before or after weight loss. Therefore, the B2B2 genotype is associated with elevated HDL-C in obese women with low fasting insulin only. Improved insulin sensitivity during weight loss did not change this relationship in women with high fasting insulin or type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-004-0513-Z
Abstract: The cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterol esters (PSteE) or stanol esters (PStaE) in regular- and low-fat spreads has been consistently demonstrated, while their effectiveness in a low-fat, aqueous food carrier such as milk and yoghurt is less well established. Two studies were carried out to assess the cholesterol-lowering effect of PSteE-enriched low-fat milk and PSteE- and PStaE-enriched low-fat yoghurt in modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects (total cholesterol between 5-7.5 mmol/l). Study one was a single blind crossover design with 4 phases of 3-week interventions. Subjects consumed 300 ml/d of placebo or PSteE-milk (2.0 g plant sterols/d) alone or combined with 25 g/d of placebo or PSteE-spread. Study two was a fully randomised, double blind crossover design with 3 phases of 3-week interventions. Subjects consumed 2 portions (150 g tubs each) of placebo, PSteE-yoghurt (1.8 g plant sterols/d) or PStaE-yoghurt (1.7 g plant stanols/d). In study one 39 subjects (21 men and 18 women) and in study two 40 subjects (17 men and 23 women) completed the dietary intervention. In study one, PSteE-milk and PSteE-spread were equally efficacious in lowering total and LDL-cholesterol as compared to placebo by 6-8% and 8-10%, respectively. No significant additional cholesterol-lowering was observed with the combination of PSteE-milk and PSteE-spread (4 g plant sterols/d). PSteE-enriched milk and the combination of PSteE-enriched milk plus spread both lowered lipid-adjusted serum beta-carotene concentrations by 10-14% (P < 0.02),while the PSteE-rich spread alone did not significantly alter serum beta-carotene levels. In study two, the PSteE- and PStaE-enriched yoghurts reduced LDL-cholesterol significantly compared to placebo by 0.27 +/- 0.05 mmol/l (6%) and 0.23 +/- 0.05 mmol/l (5%), respectively. In both studies, there was no effect on HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Plant sterols in the form of their esters when provided in lowfat milk and yoghurt are effective in lowering total and LDL-cholesterol.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2019.03.022
Abstract: We investigated the effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adults (N = 137) with type 2 diabetes (mean [SD] HbA1c level, 7.3% (56 mmol/mol) [1.3%] [14.2 mmol/mol]) were randomised to one of two diets for 12 months. The intermittent group (n = 70) followed a 2100-2500 kJ (500-600 kcal) diet 2 non-consecutive days/week and their usual diet for 5 days/week. The continuous group (n = 67) followed a 5000-6300 kJ (1200-1500 kcal) diet for 7 days/week. Follow-up occurred at 24 months, 12 months after the completed intervention. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c and the secondary outcome was weight loss. Intention-to-treat analysis showed an increase in mean [SEM] HbA1c level at 24 months in both the continuous and intermittent groups (0.4% [0.3%] vs 0.1% [0.2%] respectively P = 0.32) (4.4 [3.3 mmol/mol] vs 1.1 [2.2 mmol/mol] P = 0.32), with a between-group difference of 0.3% (90% CI, -0.31 to 0.83%) (3.3 mmol/mol [90% CI, -3.2 to 9.1 mmol/mol]) outside the prespecified boundary of ± 0.5% (5.5 mmol/mol), so statistical equivalence was not shown. Weight loss was maintained (P < 0.001) at -3.9 kg [1.1 kg] in both groups at 24 months, with a between-group difference of 0.07 kg (90% CI, -2.5 to 2.6 kg) outside the prespecified boundary of ±2.5 kg. There were no significant differences between groups in body composition, fasting glucose levels, lipid levels, or total medication effect score at 24 months, which remained less than baseline. In this prospective analysis weight loss was maintained but despite this HbA1c increased to above baseline levels in both groups.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 14-09-2011
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 03-2002
Abstract: OBJECTIVE—To determine the effect of a high-protein (HP) weight loss diet compared with a lower-protein (LP) diet on fat and lean tissue and fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Replacing dietary protein for carbohydrate (CHO) during energy restriction and weight loss has been effective in sparing lean mass and improving insulin sensitivity in obese subjects but has not been tested in subjects with type 2 diabetes. We compared an HP diet (28% protein, 42% CHO, 28% fat [8% saturated fatty acids, 12% monounsaturated fatty acids, 5% polyunsaturated fatty acids]) with an LP diet (16% protein, 55% CHO, 26% fat [8% saturated fatty acids, 11% monounsaturated fatty acids, 5% polyunsaturated fatty acids]) in 54 obese men and women with type 2 diabetes during 8 weeks of energy restriction (1,600 kcal) and 4 weeks of energy balance. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 0 and 12. RESULTS—Overall, weight loss of 5.2 ±1.8 kg was achieved independently of diet composition. However, women on the HP diet lost significantly more total (5.3 vs. 2.8 kg, P=0.009) and abdominal (1.3 vs. 0.7 kg, P=0.006) fat compared with the women on the LP diet, whereas, in men, there was no difference in fat loss between diets (3.9 vs. 5.1 kg). Total lean mass decreased in all subjects independently of diet composition. LDL cholesterol reduction was significantly greater on the HP diet (5.7%) than on the LP diet (2.7%) (P & 0.01). CONCLUSIONS—Both dietary patterns resulted in improvements in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile as a consequence of weight loss. However, the greater reductions in total and abdominal fat mass in women and greater LDL cholesterol reduction observed in both sexes on the HP diet suggest that it is a valid diet choice for reducing CVD risk in type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-06-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Abstract: Higher-protein weight-loss diets (defined as >25% of energy as protein) are not recommended for in iduals with type 2 diabetes because of their potential adverse effect on renal function. We aimed to examine the effect of such diets on renal function over 12 mo in people with type 2 diabetes and early renal disease. Overweight and obese people with type 2 diabetes were screened to identify those with an albumin:creatinine ratio from 3 to 30 mg/mmol. Seventy-six subjects were randomly assigned to either a moderate-protein weight-loss diet or a standard-protein weight-loss diet for 12 mo. The primary endpoint was the change in renal function as assessed by the isotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR), estimated GFR, and cystatin C. Forty-five subjects (moderate protein: n = 21 standard protein: n = 24) completed the study. The mean (±SE) weight loss was not different between diets at 9.7 ± 13.4 kg for the moderate-protein diet and 6.6 ± 7.1 kg for the standard-protein diet. There were no changes in renal function or albuminuria or blood pressure, although glycated hemoglobin was lowered with both diets. Changes in renal function were related to the baseline estimated GFR. Patients with stage 1-3 renal disease ( 120 mL · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2) n = 12) had a decrease in the GFR. After adjustment for weight loss, the baseline GFR remained a significant predictor of outcomes with no effect of dietary treatment. An average difference in protein intake between diets of 19 ± 6 g/d was achieved. Weight loss improved renal function, but differences in dietary protein had no effect. This trial was registered at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Register as ACTRN12608000045314.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 06-1999
