ORCID Profile
0000-0003-0878-3110
Current Organisation
University of Queensland
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Plant Biology | Plant Physiology | Plant Cell and Molecular Biology | Plant Developmental and Reproductive Biology | Plant Physiology | Analytical Chemistry | Characterisation of Biological Macromolecules | Analytical Spectrometry | Horticultural Production not elsewhere classified | Genetics | Nanochemistry and Supramolecular Chemistry | Intellectual Property Law | Biotechnology Not Elsewhere Classified | Horticultural Production | Agricultural marine biotechnology | Plant biology | Population, Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics | Biological Mathematics | Gene Expression | Genetic Development (Incl. Sex Determination) | Horticultural Crop Growth and Development | Plant biochemistry | Plant physiology
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Horticultural Crops not elsewhere classified | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Forestry not elsewhere classified | Grain legumes | Field crops | Horticultural crops | Grain Legumes | Macadamias | Health related to ageing | Expanding Knowledge in Law and Legal Studies | Cancer and related disorders | Summer Grains and Oilseeds not elsewhere classified | Winter Grains and Oilseeds not elsewhere classified | Primary plant products not elsewhere classified | Expanding Knowledge in the Chemical Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences | Tropical Fruit | Expanding Knowledge in the Mathematical Sciences |
Related Links
Publications
Mutational Analysis of Branching in Pea. Evidence ThatRms1 and Rms5 Regulate the Same Novel Signal
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2001
Abstract: The fifth increased branching ramosus(rms) mutant, rms5, from pea (Pisum sativum), is described here for phenotype and grafting responses with four other rms mutants. Xylem sap zeatin riboside concentration and shoot auxin levels inrms5 plants have also been compared withrms1 and wild type (WT). Rms1 andRms5 appear to act closely at the biochemical or cellular level to control branching, because branching was inhibited in reciprocal epicotyl grafts between rms5 orrms1 and WT plants, but not inhibited in reciprocal grafts between rms5 and rms1 seedlings. The weakly transgressive or slightly additive phenotype of therms1 rms5 double mutant provides further evidence for this interaction. Like rms1, rms5rootstocks have reduced xylem sap cytokinin concentrations, andrms5 shoots do not appear deficient in indole-3-acetic acid or 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid. Rms1 andRms5 are similar in their interaction with otherRms genes. Reciprocal grafting studies withrms1, rms2, and rms5, together with the fact that root xylem sap cytokinin concentrations are reduced in rms1 and rms5 and elevated inrms2 plants, indicates that Rms1 andRms5 may control a different pathway than that controlled by Rms2. Our studies indicate thatRms1 and Rms5 may regulate a novel graft-transmissible signal involved in the control of branching.
Inhibition of strigolactones promotes adventitious root formation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.4161/PSB.20224
Apical dominance
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CUB.2017.05.024
Abstract: Barbier et al. give a quick guide to apical dominance, whereby a plant's main shoot dominates and inhibits the outgrowth of other shoots.
Phloem Transport of the Receptor DWARF14 Protein Is Required for Full Function of Strigolactones
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-09-2016
DOI: 10.1104/PP.16.01212
Integration of the SMXL/D53 strigolactone signalling repressors in the model of shoot branching regulation in Pisum sativum
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-08-2021
DOI: 10.1111/TPJ.15415
Abstract: DWARF53 (D53) in rice ( Oryza sativa ) and its homologs in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ), SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2‐LIKE 6 (SMXL6), SMXL7 and SMXL8, are well established negative regulators of strigolactone (SL) signalling in shoot branching regulation. Little is known of pea ( Pisum sativum ) homologs and whether D53 and related SMXLs are specific to SL signalling pathways. Here, we identify two allelic pea mutants, dormant3 ( dor3 ), and demonstrate through gene mapping and sequencing that DOR3 corresponds to a homolog of D53 and SMXL6/SMXL7, designated PsSMXL7. Phenotype analysis, gene expression, protein and hormone quantification assays were performed to determine the role of PsSMXL7 in regulation of bud outgrowth and the role of PsSMXL7 and D53 in integrating SL and cytokinin (CK) responses. Like D53 and related SMXLs, we show that PsSMXL7 can be degraded by SL and induces feedback upregulation of PsSMXL7 transcript. Here we reveal a system conserved in pea and rice, whereby CK also upregulates PsSMXL7 / D53 transcripts, providing a clear mechanism for SL and CK cross‐talk in the regulation of branching. To further deepen our understanding of the branching network in pea, we provide evidence that SL acts via PsSMXL7 to modulate auxin content via PsAFB5 , which itself regulates expression of SL biosynthesis genes. We therefore show that PsSMXL7 is key to a triple hormone network involving an auxin–SL feedback mechanism and SL–CK cross‐talk.
A Rapid Method for Quantifying RNA and Phytohormones From a Small Amount of Plant Tissue
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 19-11-2020
Branching in pea: Action of genes Rms3 and Rms4
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-1996
DOI: 10.1104/PP.110.3.859
Abstract: The nonallelic ramosus mutations rms3-2 and rms4 of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cause extensive release of vegetative axillary buds and lateral growth in comparison with wild-type (cv Torsdag) plants, in which axillary buds are not normally released under the conditions utilized. Grafting studies showed that the expression of the rms4 mutation in the shoot is independent of the genotype of the root-stock. In contrast, the length of the branches at certain nodes of rms3-2 plants was reduced by grafting to wild-type stocks, indicating that the wild-type Rms3 gene may control the level of a mobile substance produced in the root. This substance also appears to be produced in the shoot because Rms3 shoots did not branch when grafted to mutant rms3-2 rootstocks. However, the end product of the Rms3 gene appears to differ from that of the Rms2 gene (C.A. Beveridge, J.J. Ross, and I.C. Murfet [1994] Plant Physiol 104: 953-959) because reciprocal grafts between rms3-2 and rms2 seedlings produced mature shoots with apical dominance similar to that of rms3-2 and rms2 shoots grafted to wild-type stocks. Indole-3-acetic acid levels were not reduced in apical or nodal portions of rms4 plants and were actually elevated (up to 2-fold) in rms3-2 plants. It is suggested that further studies with these branching mutants may enable significant progress in understanding the normal control of apical dominance and the related communication between the root and shoot.
Lateral branching oxidoreductase acts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 18-05-2016
Abstract: Strigolactone hormones regulate many plant growth and developmental processes and are particularly important in regulating growth in response to nonoptimal conditions. Plants produce a range of bioactive strigolactone-like compounds, suggesting that the biosynthesis pathway is complex. Despite this complexity, only one type of enzyme, the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1) cytochrome P450, has been attributed to the ersity of strigolactones. Using transcriptomics and reverse genetics, we discovered a previously uncharacterized gene that encodes a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase involved in strigolactone production downstream of MAX1. Studies with the corresponding mutant have shown that previously identified strigolactone-type compounds in Arabidopsis are not the major strigolactone-type shoot branching hormone in this model species.
Conditional Auxin Response and Differential Cytokinin Profiles in Shoot Branching Mutants
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-06-2014
Abstract: Strigolactone (SL), auxin, and cytokinin (CK) are hormones that interact to regulate shoot branching. For ex le, several ramosus (rms) branching mutants in pea (Pisum sativum) have SL defects, perturbed xylem CK levels, and diminished responses to auxin in shoot decapitation assays. In contrast with the last of these characteristics, we discovered that buds on isolated nodes (explants) of rms plants instead respond normally to auxin. We hypothesized that the presence or absence of attached roots would result in transcriptional and hormonal differences in buds and subtending stem tissues, and might underlie the differential auxin response. However, decapitated plants and explants both showed similar up-regulation of CK biosynthesis genes, increased CK levels, and down-regulation of auxin transport genes. Moreover, auxin application counteracted these trends, regardless of the effectiveness of auxin at inhibiting bud growth. Multivariate analysis revealed that stem transcript and CK changes were largely associated with decapitation and/or root removal and auxin response, whereas bud transcript profiles related more to SL defects. CK clustering profiles were indicative of additional zeatin-type CKs in decapitated stems being supplied by roots and thus promoting bud growth in SL-deficient genotypes even in the presence of added auxin. This difference in CK content may explain why rms buds on explants respond better to auxin than those on decapitated plants. We further conclude that rapid changes in CK status in stems are auxin dependent but largely SL independent, suggesting a model in which auxin and CK are dominant regulators of decapitation-induced branching, whereas SLs are more important in intact plants.
Common regulatory themes in meristem development and whole-plant homeostasis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.PBI.2006.11.011
Abstract: The maintenance of meristems throughout plant ontogeny allows the development of a ersity of structural forms from the same genetic base. Examination of the common and contrasting features of these meristems leads to the outline of common regulatory themes in meristem development. In particular, by including comparisons with embryogenesis research, we see that hormones and factors that are generally attributed roles in stress response, such as redox potential, carotenoids, flavonoids, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid and ethylene, are emerging as major candidates for long-distance or short-distance signalling molecules in meristem development. In each case, hormone response appears to be influenced greatly by the developmental window or transition stage at which the meristem resides.
Ready, steady, go! A sugar hit starts the race to shoot branching
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PBI.2015.04.004
Abstract: In the classical theory of apical dominance, auxin depletion from the stem releases bud dormancy. Recent studies have revealed a poor correlation between the initial bud release and auxin depletion from the stem after decapitation. Sucrose mobility in plants and its accumulation in buds correlates well with the onset of bud release and is able to trigger bud outgrowth. The ersion of sugars away from axillary buds decreases bud release even where hormones are at levels generally considered conducive to bud release. This impact of sugars on bud outgrowth may be mediated by specific sugar and hormonal signalling pathways.
Control of internode length in Pisum sativum. Further evidence for the involvement of indole-3-acetic acid
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-1994
Abstract: The effects of altered endogenous indole-3-acetic (IAA) levels on elongation in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants were investigated. The auxin transport inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid (HFCA) were applied to elongating internodes of wild-type and mutant lkb plants. The lkb mutant was included because elongating lkb internodes contained 2- to 3-fold less free IAA than those of the wild type. In the wild type, TIBA reduced both the IAA level and internode elongation below the site of application. Both TIBA and HFCA strongly promoted the elongation of lkb internodes and also raised IAA levels above the application site. The synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) also markedly increased internode elongation in lkb plants and virtually restored petioles and tendrils to their wild-type length. In contrast, treatment of wild-type plants with TIBA, HFCA, or 2,4-D caused little or no increase in elongation above the application site. The ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine also increased stem elongation in lkb plants, and combined application of HFCA and aminoethoxy-vinylglycine restored lkb internodes to the wild-type length. It is concluded that the level of IAA in wild-type internodes is necessary for normal elongation, and that the reduced stature of lkb plants is at least partially attributable to a reduction in free IAA level in this mutant.
