ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1167-1374
Current Organisation
University of South Australia
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Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-08-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-09-2019
DOI: 10.1111/CSP2.111
Publisher: Discovery Circle, University of South Australia
Date: 2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-06-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 06-01-2016
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-110615-090000
Abstract: Social media is changing how people connect, create, and share content and is an integral force shaping modern society. Given the significant environmental challenges society faces, this review considers (a) how social media is currently contributing to the development of a more sustainable society and (b) directions for future work such that researchers and practitioners may more effectively utilize this technology. At present, case studies, anecdotal evidence, and research demonstrate that social media is contributing to sustainability in erse ways including behavioral interventions utilizing social media elements social and political activism supporting/generating sustainable business practices and addressing corporate “greenwashing” increasing access to, and the potential quality of, environmental education and through citizen science projects. Although this work is promising, there is an urgent need for further and more methodologically rigorous research, which evaluates the specific impacts of social media technology on sustainability outcomes, i.e., proenvironmental knowledge, attitudes, and—in particular—behavior.
Publisher: Intellect
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1386/CC_00046_1
Abstract: Fast fashion contributes to substantial environmental and ethical impacts at every stage of the product lifecycle and is a continuously growing industry within Australia. While slow fashion exists as an environmentally sustainable fashion alternative and appears to be gaining in popularity, little is known about the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the general Australian consumer towards slow fashion. This study aimed to develop an understanding of Australian consumers’ attitudes and perceptions towards the consumption of four types of slow fashion (secondhand shopping, high-end labels, hiring garments and eco-clothing). Participants ( N = 209) completed a mixed-methods online survey. Quantitative items included a multiple-choice questionnaire on specific aspects of slow fashion knowledge, including clothing consumption, specific environmental impacts of the fashion industry and the origins and purpose of the slow fashion movement. Open-ended items were analysed for information about barriers, associated brand names and additional knowledge. Results from the multiple-choice questionnaire suggested participants possess satisfactory knowledge of fast and slow fashion however, open-ended knowledge measures did not support this. Qualitative responses indicated potential barriers to purchasing slow fashion, including a lack of interest, cost, awareness, availability and sizing, as well as highlighted brand names that consumers associate with both slow and fast fashion. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind focusing on an Australian s le. These findings will have implications for behaviour-change efforts among educators and businesses, enabling them to implement targeted strategies to promote the consumption of slow fashion among general Australian consumers.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-09-2010
DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2010.507125
Abstract: This empirical case study assessed the behavior and welfare of 2 orangutans (Pongo abelii) and 2 siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) within a mixed-species zoo exhibit. The study used instantaneous scan-s ling to record behavior, location, and interspecies proximity over 174 hr and all-occurrences data for any interactions between species. Results revealed frequent affiliative interactions between the female orangutan and siamang pair and an absence of agonistic or aggressive encounters. All in iduals used the majority of the exhibit without segregation by species. Both orangutans spent most of their time on the ground (above 70% of all scans), and low levels of foraging were identified (1-4% of scans for all in iduals). Overall, the findings support the notion that mixed-species exhibits may be enriching to the species involved through increased stimulation and opportunities for interaction. A poststudy incident also highlights the need for careful and continual monitoring of mixed-species exhibits over time.