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal diet for improving glucose and lipid profiles in obese patients with type 2 diabetes during moderate energy restriction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 35 free-living obese patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned to one of three 1,600 kcal/day diets for 12 weeks. The diets were high carbohydrate (10% fat, 4% saturated), high monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (32% fat, 7% saturated), or high saturated fat (SFA) (32% fat, 17% saturated). RESULTS: Diet composition did not affect the magnitude of weight loss, with subjects losing an average of 6.6 +/- 0.9 kg. Energy restriction and weight loss resulted in reductions in fasting plasma glucose (-14%), insulin (-27%), GHb (-14%), and systolic (-7%) and diastolic blood pressure (-10%) levels and the glucose response area (-17%) independent of diet composition. Diet composition did affect the lipoprotein profile. LDL was 10% and 17% lower with the high-carbohydrate and high-MUFA diets, respectively, whereas no change was observed with the high-SFA diet (P & 0.001 for effect of diet). HDL was transiently reduced on the high-carbohydrate diet at weeks 1, 4, and 8, whereas higher fat consumption maintained these levels. The total cholesterol:HDL ratio, although significantly reduced on the high-MUFA diet (P & 0.01), was not different from the other two diets after adjustment for baseline differences. CONCLUSIONS: Energy restriction, independent of diet composition, improves glycemic control however, reducing SFA intake by replacing SFA with carbohydrate or MUFA reduces LDL maximally during weight loss and to a greater degree than has been shown in weight-stable studies.
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0488
Abstract: We tested the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay using the WIL2-NS human B lymphoblastoid cell line as a biomarker of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cecal water from rats and fecal water from humans. Cecal water was assessed in rats fed either a diet rich in fat, low in calcium and fiber, and barbecued red meat as the protein source (high colorectal cancer risk diet) or a diet high in fiber and calcium, low in fat, and casein as the protein source (low colorectal cancer risk diet) for 2 weeks. There was a significant 7.6-, 1.8-, and 4.0-fold increase in binucleated (BN) cells with micronuclei (Mn-BN), BN cells with nucleoplasmic bridges (Npb-BN), and necrotic cells (P & 0.001) with 1-h incubation with a 10% dilution of the cecal water isolated from rats fed the high colorectal cancer risk diet compared with rats fed the low colorectal cancer risk diet. In humans, fecal water s les collected from feces of free-living volunteers showed that 24-h exposure to 1% dilution of fecal water produced a significant 2.6-, 6.5-, 7.5-, and 2.2-fold increase in Mn-BN, Npb-BN, BN cells with nuclear buds, and necrotic cells compared with controls (P & 0.05). The coefficients of variations for interin idual differences for Mn-BN, Npb-BN, BN cells with nuclear buds, and necrosis biomarkers were greater than corresponding coefficients of variations for intrain idual variation. These results indicate that the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay can be used successfully to determine the interin idual variation in genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cecal or fecal water and to identify dietary patterns that are likely to increase carcinogenic events in the colon. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007 (12):2676–80)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 31-08-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012004016
Abstract: To identify food sources of Na in a group of community-dwelling women in Adelaide, South Australia. A secondary aim was to measure Na excretion in this group. Survey. Community setting, Adelaide, South Australia. Seventy healthy women (mean age 48·6 ( sd 8·1) years, mean BMI 28·6 ( sd 6·3) kg/m 2 ) living in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia and participating in a validation study of an FFQ. Dietary intake was derived from two 4 d weighed food records. Foods from the 4 d weighed food records were grouped according to foods or food groups to establish contributors to Na intake. Na excretion was measured in two 24 h urine s les. Completeness of urine collections was verified using creatinine excretion. Bread alone contributed 19·0 % of Na intake, with an overall contribution from the breads and cereals group of 32·5 %. Meat products contributed 14·4 % of intake, the dairy and eggs group (excluding cheese) 9·6 % and combination dishes (e.g. pizza, quiche, sandwiches and stir fry dishes) 8·4 %. Na excretion was 126 ( sd 42) mmol/d, i.e. approximately 7·6 ( sd 2.5) g salt/d. Seventy per cent of participants ( n 48) had Na excretion ≥100 mmol/d (146 ( sd 34) mmol/d). Effective Na reduction could be achieved by reducing the amount in staple foods such as bread and meat products.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2007
Abstract: To investigate appetite responses over 4 h to fructose beverages in obese men, relative to glucose and whey protein. Second, to investigate the effect of combining whey and fructose on postprandial appetite hormones. Randomized, double-blind crossover study of four beverages (1.1 MJ) containing 50 g of whey, fructose, glucose or 25 g whey+25 g fructose. Blood s les and appetite ratings were collected for 4 h then a buffet meal was offered. Twenty-eight obese men (age: 57.0+/-1.6 years, body mass index: 32.5+/-0.6 kg/m(2)). Plasma ghrelin (total), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 7-36), cholecystokinin-8, glucose, insulin and appetite ratings were assessed at baseline and 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 min after beverages, followed by measurement of ad libitum energy intake. Fructose produced lower glycaemia and insulinaemia compared to the glucose treatment (P 0.05). In obese men, fructose- and glucose-based beverages had similar effects on appetite and associated regulatory hormones, independent of the differing glycaemic and insulinaemic responses. The contrasting profile of plasma ghrelin, GLP-1 and cholecystokinin after whey protein consumption did not impact on ad libitum intake 4 h later and was attenuated when 50% of whey was replaced with fructose.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-1995
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199502000-00005
Abstract: Although considerable evidence shows that high levels of antioxidant vitamins are associated with protection against LDL oxidation and cardiovascular disease, the only randomized trial performed to date has failed to show any benefit. However, modest doses were used and higher doses may be required to show clinical effects.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2012.09.032
Abstract: During weight loss, erythrocyte thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) decreased (221±52 to 195±39 nmol/L, P<0.05) on a diet with adequate thiamine (1.1 mg/day) but was unchanged (217±55 vs 218±52 nmol/L, NS) on a high thiamine diet (2.8 mg/day). Attention to thiamine status may be required in patients with diabetes after weight loss.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2009.08.008
