Jonathan Buckley

Comparison of aerobic exercise capacity and muscle strength in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-07-2009

DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.2009.02177.X

Lack of Efficacy of a Salience Nudge for Substituting Selection of Lower-Calorie for Higher-Calorie Milk in the Work Place

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 02-06-2015

DOI: 10.3390/NU7064336

Reductions in food cravings are similar with low-fat weight loss diets differing in protein and carbohydrate in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUTRES.2018.05.005

Abstract: Food cravings are common in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Higher-protein diets are effective in improving satiety but their effect on cravings is unclear. It was hypothesized that a high protein (HP) diet would provide greater reductions in cravings than an isocaloric higher-carbohydrate diet (HC). In a randomized controlled trial, 61 adults (54% males) with T2D (means ± SD: BMI 34.3 ± 5.1 kg/m

Site M0078

Publisher: International Ocean Discovery Program

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.14379/IODP.PROC.381.104.2019

Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients: Original Article

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2010

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2796.2009.02174.X

Abstract: To compare the effects of an energy reduced very low carbohydrate, high saturated fat diet (LC) and an isocaloric high carbohydrate, low fat diet (LF) on endothelial function after 12 months. Forty-nine overweight or obese patients (age 50.0 +/- 1.1 years, BMI 33.7 +/- 0.6 kg m(-2)) were randomized to either an energy restricted ( approximately 6-7 MJ), planned isocaloric LC or LF for 52 weeks. Body weight, endothelium-derived factors, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), adiponectin, augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed. All data are mean +/- SEM. Weight loss was similar in both groups (LC -14.9 +/- 2.1 kg, LF -11.5 +/- 1.5 kg P = 0.20). There was a significant time x diet effect for FMD (P = 0.045) FMD decreased in LC (5.7 +/- 0.7% to 3.7 +/- 0.5%) but remained unchanged in LF (5.9 +/- 0.5% to 5.5 +/- 0.7%). PWV improved in both groups (LC -1.4 +/- 0.6 m s(-1), LF -1.5 +/- 0.6 m s(-1) P = 0.001 for time) with no diet effect (P = 0.80). AIx and VCAM-1 did not change in either group. Adiponectin, eSelectin, tPA and PAI-1 improved similarly in both groups (P < 0.01 for time). Both LC and LF hypoenergetic diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated with improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium-derived factors. However, the LC diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have detrimental effects on endothelial function.

Protein hydrolysates and tissue repair

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 21-11-2011

DOI: 10.1017/S0954422411000084

Abstract: Protein hydrolysates provide a rich source of protein which is useful in situations where excess protein is needed, such as during repair of tissue damage. The consumption of protein hydrolysates has been shown to result in more rapid uptake of amino acids compared with whole proteins or free-form amino acid mixtures and some peptides in hydrolysates exhibit biological activity. Early studies showed that protein hydrolysates are more effectively utilised than intact proteins or amino acids. In addition, they promote a strong insulinotropic effect, which reduces protein breakdown and enhances muscle and tissue uptake of branched-chain amino acids. These effects contribute to benefits of protein hydrolysates for enhancing repair of tissue damage caused by surgery, ulcers, burns and muscle-damaging exercise. While there is evidence that protein hydrolysates may be useful for facilitating tissue repair, additional research is needed to further examine various roles of protein hydrolysates in this process.

Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate weight loss diet on exercise capacity and tolerance in overweight and obese adults.

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 02-07-2014

DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.911668

Abstract: Compare the long-term effects of an energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diet with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HC) diet on exercise tolerance and capacity in overweight and obese adults. Seventy-six adults (25 males age 49.2 ± 1.1 years BMI 33.6 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)) were randomized to either a hypocaloric (6-7 MJ/day) LC diet (35% protein, 4% carbohydrate, 61% fat) or isocaloric HC diet (24% protein, 46% carbohydrate, 30% fat) for 52 weeks. Pre- and postintervention, participants' body weight and composition, handgrip, and isometric knee extensor strength were assessed and participants performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. Forty-three participants completed the study (LC = 23 HC = 20). Overall, peak relative oxygen uptake increased (+11.3%) and reductions occurred in body weight (-14.6%), body fat percentage (-6.9% [absolute]), isometric knee extensor strength (-12.4%), handgrip strength (-4.5%), and absolute peak oxygen uptake (-5.2% p ≤ 0.02 time for all) with no diet effect (p ≥ 0.18). During submaximal exercise, rating of perceived exertion did not change in either group (p = 0.16 time, p = 0.59 Time × Group). Compared to the HC diet, the LC diet had greater reductions in respiratory exchange ratio (LC -0.04 ± 0.01, HC -0.00 ± 0.01 p = 0.03), and increased fat oxidation (LC 15.0 ± 5.3% [of energy expenditure], HC 0.5 ± 3.9% p = 0.04). In overweight and obese patients, an LC diet promoted greater fat utilization during submaximal exercise. Both an LC diet and an HC diet had similar effects on aerobic capacity and muscle strength, suggesting that long-term consumption of an LC weight loss diet does not adversely affect physical function or the ability to perform exercise.

Maximal rate of increase in heart rate during the rest-exercise transition tracks reductions in exercise performance when training load is increased

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2013.02.016

Abstract: Heart rate kinetics are faster in well-trained athletes at exercise onset, indicating sensitivity to training status, but whether they track performance changes due to changes in training load is unknown. Randomised, counterbalanced, cross-over. 17 cyclists completed two weeks of light and two weeks of heavy training. The day after each training period heart rate was recorded during 5 min cycling at 100 W to determine the maximal rate of heart rate increase. Participants then performed a 5 min cycle time-trial after which heart rate recovery was determined. Work during 5 min cycle time-trial decreased 3.5% (P<0.04) in participants (n=8) who increased training load (completed light training then heavy training) and, although maximal rate of heart rate increase did not change (P=0.27), within-in idual changes in work were correlated with changes in maximal rate of heart rate increase (r=0.87, P=0.005). Work during 5 min cycle time-trial increased 6.5% (P<0.001) in 9 participants who decreased training load (completed heavy training then light training) and maximal rate of heart rate increase increased 28% (P=0.002) but the changes in maximal work were not related to changes in rate of heart rate increase (r=0.32, P=0.40). Heart rate recovery tended to track changes in 5 min cycle time-trial work following increases and decreases in training load (r=0.65-0.75, P=0.03-0.08). Maximal rate of heart rate increases during cycling at 100 W tracks reductions in exercise performance when training load is increased, but not performance improvements when training loads are reduced. Maximal rate of heart rate increase may be a useful adjunct to heart rate recovery for tracking changes in exercise performance.

Dairy consumption and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review of findings and methodological issues

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 27-04-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-789X.2010.00837.X

Contextualizing parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes with perceptions of training tolerance

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.1123/IJSPP.2015-0495

Abstract: Heart-rate variability (HRV) as a measure of autonomic function may increase in response to training interventions leading to increases or decreases in performance, making HRV interpretation difficult in isolation. This study aimed to contextualize changes in HRV with subjective measures of training tolerance. Supine and standing measures of vagally mediated HRV (root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals [RMSSD]) and measures of training tolerance (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes questionnaire, perception of energy levels, fatigue, and muscle soreness) were recorded daily during 1 wk of light training (LT), 2 wk of heavy training (HT), and 10 d of tapering (T) in 15 male runners/triathletes. HRV and training tolerance were analyzed as rolling 7-d averages at LT, HT, and T. Performance was assessed after LT, HT, and T with a 5-km treadmill time trial (5TTT). Time to complete the 5TTT likely increased after HT (effect size [ES] ± 90% confidence interval = 0.16 ± 0.06) and then almost certainly decreased after T (ES = −0.34 ± 0.08). Training tolerance worsened after HT (ES ≥ 1.30 ± 0.41) and improved after T (ES ≥ 1.27 ± 0.49). Standing RMSSD very likely increased after HT (ES = 0.62 ± 0.26) and likely remained higher than LT at the completion of T (ES = 0.38 ± 0.21). Changes in supine RMSSD were possible or likely trivial. Vagally mediated HRV during standing increased in response to functional overreaching (indicating potential parasympathetic hyperactivity) and also to improvements in performance. Thus, additional measures such as training tolerance are required to interpret changes in vagally mediated HRV.

External and internal workload demands of women’s twenty 20 cricket competition

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2019.09.006

Abstract: To quantify the external and internal workloads of women's Twenty-Twenty (T20) cricket and compare match demands between International, National and Youth level cricket players. A retrospective analysis of data collected form T20 matches played by Australian teams (International level, n = 3 National level, n = 12 Youth level, n = 4) during the 2016-17 Australian cricket season. Thirty-four women's T20 cricket players playing for the Australian (International n = 10), South Australian (National n = 11) and South Australian Youth (Youth n = 13) teams participated in the study. Global Positioning System devices captured player movements during matches including distance (metres [m]), PlayerLoad (arbitrary units [AU]), and distance covered at different velocities. A smartphone app was used to capture the sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for each match Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was performed for each outcome to evaluate the differences between player level (International, National and Youth). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. International players covered the most total distance per match (International players 5250 ± 1664 m, National players 4113 ± 885 m, Youth players 3436 ± 1026 m, p 21 km/h (i.e. high speed running International players 73 ± 62 m, National players 31 ± 28 m, Youth players 20 ± 4 m, p < 0.003). PlayerLoad was greatest in International players (426 ± 143 AU) compared to National players (391 ± 84 AU) and Youth players (290 ± 4 0 AU) (p < 0.001). sRPE was lower for International players (352 ± 77 AU) and National players (398 ± 58 AU) compared with Youth players (499 ± 171 AU) (p < 0.005). The external workload of women's T20 cricket matches became greater as the level of competition increased from Youth to National to International, but Youth players perceive the match demands as greater.

Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-003-0944-X

Abstract: This study examined the effect of bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on the tissue composition of resistance trained (T) and untrained (UT) limbs. Using a double-blind design, subjects were randomly allocated to 60 g day(-1) of BC ( n=17) or whey protein (WP) ( n=17) during 8 weeks of resistance training of the elbow flexors (EF) of their non-dominant arm (T). Axial magnetic resonance images of both upper arms, maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVC) of EF, and the one repetition maximum (1RM) for bicep curls were measured pre- and post-supplementation. There were no differences in macronutrient intakes ( P>0.28) or the volume of training completed by T ( P=0.98) between the two groups. T of BC experienced a significantly greater increase in circumference [BC 2.3 (3.0)%, WP 0.0 (4.2)% P=0.05] and cross-sectional area (CSA) [BC 4.2 (6.0)%, WP -0.2 (8.3)% P=0.05] compared with WP, due principally to a greater increase in skin and subcutaneous fat (SSF) CSA [BC 5.5 (10.9)%, WP -2.7 (14.1)% P=0.03]. No tissue compartment changed significantly in UT of either group ( P>0.05). MVC and 1RM increased for T and UT in both groups ( P 0.32). Since the SSF compartment increased in T but not UT, and fat turnover in adipocytes is under hormonal control and would not be localised to one arm, we suggest that the increase in SSF CSA in T of BC may have been due to an increase in skin CSA, rather than fat.

Biomarkers of Physiological Responses to Periods of Intensified, Non-Resistance-Based Exercise Training in Well-Trained Male Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-08-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-018-0969-2

Abstract: Intensified training is important for inducing adaptations to improve athletic performance, but detrimental performance effects can occur if prescribed inappropriately. Monitoring biomarker responses to training may inform changes in training load to optimize performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify biomarkers associated with altered exercise performance following intensified training. Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus were searched up until September 2017. Included articles were peer reviewed and reported on biomarkers collected at rest in well-trained male athletes before and after periods of intensified training. The full text of 161 articles was reviewed, with 59 included (708 participants) and 42 (550 participants) meta-analysed. In total, 118 biomarkers were evaluated, with most being cellular communication and immunity markers (n = 54). Studies most frequently measured cortisol (n = 34), creatine kinase (n = 25) and testosterone (n = 20). Many studies reported decreased immune cell counts following intensified training, irrespective of performance. Moreover, reduced performance was associated with a decrease in neutrophils (d = - 0.57 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.07 to - 0.07) and glutamine (d = - 0.37 95% CI - 0.43 to - 0.31) and an increase in urea concentration (d = 0.80 95% CI 0.30 to 1.30). In contrast, increased performance was associated with an increased testosterone:cortisol ratio (d = 0.89 95% CI 0.54 to 1.24). All remaining biomarkers showed no consistent patterns of change with performance. Many biomarkers were altered with intensified training but not in a manner related to changes in exercise performance. Neutrophils, glutamine, urea and the testosterone:cortisol ratio exhibited some evidence of directional changes that corresponded with performance changes therefore indicating potential to track performance. Additional investigations of the potential for these markers to track altered performance are warranted.

Good agreement between bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for estimating changes in body composition during weight loss in overweight young women

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2007.08.003

Anti‐obesity effects of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-10-2009

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-789X.2009.00584.X

A randomised controlled intervention study investigating the efficacy of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables and extra-virgin olive oil on attenuating sarcopenic symptomology in overweight and obese older adults during energy intake restriction: protocol paper

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-01-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S12877-017-0700-4

Equity home bias in Australian superannuation funds

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 04-2010

DOI: 10.1177/0312896209354220

Abstract: Equity home bias for Australia superannuation funds is examined under a model that reflects observed decision processes. The mix of Australian and international equities is evaluated as a two-asset choice under the influence of legacy, an objective function that trades off expected returns against portfolio risk and peer risk, and under expectations that are formed adaptively and allow for taxation differences. The model closely replicates the observed equity mix, particularly relative to more traditional mean-variance formulations. The main implication is that home bias may be better explained under models that reflect industry practices and allow for various commingled influences. JEL classifications G11, G23

Effects of a low carbohydrate weight loss diet on exercise capacity and tolerance in obese subjects.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 10-2009

DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2009.134

Abstract: Dietary restriction and increased physical activity are recommended for obesity treatment. Very low carbohydrate diets are used to promote weight loss, but their effects on physical function and exercise tolerance in overweight and obese in iduals are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a very low carbohydrate, high fat (LC) diet with a conventional high carbohydrate, low fat (HC) diet on aerobic capacity, fuel utilization during submaximal exercise, perceived exercise effort (RPE) and muscle strength. Sixty subjects (age: 49.2+/-1.2 years BMI: 33.6+/-0.5 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an energy restricted (approximately 6-7 MJ, 30% deficit), planned isocaloric LC or HC for 8 weeks. At baseline and week 8, subjects performed incremental treadmill exercise to exhaustion and handgrip and isometric knee extensor strength were assessed. Weight loss was greater in LC compared with HC (8.4+/-0.4% and 6.7+/-0.5%, respectively P=0.01 time x diet). Peak oxygen uptake and heart rate were unchanged in both groups (P>0.17). Fat oxidation increased during submaximal exercise in LC but not HC (P<0.001 time x diet effect). On both diets, perception of effort during submaximal exercise and handgrip strength decreased (P 0.25). An LC weight loss diet shifted fuel utilization toward greater fat oxidation during exercise, but had no detrimental effect on maximal or submaximal markers of aerobic exercise performance or muscle strength compared with an HC diet. Further studies are required to determine the interaction of LC diets with regular exercise training and the long-term health effects.

Nutritional adequacy of very low- and high-carbohydrate, low saturated fat diets in adults with type 2 diabetes: A secondary analysis of a 2-year randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.DIABRES.2020.108501

There is no association between the Omega-3 index and depressive symptoms in patients with heart disease who are low fish consumers

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.HLC.2016.07.003

Abstract: Long chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs) may improve cardiovascular health and depression. This study investigated the relationships between erythrocyte membrane LCn3PUFA status, depression and angina symptoms in patients with heart disease. We recruited 91 patients (65 males and 26 females, mean age 59.2±10.3 years) with heart disease and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D ≥ 16) and low fish/fish oil intakes. The Omega-3 Index (EPA+DHA) of erythrocyte membranes (as a percentage of total fatty acids) was assessed by gas chromatography. Depression status was measured by both self-report and clinician-report scales CES-D and the Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D). Angina symptoms were measured using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification for Angina Pectoris. The mean Omega-3 Index was 4.8±1.0% (±SD). Depression scores measured by CES-D and HAM-D were 29.2±8.8 (moderate to severe) and 11.0±5.7 (mild) (arbitrary units) respectively reflecting a different perception of depressive symptoms between patients and clinicians. Angina status was inversely associated with depression scores (r>-0.26, P<0.03). There were no significant relationships between in idual LCn3PUFA or the Omega-3 Index and either the depression scores or the angina symptoms. Worse angina status was associated with worse depression, but the Omega-3 Index was not associated with symptoms of depression or angina in patients with heart disease.

Expedition 381 methods

Publisher: International Ocean Discovery Program

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.14379/IODP.PROC.381.102.2019

Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2016.03.003

Abstract: Compromised bone health is a frequently cited concern of very-low-carbohydrate (LC) diets, although limited data are available from long-term, well-controlled, randomized studies. This study compared the effects of an energy-restricted LC diet and traditional, higher-carbohydrate, low-fat (LF) diet on bone health after 12 mo. One hundred eighteen abdominally obese adults were randomized to consume either an energy-restricted (∼6-7 MJ/d [∼1450-1650 kcal/d]), planned isocaloric LC, or LF diet for 12 mo. Body weight, total body bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD), and serum bone crosslaps were assessed pre- and postintervention. Sixty-five participants completed the study (LC = 32, LF = 33 age: 51.3 ± 7.1 y BMI: 33.4 ± 4.0 kg/m(2)). Weight loss was similar in both groups (LC: -14.5 ± 9.8 kg, LF: -11.7 ± 7.3 kg P = 0.26). By 1 y, total body bone mineral content had not changed in either group (LC: 2.84 ± 0.47 to 2.88 ± 0.49 kg, LF: 3.00 ± 0.52 to 3.00 ± 0.51 kg P = 0.07 time × diet effect). In both groups, total body BMD decreased (LC: 1.26 ± 0.10 to 1.22 ± 0.09 g/cm(2), LF: 1.26 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.08 g/m(2) P < 0.001 time) and bone serum crosslaps increased (LC: 319.3 ± 142.6 to 396.5 ± 172.0 ng/L, LF: 276.3 ± 100.6 to 365.9 ± 154.2 ng/L P < 0.001 time) independent of diet composition (P ≥ 0.25 time × diet effect). Future studies would be strengthened by the assessment of regional BMD at clinically relevant sites (i.e., hip and spine) and multiple markers of bone turnover. Weight loss following a hypocaloric LC diet compared with an LF diet does not differentially affect markers of bone health over 12 mo in overweight and obese adults.

A Very Low-Carbohydrate, Low–Saturated Fat Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Randomized Trial

Publisher: American Diabetes Association

Date: 10-10-2014

DOI: 10.2337/DC14-0845

Abstract: To comprehensively compare the effects of a very low-carbohydrate, high–unsaturated/low–saturated fat diet (LC) with those of a high–unrefined carbohydrate, low-fat diet (HC) on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Obese adults (n = 115, BMI 34.4 ± 4.2 kg/m2, age 58 ± 7 years) with T2DM were randomized to a hypocaloric LC diet (14% carbohydrate [& g/day], 28% protein, and 58% fat [& % saturated fat]) or an energy-matched HC diet (53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, and 30% fat [& % saturated fat]) combined with structured exercise for 24 weeks. The outcomes measured were as follows: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycemic variability (GV assessed by 48-h continuous glucose monitoring), antiglycemic medication changes (antiglycemic medication effects score [MES]), and blood lipids and pressure. A total of 93 participants completed 24 weeks. Both groups achieved similar completion rates (LC 79%, HC 82%) and weight loss (LC −12.0 ± 6.3 kg, HC −11.5 ± 5.5 kg) P ≥ 0.50. Blood pressure (−9.8/−7.3 ± 11.6/6.8 mmHg), fasting blood glucose (−1.4 ± 2.3 mmol/L), and LDL cholesterol (−0.3 ± 0.6 mmol/L) decreased, with no diet effect (P ≥ 0.10). LC achieved greater reductions in triglycerides (−0.5 ± 0.5 vs. −0.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L), MES (−0.5 ± 0.5 vs. −0.2 ± 0.5), and GV indices P ≤ 0.03. LC induced greater HbA1c reductions (−2.6 ± 1.0% [−28.4 ± 10.9 mmol/mol] vs. −1.9 ± 1.2% [−20.8 ± 13.1 mmol/mol] P = 0.002) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) increases (0.2 ± 0.3 vs. 0.05 ± 0.2 mmol/L P = 0.007) in participants with the respective baseline values HbA1c & .8% (62 mmol/mol) and HDL-C & .29 mmol/L. Both diets achieved substantial improvements for several clinical glycemic control and CVD risk markers. These improvements and reductions in GV and antiglycemic medication requirements were greatest with the LC compared with HC. This suggests an LC diet with low saturated fat may be an effective dietary approach for T2DM management if effects are sustained beyond 24 weeks.

Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2008.06.007

Abstract: There is evidence that protein hydrolysates can speed tissue repair following damage and may therefore be useful for accelerating recovery from exercise induced muscle damage. The potential for a hydrolysate (WPI(HD)) of whey protein isolate (WPI) to speed recovery following eccentric exercise was evaluated by assessing effects on recovery of peak isometric torque (PIT). In a double-blind randomised parallel trial, 28 sedentary males had muscle soreness (MS), serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma TNFalpha, and PIT assessed at baseline and after 100 maximal eccentric contractions (ECC) of their knee extensors. Participants then consumed 250 ml of flavoured water (FW n=11), or FW containing 25 g WPI (n=11) or 25 g WPI(HD) (n=6) and the assessments were repeated 1, 2, 6 and 24h later. PIT decreased approximately 23% following ECC, remained suppressed in FW and WPI, but recovered fully in WPI(HD) by 6h (P=0.006, treatment x time interaction). MS increased following ECC (P 0.45). WPI(HD) may be a useful supplement for assisting athletes to recover from fatiguing eccentric exercise.

Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated With Improved Attention and Behavior in Children With ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 08-11-2013

DOI: 10.1177/1087054713510562

Abstract: Objective: To investigate effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on attention, literacy, and behavior in children with ADHD. Method: Ninety children were randomized to consume supplements high in EPA, DHA, or linoleic acid (control) for 4 months each in a crossover design. Erythrocyte fatty acids, attention, cognition, literacy, and Conners’ Parent Rating Scales (CPRS) were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12 months. Results: Fifty-three children completed the treatment. Outcome measures showed no significant differences between the three treatments. However, in children with blood s les ( n = 76-46), increased erythrocyte EPA + DHA was associated with improved spelling ( r = .365, p .001) and attention ( r = −.540, p .001) and reduced oppositional behavior ( r = −.301, p .003), hyperactivity ( r = −.310, p .001), cognitive problems ( r = −.326, p .001), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. DSM-IV) hyperactivity ( r = −.270, p = .002) and DSM-IV inattention ( r = −.343, p .001). Conclusion: Increasing erythrocyte DHA and EPA via dietary supplementation may improve behavior, attention, and literacy in children with ADHD.

Evaluation of the environmental impact of weekly food consumption in different socio-economic households in Australia using environmentally extended input-output analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2015.01.007

Concentrated bovine colostrum protein supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-2003

DOI: 10.1007/S00394-003-0410-X

Abstract: Anecdotal reports suggest that bovine colostrum may prevent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). There is scant evidence to support such claims, although salivary IgA protects against URTI, and it was recently shown that bovine colostrum increases salivary IgA. The present invesigation examined whether concentrated bovine colostrum protein (CBC) affected the incidence or duration of self-reported symptoms of URTI in adult males. We examined logbooks containing self-reported symptoms of illness from previous studies which examined physiological effects of CBC. In these double-blind, placebo controlled studies, subjects had been randomly allocated to consume 60g. day(-1) of CBC (n = 93) or whey protein (WP) (n = 81) for eight weeks. Symptoms were coded using established criteria to identify those related to URTI. Since the incubation period for an URTI is up to five days, symptoms reported during the first week of supplementation (PRE-EXP) were analysed separately to preclude those arising from infection prior to study commencement. During PRE-EXP, there was no difference in the proportion of subjects taking the different supplements who reported symptoms of URTI (CBC, 11%,WP, 5% 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) -14% to 2% P = 0.16). During the subsequent seven weeks (i. e. the experimental period), a significantly lesser proportion of subjects taking CBC reported symptoms of URTI compared with those taking WP (CBC, 32%,WP, 48%, P = 0.03 95 % CI -30 % to -2 %), but symptom duration did not differ (CBC, 6.8 +/- 4.2 days,WP, 6.0 +/- 4.4 days P = 0.27). This study provides preliminary evidence that CBC may enhance resistance to the development of symptoms of URTI.

An Update from the Editorial Board of Nutrients

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 08-07-2015

DOI: 10.3390/NU7075236

Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function

Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)

Date: 09-11-2009

DOI: 10.1001/ARCHINTERNMED.2009.329

Effects of Varying the Step Duration on the Determination of Lactate Thresholds in Elite Rowers

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 07-2017

DOI: 10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0258

Abstract: This study aimed to identify the minimum increment duration required to accurately assess 2 distinct lactate thresholds. A total of 21 elite rowers (12 women and 9 men) participated in this study, and each performed 8 or 9 rowing tests comprising 5 progressive incremental tests (3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, or 10-min steps) and at least three 30-min constant-intensity maximal lactate steady-state assessments. Power output (PO) at lactate threshold 1 was higher in the 3- and 4-min incremental tests. No other measures were different for lactate threshold 1. The PO at the second lactate threshold was different between most tests and was higher than the PO at maximal lactate steady state, except for the 10-min incremental test. Lactate threshold 2 oxygen consumption was higher in the 3-, 4-, and 5-min tests, but heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion were not different between tests. Peak PO in the incremental tests was inversely related to the step durations ( r 2 = .86, P ≤ .02). Peak oxygen consumption was higher in the shorter (≤5 min) than the longer (≥7 min) incremental tests, whereas peak HR was not different between tests. These data suggest that for the methods used in this study, incremental exercise tests with step durations ≤7 min overestimate maximal lactate steady-state exercise intensity, peak physiological values are best determined using incremental tests with step durations ≤4 min, and HR measures are not affected by step duration, and therefore, prescription of training HRs can be made using any of these tests.

Relationship between Erythrocyte Omega-3 Content and Obesity Is Gender Dependent

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 05-05-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6051850

Reasons why older adults play sport: a systematic review

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSHS.2019.11.003

Vitamin D in the aetiology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-08-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2265.2012.04434.X

Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with the 67-85% of women with PCOS having serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) <20 ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency may exacerbate symptoms of PCOS, with observational studies showing lower 25OHD levels were associated with insulin resistance, ovulatory and menstrual irregularities, lower pregnancy success, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, obesity and elevated cardiovascular disease risk factors. There is some, but limited, evidence for beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on menstrual dysfunction and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in exacerbating PCOS, and there may be a place for vitamin D supplementation in the management of this syndrome, but current evidence is limited and additional randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in this population.

Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves heart rate variability and heart rate responses to exercise in overweight adults

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 11-2008

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508959225

Abstract: Dietary fish oil supplementation and regular physical activity can improve outcomes in patients with established CVD. Exercise has been shown to improve heart rate variability (HRV), a predictor of cardiac death, but whether fish oil benefits HRV is controversial. Obese adults at risk of future coronary disease have impaired HRV and may benefit from these interventions. We evaluated the effect of DHA-rich tuna fish oil supplementation with and without regular exercise on HRV in sedentary, overweight adults with risk factors for coronary disease. In a randomised, double-blind, parallel comparison, sixty-five volunteers consumed 6 g fish oil/d (DHA 1·56 g/d, EPA 0·36 g/d) or sunflower-seed oil (placebo) for 12 weeks. Half of each oil group also undertook regular moderate physical activity (3 d/week for 45 min, at 75 % of age-predicted maximal heart rate (HR)). Resting HR and the HR response to submaximal exercise were measured at weeks 0, 6 and 12. In forty-six subjects, HRV was also assessed by power spectrum analysis of 20 min electrocardiogram recordings taken supine at baseline and 12 weeks. Fish oil supplementation improved HRV by increasing high-frequency power, representing parasympathetic activity, compared with placebo ( P = 0·01 oil × time interaction). It also reduced HR at rest and during submaximal exercise ( P = 0·008 oil × time interaction). There were no significant fish oil × exercise interactions. Dietary supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil reduced HR and modulated HRV in keeping with an improved parasympathetic–sympathetic balance in overweight adults with risk factors for future coronary disease.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Neuroplasticity within the Motor Cortex following Stroke

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 28-03-2016

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0152377

Adiposity is related to decrements in cardiorespiratory fitness in obese and normal-weight children

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-05-2016

DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.12037

Abstract: Obese children are typically less physically active than their normal-weight peers and are often assumed to be 'unfit'. Investigate the relationships between adiposity, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in obese and normal-weight children. A secondary aim was to examine obese/normal-weight differences in CRF. Obese (N = 107) and normal-weight (N = 132) 10-13-year-olds participated. Fat-free mass (FFM), percent fat, physical activity and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) were assessed. Analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES). Higher percent fat was inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for mass (r = -0.780, P < 0.001) even after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.673, P < 0.001). While higher percent fat was also inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for FFM, this was only significant in males (r = -0.247, P = 0.004) and did not persist after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.059 P = 0.526). Compared with normal-weight children, obese children had higher absolute VO2peak , lower VO2peak corrected for mass (P ≤ 0.009) and lower VO2peak corrected for FFM (P = 0.041) that did not persist after controlling for SES (P = 0.086). Obesity-related inefficiencies in CRF were evident. Higher adiposity was associated with poorer CRF relative to mass, irrespective of physical activity levels. However, low physical activity levels may be responsible for associations between adiposity and CRF relative to FFM seen in boys, indicating the importance of encouraging physical activity.