Strigolactones Are Involved in Root Response to Low Phosphate Conditions in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-09-2012
Abstract: Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that suppress lateral shoot branching, and act to regulate root hair elongation and lateral root formation. Here, we show that SLs are regulators of plant perception of or response to low inorganic phosphate (Pi) conditions. This regulation is mediated by MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) and correlated with transcriptional induction of the auxin receptor TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1). Mutants of SL signaling (max2-1) or biosynthesis (max4-1) showed reduced response to low Pi conditions relative to the wild type. In max4-1, but not max2-1, the reduction in response to low Pi was compensated by the application of a synthetic strigolactone GR24. Moreover, AbamineSG, which decreases SL levels in plants, reduced the response to low Pi in the wild type, but not in SL-signaling or biosynthesis mutants. In accordance with the reduced response of max2-1 to low Pi relative to the wild type, several phosphate-starvation response and phosphate-transporter genes displayed reduced induction in max2-1, even though Pi content in max2-1 and the wild type were similar. Auxin, but not ethylene, was sufficient to compensate for the reduced max2-1 response to low Pi conditions. Moreover, the expression level of TIR1 was induced under low Pi conditions in the wild type, but not in max2-1. Accordingly, the tir1-1 mutant showed a transient reduction in root hair density in comparison with the wild type under low Pi conditions. Therefore, we suggest that the response of plants to low Pi is regulated by SLs this regulation is transmitted via the MAX2 component of SL signaling and is correlated with transcriptional induction of the TIR1 auxin receptor.
Rational Design of Novel Fluorescent Enzyme Biosensors for Direct Detection of Strigolactones
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 28-07-2020
Translation of Strigolactones from Plant Hormone to Agriculture: Achievements, Future Perspectives, and Challenges.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Molecular Cues for Phenological Events in the Flowering Cycle in Avocado
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-06-2023
Abstract: Reproductively mature horticultural trees undergo an annual flowering cycle that repeats each year of their reproductive life. This annual flowering cycle is critical for horticultural tree productivity. However, the molecular events underlying the regulation of flowering in tropical tree crops such as avocado are not fully understood or documented. In this study, we investigated the potential molecular cues regulating the yearly flowering cycle in avocado for two consecutive crop cycles. Homologues of flowering-related genes were identified and assessed for their expression profiles in various tissues throughout the year. Avocado homologues of known floral genes FT, AP1, LFY, FUL, SPL9, CO and SEP2/AGL4 were upregulated at the typical time of floral induction for avocado trees growing in Queensland, Australia. We suggest these are potential candidate markers for floral initiation in these crops. In addition, DAM and DRM1, which are associated with endodormancy, were downregulated at the time of floral bud break. In this study, a positive correlation between CO activation and FT in avocado leaves to regulate flowering was not seen. Furthermore, the SOC1-SPL4 model described in annual plants appears to be conserved in avocado. Lastly, no correlation of juvenility-related miRNAs miR156, miR172 with any phenological event was observed.
The Arabidopsis ortholog of rice DWARF27 acts upstream of MAX1 in the control of plant development by strigolactones
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-05-2012
Abstract: Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones that regulate shoot branching, secondary growth, root development, and responses to soil phosphate. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), SL biosynthesis requires the sequential action of two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH3 (MAX3) and MAX4, followed by a cytochrome P450, MAX1. In rice (Oryza sativa), the plastid-localized protein DWARF27 (OsD27) is also necessary for SL biosynthesis, but the equivalent gene in Arabidopsis has not been identified. Here, we use phylogenetic analysis of D27-like sequences from photosynthetic organisms to identify AtD27, the likely Arabidopsis ortholog of OsD27. Using reverse genetics, we show that AtD27 is required for the inhibition of secondary bud outgrowth and that exogenous application of the synthetic SL GR24 can rescue the increased branching phenotype of an Atd27 mutant. Furthermore, we use grafting to demonstrate that AtD27 operates on a nonmobile precursor upstream of MAX1 in the SL biosynthesis pathway. Consistent with the plastid localization of OsD27, we also show that AtD27 possesses a functional plastid transit peptide. We demonstrate that AtD27 transcripts are subject to both local feedback and auxin-dependent signals, albeit to a lesser extent than MAX3 and MAX4, suggesting that early steps in SL biosynthesis are coregulated at the transcriptional level. By identifying an additional component of the canonical SL biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis, we provide a new tool to investigate the regulation of shoot branching and other SL-dependent developmental processes.
Strigolactones and Shoot Branching: What Is the Real Hormone and How Does It Work?
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-2023
DOI: 10.1093/PCP/PCAD088
Abstract: There have been substantial advances in our understanding of many aspects of strigolactone regulation of branching since the discovery of strigolactones as phytohormones. These include further insights into the network of phytohormones and other signals that regulate branching, as well as deep insights into strigolactone biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, perception and downstream signaling. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of how the strigolactone pathway co-ordinately and dynamically regulates bud outgrowth and pose some important outstanding questions that are yet to be resolved.
The rms1 mutant of pea has elevated indole-3-acetic acid levels and reduced root-sap zeatin riboside content but increased branching controlled by graft-transmissible signal(s)
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-1997
Axillary bud outgrowth: sending a message
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.PBI.2005.11.006
Abstract: Mutants that branch profusely in the presence of a growing shoot tip have highlighted the role of graft-transmissible signals that are produced in roots and stem. Orthologous genes in Arabidopsis, pea and petunia are involved in the transmission of a novel long-distance message. These genes show varying degrees of regulation by auxin and an auxin-independent feedback system, and encode enzymes that might act on carotenoid-like substrates. Axillary bud outgrowth is under homeostatic control, involving developmental stages or checkpoints. Perturbation of the long-range messaging and auxin depletion does not guarantee that bud outgrowth will ensue at a particular node.
Sugar demand, not auxin, is the initial regulator of apical dominance
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 07-04-2014
Abstract: It is commonly accepted that the plant hormone auxin mediates apical dominance. However, we have discovered that apical dominance strongly correlates with sugar availability and not apically supplied auxin. We have revealed that apical dominance is predominantly controlled by the shoot tip’s intense demand for sugars, which limits sugar availability to the axillary buds. These findings overturn a long-standing hypothesis on apical dominance and encourage us to reevaluate the relationship between hormones and sugars in this and other aspects of plant development.
De novo transcriptome assembly reveals high transcriptional complexity in Pisum sativum axillary buds and shows rapid changes in expression of diurnally regulated genes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2017
Identification of new potential downstream transcriptional targets of the strigolactone pathway including glucosinolate biosynthesis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2023
DOI: 10.1002/PLD3.486
Abstract: Strigolactones regulate shoot branching and many aspects of plant growth, development, and allelopathy. Strigolactones are often discussed alongside auxin because they work together to inhibit shoot branching. However, the roles and mechanisms of strigolactones and how they act independently of auxin are still elusive. Additionally, there is still much in general to be discovered about the network of molecular regulators and their interactions in response to strigolactones. Here, we conducted an experiment in Arabidopsis with physiological treatments and strigolactone mutants to determine transcriptional pathways associated with strigolactones. The three physiological treatments included shoot tip removal with and without auxin treatment and treatment of intact plants with the auxin transport inhibitor, N ‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). We identified the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway as being upregulated across strigolactone mutants indicating strigolactone–glucosinolate crosstalk. Additionally, strigolactone application cannot restore the highly branched phenotype observed in glucosinolate biosynthesis mutants, placing glucosinolate biosynthesis downstream of strigolactone biosynthesis. Oxidative stress genes were enriched across the experiment suggesting that this process is mediated through multiple hormones. Here, we also provide evidence supporting non‐auxin‐mediated, negative feedback on strigolactone biosynthesis. Increases in strigolactone biosynthesis gene expression seen in strigolactone mutants could not be fully restored by auxin. By contrast, auxin could fully restore auxin‐responsive gene expression increases, but not sugar signaling‐related gene expression. Our data also point to alternative roles of the strigolactone biosynthesis genes and potential new signaling functions of strigolactone precursors. In this study, we identify a strigolactone‐specific regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis genes indicating that the two are linked and may work together in regulating stress and shoot branching responses in Arabidopsis. Additionally, we provide evidence for non‐auxin‐mediated feedback on strigolactone biosynthesis and discuss this in the context of sugar signaling.
Hormone physiology of pea mutants prevented from flowering by mutations gi or veg1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2001
DOI: 10.1034/J.1399-3054.2001.1130217.X
Abstract: The veg1 (vegetative) mutant in pea (Pisum sativum L.) does not flower under any circumstances and gi (gigas) mutants remain vegetative under certain conditions. gi plants are deficient in production of floral stimulus, whereas veg1 plants lack a response to floral stimulus. During long days in particular, these non-flowering mutant plants eventually enter a stable compact phase characterised by a large reduction in internode length, small leaves and growth of lateral shoots from the upper-stem (aerial) nodes. The first-order laterals in turn produce second-order laterals and so on in a reiterative pattern. The apical bud is reduced in size but continues active growth. Endogenous hormone measurements and gibberellin application studies with gi-1, gi-2 and veg1 plants indicate that a reduction in gibberellin and perhaps indole-3-acetic acid level may account, at least partially, for the compact aerial shoot phenotype. In the gi-1 mutant, the compact phenotype is rescued by transfer from a 24- to an 8-h photoperiod. We propose that in plants where flowering is prevented by a lack of floral stimulus or an inability to respond, the large reduction in photoperiod gene activity during long days may lead to a reduction in apical sink strength that is manifest in an altered hormone profile and weak apical dominance.
De novo transcriptome assembly and annotation for gene discovery in avocado, macadamia and mango
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-01-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-019-0350-9
Abstract: Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.), macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia L.) and mango ( Mangifera indica L.) are important subtropical tree species grown for their edible fruits and nuts. Despite their commercial and nutritional importance, the genomic information for these species is largely lacking. Here we report the generation of avocado, macadamia and mango transcriptome assemblies from pooled leaf, stem, bud, root, floral and fruit/nut tissue. Using normalized cDNA libraries, we generated comprehensive RNA-Seq datasets from which we assembled 63420, 78871 and 82198 unigenes of avocado, macadamia and mango, respectively using a combination of de novo transcriptome assembly and redundancy reduction. These unigenes were functionally annotated using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to query the Universal Protein Resource Knowledgebase (UniProtKB). A workflow encompassing RNA extraction, library preparation, transcriptome assembly, redundancy reduction, assembly validation and annotation is provided. This study provides avocado, macadamia and mango transcriptome and annotation data, which is valuable for gene discovery and gene expression profiling experiments as well as ongoing and future genome annotation and marker development applications.