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of prescriptive lifestyle advice with quantifiable dietary and physical goals compared to general lifestyle advice on weight and psychological outcomes in young women with overweight or obesity. A total of 203 women (body mass index 33.3+/-0.3, age 28+/-0.3 years) received either prescriptive or general lifestyle advice for weight loss over 12 weeks. Linear mixed models found that the prescriptive lifestyle advice group had significantly greater weight loss (4.2+/-0.4 kg vs 0.6+/-0.2 kg, P<0.001) compared to the general lifestyle advice group. However, the prescriptive lifestyle advice group also had greater attrition (48% vs 31%, P<0.05) compared to the general lifestyle advice group. Linear mixed models found that the prescriptive lifestyle advice group had greater improvement in psychological distress (-3.0+/-0.04 vs -1.1+/-0.01, P<0.05) and in self-esteem (3.2+/-0.8 vs -0.04+/-0.04, P<0.001) compared to the general lifestyle advice group. Changes in psychological distress and self-esteem remained significantly different between groups after correcting for weight loss. Food cravings decreased significantly over time without group differences (P 0.05). Drop-outs had greater baseline psychological distress (15.1+/-0.7 vs 12.5+/-0.4, P<0.01) and higher food cravings (2.42+/-0.07 vs 2.24+/-0.05, P=0.049) compared to completers. In conclusion, a prescriptive approach is associated with greater weight loss and greater improvements in psychological outcomes in young women compared to general lifestyle advice. However, these quantitative targets should be accompanied with qualitative advice on how they could be met in a variety of circumstances.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 09-2007
Abstract: Body fat mass and nutrition influence secretion of the adrenocortical hormones--aldosterone and cortisol--via several mechanisms. However, there are no data on adrenocortical function following widely prescribed mild diet-induced weight loss (10%) in obese subjects. In the present study, 25 healthy obese volunteers (BMI 32.9+/-4.3 kg/m (2)) followed a 30% calorie restricted diet over 12 weeks. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function was assessed by 24-hour urine free cortisol/cortisone and a 1 mcg ACTH stimulation test with measurement of total and free cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was assessed by measurement of plasma aldosterone and renin under salt depleted (30 mmol/d) and loading (250 mmol/d) conditions. Volunteers' weight fell by 8.5+/-0.8 kg (8.9+/-0.7%) and seated systolic blood pressure fell by 8.7+/-2.7 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 7.0+/-1.4 mmHg (p<0.01). Plasma aldosterone and renin levels fell significantly with weight loss (aldosterone: 853+/-156-635+/-73 pmol/l renin: 35.4+/-7-24+/-3 mU/l, both p<0.05). The volunteers were relatively salt insensitive (mean arterial pressure change with salt intake: 4 mmHg) and this was not affected by weight loss. Moderate weight loss had no effect on 24-hour urine free cortisol/cortisone, or on basal, or ACTH-stimulated free and total cortisol, or CBG. Hence this conventional weight loss program reduces blood pressure and activity of the RAAS via an effect on renin release. Despite various described influences of fat mass and energy restriction on HPA axis function, there were no changes in basal and stimulated HPA axis function with moderate weight loss. There may be a threshold effect of weight loss/energy restriction required to alter HPA axis function, or moderate weight loss may lead to a counterbalanced effect of stimulatory and inhibitory influences on HPA axis function.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2009.05.003
Abstract: Very low carbohydrate ad libitum diets have been shown to enhance weight loss without increasing cardiometabolic risk factors but no kilojoule-controlled trials have been conducted relative to no intervention. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in weight and other cardiovascular risk factors in 3 isocaloric energy-restricted diets to no-intervention control after 1 year. One hundred and thirteen subjects (age 47 ± 10 years, BMI 32 ± 6 kg/m(2) with one additional cardiovascular risk factor) were randomly allocated to one of three isocaloric diets (VLC-very low carbohydrate, 60% fat, 4% carbohydrate, n=30 VLF-very low fat, 10% fat, n = 30 HUF-high unsaturated fat, 30% fat, n = 30) with intensive support for 3 months followed by minimal support for 12 months compared to a control group (no intervention, n = 23). The estimated weight change was -3.0 ± 0.2 kg for VLC, -2.0 ± 0.1 kg for VLF, -3.7 ± 0.01 kg for HUF and 0.8 ± 0.5 kg for controls (P=0.065). After correcting for baseline values, decreases in body weight and diastolic blood pressure in the diet groups (-2.9 ± 5.2) were significantly different to the increase in the control group (0.8 ± 5.0) (P<0.05). No differences in cardiovascular risk factors were observed between the diet groups. Significant cardiometabolic risk factor reduction was observed equally with VLC, VLF and HUF diets after 15 months, compared to an exacerbation of risk factors in the control group. At a modest level of adherence, 3 months of intensive support on these dietary patterns confer an improvement in cardiometabolic profile compared to no dietary intervention after 15 months.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINTHERA.2014.10.009
Abstract: Although recent reports suggest an association between saxagliptin and an increased risk of admissions for heart failure, it is not clear whether dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition contributes to heart failure in high-risk patients. The purpose of this research is to understand heart failure risk among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. This is a systematic review of data published in full papers and abstract form using the terms DPP-IV inhibitors and heart failure published since October 2013. Data from insurance and hospital databases were combined with those from multiple published trials, including the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 53 (SAVOR-TIMI 53) trial Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Alogliptin Versus Standard of Care (EXAMINE), and Vildagliptin in Ventricular Dysfunction Diabetes (VIVIDD) trial as well as pooled analyses of linagliptin and saxagliptin placebo-controlled trials to examine heart failure among patients represented in those datasets. A meta-analysis of the 9 datasets showed an increase in heart failure with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors of 15% (P = 0.017). There was no statistical heterogeneity, nor was there a statistical difference between cohort studies and randomized, controlled trials (P = 0.3), even though cohort studies alone were not significant (relative risk: 1.1 P = 0.32). Removing SAVOR-TIMI 53 data produced an insignificant increase in heart failure of 12% (P = 0.09) in the rest of the studies. In the randomized, controlled trials, the increased risk was 24% (P = 0.002). There was no statistical difference between those studies with and without baseline cardiovascular disease (P = 0.58), although the cardiovascular disease studies were borderline significant (P = 0.06). There was no publication bias. There are data from studies using sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin showing that these agents may increase the risk of hospitalization for heart failure. More data are required for a definitive conclusion.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-03-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-012-0338-0