Publisher: Springer US
Date: 2008
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-06-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1002/ZOO.21365
Abstract: Modern zoos are uniquely positioned to educate the public about environmental issues and promote conservation action. This report investigates the introduction of a donation request during an interactive fur seal presentation (as part of Melbourne Zoo's "Seal-the-Loop" initiative) on visitor satisfaction, perceptions of donation as a way to help wild fur seals, and donation behaviors. Comparisons are made between three groups surveyed upon exit: (1) viewed the interactive fur seal presentation prior to the donation request implementation (pledge-presentation: N = 86 see Mellish, Pearson, Sanders, and Litchfield [] International Zoo Yearbook 129:129-154) (2) viewed the interactive fur seal presentation including the donation request (donate-presentation: N = 82) and (3) viewed the fur seal exhibit and donation point but not the presentation and were not directly asked to make a donation (donate-exhibit: N = 82). Findings demonstrate visitor satisfaction with the interactive fur seal presentation was not negatively impacted following the implementation of the donate request (with >92% of pledge-presentation and donate-presentation visitors providing a "satisfied" or "very satisfied" rating). Only the donate-presentation visitors reported donation as a conservation action to help wild fur seals (19.18% 0% for pledge-presentation visitors). While both donate-exhibit (39.51%) and donate-presentation visitors (60.75%) self-reported making donations or intending to do so, donation behavior was significantly increased for visitors who had viewed the fur seal presentation. Findings provide preliminary support that zoos may utilize interactive educational presentations to effectively ask visitors for donations to support specific conservation projects, without negatively impacting on satisfaction and with a relatively high level of visitor engagement.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1890/120351
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-05-2023
DOI: 10.1002/CB.2182
Abstract: The social and environmental impacts of the global fashion industry face increasing scrutiny. As such, consumers and brands look towards ‘sustainable fashion’ for low‐impact alternatives. Simultaneously, visual social media platforms such as Instagram have become prevalent places for fashion advertising and discourse. To investigate this under‐researched area, the current study utilises visual content and social network analysis to explore how sustainable fashion is presented on Instagram, specifically: (a) what visual characteristics are present within sustainable fashion content, and (b) in what broader contexts and communities is discussion of sustainable fashion taking place? Posts included under the hashtag #sustainablefashion ( N = 650) were inspected for visual characteristics, including type of clothing, presence of person, post setting, presence of nature, and post format. Most posts were photographs located indoors with no person and no nature‐based elements. The hashtags used alongside #sustainablefashion were analysed with Gephi software to establish a social network and community groups of related topics. Network analysis revealed four key community groups: online‐promotional, artisan‐traditional, eco‐ethical, and Malay‐online‐selling. Secondhand fashion also appeared to be the most prominent sustainable fashion alternative on Instagram. This study is one of the first to investigate the characteristics of user‐generated #sustainablefashion content on Instagram. Whilst social media is a burgeoning avenue for research, existing studies primarily investigate how these platforms can be harnessed for advertising, rather than what users themselves are already posting. Implications for brands who use this platform and opportunities for future research are discussed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 03-07-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-04-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S10071-013-0629-8
Abstract: This paper examined the performance of dingoes (Canis dingo) on the rope-pulling task, previously used by Miklósi et al. (Curr Biol 13:763-766, 2003) to highlight a key distinction in the problem-solving behaviour of wolves compared to dogs when in the company of humans. That is, when dogs were confronted with an unsolvable task, following a solvable version of the task they looked back or gazed at the human, whereas, wolves did not. We replicated the rope-pulling task using 12 sanctuary-housed dingoes and used the Miklósi et al. (Curr Biol 13:763-766, 2003) definition of looking back behaviour to analyse the data. However, at least three different types of look backs were observed in our study. We, then developed a more accurate operational definition of looking back behaviour that was task specific and reanalysed the data. We found that the operational definition employed greatly influences the results, with vague definitions potentially overestimating the prevalence of looking back behaviour. Thus, caution must be taken when interpreting the results of studies utilising looking back as behaviour linked to assistance seeking during problem solving. We present a more stringent definition and make suggestions for future research.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 07-06-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1111/IZY.12132
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/COBI.13386
Abstract: Conservation marketing holds potential as a means to engage audiences with bio ersity conservation and help to address the human dimensions of bio ersity loss. Empirical evaluations of conservation marketing indicatives are growing, so we reviewed the literature on this research to inform future directions in the field. We used a systematic search strategy to identify studies that evaluated the effects of conservation marketing interventions (techniques and c aigns) on psychosocial outcomes, categorized as cognitive, affective, or behavioral. Six academic databases (Business Source Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Greenfile, Proquest, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collections), 3 gray‐literature databases (BASE, Zenodo, and Google Scholar), and 2 websites (Rare and WildAid) were searched. Articles were subjected to critical appraisal to assess their methodological quality, and data were extracted from each article and analyzed using narrative synthesis. Altogether 28 studies from 26 articles were included in the review. Twenty‐five studies were conducted from 2014 through 2016. Methodological quality of most studies was weak ( n = 16, 57%) (moderate quality n = 8, 29% high quality n = 4, 14%). The proportion of studies that evaluated a conservation‐marketing technique (e.g., variants of texts, images, or videos) versus a c aign (e.g., community‐based c aigns targeting locally relevant issues, such as unsustainable palm oil agriculture, light pollution, or wood fuel fire use) was relatively balanced. Although many studies reported statistically significant results in the intended direction, the utility of findings was limited by persistent methodological limitations, such as a lack of a comparator group, use of non‐validated assessment tools, and a focus on self‐reported data and subjective outcomes. Conservation marketing is clearly a nascent field of scientific enquiry that warrants further, high‐quality research investigations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2014.10.014
Abstract: Marine debris remains a global challenge, with significant impacts on wildlife. Despite this, there is a paucity of research examining public understanding about marine wildlife entanglement [MWE], particularly within an Australian context. The present study surveyed two hundred and thirteen participants across three coastal sites to assess familiarity with MWE and the effectiveness of a new community education initiative 'Seal the Loop' [STL]. Results revealed attitudes toward marine wildlife were very positive (M 40.5, SD 4.12) however 32% of participants were unable to correctly explain what MWE is and risks to wildlife were under-estimated. STL may be one method to enhance public understanding and engagement-if community familiarity with the program can be increased. For those aware of STL (<13% of the s le at the time of the study), findings revealed this was having a positive impact (e.g. learning something new, changed waste disposal behaviours).