Very Low and Higher Carbohydrate Diets Promote Differential Appetite Responses in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2020

DOI: 10.1093/JN/NXZ344

Abstract: Effects of very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets on appetite response in in iduals with type 2 diabetes remain unclear. A secondary analysis was conducted to determine appetite responses to an energy-restricted [30% of energy (%E) deficit] very low carbohydrate (VLC) diet compared with a higher carbohydrate (HC) diet in adults who were overweight or obese with type 2 diabetes. Forty-four men and 40 women (mean ± SD, age: 58.7 ± 6.6 y weight: 100.4 ± 15.5 kg BMI: 34.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2 glycated hemoglobin: 7.3 ± 1.0% duration of diabetes: 6.7 ± 5.6 y) were randomly assigned to diets categorized as VLC [14%E carbohydrate (<50 g/d), 28%E protein, 58%E fat (<10%E saturated fat)], or energy-matched HC [53%E carbohydrate, 17%E protein, 30%E fat (<10%E saturated fat)] combined with progressive multicomponent exercise (60 min 3 d/wk). Body weight, average weekly "daily fasting" and "daily overall" appetite perceptions (hunger, fullness, prospective consumption, and desire to eat-visual analog scales) were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 16 wk. Changes between diets over time were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. Significant decreases in body weight did not differ between groups (VLC: -11.0 ± 5.4 kg/16 wk compared with HC: -10.1 ± 4.3 kg/16 wk, P = 0.40). Compared with HC, VLC had greater decreases in "daily overall" ratings of fullness (P time × diet < 0.01), such that scores were higher in HC at Week 4 (VLC:48 ± 3 vs HC:56 ± 3 mm, P = 0.001) and 16 (VLC:51 ± 2 vs HC:57 ± 3 mm, P = 0.019). Compared with HC, VLC had greater increases in prospective consumption ratings (P time × diet = 0.03), such that scores were lower in HC at Week 4 (VLC:33 ± 2 vs HC:28 ± 2 mm, P = 0.008), but not at Week 16 (VLC:33 ± 2 vs HC 31 ± 2 mm, P = 0.289). In the context of energy restriction, both HC and VLC energy-matched diets promoted comparable effects on fasting perceptions of appetite, but the HC diet resulted in greater "daily overall" fullness and reduced prospective consumption. Further research is required to evaluate the effects of ad libitum diets differing in amounts of carbohydrate on appetite response in populations with type 2 diabetes. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12612000369820.

Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids May Be Beneficial for Reducing Obesity—A Review

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-12-2010

DOI: 10.3390/NU2121212

Prevalence and Interrelationships between Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Abdominally Obese Individuals

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 02-2009

DOI: 10.1089/MET.2008.0047

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and identify relationships between clustering and severity of cardio-metabolic risk factors in abdominally obese adults. Cardio-metabolic risk factors were assessed in a s le of 300 abdominally obese volunteers (233 females, 67 males, mean age 43.7 years) who were not being treated for diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia. Waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, fasting lipids, and glucose were measured and prevalence of metabolic syndrome was determined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Correlation analysis and Poisson regression were used to examine associations between the presence of a particular risk factor and the propensity for clustering and derangement of other risk factors, using continuous data for risk factors and categorical data for number of metabolic syndrome components. In all, 53% had metabolic syndrome and only 16% were free of cardio-metabolic abnormalities. In order of importance, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides (TGs) were most strongly associated with greater clustering of risk factors, with a one standard deviation difference being associated with a respective difference of 9.65, 1.23, and 0.12 in the number of risk factors present. A greater number of risk factors was associated with an increased derangement for any given risk factor, with this effect being greatest for dyslipidemia, as represented by the TG:HDL ratio. In abdominally obese in iduals, DBP was strongly associated with metabolic syndrome component clustering, which may reflect the pathogenic progression of metabolic syndrome, as DBP is likely to be elevated following establishment of other risk factors. Also, dyslipidemia was strongly related to the magnitude of derangement of cardio-metabolic risk factors which may indicate that increases in dyslipidemia may drive the pathogenic progression of metabolic syndrome once acquired.

Markers of cardiac autonomic function during consecutive day peak exercise tests in people with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 14-12-2021

DOI: 10.3389/FPHYS.2021.771899

Abstract: Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) have been shown to exhibit altered ventilatory characteristics on the second of two progressive maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) performed on consecutive days. However, maximal exercise can exacerbate symptoms for ME/CFS patients and cause significant post-exertional malaise. Assessment of heart rate (HR) parameters known to track post-exertional fatigue may represent more effective physiological markers of the condition and could potentially negate the need for maximal exercise testing. Sixteen ME/CFS patients and 10 healthy controls underwent a sub-maximal warm-up followed by CPET on two consecutive days. Ventilation, ratings of perceived exertion, work rate (WR) and HR parameters were assessed throughout on both days. During sub-maximal warm-up, a time effect was identified for the ratio of low frequency to high frequency power of HR variability ( p =0.02) during sub-maximal warm-up, and for HR at ventilatory threshold ( p =0.03), with both being higher on Day Two of testing. A significant group ( p & .01) effect was identified for a lower post-exercise HR recovery (HRR) in ME/CFS patients. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis of HRR revealed an area under the curve of 74.8% ( p =0.02) on Day One of testing, with a HRR of 34.5bpm maximising sensitivity (63%) and specificity (40%) suggesting while HRR values are altered in ME/CFS patients, low sensitivity and specificity limit its potential usefulness as a biomarker of the condition.

The effect of weight loss on anti-Müllerian hormone levels in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and reproductive impairment

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 20-04-2009

DOI: 10.1093/HUMREP/DEP101

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, cognition and literacy in children with ADHD with and without learning difficulties

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 09-08-2011

DOI: 10.1177/1367493511403953

Abstract: Suboptimal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) levels may contribute to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related developmental problems. Associations between n-3 and omega-6 (n-6) PUFA levels in red blood cells (erythrocytes) and learning and behaviour were investigated in 75 children aged 7-12 with ADHD. Children provided blood s les and underwent cognitive assessments. Parents completed questionnaires and Conners' Rating Scales. Controlling for covariates, higher n-3 PUFA predicted lower anxiety/shyness (β = -.27), higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) better word reading (β = .22), and higher n-6 PUFA poorer reading (β = -.34), vocabulary (β = .-.26), spelling (β = -.30) and attention (β = -.30). Thirty-six per cent of the s le with learning difficulties had lower DHA than those without (M = 3.26 ± 0.54 vs M = 3.68 ± 0.76, p = .02). This study is the first to compare erythrocyte PUFAs (a measure of PUFA status) in children who have ADHD with and without learning difficulties, and supports emerging indications that the former may be more likely responders to n-3 PUFAs.

The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.GAITPOST.2015.12.006

Abstract: The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h(-1) speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

Diagnostic sensitivity of 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-03-2019

DOI: 10.1186/S12967-019-1836-0

Comparative insecticidal activity of different plant materials from six common plant species against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.SJBS.2018.02.018

Nudging healthier food and beverage choices through salience and priming. Evidence from a systematic review

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODQUAL.2016.02.009

Erratum to: Steroidal contraceptive use is associated with lower bone mineral density in polycystic ovary syndrome (Endocrine, (2015), 50, 811-815, DOI 10.1007/s12020-015-0625-7)

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 29-02-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S12020-016-0907-8

Optimisation of assessment of maximal rate of heart rate increase for tracking training-induced changes in endurance exercise performance

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 13-02-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-59369-6

Abstract: The maximal rate of heart rate (HR) increase (rHRI), a marker of HR acceleration during transition from rest to submaximal exercise, correlates with exercise performance. In this cohort study, whether rHRI tracked performance better when evaluated over shorter time-periods which include a greater proportion of HR acceleration and less steady-state HR was evaluated. rHRI and five-km treadmill running time-trial performance (5TTT) were assessed in 15 runners following one week of light training (LT), two weeks of heavy training (HT) and 10-day taper (T). rHRI was the first derivative maximum of a sigmoidal curve fit to one, two, three and four minutes of R-R data during transition from rest to running at 8 km/h (rHRI 8 km/h ), 10.5 km/h , 13 km/h and transition from 8 to 13 km/h (rHRI 8–13km/h ). 5TTT time increased from LT to HT (effect size [ES] 1.0, p 0.001) then decreased from HT to T (ES −1.7, p 0.001). 5TTT time was inversely related to rHRI 8 km/h assessed over two (B = −5.54 , p = 0.04) three (B = −5.34 , p = 0.04) and four (B = −5.37 , p = 0.04) minutes, and rHRI 8–13km/h over one (B = −11.62 , p = 0.006) and three (B = −11.44 , p = 0.03) minutes. 5TTT correlated most consistently with rHRI 8 km/h . rHRI 8 km/h assessed over two to four minutes may be suitable for evaluating athlete responses to training.

Sport Participation and Subjective Outcomes of Health in Middle-Aged Men: A Scoping Review

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 03-2022

DOI: 10.1177/15579883221084493

Abstract: Although sport participation is intrinsically motivating and improves the physical health of middle-aged men, its influence on subjective health measures, such as health-related quality of life, self-rated health, or well-being is unclear. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe the existing literature that has assessed male sport participants and their subjective health. MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched, and reference lists of included studies were pearled. Included were original peer-reviewed studies reporting a marker of subjective health in males, 35 to 54 years (average), who participated in sport. The search identified 21 eligible articles, 18 quantitative, 2 mixed-methods, and 1 qualitative, from 13 different countries. Eighteen studies were cross-sectional. A broad range of outcomes were assessed, with the most common being quality of life/health-related quality of life ( n = 6) and self-rated health ( n = 6). Most studies assessing quality of life, health-related quality of life, or self-rated health demonstrated a positive association with sport participation, while sport participation was not related to measures of life satisfaction, flourishing, happiness or global well-being however, limited studies examined these latter outcomes. Sport participation appears to be related to better select subjective health outcomes in middle-aged men. However, most available data are cross-sectional and thus causation cannot be determined. Randomized intervention trials are required to determine whether sport participation improves the subjective health of middle-aged men. Open Science Framework registration: osf.io/zypds

Health benefits of a 4-month group-based diet and lifestyle modification program for individuals with metabolic syndrome

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2009.06.002

Abstract: In idualised highly prescriptive lifestyle programs for obesity management tend to be limited by resource constraints and difficulty with uptake. To evaluate the health benefits of a minimally prescriptive group-based lifestyle intervention in participants with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). 153 obese adults with MetS were randomised to intervention (INT) or control (CON) for 16 weeks. INT was provided with education, practical strategies and group-based support to achieve diet and physical activity (PA) modifications based on Australian national guidelines. Anthropometric, cardio-metabolic, physical fitness and diet assessments were undertaken at baseline and 16 weeks. Compared with CON, INT demonstrated greater improvements in weight, BMI, body fat mass and percent, abdominal fat mass (AbdoFat) and waist circumference systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol physical work capacity (PWC) and handgrip strength (p < 0.01, group × time for all). Energy intake and % energy from saturated fat (%Sfat) decreased in both groups (p < 0.05 for time). Dietary glycemic index (GI) decreased more in INT (p < 0.01, group × time). Reductions in weight, waist and AbdoFat were associated with reductions in %Sfat (r = 0.379, 0.306, 0.319, respectively p < 0.01) and GI (r = 0.308, 0.411, 0.296, respectively p < 0.01). Reductions in AbdoFat were inversely related to increased PWC (r = -0.385 p < 0.001). Withdrawals were similar in INT (6%) and CON (14%) (p = 0.48). A group-based minimally prescriptive lifestyle modification program with a high retention rate achieved significant improvements in body composition, physical and cardio-metabolic fitness. Group-based programs may provide an achievable and effective, but less resource intensive, method for obesity and MetS management than in idualised approaches.