Abstract: To compare the effects of two low-fat, hypoenergetic diets differing in carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, on strength and aerobic capacity measures in overweight and obese men. In a parallel design, 56 men (age, 45.5 ± 8.7 years BMI, 33.6 ± 3.9 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to a low-fat, energy-restricted diet (7,000 kJ/day) with either high protein (HP: protein/carbohydrate/fat % energy, 35:40:25) or standard protein (SP, 17:58:25). Body weight, body composition, muscle strength and aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Forty-two participants completed the study (HP, n = 21 SP, n = 21). Both groups experienced similar reductions in body weight (HP, -10.7 ± 5.3 kg [-9.8%] SP, -8.7 ± 3.5 kg [-8.4%]) and fat-free mass (HP, -2.8 ± 3.6 kg SP, -3.2 ± 2.7 kg P 0.14 time × group interaction). There was a trend for a greater reduction in fat mass in the HP diet group, (-7.7 ± 4.3 kg [-21.2%] vs. -5.4 ± 3.3 kg [-15.1%] P < 0.001 time P = 0.06 time × group interaction). Absolute peak oxygen uptake did not change in either group (P = 0.39 time P = 0.50 time × group interaction). Overall, in both groups, relative peak oxygen uptake increased (2.9 ± 2.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1) [8.9%]), peak isometric knee extensor strength increased (14.1 ± 35.7 Nm [7.1%]) and peak handgrip strength decreased (-1.6 ± 4.1 kg [-3%]) (P ≤ 0.02 time for all), with no diet effect (P ≤ 0.23 time × group interaction). In overweight and obese men, both a HP and SP diet reduced body weight and improved body composition with similar effects on strength and aerobic capacity.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-08-2009
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-05-2021
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202105.0640.V1
Abstract: Evidence supports an association between low magnesium (Mg) intake and coronary heart disease and between Mg intake and endothelial function. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of one week of Mg supplementation on endothelial function, assessed by flow mediated dilatation (FMD). Nineteen healthy men and women completed this cross-over pilot study in which participants were randomised to take an over-the-counter magnesium supplement for one week or to follow their usual diet. Weight, FMD and blood pressure (BP) were taken on completion of each intervention and 24hour urine collections and blood s les were taken to assess compliance. Baseline serum Mg was within normal range for all participants. Urinary Mg and urinary magnesium-creatinine ratio (Mg/Cr) significantly increased between interventions, (p = 0.03, p = 0.005 respectively). No significant differences in FMD or BP were found between the interventions. A significant negative correlation was seen between age and FMD (r = -0.496, p = 0.031). When adjusted for age, saturated fat was negatively associated with FMD (p = 0.045). One week of Mg supplementation did not improve FMD in a healthy population.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2008-0751
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-03-2021
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202103.0729.V1
Abstract: Evidence supports an association between low magnesium (Mg) intake and coronary heart disease and between Mg intake and endothelial function. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of one week of Mg supplementation on endothelial function, assessed by flow mediated dilatation (FMD). Nineteen healthy men and women completed this cross-over pilot study in which participants were randomised to take an over-the-counter magnesium supplement for one week or to follow their usual diet. Weight, FMD and blood pressure (BP) were taken on completion of each intervention and 24hour urine collections and blood s les were taken to assess compliance. Baseline serum Mg was within normal range for all participants. Urinary Mg and urinary magnesium-creatinine ratio (Mg/Cr) significantly increased between interventions, (p = 0.03, p = 0.005 respectively). No significant differences in FMD or BP were found between the interventions. A significant negative correlation was seen between age and FMD (r = -0.496, p = 0.031). When adjusted for age, saturated fat was negatively associated with FMD (p = 0.045). One week of Mg supplementation did not improve FMD in a healthy population.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 11-02-2010
DOI: 10.2337/DC09-1974
Abstract: To evaluate the effects of two low-fat hypocaloric diets differing in the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, with and without resistance exercise training (RT), on weight loss, body composition, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 83 men and women with type 2 diabetes (aged 56.1 ± 7.5 years, BMI 35.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, energy-restricted diet (female subjects 6 MJ/day, male subjects 7 MJ/day) of either standard carbohydrate (CON carbohydrate:protein:fat 53:19:26) or high protein (HP 43:33:22), with or without supervised RT (3 days/week) for 16 weeks. Body weight and composition, waist circumference (WC), and cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed. Fifty-nine participants completed the study. There was a significant group effect (P ≤ 0.04) for body weight, fat mass, and WC with the greatest reductions occuring in HP+RT (weight [CON: −8.6 ± 4.6 kg, HP: −9.0 ± 4.8 kg, CON+RT: −10.5 ± 5.1 kg, HP+RT: −13.8 ± 6.0 kg], fat mass [CON: −6.4 ± 3.4 kg, HP: −6.7 ± 4.0 kg, CON+RT: −7.9 ± 3.7 kg, HP+RT: −11.1 ± 3.7 kg], and WC [CON: −8.2 ± 4.6 cm, HP: −8.9 ± 3.9 cm, CON+RT: −11.3 ± 4.6 cm, HP+RT: −13.7 ± 4.6 cm]). There was an overall reduction (P & 0.001) in fat-free mass (−2.0 ± 2.3 kg), blood pressure (−15/8 ± 10/6 mmHg), glucose (−2.1 ± 2.2 mmol/l), insulin (−4.7 ± 5.4 mU/l), A1C (−1.25 ± 0.94%), triglycerides (−0.47 ± 0.81 mmol/l), total cholesterol (−0.67 ± 0.69 mmol/l), and LDL cholesterol (−0.37 ± 0.53 mmol/l), with no difference between groups (P ≥ 0.17). An energy-restricted HP diet combined with RT achieved greater weight loss and more favorable changes in body composition. All treatments had similar improvements in glycemic control and CVD risk markers.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-08-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-11-2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200402000-00007
Abstract: Low-fat high-carbohydrate diets for weight loss have been challenged by alternative dietary approaches such as low-carbohydrate, high-protein or low glycaemic index. This review summarizes recent evidence on short-term metabolic effects and long-term adherence. Very low carbohydrate freely fed diets containing less than 60 g carbohydrate per day appear more effective at inducing weight loss over 6 months than low-fat kilojoule-controlled diets although long-term compliance to both are equally poor. The LDL-cholesterol level did not increase in most studies and triglyceride levels fell dramatically in all studies, although none of the studies measured lipids in energy balance. Direct comparisons of the long-term efficacy and safety of low-fat and low-carbohydrate ad libitum diets are needed. High-protein diets with moderate levels of both fat and carbohydrate and diets low in glycaemic load are emerging dietary strategies, with medium-term benefits having been demonstrated in in iduals with insulin resistance. Diets low in glycaemic index require larger studies to establish their efficacy for weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk reduction. A variety of dietary approaches to achieve weight loss are consistent with metabolic improvements in cardiovascular risk in the short term. Long-term efficacy may depend on the intensity of education and frequency of follow-up more than the dietary composition per se.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.FERTNSTERT.2008.12.003