Feedback Regulation of Xylem Cytokinin Content Is Conserved in Pea and Arabidopsis
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-02-2007
Computational modeling and molecular physiology experiments reveal new insights into shoot branching in pea
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2009
Abstract: Bud outgrowth is regulated by the interplay of multiple hormones, including auxin, cytokinin, strigolactones, and an unidentified long-distance feedback signal that moves from shoot to root. The model of bud outgrowth regulation in pea (Pisum sativum) includes these signals and a network of five RAMOSUS (RMS) genes that operate in a shoot-root-shoot loop to regulate the synthesis of, and response to, strigolactones. The number of components in this network renders the integration of new and existing hypotheses both complex and cumbersome. A hypothesis-driven computational model was therefore developed to help understand regulation of shoot branching. The model evolved in parallel with stepwise laboratory research, helping to define and test key hypotheses. The computational model was used to verify new mechanisms involved in the regulation of shoot branching by confirming that the new hypotheses captured all relevant biological data sets. Based on cytokinin and RMS1 expression analyses, this model is extended to include subtle but important differences in the function of RMS3 and RMS4 genes in the shoot and rootstock. Additionally, this research indicates that a branch-derived signal upregulates RMS1 expression independent of the other feedback signal. Furthermore, we propose xylem-sap cytokinin promotes sustained bud outgrowth, rather than acting at the earlier stage of bud release.
Strigolactone acts downstream of auxin to regulate bud outgrowth in pea and arabidopsis
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-03-2009
Abstract: During the last century, two key hypotheses have been proposed to explain apical dominance in plants: auxin promotes the production of a second messenger that moves up into buds to repress their outgrowth, and auxin saturation in the stem inhibits auxin transport from buds, thereby inhibiting bud outgrowth. The recent discovery of strigolactone as the novel shoot-branching inhibitor allowed us to test its mode of action in relation to these hypotheses. We found that exogenously applied strigolactone inhibited bud outgrowth in pea (Pisum sativum) even when auxin was depleted after decapitation. We also found that strigolactone application reduced branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin response mutants, suggesting that auxin may act through strigolactones to facilitate apical dominance. Moreover, strigolactone application to tiny buds of mutant or decapitated pea plants rapidly stopped outgrowth, in contrast to applying N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor, which significantly slowed growth only after several days. Whereas strigolactone or NPA applied to growing buds reduced bud length, only NPA blocked auxin transport in the bud. Wild-type and strigolactone biosynthesis mutant pea and Arabidopsis shoots were capable of instantly transporting additional amounts of auxin in excess of endogenous levels, contrary to predictions of auxin transport models. These data suggest that strigolactone does not act primarily by affecting auxin transport from buds. Rather, the primary repressor of bud outgrowth appears to be the auxin-dependent production of strigolactones.
Roles for auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone in regulating shoot branching1[C][W][OA]
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-02-2009
Abstract: Many processes have been described in the control of shoot branching. Apical dominance is defined as the control exerted by the shoot tip on the outgrowth of axillary buds, whereas correlative inhibition includes the suppression of growth by other growing buds or shoots. The level, signaling, and/or flow of the plant hormone auxin in stems and buds is thought to be involved in these processes. In addition, RAMOSUS (RMS) branching genes in pea (Pisum sativum) control the synthesis and perception of a long-distance inhibitory branching signal produced in the stem and roots, a strigolactone or product. Auxin treatment affects the expression of RMS genes, but it is unclear whether the RMS network can regulate branching independently of auxin. Here, we explore whether apical dominance and correlative inhibition show independent or additive effects in rms mutant plants. Bud outgrowth and branch lengths are enhanced in decapitated and stem-girdled rms mutants compared with intact control plants. This may relate to an RMS-independent induction of axillary bud outgrowth by these treatments. Correlative inhibition was also apparent in rms mutant plants, again indicating an RMS-independent component. Treatments giving reductions in RMS1 and RMS5 gene expression, auxin transport, and auxin level in the main stem were not always sufficient to promote bud outgrowth. We suggest that this may relate to a failure to induce the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes, which always correlated with bud outgrowth in our treatments. We present a new model that accounts for apical dominance, correlative inhibition, RMS gene action, and auxin and cytokinin and their interactions in controlling the progression of buds through different control points from dormancy to sustained growth.
IPA1: a direct target of SL signaling
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-09-2017
DOI: 10.1038/CR.2017.114
Hormonal regulation of the BRC1-dependent strigolactone transcriptome involved in shoot branching responses
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 20-03-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.19.999581
Abstract: The plant hormone strigolactone (SL) inhibits shoot branching by suppressing the growth of axillary buds. This is thought to occur largely via regulation of the transcription factor BRANCHED1 (BRC1). Here, we clarify the central role of BRC1 and identify additional transcriptional responses by which SL might regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garden pea ( Pisum sativum ). We used a transcriptomic approach to identify differentially expressed transcripts in pea axillary buds in response to a synthetic SL, rac -GR24. Changes in transcript abundance were confirmed by measuring their response to GR24 5DS . BRC1 was required for the regulation of over half of the fourteen GR24 5DS -regulated genes, confirming its role as a mediator of SL transcriptional responses in axillary buds. All, but one, of the BRC1-dependent GR24 5DS -regulated genes were also regulated by branch-promoting treatments cytokinin (CK) and/or decapitation in an opposing manner to SL. This suggests that SL, CK, and decapitation regulate shoot branching via a common pathway. We used correlational analyses of gene co-expression data to infer a gene regulatory network consisting of nine key co-expression modules correlated with rac -GR24 treatment. Enrichment of GO terms such as cell proliferation, carbohydrate responses, and abscisic acid and jasmonic acid hormone pathways suggest a role for these in SL-mediated inhibition of shoot branching. In summary, we have shown that BRC1 is indeed a key transcriptional regulator of the SL signalling pathway in pea buds as well as a focal point of the SL, CK and decapitation signalling pathways to coordinate shoot branching in pea buds. Identification of genes that are strigolactone-responsive and BRC1-dependent in pea buds reveals a high degree of overlap among strigolactone, cytokinin and decapitation response pathways.
Auxin Dynamics after Decapitation Are Not Correlated with the Initial Growth of Axillary Buds
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-06-2005
Abstract: One of the first and most enduring roles identified for the plant hormone auxin is the mediation of apical dominance. Many reports have claimed that reduced stem indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels and/or reduced basipetal IAA transport directly or indirectly initiate bud growth in decapitated plants. We have tested whether auxin inhibits the initial stage of bud release, or subsequent stages, in garden pea (Pisum sativum) by providing a rigorous examination of the dynamics of auxin level, auxin transport, and axillary bud growth. We demonstrate that after decapitation, initial bud growth occurs prior to changes in IAA level or transport in surrounding stem tissue and is not prevented by an acropetal supply of exogenous auxin. We also show that auxin transport inhibitors cause a similar auxin depletion as decapitation, but do not stimulate bud growth within our experimental time-frame. These results indicate that decapitation may trigger initial bud growth via an auxin-independent mechanism. We propose that auxin operates after this initial stage, mediating apical dominance via autoregulation of buds that are already in transition toward sustained growth.
Gaseous Reduction of Titania-ferrous Solution Ore by H<sub>2</sub>–Ar Mixture
Publisher: Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
Date: 2017
Correction for Agusti et al., Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 30-07-2012
HEXOKINASE1 signalling promotes shoot branching and interacts with cytokinin and strigolactone pathways
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-06-2021
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17427
Abstract: Plant architecture is controlled by several endogenous signals including hormones and sugars. However, only little information is known about the nature and roles of the sugar signalling pathways in this process. Here we test whether the sugar signalling pathway mediated by HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) is involved in the control of shoot branching. To test the involvement of HXK1 in shoot branching and in the hormonal network controlling this process, we modulated the HXK1 pathway using physiological and genetic approaches in rose, pea and arabidopsis. Mannose‐induced HXK signalling triggered bud outgrowth in rose and pea. In arabidopsis, both HXK1 deficiency and defoliation led to decreased shoot branching and conferred hypersensitivity to auxin. Complementation of the HXK1 knockout mutant gin2 with a catalytically inactive HXK1, restored shoot branching to the wild‐type level. HXK1‐deficient plants displayed decreased cytokinin levels and increased expression of MAX2 , which is required for strigolactone signalling. The branching phenotype of HXK1‐deficient plants could be partly restored by cytokinin treatment and strigolactone deficiency could override the negative impact of HXK1 deficiency on shoot branching. Our observations demonstrate that HXK1 signalling contributes to the regulation of shoot branching and interacts with hormones to modulate plant architecture.
Computational analysis of flowering in pea (Pisum sativum)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-07-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2009.02952.X
Abstract: During plant development, the transition from a vegetative to reproductive state is a critical event. For decades, pea (Pisum sativum) has been used as a model species to study this transition. These studies have led to a conceptual, qualitative model for the control of flower initiation, referred to as the 'classical' model. This model involves many inputs, namely photoperiod, genetic states and two mobile signals which interact to determine the first node of flowering. Here, we developed a computational model based on the hypotheses of the classical model. Accordingly, we converted qualitative hypotheses into quantitative rules. We found that new hypotheses, in addition to those already described for the classical model, were required that explicitly described the signals. In particular, we hypothesized that the key flowering gene HR interacts with the photoperiod pathway to control flowering. The computational model was tested against a wide range of biological data, including pre-existing and new experimental results presented here, and was found to be accurate. This computational model, together with ongoing experimental advances, will assist future modelling efforts to increase our understanding of flowering in pea.
Effects of nitrogen supply on xylem cytokinin delivery, transpiration and leaf expansion of pea genotypes differing in xylem-cytokinin concentration
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1071/FP04044
Abstract: The rms2 and rms4 pea (Pisum sativum L.) branching mutants have higher and lower xylem-cytokinin concentration, respectively, relative to wild type (WT) plants. These genotypes were grown at two levels of nitrogen (N) supply for 18–20 d to determine whether or not xylem-cytokinin concentration (X-CK) or delivery altered the transpiration and leaf growth responses to N deprivation. Xylem sap was collected by pressurising de-topped root systems. As sap-flow rate increased, X-CK declined in WT and rms2, but did not change in rms4. When grown at 5.0 mm N, X-CKs of rms2 and rms4 were 36% higher and 6-fold lower, respectively, than WT at sap-flow rates equivalent to whole-plant transpiration. Photoperiod cytokinin (CK) delivery rates (the product of transpiration and X-CK) decreased more than 6-fold in rms4. Growth of plants at 0.5 mm N had negligible ( 10%) effects on transpiration rates expressed on a leaf area basis in WT and rms4, but decreased transpiration rates of rms2. The low-N treatment decreased leaf expansion by 20–25% and expanding leaflet N concentration by 15%. These changes were similar in all genotypes. At sap-flow rates equivalent to whole-plant transpiration, the low N treatment decreased X-CK in rms2 but had no discernible effect in WT and rms4. Since the low N treatment decreased transpiration of all genotypes, photoperiod CK delivery rates also decreased in all genotypes. The similar leaf growth response of all genotypes to N deprivation despite differences in both absolute and relative X-CKs and deliveries suggests that shoot N status is more important in regulating leaf expansion than xylem-supplied cytokinins. The decreased X-CK and transpiration rate of rms2 following N deprivation suggests that changes in xylem-supplied CKs may modify water use.