Steroidal contraceptive use is associated with lower bone mineral density in polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-05-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S12020-015-0625-7

Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition affecting reproductive-aged women with features including hyperandrogenism and menstrual irregularity frequently treated with hormonal steroidal contraceptives. Women with PCOS appear to have lower bone mineral density (BMD). While steroidal contraceptives may positively affect bone health, their effect on BMD in PCOS is not known. The aim of this study was to assess BMD in women with PCOS according to recent contraceptive use. A cross-sectional analysis of 95 pre-menopausal overweight or obese sedentary women with PCOS [age 29.4 ± 6.4 years, body mass index (BMI) 36.1 ± 5.3 kg/m(2)] who either recently took steroidal contraceptives (ceased 3 months prior) or were not taking steroidal contraceptives was conducted. Clinical outcomes included BMD, anthropometry, insulin, glucose, reproductive hormones, dietary intake and vitamin use. BMD was significantly lower for women who used contraceptives compared to those who did not (mean difference 0.06 g/cm(2) 95 % confidence interval -0.11, -0.02, p = 0.005). In regression models, lower BMD was independently associated with contraceptive use (β = -0.05, 95 % CI -0.094, -0.002, p = 0.042), higher testosterone (β = -0.03, 95 % CI -0.05, -0.0008, p = 0.043) and lower BMI (β = 0.006, 95 % CI 0.002, 0.01, p = 0.007) (r (2) = 0.22, p = 0.001 for entire model). We report for the first time that overweight and obese women with PCOS with recent steroidal contraceptive use had lower BMD in comparison to non-users independent of factors known to contribute to BMD. Whether this observation is directly related to steroidal contraceptive use or other factors requires further investigation.

Effect of a 12-Week Almond-Enriched Diet on Biomarkers of Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Cardiometabolic Health in Older Overweight Adults

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 23-04-2020

DOI: 10.3390/NU12041180

Abstract: Long term nut consumption is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease and better cognitive function. This study examined supplementing habitual diets with almonds or carbohydrate-rich snack foods (providing 15% energy) on biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health, mood and cognitive performance. Participants (overweight/obese, 50–80 years) were randomised to an almond-enriched diet (AED) or isocaloric nut-free diet (NFD) for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, cell adhesions molecules, C reactive protein (CRP), mood, and cognitive performance (working memory primary outcome), dietary profiles and energy intake/expenditure were measured at baseline and Week 12 in 128 participants (n = 63 AED, n = 65 NFD). Compared with NFD, AED was associated with altered macro and micronutrient profiles, but no differences in energy intake or expenditure. The AED significantly reduced triglycerides and SBP but there were no other changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers, mood, or cognitive performance. The inclusion of almonds in the diet improves aspects of cardiometabolic health without affecting cognitive performance or mood in overweight/obese adults.

Effect of measuring blood lactate concentrations using different automated lactate analysers on blood lactate transition thresholds

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2003

DOI: 10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80267-0

Consumer factors associated with purchasing local versus global value chain foods

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 03-11-2018

DOI: 10.1017/S1742170516000375

Abstract: Global value chains (GVCs) have grown to represent the major source of modern food and grocery items. Yet there is an increasing preference among consumers toward locally sourced and supplied foods among perceptions of health, economic and community benefits. Typically purchased in farmers’ markets and specialty outlets, local foods are becoming more widely available in supermarkets, who are now interested in how they might introduce or increase that product range. We collect actual purchase data from a regional supermarket chain and analyze the drivers of higher local food proportional outcomes across a s le of consumers. Attempts to link theoretically important drivers of local food purchasing in traditional (e.g., farmers’ market) outlets to supermarket settings proved difficult. Results do, however, suggest some means by which parties interested in developing local value chains between regional suppliers and supermarket outlets could be achieved. As such, the study is a useful first-step in the development of new value chains to address future potential issues of socio-economic stratification and inequality as a consequence of GVC prevalence.

Effects of Eating Fresh Lean Pork on Cardiometabolic Health Parameters

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 05-07-2012

DOI: 10.3390/NU4070711

The effect of a hypocaloric diet with and without exercise training on body composition, cardiometabolic risk profile, and reproductive function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 04-2009

DOI: 10.1097/01.OGX.0000345889.22256.74

Cerebrovascular and cognitive benefits of high-oleic peanut consumption in healthy overweight middle-aged adults

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 07-07-2016

DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2016.1204744

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE MEALTIME EXPERIENCE OF OLDER PEOPLE WITH DYSPHAGIA

Publisher: SERDI

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.14283/JARCP.2014.40

Abstract: People with dysphagia are at high risk of malnutrition. To maintain safe oral intake, solid food may be texture modified but this is associated with a reduction in the enjoyment of the eating experience. A recent approach to improving the enjoyment of eating texture-modified food has been to mould the food into the shape of the food that has been modified. The aim of this exploratory study was to describe and explain the mealtime experience of older people with dysphagia. Design: Qualitative and exploratory. Participants: In total, thirty five participants (nursing, care workers, lifestyle assistants, catering staff and residents) were involved in non-participant observations and in idual interviews for the qualitative assessment of the eating experience. Intervention: Moulded texture-modified food. The intervention occurred at lunchtime for a period of 3 consecutive days. Qualitative assessment: Non-participant observations and in idual interviews were conducted before and after the intervention. Analysis: Interpretative, descriptive and explanatory. Findings: Residents with dysphagia are separated from the dining experience and fostering good relationships between residents at mealtimes may lessen the effects of the challenging eating behaviours that often isolate residents with dysphagia from the dining environment. Non-moulded texture-modified food was viewed negatively by all participants and contributed to problems of interaction between care staff and residents by weakening those conversations and interactions that underpin the social dining experience. Residents also experienced difficulties adjusting to texture-modified food. Conclusion: Residents’ experience of adjustment to texture-modified food is difficult and non-moulded texture-modified meal that is unrecognisable and indescribable creates a problem of interaction between care staff and residents during mealtimes. The implementation of moulded texture-modified food has resulted in positive qualitative outcomes in the perception of texture-modified food and has improved the verbal interaction between care staff and residents.

The effect of functional overreaching on parameters of autonomic heart rate regulation

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-02-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-017-3549-5

Abstract: Correlations between fatigue-induced changes in performance and maximal rate of HR increase (rHRI) may be affected by differing assessment workloads. This study evaluated the effect of assessing rHRI at different workloads on performance tracking, and compared this with HR variability (HRV) and HR recovery (HRR). Performance [5-min cycling time trial (5TT)], rHRI (at multiple workloads), HRV and HRR were assessed in 12 male cyclists following 1 week of light training (LT), 2 weeks of heavy training (HT) and a 10-day taper (T). 5TT very likely decreased after HT (effect size ± 90% confidence interval = -0.75 ± 0.41), and almost certainly increased after T (1.15 ± 0.48). rHRI at 200 W likely increased at HT (0.70 ± 0.60), and then likely decreased at T (-0.50 ± 0.70). rHRI at 120 and 160 W was unchanged. Pre-exercise HR during rHRI assessments at 120 W and 160 W likely decreased after HT (≤-0.39 ± 0.14), and correlations between these changes and rHRI were large to very large (r = -0.67 ± 0.31 and r = -0.78 ± 0.23). When controlling for pre-exercise HR, rHRI at 120 W very likely slowed after HT (-0.72 ± 0.44), and was moderately correlated with 5TT (r = 0.35 ± 0.32). RMSSD likely increased at HT (0.75 ± 0.49) and likely decreased at T (-0.49 ± 0.49). HRR following 5TT likely increased at HT (0.84 ± 0.31) and then likely decreased at T (-0.81 ± 0.35). When controlling for pre-exercise HR, rHRI assessment at 120 W most sensitively tracked performance. Increased RMSSD following HT indicated heightened parasympathetic modulation in fatigued athletes. HRR was only sensitive to changes in training status when assessed after maximal exercise, which may limit its practical applicability.

Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake is Associated with Age But Not Cognitive Performance in an Older Australian Sample

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-06-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S12603-020-1405-5

Effect of acute exercise-induced fatigue on maximal rate of heart rate increase during submaximal cycling

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 20-08-2015

DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2015.1076414

Abstract: Different mathematical models were used to evaluate if the maximal rate of heart rate (HR) increase (rHRI) was related to reductions in exercise performance resulting from acute fatigue. Fourteen triathletes completed testing before and after a 2-h run. rHRI was assessed during 5 min of 100-W cycling and a sigmoidal (rHRIsig) and exponential (rHRIexp) model were applied. Exercise performance was assessed using a 5-min cycling time-trial. The run elicited reductions in time-trial performance (1.34 ± 0.19 to 1.25 ± 0.18 kJ · kg(-1), P < 0.001), rHRIsig (2.25 ± 1.0 to 1.14 ± 0.7 beats · min(-1) · s(-1), P < 0.001) and rHRIexp (3.79 ± 2.07 to 1.98 ± 1.05 beats · min(-1) · s(-1), P = 0.001), and increased pre-exercise HR (73.0 ± 8.4 to 90.5 ± 11.4 beats · min(-1), P < 0.001). Pre-post run difference in time-trial performance was related to difference in rHRIsig (r = 0.58, P = 0.04 and r = 0.75, P = 0.003) but not rHRIexp (r = -0.04, P = 0.9 and r = 0.27, P = 0.4) when controlling for differences in pre-exercise and steady-state HR. rHRIsig was reduced following acute exercise-induced fatigue, and correlated with difference in performance.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Crossover Studies Comparing Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Measures Between Treadmill and Overground Running

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-03-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-019-01087-9

Abstract: Treadmills are routinely used to assess running performance and training parameters related to physiological or perceived effort. These measurements are presumed to replicate overground running but there has been no systematic review comparing performance, physiology and perceived effort between treadmill and overground running. The objective of this systematic review was to compare physiological, perceptual and performance measures between treadmill and overground running in healthy adults. AMED (Allied and Contemporary Medicine), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health), EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until May 2018. Included studies used a crossover study design to compare physiological (oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]O Thirty-four studies were included. Twelve studies used a 1% grade for the treadmill condition and three used grades > 1%. Similar [Formula: see text]O Some, but not all, variables differ between treadmill and overground running, and may be dependent on the running speed at which they are assessed. CRD42017074640 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).