Abstract: To determine the effects of weight loss on heart rate recovery (HRR) in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A 10-week prospective clinical intervention. Clinical research unit. Fifty-seven overweight and obese women with PCOS (age: 29.8 +/- 0.8 years body mass index [BMI] 36.2 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2)). A dietary plan of 5-6 MJ/day ( approximately 30% energy restricted). Heart rate recovery (defined as the reduction in heart rate after 1 minute from peak heart rate after a graded treadmill test to exhaustion), weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and sex steroids before and after the intervention. The mean percentage of weight loss was (-6.7 +/- 0.4%). There were significant reductions in waist circumference (-6.9 +/- 0.6 cm), blood pressure (-4.9/-2.5 +/- 1.2/1.2 mm Hg), fasting insulin (-3.4 +/- 0.7 mU/L), fasting glucose (-0.17 +/- 0.05 mmol/L), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-0.43 +/- 0.09), T (-0.38 +/- 0.07 nmol/L), free androgen index (-2.86 +/- 0.58), and an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG] (5.86 +/- 1.12 nmol/L). The HRR improved from 30.9 +/- 1.1 to 38.0 +/- 1.1 beats/min and that was related to the reduction in body weight (r = -0.34) and waist circumference (r = -0.27). Weight loss in overweight and obese women with PCOS is associated with improvements in HRR, which suggests improved autonomic function. This highlights the importance of weight loss to reduce the cardiovascular disease risk in these women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-05-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.PATHOL.2018.10.013
Abstract: There is a large amount of controversy relating dietary fat intake and coronary artery disease. It has been strongly suggested that saturated fat is not harmful and that polyunsaturated fat is either not beneficial or even harmful. Given that dietary lipids and fibre can influence serum lipids which are strongly linked to the risk of coronary artery disease I have reviewed recent evidence linking diet and serum lipids to confirm a diet-heart disease link. Over 84 studies have been included in a recent meta-analysis and meta-regression which examined the effects of changes in fat type on lipid levels. An absolute 1% reduction in saturated fat or trans fat intake as a percentage of energy with replacement by n-6 polyunsaturated fat would lead to a reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 0.05 mmol/L. In most Western countries the difference in intake between the highest quintile and the lowest quintile of saturated fat is about 7%, so moving from the highest to the lowest quintile should lower LDL cholesterol by 0.35 mmol/L or about 10%. This change should lower cardiovascular disease rates by at least 10%. Replacing this amount of saturated fat with carbohydrate of average quality would lower LDL cholesterol by 0.21 mmol/L and increase fasting triglyceride by 0.17 mmol/L. This combination of effects would have a neutral effect on cardiovascular disease rates. However, replacement of trans fat appears to reduce disease rates and total mortality. Substituting low glycaemic index carbohydrates for high glycaemic index carbohydrates will lower triglyceride by 15-25% and reduce cardiovascular risk. Large doses of fish oil will lower triglyceride with a mean lowering of 0.45 mmol/L for a 3.5 g/day amount. Large doses of soluble fibre (3.5-7.0 g/day) lower LDL cholesterol by 0.2-0.35 mmol/L with Konjac glucomannan being the most effective per gram. Plant sterols or stanols lower LDL cholesterol by about 10% for a 2 g/day dose, while exercise and weight loss lower cardiovascular risk predominantly by lowering fasting triglyceride. In conclusion, diet lowers LDL cholesterol and triglyceride and dietary changes should be ultimately linked to a reduced risk of heart disease.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2000
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200002000-00010
Abstract: Although weight loss is associated with improvements in the plasma lipid profile, factors other than weight loss per se are involved. Energy restriction resulting in even modest weight loss suppresses endogenous cholesterol synthesis, which contributes to observed decline in circulating lipid concentrations. Whether in iduals have stabilized weight or are still actively losing weight affects the magnitude of LDL cholesterol reduction as well as the direction of HDL cholesterol change. Hence, it is important to consider the timing of lipid measurements in the interpretation of the plasma lipid response to weight loss. Another important factor is the dietary composition of the weight loss strategy, with evidence that dietary fatty acid profile and amount can differentially influence the lipid response similar to that observed in energy balance studies. Other issues such as gender, and exercise during weight loss are also relevant. However, whether the lipid changes that are observed in the short term are sustained in the long term and whether the manner of weight loss has any impact on long-term outcomes remains to be determined.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-12-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510003983
Abstract: The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein low-cholesterol, HPLchol) on plasma lipids, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in in iduals with type 2 diabetes. A total of sixty-five participants with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (age 54·4 ( sd 8·2) years BMI 34·1 ( sd 4·8) kg/m 2 LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 2·67 ( sd 0·10) mmol/l) were randomised to either HPHchol or HPLchol. Both hypoenergetic dietary interventions (6–7 MJ 1·4–1·7 Mcal) and total carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 40:30:30 % were similar but differed in cholesterol content (HPHchol, 590 mg cholesterol HPLchol, 213 mg cholesterol). HPHchol participants consumed two eggs per d, whereas HPHchol participants replaced the eggs with 100 g of lean animal protein. After 12 weeks, weight loss was 6·0 ( sd 0·4) kg ( P 0·001). LDL-C and homocysteine remained unchanged. All the subjects reduced total cholesterol ( − 0·3 ( sd 0·1) mmol/l, P 0·001), TAG ( − 0·4 ( sd 0·1) mmol/l, P 0·001), non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C, − 0·4 ( sd 0·1) mmol/l, P 0·001), apo-B ( − 0·04 ( sd 0·02) mmol/l, P 0·01), HbA1c ( − 0·6 ( sd 0·1) %, P 0·001), fasting blood glucose ( − 0·5 ( sd 0·2) mmol/l, P 0·01), fasting insulin ( − 1·7 ( sd 0·7) mIU/l, P 0·01), systolic blood pressure ( − 7·6 ( sd 1·7) mmHg, P 0·001) and diastolic blood pressure ( − 4·6 ( sd 1·0) mmHg P 0·001). Significance was not altered by diet, sex, medication or amount of weight loss. HDL-C increased on HPHchol (+0·02 ( sd 0·02) mmol/l) and decreased on HPLchol ( − 0·07 ( sd 0·03) mmol/l, P 0·05). Plasma folate and lutein increased more on HPHchol ( P 0·05). These results suggest that a high-protein energy-restricted diet high in cholesterol from eggs improved glycaemic and lipid profiles, blood pressure and apo-B in in iduals with type 2 diabetes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-08-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NUTD.2012.11