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 21-02-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-08-2012
DOI: 10.1002/ZOO.21040
Abstract: Despite the potential dangers involved, interactions between zookeepers and captive big cats are increasing. Research with other animals, particularly nonhuman primates, suggests that closer interactions can be beneficial not only for the animals and their keepers, but also for zoo visitors. This study sought to determine whether the same benefits may apply to keeper-big cat interactions. An online questionnaire was completed by 86 keepers worldwide, assessing which types of handling (hands-on, protected, hands-off) they practice with their big cats, whether they practice training, and what their opinions of these methods are (through a series of rating scales and open-ended questions). Protected contact was the most frequently used handling method among this s le, particularly with lions, tigers, and cheetahs, and training was practiced by the majority of participants with all big cat species. Participants perceived protected contact as the most beneficial handling practice for big cats, keepers, and visitors, noting how it can allow a close bond between keeper and cat, as well as its educational value for zoo visitors. Contrastingly, concerns were raised about the use of hands-on approaches, particularly with regard to the safety of all parties involved and the potential for wrong messages to be sent to visitors. Further, training was reported to be more beneficial for each group than any handling practice, yielding similar potential benefits as protected contact. Consistent with existing information with other species, these findings will be useful in directing objective research examining the use of different handling and training methods with big cats.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-12-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2011.11.004
Abstract: Opportunities to observe non-human animals exhibiting naturalistic 'high-order' behaviour are rare. Ex les featuring canids, although often anecdotal and involving captive animals are potentially valuable, as they may provide an opportunity to examine complex problem-solving behaviour not easily observed in free-ranging settings. This paper describes observations of two captive male dingoes (Canis dingo), representing possible ex les of high-order behaviour. The first set of observations involved a sub-adult male that spontaneously (i.e., without training) learned to move objects around his enclosure, apparently to multiple ends, such as in an effort to gain the additional height required to attain objects otherwise out of reach, or to attain a better view of his surroundings. The second set of observations involved an adult male that learned to open a gate, possibly in an effort to gain access to a female. These observations add to the small number of anecdotal accounts offering a window into the cognitive abilities of canids, and the observations involving the sub-adult male appear to be the first documented cases of tool-use in a canid.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-02-2014
DOI: 10.1002/ZOO.21120
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-10-2018
DOI: 10.3390/ANI8110190
Abstract: Domestic cats (Felis catus) are popular pets worldwide and play an important role in the lives of many of their owners however, there is growing awareness of the potential negative impacts of cats. Accordingly, there is increasing interest in pet cat management, including changing the attitudes and behaviours of cat owners. The Cat Tracker citizen science project was conducted in South Australia to better understand domestic cats, their movement, and related community views. The project was deliberately designed to engage cat owners and assist them to make informed decisions about the management of their pet cats. The project collected data through an online social survey (n = 3192) and GPS tracking of pet cats (n = 428), conducted between February 2015 and September 2016. A public report was published in February 2017 and an evaluation survey (n = 410) was conducted between March and May 2017. This study evaluates the project and examines its impact on participant knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. We found that participation in the tracking activity had a statistically significant influence on participant-reported learning. For participant cat owners, we recorded statistically significant increases in the level of importance placed on containing cats (both during the day and at night). Participants reported that they changed their behaviour with existing pet cats and reported intentions to change behaviour with future pet cats. We discuss impacts beyond what we set out to measure, including impacts on project onlookers, profound impacts on participants, and how the rebound effect (which can generate negative impacts) may be avoided. We describe social science applied to citizen science and advocate for further research in this area to understand how projects can drive positive changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