Evidence of altered cardiac autonomic regulation in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 10-2019

DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017600

Obesity: The new childhood disability?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-12-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-789X.2009.00706.X

Comparison of two low-fat diets, differing in protein and carbohydrate, on psychological wellbeing in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-06-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S12937-018-0367-5

Seasonal effects on vitamin D status influence outcomes of lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.FERTNSTERT.2012.12.042

Abstract: To investigate the effect of undertaking lifestyle interventions during periods of seasonal change on vitamin D status and health outcomes in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Retrospective, unplanned secondary analysis of two cohorts during different seasons. Outpatient clinical research unit. Fifty overweight/obese women with PCOS. Twenty-week lifestyle modification program (Clinical Trials registration no.: ACTRN12606000198527) one cohort started in winter and finished in summer, and one started in summer and finished in winter. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-D), weight, waist circumference (WC), body composition, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and menstrual cycle length. Baseline 25OH-D levels were 27.6 ± 9.0 nmol/L. The winter cohort had lower 25OH-D levels at baseline, which increased over 20 weeks, whereas the summer cohort started with higher levels which decreased. Changes in 25OH-D were inversely correlated with changes in WC and cholesterol when controlling for baseline values, such that increases in 25OH-D were associated with greater reductions in WC and cholesterol. Obesity and CVD risk profiles improved in vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS after a 20-week lifestyle intervention during which vitamin D status improved with seasonal change. ACTRN12606000198527.

A randomised-controlled trial of the effects of very low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets on cognitive performance in patients with type 2 diabetes

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 23-11-2016

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516004001

Abstract: This study compared the longer-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on cognitive performance in in iduals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In total, 115 obese adults with T2D (sixty-six males, BMI: 34·6 ( sd 4·3) kg/m 2 , age: 58 ( sd 7) years, HbA1c: 7·3 ( sd 1·1) %, diabetes duration: 8 ( sd 6) years) were randomised to consume either an energy-restricted, very low-carbohydrate, low-saturated-fat (LC) diet or an energy-matched high unrefined carbohydrate, low-fat (HC) diet with supervised aerobic/resistance exercise (60 min, 3 d/week) for 52 weeks. Body weight, HbA1c and cognitive performance assessing perceptual speed, reasoning speed, reasoning ability, working memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, short-term memory, inhibition and memory scanning speed were assessed before and after intervention. No differences in the changes in cognitive test performance scores between the diet groups were observed for any of the cognitive function outcomes assessed ( P ≥0·24 time×diet). Percentage reduction in body weight correlated with improvements with perceptual speed performance. In obese adults with T2D, both LC and HC weight-loss diets combined with exercise training had similar effects on cognitive performance. This suggests that an LC diet integrated within a lifestyle modification programme can be used as a strategy for weight and diabetes management without the concern of negatively affecting cognitive function.

Day-to-day physical functioning and disability in obese 10-to 13-year-olds

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-09-2013

DOI: 10.1111/J.2047-6310.2012.00083.X

Abstract: What is already known about this subject? Compared with their healthy-weight peers, children with obesity have impaired physical health-related quality of life reduced physical activity levels reduced capacity to perform certain weight-bearing tasks in field-based fitness tests What this study adds? First investigation of obesity-related disability in children using the International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health framework for Children and Youth. Obesity in children appears to be associated with disability impacting basic locomotor skills and physical health-related quality of life. Children's participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appears to be minimally impacted by obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is related to impaired day-to-day physical functioning and disability in children. An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states. Obese (n = 107) and healthy-weight (n = 132) 10- to 13-year-olds (132 male, 107 female) were recruited via media advertisements. Assessment of body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), locomotor capacity (six-minute walk test [6MWT], timed up and down stairs test [TUDS] and timed up and go [TUG]) and child-reported physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were undertaken. Participants wore an accelerometer for 8 days and completed two use-of-time telephone interviews to assess participation in key life areas. Compared with their healthy-weight counterparts, obese children had lower physical HRQoL scores (P < 0.01) and reduced locomotor capacity (TUDS z-score, TUG and 6MWT P < 0.01). Higher percent body fat was significantly related to lower physical HRQoL scores (r = -0.48, P < 0.01), slower performance times for the TUDS and TUG (r = 0.59 and 0.26 respectively, P < 0.01), shorter 6MWT distances (r = -0.51, P < 0.01) and reduced time spent in community participation activities (r = -0.23, P < 0.01). As anticipated, obesity appears to undermine physical functioning in children, including the capacity to perform basic locomotor skills yet, unexpectedly, participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appeared largely unaffected.

Bovine colostrum:

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2002

DOI: 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00871-7

The impact of functional overreaching on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation in runners

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 08-01-2021

DOI: 10.3389/FPHYS.2020.614765

Abstract: While post-exercise heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) has been shown to increase in response to training leading to improvements in performance, the effect of training leading to decrements in performance (i.e., overreaching) on this parameter has been largely ignored. This study evaluated the effect of heavy training leading to performance decrements on sub-maximal post-exercise HRV. Running performance [5 km treadmill time-trial (5TTT)], post-exercise HRV [root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals (RMSSD)] and measures of subjective training tolerance (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes “worse than normal” scores) were assessed in 11 male runners following 1 week of light training (LT), 2 weeks of heavy training (HT) and a 10 day taper (T). Post-exercise RMSSD was assessed following 5 min of running exercise at an in idualised speed eliciting 85% of peak HR. Time to complete 5TTT likely increased following HT ( ES = 0.14 ± 0.03 p & 0.001), and then almost certainly decreased following T ( ES = −0.30 ± 0.07 p & 0.001). Subjective training tolerance worsened after HT ( ES = −2.54 ± 0.62 p = 0.001) and improved after T ( ES = 2.16 ± 0.64 p = 0.004). In comparison to LT, post-exercise RMSSD likely increased at HT ( ES = 0.65 ± 0.55 p = 0.06), and likely decreased at T ( ES = −0.69 ± 0.45 p = 0.02). A moderate within-subject correlation was found between 5TTT and post-exercise RMSSD ( r = 0.47 ± 0.36 p = 0.03). Increased post-exercise RMSSD following HT demonstrated heightened post-exercise parasympathetic modulation in functionally overreached athletes. Heightened post-exercise RMSSD in this context appears paradoxical given this parameter also increases in response to improvements in performance. Thus, additional measures such as subjective training tolerance are required to interpret changes in post-exercise RMSSD.

Musculoskeletal pain in obese compared with healthy-weight children

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000017

Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 12-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S12970-021-00472-Y

Abstract: Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance. This review sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability. Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol (e.g. duration). One hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. No effect on exercise performance following consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline was identified (SMD=-0.03, p=0.24). Trivial but significant benefits were demonstrated for consumption of nitrate and polyphenol-rich foods (SMD=0.15 and 0.17, respectively, p .001), including performance in time-trial, time-to-exhaustion and intermittent-type tests, and following both acute and multiple-day supplementation, but no effect of nitrate or polyphenol consumption was found in females. Among nitrate-rich foods, beneficial effects were seen for beetroot, but not red spinach or Swiss chard and rhubarb. For polyphenol-rich foods, benefits were found for grape, (nitrate-depleted) beetroot, French maritime pine, Montmorency cherry and pomegranate, while no significant effects were evident for New Zealand blackcurrant, cocoa, ginseng, green tea or raisins. Considerable heterogeneity between polyphenol studies may reflect food-specific effects or differences in study designs and subject characteristics. Well-trained males (V̇O 2max ≥65 ml.kg.min -1 ) exhibited small, significant benefits following polyphenol, but not nitrate consumption. Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent. Highly trained endurance athletes do not appear to benefit from consuming nitrate-rich foods but may benefit from polyphenol consumption. Further research into food sources, dosage and supplementation duration to optimise the ergogenic response to polyphenol consumption is warranted. Further studies should evaluate whether differential sex-based responses to nitrate and polyphenol consumption are attributable to physiological differences or s le size limitations. The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework ( osf.io/u7nsj ) and no funding was provided.

Changes in endothelial function and depression scores are associated following long-term dietary intervention: a secondary analysis.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2013.03.023

Abstract: Cross-sectional studies show associations between depression and endothelial function (as measured by endothelium-dependent brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation [FMD]) but it is not known whether changes in these parameters are associated following dietary management. We have previously reported that compared with consumption of a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet, despite comparable weight loss, a very low-carbohydrate (LC diet) impaired FMD and increased depression. The purpose of this study was to conduct a secondary analysis to examine whether there was an association between changes in FMD and depression. Forty-seven overweight men and women (body mass index 26-43 kg/m(2) and ages 24-64 y) completed a 12-mo randomized controlled trial during which participants consumed either an energy-restricted, isocaloric LC or HC diet. Weight, body composition, Homeostasis Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA), depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), Anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]) and FMD were assessed before and after the intervention. This secondary analysis focused on multiple regression analysis of these parameters. Changes in BDI were independently predicted by changes in FMD (β = -0.356 P = 0.026) but not by diet intervention assignment or changes in weight or HOMA. No variables were significant predictors of the change in STAI. Over time, impairments in FMD were independently associated with increased depression, independent of diet composition, or changes in weight and insulin resistance. This data supports a mechanistic association between depression and endothelial function, which may influence long-term health.