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2007.03.222
Abstract: This study compared the psychological effects of a low-protein high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet and a high-protein low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diet in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Twenty-five overweight women with PCOS were matched for age, weight, and whether they were trying to conceive. They were randomly allocated to the LPHC or HPLC diet for 16 weeks. All participants attended a weekly exercise, group support and educational program. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale were administered at the beginning and end of the study. The HPLC diet was associated with significant reduction in depression and improvement in self-esteem. There was no change in any psychological measures for the LPHC group. There was no difference in weight loss between the groups. Due to enhanced feelings of well-being, it is possible that HPLC diets may be associated with better compliance and hence be more successful in the long term treatment of obesity.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-09-2021
Abstract: Weight-loss after gestational diabetes (GDM) lowers the risk of type-2 diabetes (T2DM). Intermittent energy restriction (IER) produces comparable weight-loss to continuous energy restriction (CER), but long-term adherence remains difficult in this population. This exploratory secondary analysis of a 12-month trial comparing IER to CER following GDM examined weight-loss and dietary quality associated with barriers to weight-loss or T2DM risk perception as assessed in a Likert scale questionnaire at baseline. The participants had a median (IQR) BMI of 32.6 (9.4) kg/m2 and 3 (4) years postpartum (n = 121). Forty-five percent (n = 54) of the participants thought they were at a high risk of developing T2DM. Greater affordability of healthy food was related with greater weight-loss at 3 months (p = 0.044, n = 85). At 12 months, there was no significant relationship between weight-loss and the barriers to weight-loss (p 0.05). CER had superior improvement in dietary quality at 12 months (CER 11 ± 10, IER 6 ± 5.6, n = 42, p = 0.05). Under the Theoretical Domains Framework, the barriers were predominantly related to behavioral regulation (n = 83, 69% n = 76, 63%) and environmental context and resources (n = 67, 56%). Interventions for diabetes prevention in this population should include behavioral regulation strategies, consider the family home environment, and ensure that the risk of T2DM is conveyed. Women choosing IER may benefit from education to improve their dietary quality.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 09-2005
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2005-0701
Abstract: Increasing dietary protein relative to carbohydrate and fat enhances weight loss, at least in part by increasing satiety. The mechanism for this is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of isocaloric test meals with differing protein to fat ratios on fasting and postprandial ghrelin, insulin, glucose, appetite, and energy expenditure before and after weight loss on the respective dietary patterns. The study design was a randomized parallel design of 12 wk of weight loss (6 MJ/d) and 4 wk of weight maintenance (7.3 MJ/d) with meals administered at wk 0 and 16. The study was performed at an out-patient research clinic. Fifty-seven overweight (body mass index, 33.8 +/- 3.5 kg/m2) hyperinsulinemic men (n = 25) and women (n = 32) were studied. High-protein/low-fat (34% protein/29% fat) or standard protein/high-fat (18% protein/45% fat) diets/meals were given. The main outcome measures were weight loss and fasting and postprandial ghrelin, insulin, glucose, appetite, and energy expenditure before and after weight loss. Weight loss (9.2 +/- 0.7 kg) and improvements in fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose occurred independently of diet composition. At wk 0 and 16, subjects wanted less to eat after the high-protein/low-fat than the standard protein/high-fat meal (P = 0.02). Fasting ghrelin increased (157.5 +/- 3.4 pg/ml or 46.6 +/- 1.0 pmol/liter P < 0.001), and the postprandial ghrelin response improved with weight loss (P = 0.043) independently of diet composition. Postprandial hunger decreased with weight loss (P = 0.018) and was predicted by changes in fasting and postprandial ghrelin (r2 = 0.246 P = 0.004). Lean mass was the best predictor of fasting (r2 = 0.182 P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin (r2 = 0.096 P = 0.039) levels. Exchanging protein for fat produced similar weight loss and improvements in metabolic parameters and ghrelin homeostasis. The reduced appetite observed with increased dietary protein appears not to be mediated by ghrelin homeostasis.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-05-2012
Abstract: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present with vascular abnormalities, including elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction. There is limited evidence for the effect of lifestyle modification and weight loss on these markers. The aim of this study was to determine if 20 weeks of a high-protein energy-restricted diet with or without exercise in women with PCOS could improve endothelial function. This is a secondary analysis of a subset of 50 overweight/obese women with PCOS (age: 30.3 ± 6.3 years BMI: 36.5 ± 5.7 kg/m(2)) from a previous study. Participants were randomly assigned by computer generation to one of three 20-week interventions: diet only (DO n = 14, ≈ 6000 kJ/day), diet and aerobic exercise (DA n = 16, ≈ 6000 kJ/day and five walking sessions/week) and diet and combined aerobic-resistance exercise (DC n = 20, ≈ 6000 kJ/day, three walking and two strength sessions/week). At Weeks 0 and 20, weight, markers of endothelial function [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)], insulin resistance and hormonal profile were assessed. All three treatments resulted in significant weight loss (DO 7.9 ± 1.2%, DA 11.0 ± 1.6%, DC 8.8 ± 1.1 P < 0.001 for time P = 0.6 time × treatment). sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and PAI-1 levels decreased with weight loss (P≤ 0.01), with no differences between treatments (P ≥ 0.4). ADMA levels did not change significantly (P = 0.06). Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and the free androgen index (FAI) and insulin resistance also improved (P < 0.001) with no differences between treatments (P ≥ 0.2). Reductions in sVCAM-1 were correlated to reductions in testosterone (r = 0.32, P = 0.03) and FAI (r = 0.33, P = 0.02) as well as weight loss (r= 0.44, P = 0.002). Weight loss was also associated with reductions in sICAM-1 (r= 0.37, P = 0.008). Exercise training provided no additional benefit to following a high-protein, hypocaloric diet on markers of endothelial function in overweight/obese women with PCOS.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-10-2020
DOI: 10.3390/DIABETOLOGY1010003
Abstract: As a general physician with an interest in endocrinology, more than half of my patients have type 2 diabetes invariably accompanied by obesity, and in almost all cases at least one complication of diabetes [...]