Strigolactone Inhibition of Branching Independent of Polar Auxin Transport
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-06-2015
DOI: 10.1104/PP.15.00014
The transcription factor bZIP11 acts antagonistically with trehalose 6-phosphate to inhibit shoot branching
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 24-05-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.542007
Abstract: The ontogenetic regulation of shoot branching allows plants to adjust their architecture in accordance with the environment. This process is due to the regulation of axillary bud outgrowth into branches, which can be induced by increasing sugar availability to the buds through decapitation of the shoot tip. Different sugar signalling components have been identified in the induction of shoot branching. However, the molecular components that maintain bud dormancy in response to sugar starvation remain largely unknown. Here, we show at the genetic level that basic leucine zipper 11 (bZIP11), a transcription factor that plays important roles in response to sugar starvation in plants, inhibits shoot branching in Arabidopsis thaliana . Physiology experiments demonstrated that bZIP11 protein levels are decreased by decapitation. Molecular and genetic evidence suggests that bZIP11 acts in a negative feedback loop with trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), a sugar signal that promotes shoot branching. Our data also suggest that the central energy sensor SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING 1 RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1), alleviates the inhibitory effect of Tre6P on bZIP11 protein accumulation and inhibits shoot branching. Altogether, these data provide a working model that involves bZIP11, Tre6P and SnRK1 in the regulation of shoot branching.
Different plasticity of bud outgrowth at cauline and rosette nodes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 27-09-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.26.461886
Abstract: Shoot branching is a complex mechanism in which secondary shoots grow from buds that are initiated from meristems established in leaf axils. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has a rosette leaf growth pattern in the vegetative stage. After flowering initiation, the main stem starts to elongate with the top leaf primordia developing into cauline leaves. Meristems in arabidopsis are initiated in the axils of rosette or cauline leaves, giving rise to rosette or cauline buds, respectively. Plasticity in the process of shoot branching is regulated by resource and nutrient availability as well as by plant hormones. However, few studies have attempted to test whether cauline and rosette branching are subject to the same plasticity. Here, we addressed this question by phenotyping cauline and rosette branching in three arabidopsis ecotypes and several arabidopsis mutants with varied shoot architectures. Our results show that there is no negative correlation between cauline and rosette branch numbers in arabidopsis, demonstrating that there is no trade-off between cauline and rosette bud outgrowth. Through investigation of the altered branching pattern of flowering pathway mutants and arabidopsis ecotypes grown in various photoperiods and light regimes, we further elucidated that the number of cauline branches is closely related to flowering time. The number or rosette branches has an enormous plasticity compared with cauline branches and is influenced by genetic background, flowering time, light intensity and temperature. Our data reveal different plasticity in the regulation of branching at rosette and cauline nodes and promote a framework for future branching analyses. Different plasticity of branching at cauline and rosette nodes of arabidopsis is revealed through detailed correlative analyses of branching under varied genetic and environmental contexts.
Auxin-independent effects of apical dominance induce temporal changes in phytohormones
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 26-10-2022
DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.24.513542
Abstract: The inhibition of shoot branching by the growing shoot tip of plants, termed apical dominance, was originally thought to be mediated by auxin. Recently the importance of the shoot tip sink strength during apical dominance has re-emerged with recent studies highlighting roles for sugars in promoting branching. This raises many unanswered questions on the relative roles of auxin and sugars in apical dominance. Here we show that auxin regulation of cytokinins, which promote branching, is significant only after an initial stage of branching we call bud release. During this early bud release stage, rapid cytokinin increases are associated with enhanced sugars. Auxin may also act through strigolactones which have been shown to suppress branching after decapitation, but here we show that strigolactones do not have a significant effect on initial bud outgrowth after decapitation. We report here that when sucrose or cytokinin is abundant, strigolactones are less inhibitory during the bud release stage compared to later stages and that strigolactone treatment rapidly inhibits cytokinin accumulation in pea axillary buds of intact plants. After initial bud release, we find an important role of gibberellin in promoting sustained bud growth downstream of auxin. We are therefore able to suggest a model of apical dominance that integrates auxin, sucrose, strigolactones, cytokinins and gibberellins and describes differences in signalling across stages of bud release to sustained growth.
Where to from here? The mechanisms enabling the movement of first instar caterpillars on whole plants using Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2008
Axillary Meristem Development. Budding Relationships between Networks Controlling Flowering, Branching, and Photoperiod Responsiveness
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2003
The ups and downs of signalling between root and shoot
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1469-8137.2000.00729.X
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly apparent that the long‐distance signalling associated with many developmental processes is complex and that novel hormone‐like signals may play substantial roles. The past decades have seen several substances (e.g. brassinosteroids, systemin and other polypeptides, mevalonic and jasmonic acids, polyamines, oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and quinones) vie for a place among the classical plant hormones (e.g. Spaink, 1996). Recent microinjection and grafting studies have also shown that RNA may act as a long‐distance signal (Jorgensen et al ., 1998 Xoconostle‐Cázares et al ., 1999). In this issue, Hannah et al . describe long‐distance signalling and the regulation of root–shoot partitioning in dwarf lethal or dosage‐dependent lethal ( DL ) mutants of common bean (Shii et al ., 1980, 1981), and present evidence indicating that substances in addition to classical plant hormones (e.g. cytokinins) may be involved. As in the report by Hannah et al ., much of the evidence for roles of unidentified long‐distance signals in the control of plant development is indirect. The possibility that a small number of long‐distance signals might control a multitude of developmental processes arises through the potential for differences in tissue sensitivity, fluctuations in hormone levels and differences in the nature of responses of different tissues to the same hormone. Consequently, particular hormones may influence numerous processes seemingly simultaneously, yet independently. Even so, long‐distance signalling is involved in processes as erse as root–shoot balance, senescence, branching, flowering, nodulation, stress responses and nutrient uptake. Through comparison of even a few different developmental processes, progress can be made to reveal the true complexity of plant development. Using this approach it is also clear that many unknown signals may be involved.
MAX4 and RMS1 are ortholosgous dioxygenase-like genes that regulate shoot branching in Arabidopsis and pea
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 15-06-2003
DOI: 10.1101/GAD.256603
Abstract: Shoot branching is inhibited by auxin transported down the stem from the shoot apex. Auxin does not accumulate in inhibited buds and so must act indirectly. We show that mutations in the MAX4 gene of Arabidopsis result in increased and auxin-resistant bud growth. Increased branching in max4 shoots is restored to wild type by grafting to wild-type rootstocks, suggesting that MAX4 is required to produce a mobile branch-inhibiting signal, acting downstream of auxin. A similar role has been proposed for the pea gene, RMS1 . Accordingly, MAX4 and RMS1 were found to encode orthologous, auxin-inducible members of the polyene dioxygenase family.
Lessons from a century of apical dominance research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-04-2023
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERAD137
Abstract: The process of apical dominance by which the apical bud/shoot tip of the plant inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds located below has been studied for more than a century. Different approaches were used over time, with first the physiology era, the genetic era, and then the multidisciplinary era. During the physiology era, auxin was thought of as the master regulator of apical dominance acting indirectly to inhibit bud outgrowth via unknown secondary messenger(s). Potential candidates were cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA). The genetic era with the screening of shoot branching mutants in different species revealed the existence of a novel carotenoid-derived branching inhibitor and led to the significant discovery of strigolactones (SLs) as a novel class of plant hormones. The re-discovery of the major role of sugars in apical dominance emerged from modern physiology experiments and involves ongoing work with genetic material affected in sugar signalling. As crops and natural selection rely on the emergent properties of networks such as this branching network, future work should explore the whole network, the details of which are critical but not in idually sufficient to solve the ‘wicked problems’ of sustainable food supply and climate change.
5 Reevaluating Concepts of Apical Dominance and the Control of Axillary Bud Outgrowth
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2153(08)60469-X
Abstract: A large amount of ersity of architectural form is found among flowering plants, and an important aspect of this ersity is the wide variation, ranging from simple to complex, found among branching patterns in plant shoot systems. Historically, the control of bud outgrowth has been attributed to the presence of a growing shoot apex. The term "apical dominance" is used to indicate that the shoot tip exerts an inhibitory control over proximal axillary buds. Through decapitation and/or hormone manipulation experiments, this inhibition has been attributed to the phytohormones auxin and cytokinin. Recent studies with mutants demonstrating increased branching indicate important additional roles for organs apart from those in the shoot tip and for signals other than cytokinin and auxin. This chapter provides a critical review of branching with an emphasis toward bud outgrowth in a developmental context. This review provides a detailed synopsis of physiological, genetic, and molecular studies and approaches for the investigation of branching regulation in plants.
Sucrose promotes D53 accumulation and tillering in rice
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-11-2022
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17834
Abstract: Shoot branching is regulated by multiple signals. Previous studies have indicated that sucrose may promote shoot branching through suppressing the inhibitory effect of the hormone strigolactone (SL). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. Here, we used molecular and genetic tools to identify the molecular targets underlying the antagonistic interaction between sucrose and SL. We showed that sucrose antagonizes the suppressive action of SL on tillering in rice and on the degradation of D53, a major target of SL signalling. Sucrose inhibits the gene expression of D3 , the orthologue of the Arabidopsis F‐box MAX2 required for SL signalling. Overexpression of D3 antagonizes sucrose inhibition of D53 degradation and enables the SL inhibition of tillering under high sucrose. Sucrose prevents SL‐induced degradation of D14, the SL receptor involved in D53 degradation. In contrast to D3 , D14 overexpression enhances D53 protein levels and sucrose‐induced tillering, even in the presence of SL. Our results show that sucrose inhibits SL response by affecting key components of SL signalling and, together with previous studies reporting the inhibition of SL synthesis by nitrate and phosphate, demonstrate the central role played by SLs in the regulation of plant architecture by nutrients.
Additional Signalling Compounds are Required to Orchestrate Plant Development
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2003
The strigolactone pathway plays a crucial role in integrating metabolic and nutritional signals in plants
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2023
Diverse roles of strigolactones in plant development
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1093/MP/SSS130
Abstract: With the discovery of strigolactones as root exudate signals that trigger parasitic weed seed germination, and then as a branching inhibitor and plant hormone, the next phase of strigolactone research has quickly revealed this hormone class as a major player in optimizing plant growth and development. From the early stages of plant evolution, it seems that strigolactones were involved in enabling plants to modify growth in order to gain advantage in competition with neighboring organisms for limited resources. For ex le, a moss plant can alter its growth in response to strigolactones emanating from a neighbor. Within a higher plant, strigolactones appear to be involved in controlling the balance of resource distribution via strategic modification of growth and development. Most notably, higher plants that encounter phosphate deficiency increase strigolactone production, which changes root growth and promotes fungal symbiosis to enhance phosphate intake. The shoot also changes by channeling resources away from unessential leaves and branches and into the main stem and root system. This hormonal response is a key adaption that radically alters whole-plant architecture in order to optimize growth and development under erse environmental conditions.