Testing the Hip Abductor Muscle Strength of Older Persons Using a Handheld Dynamometer.

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 08-08-2017

DOI: 10.1177/2151458517722608

Abstract: To investigate the reliability of a clinically applicable method of dynamometry to assess and monitor hip abductor muscle strength in older persons. Bilateral isometric hip abductor muscle strength measured with a handheld dynamometer, patients supine with the contralateral hip positioned directly against a wall for stabilization. Reliability determined by comparing intra-assessor and inter-assessor results and comparison to a criterion standard (stabilized dynamometer with patients in the standing position). UniSA Nutritional Physiology Research Centre. Twenty-one patients older than 65 years were recruited from the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), bias, and limits of agreement calculated to determine reliability. Intra-assessor and inter-assessor ICCs were high (0.94 and 0.92-0.94, respectively). There was no intra-assessor bias and narrow limits of agreement (±2.4%). There was a small inter-assessor bias but narrow limits of agreement (0.6%-0.9% and ± 2.3%, respectively). There was a wide variation comparing results to the criterion standard (±5.0%-5.2% limits of agreement), highlighting problems attributed to difficulties that the test population had with the standing position used in the criterion standard test. Testing older persons’ hip abductor muscle strength while in the supine position with optimal pelvic stabilization using a handheld dynamometer is highly reliable. While further studies must be done to assess patients with specific pathologies, this test has potential application to monitor and evaluate the effects of surgical interventions and/or rehabilitation protocols for a variety of conditions affecting hip abductor function such as hip fractures and arthritis.

Authors’ Reply to Dewolf et al.: “Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies”

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-06-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-020-01305-9

Are the dietary guidelines for meat, fat, fruit and vegetable consumption appropriate for environmental sustainability? A review of the literature

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 12-06-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6062251

Are the Dietary Guidelines for Meat, Fat, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Appropriate for Environmental Sustainability? A Review of the Literature

Publisher: Apple Academic Press

Date: 25-05-2016

DOI: 10.1201/B20562-23

Design, synthesis and binding properties of a fluorescent α₉β₁/α₄β₁integrin antagonist and its application as anin vivoprobe for bone marrow haemopoi

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1039/C3OB42332H

Abstract: A fluorescent α 9 β 1 integrin antagonist with nanomolar binding affinities has been demonstrated to bind bone marrow haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vivo .

A Food Relief Charter for South Australia—Towards a Shared Vision for Pathways Out of Food Insecurity

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-06-2022

DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH19127080

Abstract: Chronic food insecurity persists in high-income countries, leading to an entrenched need for food relief. In Australia, food relief services primarily focus on providing food to meet immediate need. To date, there has been few ex les of a vision in the sector towards client outcomes and pathways out of food insecurity. In 2016, the South Australian Government commissioned research and community sector engagement to identify potential policy actions to address food insecurity. This article describes the process of developing a co-designed South Australian Food Relief Charter, through policy–research–practice collaboration, and reflects on the role of the Charter as both a policy tool and a declaration of a shared vision. Methods used to develop the Charter, and resulting guiding principles, are discussed. This article reflects on the intentions of the Charter and suggests how its guiding principles may be used to guide collective actions for system improvement. Whilst a Charter alone may be insufficient to create an integrated food relief system that goes beyond the provision of food, it is a useful first step in enabling a culture where the sector can have a unified voice to advocate for the prevention of food insecurity.

Ratings of perceived exertion

Publisher: Routledge

Date: 21-01-2022

DOI: 10.4324/9781003045281-19

Correction: Watson, N.; et al. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Typ

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 24-11-2017

DOI: 10.3390/NU9121283

Accelerometer detected lateral sway during a submaximal running test correlates with endurance exercise performance in elite Australian male cricket players

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2019.12.003

Abstract: To identify whether movement patterns during a standardized submaximal running test (SSRT), assessed by accelerometry, were associated with improvements in endurance exercise performance. A retrospective analysis of data collected from the 2018-2019 Australian cricket preseason. Thirty-nine high-performance male cricket players were studied (25±3 years, 82±6kg, 183±6cm). SSRT was performed monthly prior to a two kilometre (km) running time trial (2kmTT). SSRT involved running between markers, positioned twenty metres apart, for three minutes. Foot strikes were timed to a metronome (154beats/min) to elicit a running speed of ˜eight km/h. Triaxial accelerometers were worn in vests on the upper back and used to assess PlayerLoad medio-lateral vector (PL1D 2kmTT performance improved over the study period (p 0.23). During the second and third minutes there were positive associations between 2kmTT (run time) and PL1D Assessment of PL1D

Availability of high-fat foods might drive the obesity epidemic

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 29-08-2018

DOI: 10.1038/S41574-018-0084-3

A single bout of aerobic exercise promotes motor cortical neuroplasticity

Publisher: American Physiological Society

Date: 05-2013

DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.01378.2012

Abstract: Regular physical activity is associated with enhanced plasticity in the motor cortex, but the effect of a single session of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare corticospinal excitability and plasticity in the upper limb cortical representation following a single session of lower limb cycling at either low or moderate intensity, or a control condition. We recruited 25 healthy adults to take part in three experimental sessions. Cortical excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the right first dorsal interosseus muscle. Levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol were assessed throughout the experiments. Following baseline testing, participants cycled on a stationary bike at a workload equivalent to 57% (low intensity, 30 min) or 77% age-predicted maximal heart rate (moderate intensity, 15 min), or a seated control condition. Neuroplasticity within the primary motor cortex was then examined using a continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) paradigm. We found that exercise did not alter cortical excitability. Following cTBS, there was a transient inhibition of first dorsal interosseus motor-evoked potentials during control and low-intensity conditions, but this was only significantly different following the low-intensity state. Moderate-intensity exercise alone increased serum cortisol levels, but brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels did not increase across any condition. In summary, low-intensity cycling promoted the neuroplastic response to cTBS within the motor cortex of healthy adults. These findings suggest that light exercise has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of motor learning or recovery following brain damage.

Impaired Physical Function Associated with Childhood Obesity: How Should We Intervene?

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 04-2016

DOI: 10.1089/CHI.2015.0123

Abstract: This study examined relationships between adiposity, physical functioning, and physical activity. Obese (N = 107) and healthy-weight (N = 132) children aged 10-13 years underwent assessments of percent body fat (%BF, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) knee extensor strength (KE, isokinetic dynamometry) cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, peak oxygen uptake by cycle ergometry) physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and worst pain intensity and walking capacity [six-minute walk (6MWT)]. Structural equation modelling was used to assess relationships between variables. Moderate relationships were observed between %BF and (1) 6MWT, (2) KE strength corrected for mass, and (3) CRF relative to mass (r -0.36 to -0.69, p ≤ 0.007). Weak relationships were found between %BF and physical HRQOL (r -0.27, p = 0.008) CRF relative to mass and physical HRQOL (r -0.24, p = 0.003) physical activity and 6MWT (r 0.17, p = 0.004). Squared multiple correlations showed that 29.6% variance in physical HRQOL was explained by %BF, pain, and CRF relative to mass while 28.0% variance in 6MWT was explained by %BF and physical activity. It appears that children with a higher body fat percentage have poorer KE strength, CRF, and overall physical functioning. Reducing percent fat appears to be the best target to improve functioning. However, a combined approach to intervention, targeting reductions in body fat percentage, reductions in pain, and improvements in physical activity and CRF may assist physical functioning.

A Comparison of Regular Consumption of Fresh Lean Pork, Beef and Chicken on Body Composition: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 14-02-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6020682

Renal Function Following Long-Term Weight Loss in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity on a Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diet vs High-Carbohydrate Diet

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2009.12.016

Why do older adults play golf? An evaluation of factors related to golf participation by older adults

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 06-2020

DOI: 10.1123/JAPA.2018-0448

Abstract: Golf is a popular sport for older adults, and is therefore an important source of physical activity. This study investigated the reasons for golf participation in an older population using the Golf Participation Questionnaire for Older Adults. The participants ( N = 3,262, 82.5% male) completed the questionnaire online. The most important reasons for participation were fun, a pleasant playing environment, and competition, with reasons related to health being relatively less important. The female participants rated fun, a pleasant playing environment, and a feeling that participation made them part of a community as more important reasons for participating than males. Although health-related factors were identified as important reasons for golf participation in older adults, non-health-related factors were also more important. Strategies to promote golf participation by older adults, as a means of increasing physical activity, should emphasize aspects related to fun, a pleasant playing environment, and engagement in competition.

The potential impact of animal protein intake on global and abdominal obesity: evidence from the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg (ORISCAV-LUX) study

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 22-01-2015

DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002596

Abstract: To examine the association of total animal protein intake and protein derived from different dietary sources (meat fish and shellfish eggs milk products) with global and abdominal obesity among adults in Luxembourg. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between animal protein intake (as a percentage of total energy intake) and global obesity (BMI≥30·0 kg/m 2 ) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women), after controlling for potential confounders. Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg (ORISCAV-LUX) study. The study population was derived from a national cross-sectional stratified s le of 1152 in iduals aged 18–69 years, recruited between November 2007 and January 2009. There was an independent positive association between total animal protein intake and both global (OR=1·18 95 % CI 1·12, 1·25) and abdominal obesity (OR=1·14 95 % CI 1·08, 1·20) after adjustment for age, gender, education, smoking, physical activity and intakes of total fat, carbohydrate, fibre, and fruit and vegetables. Protein intakes from meat, fish and shellfish were positively associated with global and abdominal obesity with further adjustment for vegetal protein and other sources of animal-derived protein (all P ·01). Protein derived from eggs or milk products was unrelated to global or abdominal obesity. Our findings suggest that protein derived from animal sources, in particular from meat, fish and shellfish, may be associated with increased risk of both global and abdominal obesity among presumably healthy adults in Luxembourg. These findings suggest that lower animal protein intakes may be important for maintenance of healthy body weight.