Publisher: Intellect
Date: 04-2023
DOI: 10.1386/JEM_00096_1
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-03-2010
DOI: 10.1080/10888700903371863
Abstract: This case study examined the effect of environmental enrichment on the activity budgets of a male and female Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) housed together at Adelaide Zoo. Using non-food-related (intrinsic) and food-related (extrinsic) enrichment objects, the study conducted an ABABA (withdrawal) experimental design over a 30-day period (180 hr). The study expected extrinsically reinforcing objects to be more effective than intrinsically reinforcing objects in reducing pattern swimming. The male sea lion spent more than 45% of scans engaged in pattern swimming during the initial baseline, which was reduced by at least 25% when enrichment items were present. However, there was no evidence of stereotypic behavior in the female sea lion, indicating that in idual differences may exist. When enrichment was present, the study observed more active behaviors in both nonhuman animals. They spent more time interacting with the non-food-related objects overall. Therefore, introducing simple enrichment devices offers a cheap, practical, and effective method of adding complexity to the environment, which is likely to benefit the animals' welfare and enhance the zoo-visitor experience.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society
Date: 26-10-2015
Publisher: SLACK, Inc.
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20100525-05
Abstract: Clinicians should strongly consider using toolkits in their workplaces with students on clinical placement. These toolkits could include brief quizzes, crossword puzzles, vignettes, role-playing, storytelling, or reflective activities to engage students in context-specific, collaborative learning. J Contin Educ Nurs 2010 (6):244–245.
Publisher: Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society
Date: 26-12-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-08-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10071-009-0287-Z
Abstract: There is contention concerning the role that domestication plays in the responsiveness of canids to human social cues, with most studies investigating abilities of recognized domestic dog breeds or wolves. Valuable insight regarding the evolution of social communication with humans might be gained by investigating Australian dingoes, which have an early history of domestication, but have been free-ranging in Australia for approximately 3500-5000 years. Seven 'pure' dingoes were tested outdoors by a familiar experimenter using the object-choice paradigm to determine whether they could follow nine human communicative gestures previously tested with domestic dogs and captive wolves. Dingoes passed all cues significantly above control, including the "benchmark" momentary distal pointing, with the exception of gaze only, gaze and point, and pointing from the incorrect location. Dingo performance appears to lie somewhere between wolves and dogs, which suggests that domestication may have played a role in their ability to comprehend human gestures.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-07-2021
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 24-07-2013
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/ANI12131717
Abstract: Welfare and management decisions for unowned free-ranging cats in urban environments should no longer be based on knowledge about behavioural ecology of solitary cats living and breeding in more natural ‘wild’ environments. We provide evidence that urban free-ranging domestic cats in the Anthropocene have responded to rapidly changing environments, such as abundance of food and higher population densities of conspecifics by adapting their behaviour (behavioural plasticity—the ability of a genotype (in idual) to express different behaviours according to its environment) and social organisation to living in complex social groups, especially those living in colonies. Urban free-ranging cats are now more social, as demonstrated by different breeding patterns, lower infanticide, more frequent affiliative interactions in general, and different spatial groupings. We argue that this knowledge should be disseminated widely, and inform future research and strategies used to manage free-ranging cats across environments. Understanding behavioural plasticity and other recently evolved traits of domestic cats may lead to management strategies that maximise health and welfare of cats, wildlife, and humans—otherwise domestic cat behaviour may be ‘misunderstood’. Importantly, interdisciplinary research using expertise from biological and social sciences, and engaging human communities, should evaluate these management strategies to ensure they maintain optimal welfare of free-ranging domestic cats while preserving bio ersity and protecting wildcats.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-01-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-03-2011
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 04-08-2022
DOI: 10.1037/TRA0001323
No related grants have been discovered for Carla Litchfield.