The ability of plants to produce strigolactones affects rhizosphere community composition of fungi but not bacteria
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
S1basic leucine zipper transcription factors shape plant architecture by controlling C/N partitioning to apical and lateral organs
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 24-05-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541964
Abstract: Plants exhibit an immense plasticity in their architecture. While the impact of hormonal regulation is well-characterised, the importance of sugar-signalling has just recently emerged. Here, we addressed which sugar-signalling components mediate the trade-off between growth of apical versus lateral meristems and how they control organ sink-strength. Thereby, we unravelled a novel developmental function of the sugar-controlled S 1 basic-leucine-zipper (S 1 -bZIP) transcription factors in establishing global source-sink interactions. Applying comprehensive molecular, analytical, and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that S 1 -bZIPs operate in a redundant manner to control tissue-specific expression of defined SWEET sugar-transporters and the GAT1_2.1 glutaminase. By these means, S 1 -bZIPs control carbohydrate (C)-channelling from source leaves to apical shoot and root organs and tune systemic organic nitrogen (N)-supply to restrict lateral organ formation by C/N depletion. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms controlling plant C/N partitioning is of pivotal importance for breeding strategies to generate plants with desired architectural and nutritional characteristics.
Dynamics of strigolactone function and shoot branching responses in pisum sativum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1093/MP/SSS131
Abstract: Strigolactones (SLs), or their metabolites, were recently identified as endogenous inhibitors of shoot branching. However, certain key features and dynamics of SL action remained to be physiologically characterized. Here we show that successive direct application of SL to axillary buds at every node along the stem can fully inhibit branching. The SL inhibition of early outgrowth did not require inhibitory signals from other growing buds or the shoot tip. In addition to this very early or initial suppression of outgrowth, we also found SL to be effective, up to a point, at moderating the continuing growth of axillary branches. The effectiveness of SL at affecting bud and branch growth correlated with the ability of SL to regulate expression of PsBRC1. PsBRC1 is a transcription factor that is expressed strongly in axillary buds and is required for SL inhibition of shoot branching. Consistent with a dynamic role of the hormone, SL inhibition of bud growth did not prevent buds from later responding to a decapitation treatment, even though SL treatment immediately after decapitation inhibits the outgrowth response. Also, as expected from the hypothesized branching control network in plants, treatment of exogenous SL caused feedback down-regulation of SL biosynthesis genes within 2 h. Altogether, these results reveal new insights into the dynamics of SL function and support the premise that SLs or SL-derived metabolites function dynamically as a shoot branching hormone and that they act directly in axillary buds.
Pea rms6 mutants exhibit increased basal branching
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2002
DOI: 10.1034/J.1399-3054.2002.1150316.X
Abstract: Our studies on two branching mutants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) have identified a further Ramosus locus, Rms6, with two recessive or partially recessive mutant alleles: rms6-1 (type line S2-271) and rms6-2 (type line K586). Mutants rms6-1 and rms6-2 were derived from dwarf and tall cultivars, Solara and Torsdag, respectively. The rms6 mutants are characterized by increased branching from basal nodes. In contrast, mutants rms1 through rms5 have increased branching from both basal and aerial (upper stem) nodes. Buds at the cotyledonary node of wild-type (WT) plants remain dormant but in rms6 plants these buds were usually released from dormancy. Their growth was either subsequently inhibited, sometimes even prior to emergence above ground, or they grew into secondary stems. The mutant phenotype was strongest for rms6-1 on the dwarf background. Although rms6-2 had a weak single-mutant phenotype, the rms3-1 rms6-2 double mutant showed clear transgression and an additive branching phenotype, with a total lateral length almost 2-fold greater than rms3-1 and nearly 5-fold greater than rms6-2. Grafting studies between WT and rms6-1 plants demonstrated the primary action of Rms6 may be confined to the shoot. Young WT and rms6-1 shoots had similar auxin levels, and decapitated plants had a similar magnitude of response to applied auxin. Abscisic acid levels were elevated 2-fold at node 2 of young rms6-1 plants. The Rms6 locus mapped to the R to Gp segment of linkage group V (chromosome 3). The rms6 mutants will be useful for basic research and also have possible agronomical value.
Foreword to 'Legume Genomics and Genetics'
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1071/FPV33N8_FO
Strigolactones stimulate internode elongation independently of gibberellins
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-08-2013
Abstract: Strigolactone (SL) mutants in erse species show reduced stature in addition to their extensive branching. Here, we show that this dwarfism in pea (Pisum sativum) is not attributable to the strong branching of the mutants. The continuous supply of the synthetic SL GR24 via the root system using hydroponics can restore internode length of the SL-deficient rms1 mutant but not of the SL-response rms4 mutant, indicating that SLs stimulate internode elongation via RMS4. Cytological analysis of internode epidermal cells indicates that SLs control cell number but not cell length, suggesting that SL may affect stem elongation by stimulating cell ision. Consequently, SLs can repress (in axillary buds) or promote (in the stem) cell ision in a tissue-dependent manner. Because gibberellins (GAs) increase internode length by affecting both cell ision and cell length, we tested if SLs stimulate internode elongation by affecting GA metabolism or signaling. Genetic analyses using SL-deficient and GA-deficient or DELLA-deficient double mutants, together with molecular and physiological approaches, suggest that SLs act independently from GAs to stimulate internode elongation.
Auxin inhibition of decapitation-induced branching is dependent on graft-transmissible signals regulated by genes Rms1 and Rms2
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2000
DOI: 10.1104/PP.123.2.689
Abstract: Decapitation-induced axillary bud outgrowth is a vital mechanism whereby shoots are able to continue normal growth and development. In many plants, including wild-type garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), this process can be inhibited by exogenous auxin. Using the ramosus (rms) increased branching mutants of pea, we present evidence that this response to auxin is dependent on graft-transmissible substance(s) regulated by the genes Rms1 and Rms2. The response to exogenous auxin is massively diminished in decapitatedrms1 and rms2 mutant plants. However, basipetal auxin transport is not reduced in intact or decapitated mutants. Grafting rms1 or rms2 shoots onto wild-type rootstocks restored the auxin response, indicating thatRms1 and Rms2 gene action in the rootstock is sufficient to enable an auxin response in mutant shoots. We conclude that Rms1 and Rms2 act in the rootstock and shoot to control levels of mobile substance(s) that interact with exogenous auxin in the inhibition of bud outgrowth after decapitation. At least for rms1, the reduced auxin response is unlikely to be due to an inability of auxin to decrease xylem sap cytokinin content, as this is already low in intactrms1 plants. Consequently, we have genetic evidence that auxin action in decapitated plants depends on at least one novel long-distance signal.
Hydroxyl carlactone derivatives are predominant strigolactones in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2020
DOI: 10.1002/PLD3.219
Adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism creates hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 17-11-2021
Abstract: New species originate as populations become reproductively isolated from one another. Despite recent progress in uncovering the genetic basis of reproductive isolation, it remains unclear whether intrinsic reproductive barriers, such as hybrid sterility, can evolve as a by-product of local adaptation to contrasting environments. Here, we show that differences in a plant’s response to the pull of gravity have repeatedly evolved amongst coastal populations of an Australian wildflower, thus implicating a role of natural selection in their evolution. We found a strong genetic association between variation in this adaptive trait and hybrid sterility, suggesting that intrinsic reproductive barriers contribute to the origin of new species as populations adapt to heterogeneous environments.
Genome-wide identification of accessible chromatin regions by ATAC-seq upon induction of the transcription factor bZIP11 in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-023-02395-6
Abstract: Basic leucine zipper 11 (bZIP11) is a transcription factor that is activated under low energy conditions in plants and plays a crucial role in enabling plants to adapt to starvation situations. Although previous results indicate that bZIP11 regulates chromatin accessibility based on evidence obtained from single genomic loci, to what extent this transcription factor regulates the chromatin landscape at the whole genome level remains unknown. Here we addressed this by performing an ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing) on Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaf protoplasts to obtain a profile of chromatin patterning in response upon bZIP11 induction. We identified, on average, 10,000 differentially accessible regions upon bZIP11 induction, corresponding to over 8,420 different genes out of the 25,000 genes present in the Arabidopsis genome. Our study provides a resource for understanding how bZIP11 regulates the genome at the chromatin level and provides an ex le of the impact of a single transcription factor on a whole plant genome.
Regulation of shoot branching in arabidopsis by trehalose 6‐phosphate
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17006
Acclimatization of micropropagated mature avocado
Publisher: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)
Date: 11-2018
Sucrose promotes stem branching through cytokinin
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-01-2021
Abstract: Shoot branching is an important aspect of plant architecture because it substantially affects plant biology and agricultural performance. Sugars play an important role in the induction of shoot branching in several species, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, the mechanism by which sugars affect shoot branching remains mostly unknown. In the present study, we addressed this question using sugar-mediated induction of bud outgrowth in potato stems under etiolated conditions. Our results indicate that sucrose feeding to detached stems promotes the accumulation of cytokinin (CK), as well as the expression of vacuolar invertase (VInv), an enzyme that contributes to sugar sink strength. These effects of sucrose were suppressed by CK synthesis and perception inhibitors, while CK supplied to detached stems induced bud outgrowth and VInv activity in the absence of sucrose. CK-induced bud outgrowth was suppressed in vinv mutants, which we generated by genome editing. Altogether, our results identify a branching-promoting module, and suggest that sugar-induced lateral bud outgrowth is in part promoted by the induction of CK-mediated VInv activity.
Antagonistic action of strigolactone and cytokinin in bud outgrowth control
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 31-10-2012
Abstract: Cytokinin (CK) has long been implicated as a promoter of bud outgrowth in plants, but exactly how this is achieved in coordination with other plant hormones is unclear. The recent discovery of strigolactones (SLs) as the long-sought branch-inhibiting hormone allowed us to test how CK and SL coordinately regulate bud outgrowth in pea (Pisum sativum). We found that SL-deficient plants are more sensitive to stimulation of bud growth by low concentrations of locally applied CK than wild-type plants. Furthermore, in contrast with SL mutant plants, buds of wild-type plants are almost completely resistant to stimulation by CK supplied to the vasculature. Regardless of whether the exogenous hormones were supplied locally or to the xylem stream, SL and CK acted antagonistically on bud outgrowth. These data suggest that SLs do not affect the delivery of CK to axillary buds and vice versa. Rather, these data combined with dose-response experiments suggest that SLs and CK can act directly in buds to control their outgrowth. These hormones may converge at a common point in the bud outgrowth regulatory pathway. The expression of pea BRANCHED1, a TCP transcription factor expressed strongly in buds and thought to act downstream of SLs in shoot branching, is regulated by CK and SL without a requirement for protein synthesis and in a manner that correlates with observed bud growth responses.