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.HLC.2012.04.010
Abstract: Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a co-dominantly inherited disorder that causes marked elevation in plasma cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease. There are at least 45,000 people with FH in Australia and New Zealand, but most remain undiagnosed and undertreated. To bridge this gap in coronary prevention the FH Australasia Network has developed a model of care for FH. We present the executive summary, with a commentary contrasting the recommendations with other international guidelines and highlighting the role of the cardiologist.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-10-0062
Abstract: Obesity is associated with major changes in the circulating IGF system. However, it is not clear to what extent the IGF system is normalized following diet, and the possible role of different types of diet is also unknown. To compare changes in the circulating IGF system following 12 weeks of moderate energy restriction (7000 kJ/day) in overweight or obese males on a high protein high red meat diet (HP) or a high carbohydrate diet (HC). Seventy-six men (mean age, 51±1.0 years body mass index, 32.8±0.5 kg/m 2 ) were allocated to matched groups treated with isocaloric diets of HP ( n =34) or HC ( n =42). Outcome measures were weight, body composition, IGF-related peptides, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR) and adipokines. Weight loss did not differ between diets (HP 8.5±0.6 kg HC 8.2±0.6 kg, P .05). IGF-related peptides increased total IGF1 (HP 23% HC 18%, P .0001), bioactive IGF1 (HP 18% HC 15%, P .002), IGF1:IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3 HP 29% HC 22%, P .0001) and IGFBP-1 (HP 24% HC 25%, P .01). By contrast, decreases were observed in IGFBP-3 (HP −4% HC −3%, P .01), pro-IGF2 (HP −3% HC −6%, P =0.001), total IGF2 (HP −7% HC −3%, P =0.001) and sIGF2R (HP −10% HC −6%, P .005). Only IGFBP-2 increased differentially by diet (HP 34% HC 50%, P .0001, diet P .05). Adiponectin increased in both diets, but leptin and HOMA-IR decreased ( P .001). Weight loss induced by moderate energy restriction modulated the IGF system independent of dietary protein or red meat content. The effect of diet on IGFBP-2 appeared to have limited biological effect as total IGF2 and pro-IGF2 did not change.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-12-2019
Abstract: Aim We aimed to determine if nut consumption decreases mortality and/or the risk of cardiometabolic diseases based on updated meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies. Methods. An updated electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the Cochrane Library databases for original meta-analyses to investigate the effects of nut consumption on cardiometabolic disease in humans. Results. Seven new meta-analyses were included in this updated review. Findings similar to our previous review were observed, showing that nut consumption significantly decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (−19% to −25% n = 4), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (−24% to −30% n = 3), stroke mortality (−17% to −18% n = 3), CVD incidence (−15% to −19 % n = 4), CHD [or coronary artery disease (CAD)] incidence (−17% to −34% n = 8), and stroke incidence (−10% to −11% n = 6) comparing high with low categories of nut consumption. Fasting glucose levels (0.08 to 0.15 mmol/L n = 6), total cholesterol (TC 0.021 to 0.30 mmol/L n = 10), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C 0.017 to 0.26 mmol/L n = 10) were significantly decreased with nut consumption compared with control diets. Body weight and blood pressure were not significantly affected by nut consumption. Conclusion. Nut consumption appears to exert a protective effect on cardiometabolic disease, possibly through improved concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-C.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-11-2020
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of consuming 2 eggs for breakfast 5 days per week compared with eating breakfast cereal in a randomized parallel study. Two energy-restricted diets with a similar energy content were compared over a 6-month period. One hundred and ten participants—aged 56 ± 16 years, BMI 34 ± 6 kg·m2, 84 women and 26 men—commenced and 76 completed the study, 33 in the egg group and 43 in the cereal group. Weight loss in completers was 8.1 kg ± 7.0 kg (8.8 ± 6.4%) in the egg group and 7.3 kg ± 4.0 kg (7.6 ± 4.6%) in the cereal group (p 0.001 for time) but there was no differential effect of diet (p = 0.56). Vitamin D was 55 ± 18 nmol/L at baseline rose at 3 months and fell at 6 months but remained higher than baseline (p 0.001 for time) with no difference between the groups. Vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with BMI (r = −0.22 p = 0.025) and positively with age (r = 0.26 p = 0.009), and change in Vitamin D was positively correlated with weight change at 3 and 6 months (r = 0.46 and r = 0.41 both p 0.001). In a post-hoc analysis of obese participants there was an effect of time (p 0.01) and a time by diet interaction (p 0.04), such that participants in the egg group maintained the increase in Vitamin D levels at 6-months. There was no effect on glucose and no adverse effects on total and LDL cholesterol, which did not change. In conclusion, both diets achieved clinically meaningful weight loss. There were no adverse effects on LDL-cholesterol, and there may be a beneficial effect on Vitamin D in people with obesity but this remains to be investigated in a prospective study.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S11883-011-0208-X