Interactions between auxin and strigolactone in shoot branching control
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 29-07-2009
Apical dominance and shoot branching. Divergent opinions or divergent mechanisms?
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2006
Trehalose 6‐phosphate is involved in triggering axillary bud outgrowth in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-10-2017
DOI: 10.1111/TPJ.13705
Abstract: Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is a signal of sucrose availability in plants, and has been implicated in the regulation of shoot branching by the abnormal branching phenotypes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays) mutants with altered Tre6P metabolism. Decapitation of garden pea (Pisum sativum) plants has been proposed to release the dormancy of axillary buds lower down the stem due to changes in sucrose supply, and we hypothesized that this response is mediated by Tre6P. Decapitation led to a rapid and sustained rise in Tre6P levels in axillary buds, coinciding with the onset of bud outgrowth. This response was suppressed by simultaneous defoliation that restricts the supply of sucrose to axillary buds in decapitated plants. Decapitation also led to a rise in amino acid levels in buds, but a fall in phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate. Supplying sucrose to stem node explants in vitro triggered a concentration-dependent increase in the Tre6P content of the buds that was highly correlated with their rate of outgrowth. These data show that changes in bud Tre6P levels are correlated with initiation of bud outgrowth following decapitation, suggesting that Tre6P is involved in the release of bud dormancy by sucrose. Tre6P might also be linked to a reconfiguration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism to support the subsequent growth of the bud into a new shoot.
Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 28-11-2011
Abstract: Long distance cell-to-cell communication is critical for the development of multicellular organisms. In this respect, plants are especially demanding as they constantly integrate environmental inputs to adjust growth processes to different conditions. One ex le is thickening of shoots and roots, also designated as secondary growth. Secondary growth is mediated by the vascular cambium, a stem cell-like tissue whose cell-proliferating activity is regulated over a long distance by the plant hormone auxin. How auxin signaling is integrated at the level of cambium cells and how cambium activity is coordinated with other growth processes are largely unknown. Here, we provide physiological, genetic, and pharmacological evidence that strigolactones (SLs), a group of plant hormones recently described to be involved in the repression of shoot branching, positively regulate cambial activity and that this function is conserved among species. We show that SL signaling in the vascular cambium itself is sufficient for cambium stimulation and that it interacts strongly with the auxin signaling pathway. Our results provide a model of how auxin-based long-distance signaling is translated into cambium activity and suggest that SLs act as general modulators of plant growth forms linking the control of shoot branching with the thickening of stems and roots.
Order of merit.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2007
DOI: 10.1038/NJ7152-508B
Strigolactones: discovery of the elusive shoot branching hormone
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2009.04.003
Abstract: The control of axillary bud outgrowth involves a network of hormonal signals and feedback regulation. A repressor of bud outgrowth that is central to the story has been missing since it was first postulated more than 70 years ago. This hormone moves upward in plant stems and can act as a long-distance messenger for auxin. Strigolactones, previously known as carotenoid-derived signals exuded from roots, fit the role of this elusive hormone. The discovery of branching inhibition by strigolactones will help solve many confusing aspects of branch control, including interactions with other signals, and is a great step forward toward uncovering the links between environment, genetics and plant form.
Sugar availability suppresses the auxin‐induced strigolactone pathway to promote bud outgrowth
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-10-2019
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.16201
Abstract: Apical dominance occurs when the growing shoot tip inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds. Apically-derived auxin in the nodal stem indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth via cytokinins and strigolactones. Recently, sugar deprivation was found to contribute to this phenomenon. Using rose and pea, we investigated whether sugar availability interacts with auxin in bud outgrowth control, and the role of cytokinins and strigolactones, in vitro and in planta. We show that sucrose antagonises auxin's effect on bud outgrowth, in a dose-dependent and coupled manner. Sucrose also suppresses strigolactone inhibition of outgrowth and the rms3 strigolactone-perception mutant is less affected by reducing sucrose supply. However, sucrose does not interfere with the regulation of cytokinin levels by auxin and stimulates outgrowth even with optimal cytokinin supply. These observations were assembled into a computational model in which sucrose represses bud response to strigolactones, largely independently of cytokinin levels. It quantitatively captures our observed dose-dependent sucrose-hormones effects on bud outgrowth and allows us to express outgrowth response to various combinations of auxin and sucrose levels as a simple quantitative law. This study places sugars in the bud outgrowth regulatory network and paves the way for a better understanding of branching plasticity in response to environmental and genotypic factors.
F-box protein MAX2 has dual roles in karrikin and strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 09-05-2011
Abstract: Smoke is an important abiotic cue for plant regeneration in postfire landscapes. Karrikins are a class of compounds discovered in smoke that promote seed germination and influence early development of many plants by an unknown mechanism. A genetic screen for karrikin-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that karrikin signaling requires the F-box protein MAX2, which also mediates responses to the structurally-related strigolactone family of phytohormones. Karrikins and the synthetic strigolactone GR24 trigger similar effects on seed germination, seedling photomorphogenesis, and expression of a small set of genes during these developmental stages. Karrikins also repress MAX4 and IAA1 transcripts, which show negative feedback regulation by strigolactone. We demonstrate that all of these common responses are abolished in max2 mutants. Unlike strigolactones, however, karrikins do not inhibit shoot branching in Arabidopsis or pea, indicating that plants can distinguish between these signals. These results suggest that a MAX2 -dependent signal transduction mechanism was adapted to mediate responses to two chemical cues with distinct roles in plant ecology and development.
Interlocking Disulfides in Circular Proteins: Toward Efficient Oxidative Folding of Cyclotides
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 2011
Abstract: Cyclotides are ultrastable plant proteins characterized by the presence of a cyclic amide backbone and three disulfide bonds that form a cystine knot. Because of their extreme stability, there has been significant interest in developing these molecules as a drug design scaffold. For this potential to be realized, efficient methods for the synthesis and oxidative folding of cyclotides need to be developed, yet we currently have only a basic understanding of the folding mechanism and the factors influencing this process. In this study, we determine the major factors influencing oxidative folding of the different subfamilies of cyclotides. The folding of all the cyclotides examined was heavily influenced by the concentration of redox reagents, with the folding rate and final yield of the native isomer greatly enhanced by high concentrations of oxidized glutathione. Addition of hydrophobic solvents to the buffer also enhanced the folding rates and appeared to alter the folding pathway. Significant deamidation and isoaspartate formation were seen when oxidation conditions were conducive to slow folding. The identification of factors that influence the folding and degradation pathways of cyclotides will facilitate the development of folding screens and optimized conditions for producing cyclotides and grafted analogs as stable peptide-based therapeutics.
New genes in the strigolactone-related shoot branching pathway
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PBI.2009.10.003
Abstract: Shoot branching is controlled by the formation and subsequent outgrowth of axillary buds in the axils of leaves. Axillary buds are indeterminate structures that can be arrested and await endogenous or environmental cues for outgrowth. A major breakthrough in this area of plant development has been the discovery that a specific group of terpenoid lactones, named strigolactones, can directly or indirectly, inhibit axillary bud outgrowth. Since that discovery, new branching mutants have been identified with reduced strigolactone levels or which are defective in strigolactone regulation or response. DWARF27 and DWARF14 probably act on strigolactone biosynthesis and strigolactone metabolism or signal transduction, respectively. Auxin signaling mutants have also been useful in demonstrating that strigolactone levels are mediated by a classical auxin signal transduction pathway. The discovery and characterization of these mutants is an important first step toward understanding the mechanisms of strigolactone biosynthesis and signaling and their importance in regulating shoot branching.
Branching genes are conserved across species. Genes controlling a novel signal in pea are coregulated by other long-distance signals
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-09-2006
Abstract: Physiological and genetic studies with the ramosus (rms) mutants in garden pea (Pisum sativum) and more axillary shoots (max) mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have shown that shoot branching is regulated by a network of long-distance signals. Orthologous genes RMS1 and MAX4 control the synthesis of a novel graft-transmissible branching signal that may be a carotenoid derivative and acts as a branching inhibitor. In this study, we demonstrate further conservation of the branching control system by showing that MAX2 and MAX3 are orthologous to RMS4 and RMS5, respectively. This is consistent with the long-standing hypothesis that branching in pea is regulated by a novel long-distance signal produced by RMS1 and RMS5 and that RMS4 is implicated in the response to this signal. We examine RMS5 expression and show that it is more highly expressed relative to RMS1, but under similar transcriptional regulation as RMS1. Further expression studies support the hypothesis that RMS4 functions in shoot and rootstock and participates in the feedback regulation of RMS1 and RMS5 expression. This feedback involves a second novel long-distance signal that is lacking in rms2 mutants. RMS1 and RMS5 are also independently regulated by indole-3-acetic acid. RMS1, rather than RMS5, appears to be a key regulator of the branching inhibitor. This study presents new interactions between RMS genes and provides further evidence toward the ongoing elucidation of a model of axillary bud outgrowth in pea.
Axillary bud outgrowth in herbaceous shoots: how do strigolactones fit into the picture?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-01-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S11103-010-9599-2
Abstract: Strigolactones have recently been identified as the long sought-after signal required to inhibit shoot branching (Gomez-Roldan et al. 2008 Umehara et al. 2008 reviewed in Dun et al. 2009). Here we briefly describe the evidence for strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching and, more extensively, the broader context of this action. We address the central question of why strigolactone mutants exhibit a varied branching phenotype across a wide range of experimental conditions. Where knowledge is available, we highlight the role of other hormones in dictating these phenotypes and describe those instances where our knowledge of known plant hormones and their interactions falls considerably short of explaining the phenotypes. This review will focus on bud outgrowth in herbaceous species because knowledge on the role of strigolactones in shoot branching to date barely extends beyond this group of plants.
Auxin-independent effects of apical dominance induce changes in phytohormones correlated with bud outgrowth
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-01-2023
Abstract: The inhibition of shoot branching by the growing shoot tip of plants, termed apical dominance, was originally thought to be mediated by auxin. Recently, the importance of the shoot tip sink strength during apical dominance has re-emerged with recent studies highlighting roles for sugars in promoting branching. This raises many unanswered questions on the relative roles of auxin and sugars in apical dominance. Here we show that auxin depletion after decapitation is not always the initial trigger of rapid cytokinin (CK) increases in buds that are instead correlated with enhanced sugars. Auxin may also act through strigolactones (SLs) which have been shown to suppress branching after decapitation, but here we show that SLs do not have a significant effect on initial bud outgrowth after decapitation. We report here that when sucrose or CK is abundant, SLs are less inhibitory during the bud release stage compared to during later stages and that SL treatment rapidly inhibits CK accumulation in pea (Pisum sativum) axillary buds of intact plants. After initial bud release, we find an important role of gibberellin (GA) in promoting sustained bud growth downstream of auxin. We are, therefore, able to suggest a model of apical dominance that integrates auxin, sucrose, SLs, CKs, and GAs and describes differences in signalling across stages of bud release to sustained growth.
Apical wilting and petiole xylem vessel diameter of the rms2 branching mutant of pea are shoot controlled and independent of a long-distance signal regulating branching
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-03-2008
DOI: 10.1093/PCP/PCN052
Abstract: RMS2 (RAMOSUS2) affects the level or transport of a graft-transmissible signal produced in the shoot and root that controls axillary bud outgrowth in pea (Pisum sativum L.). The shoot apex of rms2 transiently wilts under high evaporative demand. The origin of this phenotype was investigated to determine whether it was involved in the regulation of branching. Wild-type (WT) and rms2 leaves showed a similar stomatal conductance at both low and high evaporative demand in vivo, indicating normal stomatal function. Leaves of both genotypes had similar ABA content and response to ABA. Although root hydraulic conductance (determined by pressure-induced flow) of rms2 plants was normal, more xylem vessels per vascular bundle were identified in cross-sections of fully expanded rms2 petioles compared with those of the WT. However, the diameter of these vessels was nearly half that of the WT. Since the conductance of each vessel is proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius (according to the Hagen-Poiseulle law), the theoretical (calculated) petiole hydraulic conductance of rms2 was greatly decreased compared with WT plants. Under high evaporative demand, this would cause a temporary imbalance between water supply to, and demand from, rms2 shoots, directly resulting in the wilting phenotype of the mutant. Reciprocal grafting showed that xylem vessel development in rms2 shoots is strictly shoot controlled, probably via elevated auxin levels. This altered xylem vessel development, though causing wilting in rms2 shoot tips, does not appear to affect shoot branching.
Xylem-borne cytokinins: Still in search of a role?
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-11-2006
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERJ021
Abstract: Leaf expansion and xylem cytokinin concentration ([X-CK]) decrease in response to nitrogen (N) deprivation. Debate continues over cause, effect, and correlation. Supporting studies provide, at best, correlative evidence that [X-CK] controls leaf growth in response to N-deprivation, while dissenting studies indicate that leaf growth responses to N can be independent of changes in X-CK supply to leaves. A model is proposed to evaluate the physiological significance to leaf growth of changes in plant and environment N concentrations, and plant CK concentrations.
Branching mutant rms-2 in Pisum sativum. Grafting studies and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid levels
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-1994
DOI: 10.1104/PP.104.3.953
Abstract: Isogenic lines of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were used to determine the physiological site of action of the Rms-2 gene, which maintains apical dominance, and its effect on endogenous free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels. In mutant rms-2 scions, which normally produce lateral branches below node 3 and above node 7, apical dominance was almost fully restored by grafting to Rms-2 (wild-type) stocks. In the reciprocal grafts, rms-2 stocks did not promote branching in wild-type shoots. Together, these results suggest that the Rms-2 gene inhibits branching in the shoot of pea by controlling the synthesis of a translocatable (hormone-like) substance that is produced in the roots and/or cotyledons and in the shoot. At all stages, including the stage at which aerial lateral buds commence outgrowth, the level of IAA in rms-2 shoots was elevated (up to 5-fold) in comparison with that in wild-type shoots. The internode length of rms-2 plants was 40% less than in wild-type plants, and the mutant plants allocated significantly more dry weight to the shoot than to the root in comparison with wild-type plants. Grafting to wild-type stocks did not normalize IAA levels or internode length in rms-2 scions, even though it inhibited branching, suggesting that the involvement of Rms-2 in the control of IAA level and internode length may be confined to processes in the shoot.
Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2008
DOI: 10.1038/NATURE07271
Abstract: A carotenoid-derived hormonal signal that inhibits shoot branching in plants has long escaped identification. Strigolactones are compounds thought to be derived from carotenoids and are known to trigger the germination of parasitic plant seeds and stimulate symbiotic fungi. Here we present evidence that carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 shoot branching mutants of pea are strigolactone deficient and that strigolactone application restores the wild-type branching phenotype to ccd8 mutants. Moreover, we show that other branching mutants previously characterized as lacking a response to the branching inhibition signal also lack strigolactone response, and are not deficient in strigolactones. These responses are conserved in Arabidopsis. In agreement with the expected properties of the hormonal signal, exogenous strigolactone can be transported in shoots and act at low concentrations. We suggest that endogenous strigolactones or related compounds inhibit shoot branching in plants. Furthermore, ccd8 mutants demonstrate the erse effects of strigolactones in shoot branching, mycorrhizal symbiosis and parasitic weed interaction.
Strigolactones positively regulate chilling tolerance in pea and in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-03-2018
DOI: 10.1111/PCE.13147
Abstract: Strigolactones (SL) fulfil important roles in plant development and stress tolerance. Here, we characterized the role of SL in the dark chilling tolerance of pea and Arabidopsis by analysis of mutants that are defective in either SL synthesis or signalling. Pea mutants (rms3, rms4, and rms5) had significantly greater shoot branching with higher leaf chlorophyll a/b ratios and carotenoid contents than the wild type. Exposure to dark chilling significantly decreased shoot fresh weights but increased leaf numbers in all lines. Moreover, dark chilling treatments decreased biomass (dry weight) accumulation only in rms3 and rms5 shoots. Unlike the wild type plants, chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon assimilation was observed in the rms lines and also in the Arabidopsis max3-9, max4-1, and max2-1 mutants that are defective in SL synthesis or signalling. When grown on agar plates, the max mutant rosettes accumulated less biomass than the wild type. The synthetic SL, GR24, decreased leaf area in the wild type, max3-9, and max4-1 mutants but not in max2-1 in the absence of stress. In addition, a chilling-induced decrease in leaf area was observed in all the lines in the presence of GR24. We conclude that SL plays an important role in the control of dark chilling tolerance.
Hydroxyl carlactone derivatives are predominant strigolactones in Arabidopsis
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 18-01-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.17.910877
Abstract: Strigolactones (SLs) regulate important aspects of plant growth and stress responses. Many erse types of SL occur in plants, but a complete picture of biosynthesis remains unclear. In Arabidopsis thaliana , we have demonstrated that MAX1, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, converts carlactone (CL) into carlactonoic acid (CLA), and that LBO, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, converts methyl carlactonoate (MeCLA) into a metabolite called [MeCLA+16] Da. In the present study, feeding experiments with deuterated MeCLAs revealed that [MeCLA+16] Da is hydroxymethyl carlactonoate (1’-HO-MeCLA). Importantly, this LBO metabolite was detected in plants. Interestingly, other related compounds, methyl 4-hydroxycarlactonoate (4-HO-MeCLA) and methyl 16-hydroxycarlactonoate (16-HO-MeCLA) were also found to accumulate in lbo mutants. 3-HO-, 4-HO- and 16-HO-CL were detected in plants, but their expected corresponding metabolites, HO-CLAs, were absent in max1 mutants. These results suggest that HO-CL derivatives are predominant SLs in Arabidopsis , produced through MAX1 and LBO.
Investigations into the emergent properties of gene-to-phenotype networks across cycles of selection: A case study of shoot branching in plants
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 05-02-2022
DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.03.479064
Abstract: Predictive breeding is now widely practised in crop improvement programs and has accelerated selection response (i.e., the amount of genetic gain between breeding cycles) for complex traits. However, world food production needs to increase further to meet the demands of the growing human population. The prediction of complex traits with current methods can be inconsistent across different genetic, environmental, and agronomic management contexts because the complex relationships between genomic and phenotypic variation are not well accounted for. Therefore, developing gene-to-phenotype network models for traits that integrate the knowledge of networks from systems biology, plant and crop physiology with population genomics has been proposed to close this gap in predictive modelling. Here, we develop a gene-to-phenotype network for shoot branching, a critical developmental pathway underpinning harvestable yield for many crop species, as a case study to explore the value of developing gene-to-phenotype networks to enhance understanding of selection responses. We observed that genetic canalization is an emergent property of the complex interactions among shoot branching gene-to-phenotype network components, leading to the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation, reduced selection responses, and large variation in selection trajectories across populations. As genetic canalization is expected to be pervasive in traits, such as grain yield, that result from interactions among multiple genes, traits, environments, and agronomic management practices, the need to model traits in crop improvement programs as outcomes of gene-to-phenotype networks is highlighted as an emerging opportunity to advance our understanding of selection response and the efficiency of developing resilient crops for future climates.
A phenol/chloroform-free method to extract nucleic acids from recalcitrant, woody tropical species for gene expression and sequencing
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2019
The gigas mutant in pea is deficient in the floral stimulus
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1996
Plasticity of bud outgrowth varies at cauline and rosette nodes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-12-2021
Abstract: Shoot branching is a complex mechanism in which secondary shoots grow from buds that are initiated from meristems established in leaf axils. The model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has a rosette leaf growth pattern in the vegetative stage. After flowering initiation, the main stem elongates with the top leaf primordia developing into cauline leaves. Meristems in Arabidopsis initiate in the axils of rosette or cauline leaves, giving rise to rosette or cauline buds, respectively. Plasticity in the process of shoot branching is regulated by resource and nutrient availability as well as by plant hormones. However, few studies have attempted to test whether cauline and rosette branching are subject to the same plasticity. Here, we addressed this question by phenotyping cauline and rosette branching in three Arabidopsis ecotypes and several Arabidopsis mutants with varied shoot architectures. Our results showed no negative correlation between cauline and rosette branch numbers in Arabidopsis, demonstrating that there is no tradeoff between cauline and rosette bud outgrowth. Through investigation of the altered branching pattern of flowering pathway mutants and Arabidopsis ecotypes grown in various photoperiods and light regimes, we further elucidated that the number of cauline branches is closely related to flowering time. The number of rosette branches has an enormous plasticity compared with cauline branches and is influenced by genetic background, flowering time, light intensity, and temperature. Our data reveal different levels of plasticity in the regulation of branching at rosette and cauline nodes, and promote a framework for future branching analyses.
Initial bud outgrowth occurs independent of Auxin flow from out of buds
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-11-2019
DOI: 10.1104/PP.18.00519
Long-distance signalling and a mutational analysis of branching in pea
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2000
Scion control of miRNA abundance and tree maturity in grafted avocado
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-09-2019
HEXOKINASE1 interferes with cytokinin synthesis and strigolactone perception during sugar-induced shoot branching
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 29-10-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.28.359927
Abstract: - Plant architecture is controlled by several endogenous signals including hormones and sugars. However, only little is known about the nature and roles of the sugar signalling pathways in this process. Here we test whether the sugar pathway mediated by HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) is involved in the control of shoot branching. - To test the involvement of HXK1 in the control of shoot architecture we modulated the HXK1 pathway using physiological and genetic approaches in erse plants, rose, arabidopsis and pea and evaluated impacts of hormonal pathways. - We show that triggering a hexokinase-dependent pathway was able to promote bud outgrowth in pea and rose. In arabidopsis, both HXK1 deficiency and defoliation led to decreased shoot branching and conferred hypersensitivity to auxin. HXK1 expression was positively correlated with sugar availability. HXK1-deficient plants displayed decreased cytokinin levels and increased expression of MAX2 which is required for strigolactone signalling. The branching phenotype of HXK1-deficient plants could be partly restored by cytokinin treatment and strigolactone deficiency could override the negative impact of HXK1 deficiency on shoot branching. - Our observations demonstrate that a HXK1-dependent pathway contributes to the regulation of shoot branching and interact with hormones to modulate plant architecture.