Abstract: Meat protein is associated with an increase in risk of heart disease. Recent data have shown that meat protein appeared to be associated with weight gain over 6.5 years, with 1 kg of weight increase per 125 g of meat per day. In the Nurses' Health Study, diets low in red meat, containing nuts, low-fat dairy, poultry, or fish, were associated with a 13% to 30% lower risk of CHD compared with diets high in meat. Low-carbohydrate diets high in animal protein were associated with a 23% higher total mortality rate whereas low-carbohydrate diets high in vegetable protein were associated with a 20% lower total mortality rate. Recent soy interventions have been assessed by the American Heart Association and found to be associated with only small reductions in LDL cholesterol. Although dairy intake has been associated with a lower weight and lower insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, the only long-term (6 months) dairy intervention performed so far has shown no effects on these parameters.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9150(96)06031-5
Abstract: Combined hyperlipoproteinemia (CHL) can be difficult to treat because of the heterogeneous nature of the lipoprotein abnormalities. We compared the relative efficacies of simvastatin and gemfibrozil and sought predictors of responsiveness in terms of the baseline lipids and other potential metabolic determinants (plasma insulin, Lp(a) and apo E genotype). Sixty-six subjects entered a cross-over, randomized trial involving 12 weeks on each drug. Efficacy was assessed after 6 and 12 weeks on each treatment. Simvastatin lowered total cholesterol 24%, triglycerides 12%, LDL cholesterol 33%, raised HDL cholesterol 13% and substantially reduced the cholesterol:triglyceride ratio in VLDL and IDL. Gemfibrozil lowered total cholesterol 5%, triglycerides 44%, raised HDL 26% and reduced VLDL and IDL lipids more than simvastatin did. LDL size increased with both treatments and HDL size increased with simvastatin. Responsiveness (25% fall in cholesterol or 40% fall in triglycerides) was shown by 31/61 subjects when taking simvastatin (cholesterol-lowering) and by 44/60 taking gemfibrozil (triglyceride-lowering). Responsiveness was greatest in those with apo E2 genotype with both drugs (P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, responders to simvastatin tended to have lower baseline total cholesterol but higher triglyceride levels than those whose cholesterol or triglyceride was lowered by gemfibrozil. Nevertheless, more hypercholesterolemic subjects responded to simvastatin and more hypertriglyceridemic subjects to gemfibrozil. Lp(a) (P = 0.04) and plasma insulin concentrations (P = 0.03) were negative predictors of percentage triglyceride-lowering with gemfibrozil. The difference between the two drugs in triglyceride-lowering lessened with rising insulin and falling HDL cholesterol. Thus, the responsiveness to the two major classes of lipid lowering drugs can be partly predicted from baseline lipids and related metabolic parameters.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 06-2009
Abstract: Telomere shortening may cause genome instability and is an initiating event in colorectal cancer (CRC). Obesity is associated with reduced telomere length in lymphocytes and is a risk factor for CRC, but the impact of obesity on telomere length in the rectal mucosa is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weight loss, induced by calorie-restricted diets, on telomere length in the rectal mucosa of obese men. Midrectal biopsies were collected by sigmoidoscopy at three time points (at weeks 0, 12, and 52) during a programmed weight loss intervention. Weight was reduced by an average of 10.6 kg across the study. Telomere length, measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.13, p = 0.05) at baseline (n = 54) and increased at week 12 (four-fold increase) and week 52 (10-fold increase) (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA] p = 0.01, n = 12). Abasic sites in DNA decreased at week 12 (30% decrease) and week 52 (65% decrease) (analysis of variance [ANOVA] p = 0.02). Furthermore, gain of telomere length appeared to be greater if more weight and body fat was lost (r = -0.65, p = 0.01 and r = -0.56, p = 0.01, respectively). These results suggest that weight loss by caloric-restricted diets may contribute to the prevention of telomere shortening and DNA base damage, which are important initiating events in carcinogenesis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2008.10.006
Abstract: It is unclear whether high protein weight loss diets have beneficial effects on weight loss, abdominal fat mass, lipids, glucose and insulin compared to conventional low fat diets in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) because of elevated glucose and triglyceride concentrations. Our objective was to determine the effects of high protein (HP) compared to standard protein (SP) diets on CVD risk in obese adults. Data from three, 12 week, randomized parallel trials with subjects assigned to either HP or SP diet (5500-6500 kJ/day) were pooled. Weight, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), lipids, insulin and glucose were measured before and after weight loss. Data from 215 subjects (49.9+/-9.8 years, BMI 33.5+/-3.7 kg/m(2)), 108 HP, 107 SP were analyzed. Weight loss (HP diet 7.82+/-0.37 kg SP diet 7.65+/-0.39 kg, NS) and total fat loss were not different (HP 6.8+/-4.3 kg LP 6.4+/-4.7 kg, NS on intention to treat analysis). The reduction in triacylglycerol (TAG) was greater on HP than SP 0.48+/-0.07 mmol/L vs 0.27+/-0.06 mmol/L, (P 1.54 mmol/L at baseline) lost more weight (HP 8.5+/-0.6 SP 6.9+/-0.6 kg, P=0.01, diet by TG group), total (HP 6.17+/-0.50 kg SP 4.52+/-0.52 kg, P=0.007) and abdominal fat (HP 1.92+/-0.17 kg SP 1.23+/-0.19 kg, P=0.005) on HP. Total cholesterol (12 vs 6%, HP vs SP) and TAG (39 vs 20%, HP vs SP) decreased to a greater extent in these subjects (both P</=0.05) on HP. Short-term high protein weight loss diets had beneficial effects on total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in overweight and obese subjects and achieved greater weight loss and better lipid results in subjects at increased risk of CVD. These observations provide further information regarding the utility of this dietary approach in effectively managing body weight and composition and reducing CVD risk in overweight and obese in iduals.
No related grants have been discovered for Peter Clifton.