Long-distance signaling and the control of branching in the rms1 mutant of pea
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2001
DOI: 10.1104/PP.126.1.203
Abstract: The ramosus (rms) mutation (rms1) of pea (Pisum sativum) causes increased branching through modification of graft-transmissible signal(s) produced in rootstock and shoot. Additional grafting techniques have led us to propose that the novel signal regulated byRms1 moves acropetally in shoots and acts as a branching inhibitor. Epicotyl interstock grafts showed that wild-type (WT) epicotyls grafted between rms1 scions and rootstocks can revert mutant scions to a WT non-branching phenotype. Mutant scions grafted together with mutant and WT rootstocks did not branch despite a contiguous mutant root-shoot system. The primary action ofRms1 is, therefore, unlikely to be to block transport of a branching stimulus from root to shoot. Rather, Rms1may influence a long-distance signal that functions, directly or indirectly, as a branching inhibitor. It can be deduced that this signal moves acropetally in shoots because WT rootstocks inhibit branching in rms1 shoots, and although WT scions do not branch when grafted to mutant rootstocks, they do not inhibit branching in rms1 cotyledonary shoots growing from the same rootstocks. The acropetal direction of transport of theRms1 signal supports previous evidence that therms1 lesion is not in an auxin biosynthesis or transport pathway. The different branching phenotypes of WT andrms1 shoots growing from the same rms1rootstock provides further evidence that the shoot has a major role in the regulation of branching and, moreover, that root-exported cytokinin is not the only graft-transmissible signal regulating branching in intact pea plants.
Models of long-distance transport: How is carrier-dependent auxin transport regulated in the stem?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-03-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2012.04093.X
Abstract: • This paper presents two models of carrier-dependent long-distance auxin transport in stems that represent the process at different scales. • A simple compartment model using a single constant auxin transfer rate produced similar data to those observed in biological experiments. The effects of different underlying biological assumptions were tested in a more detailed model representing cellular and intracellular processes that enabled discussion of different patterns of carrier-dependent auxin transport and signalling. • The output that best fits the biological data is produced by a model where polar auxin transport is not limited by the number of transporters/carriers and hence supports biological data showing that stems have considerable excess capacity to transport auxin. • All results support the conclusion that auxin depletion following apical decapitation in pea (Pisum sativum) occurs too slowly to be the initial cause of bud outgrowth. Consequently, changes in auxin content in the main stem and changes in polar auxin transport/carrier abundance in the main stem are not correlated with axillary bud outgrowth.
The shoot controls zeatin riboside export from pea roots. Evidence from the branching mutant rms4
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1997
Molecular dissection of the pea shoot apical meristem*
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-08-2009
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERP254
The branching gene RAMOSUS1 mediates interactions among two novel signals and auxin in pea
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-01-2005
Modelling selection response in plant-breeding programs using crop models as mechanistic gene-to-phenotype (CGM-G2P) multi-trait link functions
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-12-2021
DOI: 10.1093/INSILICOPLANTS/DIAA016
Abstract: Plant-breeding programs are designed and operated over multiple cycles to systematically change the genetic makeup of plants to achieve improved trait performance for a Target Population of Environments (TPE). Within each cycle, selection applied to the standing genetic variation within a structured reference population of genotypes (RPG) is the primary mechanism by which breeding programs make the desired genetic changes. Selection operates to change the frequencies of the alleles of the genes controlling trait variation within the RPG. The structure of the RPG and the TPE has important implications for the design of optimal breeding strategies. The breeder’s equation, together with the quantitative genetic theory behind the equation, informs many of the principles for design of breeding programs. The breeder’s equation can take many forms depending on the details of the breeding strategy. Through the genetic changes achieved by selection, the cultivated varieties of crops (cultivars) are improved for use in agriculture. From a breeding perspective, selection for specific trait combinations requires a quantitative link between the effects of the alleles of the genes impacted by selection and the trait phenotypes of plants and their breeding value. This gene-to-phenotype link function provides the G2P map for one to many traits. For complex traits controlled by many genes, the infinitesimal model for trait genetic variation is the dominant G2P model of quantitative genetics. Here we consider motivations and potential benefits of using the hierarchical structure of crop models as CGM-G2P trait link functions in combination with the infinitesimal model for the design and optimization of selection in breeding programs.
Sugar availability suppresses the auxin-induced strigolactone pathway to promote bud outgrowth
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 30-08-2019
DOI: 10.1101/752147
Abstract: Apical dominance occurs when the growing shoot tip inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds. Apically-derived auxin in the nodal stem indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth via cytokinins and strigolactones. Recently, sugar deprivation was found to contribute to this phenomenon. Using rose and pea, we investigated whether sugar availability interacts with auxin in bud outgrowth control, and the role of cytokinins and strigolactones, in vitro and in planta . We show that sucrose antagonizes auxin’s effect on bud outgrowth, in a dose-dependent and coupled manner. Sucrose also suppresses strigolactone-inhibition of outgrowth, and rms3 strigolactone-perception mutant is less affected by reducing sucrose supply however, sucrose does not interfere with the regulation of cytokinin levels by auxin, and stimulates outgrowth even with optimal cytokinin supply. These observations were assembled into a computational model where sucrose represses bud response to strigolactones, largely independently of cytokinin levels. It quantitatively captures our observed dose-dependent sucrose-hormones effects on bud outgrowth, and allows us to express outgrowth response to various combinations of auxin and sucrose levels as a simple quantitative law. This study places sugars in the bud outgrowth regulatory network, and paves the way for better understanding of branching plasticity in response to environmental and genotypic factors.
Mutant dn influences dry matter distribution, assimilate partitioning and flowering in Lathyrus odoratus L.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/43.1.55
Pea has its tendrils in branching discoveries spanning a century from auxin to strigolactones
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 18-09-2009
Adventitious root formation in Grevillea (Proteaceae), an Australian native species
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
An Update on the Signals Controlling Shoot Branching
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2018.12.001
Abstract: Many new questions on the regulation of shoot branching have been raised in recent years, prompting a review and reassessment of the role of each signal involved. Sugars and their signaling networks have been attributed a major role in the early events of axillary bud outgrowth, whereas cytokinin appears to play a critical role in the modulation of this process in response to the environment. Perception of the recently discovered hormone strigolactone is now quite well understood, while the downstream targets remain largely unknown. Recent literature has highlighted that auxin export from a bud is important for its subsequent growth.
MicroRNA control of flowering and annual crop cycle in tropical/subtropical horticultural trees
Publisher: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)
Date: 06-2018
Ancestral sequence reconstruction of the CYP711 family reveals functional divergence in strigolactone biosynthetic enzymes associated with gene duplication events in monocot grasses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/NPH.18285
Abstract: The strigolactone (SL) class of phytohormones shows broad chemical ersity, the functional importance of which remains to be fully elucidated, along with the enzymes responsible for the ersification of the SL structure. Here we explore the functional evolution of the highly conserved CYP711A P450 family, members of which catalyze several key monooxygenation reactions in the strigolactone pathway. Ancestral sequence reconstruction was utilized to infer ancestral CYP711A sequences based on a comprehensive set of extant CYP711 sequences. Eleven ancestral enzymes, corresponding to key points in the CYP711A phylogenetic tree, were resurrected and their activity was characterized towards the native substrate carlactone and the pure enantiomers of the synthetic strigolactone analogue, GR24. The ancestral and extant CYP711As tested accepted GR24 as a substrate and catalyzed several ersifying oxidation reactions on the structure. Evidence was obtained for functional ergence in the CYP711A family. The monocot group 3 ancestor, arising from gene duplication events within monocot grasses, showed both increased catalytic activity towards GR24 and high stereoselectivity towards the GR24 isomer resembling strigol-type SLs. These results are consistent with a role for CYP711As in strigolactone ersification in early land plants, which may have extended to the ersification of strigol-type SLs.
Strigolactones Suppress Adventitious Rooting in Arabidopsis and Pea
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-02-2012
Abstract: Adventitious root formation is essential for the propagation of many commercially important plant species and involves the formation of roots from nonroot tissues such as stems or leaves. Here, we demonstrate that the plant hormone strigolactone suppresses adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and pea (Pisum sativum). Strigolactone-deficient and response mutants of both species have enhanced adventitious rooting. CYCLIN B1 expression, an early marker for the initiation of adventitious root primordia in Arabidopsis, is enhanced in more axillary growth2 (max2), a strigolactone response mutant, suggesting that strigolactones restrain the number of adventitious roots by inhibiting the very first formative isions of the founder cells. Strigolactones and cytokinins appear to act independently to suppress adventitious rooting, as cytokinin mutants are strigolactone responsive and strigolactone mutants are cytokinin responsive. In contrast, the interaction between the strigolactone and auxin signaling pathways in regulating adventitious rooting appears to be more complex. Strigolactone can at least partially revert the stimulatory effect of auxin on adventitious rooting, and auxin can further increase the number of adventitious roots in max mutants. We present a model depicting the interaction of strigolactones, cytokinins, and auxin in regulating adventitious root formation.
Sucrose promotes D53 accumulation and tillering in rice
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 11-11-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.10.377549
Abstract: - Shoot branching, a major component of shoot architecture, is regulated by multiple signals. Previous studies have indicated that sucrose may promote branching through suppressing the inhibitory effect of the hormone strigolactone (SL). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. - Here we used molecular and genetic tools to identify the molecular targets underlying the antagonistic interaction between sucrose and SL. - We showed that sucrose antagonises the suppressive action of SL on tillering in rice and on the degradation of D53, a major target of SL signalling. Sucrose inhibits the expression of D3 , the orthologue of the arabidopsis F-box protein MAX2 required for SL signalling. Over-expression of D3 prevents sucrose from inhibiting D53 degradation and enabled the SL inhibition of tillering under high sucrose. Sucrose also prevents SL-induced degradation of D14, the SL receptor involved in D53 degradation. Interestingly, D14 over-expression enhances D53 protein levels and sucrose-induced tillering. - Our results show that sucrose inhibits SL perception by targeting key components of SL signalling and, together with previous studies reporting the inhibition of SL synthesis by nitrate and phosphate, demonstrate the central role played by strigolactones in the regulation of plant architecture by nutrients.
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