The Effect of Footwear on Running Performance and Running Economy in Distance Runners

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-11-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-014-0283-6

Abstract: The effect of footwear on running economy has been investigated in numerous studies. However, no systematic review and meta-analysis has synthesised the available literature and the effect of footwear on running performance is not known. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of footwear on running performance and running economy in distance runners, by reviewing controlled trials that compare different footwear conditions or compare footwear with barefoot. The Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), EMBASE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine), CINAHL and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception up until April 2014. Included articles reported on controlled trials that examined the effects of footwear or footwear characteristics (including shoe mass, cushioning, motion control, longitudinal bending stiffness, midsole viscoelasticity, drop height and comfort) on running performance or running economy and were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Of the 1,044 records retrieved, 19 studies were included in the systematic review and 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis. No studies were identified that reported effects on running performance. In idual studies reported significant, but trivial, beneficial effects on running economy for comfortable and stiff-soled shoes [standardised mean difference (SMD) <0.12 P < 0.05), a significant small beneficial effect on running economy for cushioned shoes (SMD = 0.37 P < 0.05) and a significant moderate beneficial effect on running economy for training in minimalist shoes (SMD = 0.79 P < 0.05). Meta-analysis found significant small beneficial effects on running economy for light shoes and barefoot compared with heavy shoes (SMD < 0.34 P < 0.01) and for minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes (SMD = 0.29 P < 0.01). A significant positive association between shoe mass and metabolic cost of running was identified (P < 0.01). Footwear with a combined shoe mass less than 440 g per pair had no detrimental effect on running economy. Certain models of footwear and footwear characteristics can improve running economy. Future research in footwear performance should include measures of running performance.

Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 12-05-2016

DOI: 10.3390/NU8050289

Long-term dietary intervention trials: critical issues and challenges

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-07-2012

DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-111

Relationships between Obesity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cardiovascular Function

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1155/2010/191253

Abstract: Background . Obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have been shown to independently increase the risk of CVD mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CRF, body fatness and markers of arterial function. Method and Results . Obese (9 male, 18 female BMI 35.3 ± 0.9 kg·m -2 ) and lean (8 male, 18 female BMI 22.5 ± 0.3 kg·m -2 ) volunteers were assessed for body composition (DXA), cardiorespiratory fitness (predicted max), blood pressure (BP), endothelial vasodilatator function (FMD), and arterial compliance (AC) (via radial artery tonometry). The obese group had more whole body fat and abdominal fat (43.5 ± 1.2% versus 27.2 ± 1.6% and 48.6 ± 0.9% versus 28.9 ± 1.8% resp.), and lower FMD (3.2 ± 0.4% versus 5.7 ± 0.7% ) than the lean subjects, but there was no difference in AC. AC in large arteries was positively associated with CRF ( ) but not with fatness. Conclusion . These results indicate distinct influences of obesity and CRF on blood vessel health. FMD was impaired with obesity, which may contribute to arterial and metabolic dysfunction. Low CRF was associated with reduced elasticity in large arteries, which could result in augmentation of aortic afterload.

Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy-restricted diet: weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-08-2023

DOI: 10.1002/OBY.23860

Abstract: This study evaluated weight and cardiometabolic outcomes after a 3‐month energy‐restricted diet (−30%) containing almonds (almond‐enriched diet [AED]) or containing carbohydrate‐rich snacks (nut‐free control diet [NFD]) (Phase 1), followed by 6 months of weight maintenance (Phase 2). Participants (25–65 years old) with overweight or obesity (BMI 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 ) were randomly allocated to AED ( n = 68) or NFD ( n = 72). Both groups lost weight during Phase 1 ( p 0.001) (mean [SE], −7.0 [0.5] kg AED vs. −7.0 [0.5] kg NFD, p = 0.858) and Phase 2 ( p = 0.009) (−1.1 [0.5] kg AED vs. −1.3 [0.6] NFD, p = 0.756), with improvements in percentage lean mass after Phase 2 (4.8% [0.3%], p 0.001). Reductions occurred in fasting glucose (−0.2 [0.07] mmol/L, p = 0.003), insulin (−8.1 [4.0] pmol/L, p = 0.036), blood pressure (−4.9 [0.8] mm/Hg systolic, −5.0 [0.5] mm/Hg diastolic, p 0.001), total cholesterol (−0.3 [0.1] mmol/L), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (−0.2 [0.1] mmol/L), very low‐density lipoprotein (−0.1 [0.03] mmol/L), and triglycerides (−0.3 [0.06] mmol/L) (all p 0.001), and high‐density lipoprotein increased (0.1 [0.02] mmol/L, p = 0.011) by the end of Phase 2 in both groups. There were group by time interactions for lipoprotein particle concentrations: very small triglyceride‐rich (−31.0 [7.7] nmol/L AED vs. −4.8 [7.9] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.007), small LDL (−109.3 [40.5] nmol/L AED vs. −20.7 [41.6] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.017), and medium LDL (−24.4 [43.4] nmol/L AED vs. −130.5 [44.4] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.045). An energy‐restricted AED resulted in weight loss and weight loss maintenance comparable to an energy‐restricted NFD, and both diets supported cardiometabolic health. The AED resulted in greater improvements in some lipoprotein subfractions, which may enhance reductions in cardiovascular risk.

Lifestyle management improves quality of life and depression in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.FERTNSTERT.2009.11.001

A single exercise test for assessing physiological and performance parameters in elite rowers: The 2-in-1 test

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2007.09.007

The multidimensional sensation of desire to void differs between people with and without overactive bladder

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-03-2014

DOI: 10.1002/NAU.22587

Abstract: To determine whether the multidimensional sensation of desire to void can be reliability assessed and whether differences exist between people with and without overactive bladder (OAB). Assessing reliability and convergent validity of OAB screening tools comprised a secondary aim. This observational, repeated-measures study involved 64 volunteers (47 female), aged ≥50 years, with and without OAB symptoms. Six sensory dimensions (intensity, unpleasantness, suddenness, perceived difficulty "holding on," bladder fullness and location of sensation) were assessed by structured interview on two occasions. Overactive bladder status was determined using the OAB Symptom Score and OAB Awareness Tool. Reliability of sensory dimensions was assessed via random effects mixed modeling. The ability of each sensory dimension to predict OAB status was determined by partial least squares regression. With the exception of sensory intensity, perceived bladder fullness, and one location of sensation, sensory dimensions were reliably reported. Sensory intensity, unpleasantness, suddenness, and perceived difficulty "holding on" predicted OAB, whereas perceived bladder fullness and sensory location did not. The OAB screening questionnaires demonstrated comparable test-retest reliability and convergent validity. People with and without OAB can reliably describe the multidimensional sensation of desire to void. The sensation of desire to void is more intense, unpleasant, sudden, and perceived as more difficult to hold on in people with OAB.

Optimization of Maximal Rate of Heart Rate Increase Assessment in Runners

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 13-06-2018

DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1475722

Abstract: Correlations between fatigue-induced changes in exercise performance and maximal rate of heart rate (HR) increase (rHRI) may be affected by exercise intensity during assessment. This study evaluated the sensitivity of rHRI for tracking performance when assessed at varying exercise intensities. Performance (time to complete a 5-km treadmill time-trial [5TTT]) and rHRI were assessed in 15 male runners following 1 week of light training, 2 weeks of heavy training (HT), and a 10-day taper (T). Maximal rate of HR increase (measured in bpm·s Time to complete a 5-km treadmill time-trial was likely slower following HT (effect size ± 90% confidence interval = 0.16 ± 0.06), and almost certainly faster following T (-0.34 ± 0.08). Maximal rate of HR increase during 5 min of running at 8 km·h The 5TTT performance was tracked by both rHRI

Metabolic Health Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00154

N ‐3 enrichment of pork with fishmeal: Effects on production and consumer acceptability

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 29-07-2008

DOI: 10.1002/EJLT.200700253

Acute feeding with almonds compared to a carbohydrate-based snack improves appetite-regulating hormones with no effect on self-reported appetite sensations: a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 28-10-2023

DOI: 10.1007/S00394-022-03027-2

Abstract: Early satiety has been identified as one of the mechanisms that may explain the beneficial effects of nuts for reducing obesity. This study compared postprandial changes in appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite ratings after consuming almonds (AL, 15% of energy requirement) or an isocaloric carbohydrate-rich snack bar (SB). This is a sub-analysis of baseline assessments of a larger parallel-arm randomised controlled trial in overweight and obese (Body Mass Index 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 ) adults (25–65 years). After an overnight fast, 140 participants consumed a randomly allocated snack (AL [ n = 68] or SB [ n = 72]). Appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite sensations, measured using visual analogue scales, were assessed immediately before snack food consumption, and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following snack consumption. A sub-set of participants (AL, n = 49 SB, n = 48) then consumed a meal challenge buffet ad libitum to assess subsequent energy intake. An additional appetite rating assessment was administered post buffet at 150 min. Postprandial C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) response was 47% smaller with AL compared to SB ( p 0.001). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide AUC responses were larger with AL compared to SB (18%, p = 0.005 39% p 0.001 45% p 0.001 respectively). Cholecystokinin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin and polypeptide YY AUCs were not different between groups. Self-reported appetite ratings and energy intake following the buffet did not differ between groups. More favourable appetite-regulating hormone responses to AL did not translate into better self-reported appetite or reduced short-term energy consumption. Future studies should investigate implications for longer term appetite regulation. ACTRN12618001861246 2018.

Site M0080

Publisher: International Ocean Discovery Program

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.14379/IODP.PROC.381.106.2019

Weight loss improves heart rate recovery in overweight and obese men with features of the metabolic syndrome

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.AHJ.2006.07.019

Evidence for circulatory benefits of resveratrol in humans

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1111/NYAS.12155

Abstract: Impairments of endothelial function, which can be assessed noninvasively by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Associations between FMD and cognition suggest a vascular component in the loss of cognitive function. Certain vasoactive nutrients that have been shown to improve FMD may also have the potential to enhance cerebral perfusion and cognition. Preclinical studies show that trans-resveratrol can enhance nitric oxide bioavailability, thereby increasing endothelium-dependent vasodilation. We have now shown that acute administration of resveratrol elicits dose-dependent increases of FMD with greater potency than other vasoactive nutrients and that this benefit is sustained following regular consumption. We describe the potential implications of this vasodilator benefit of resveratrol and its role in enhancing cerebrovascular and cognitive functions.

Heart-Rate Acceleration Is Linearly Related to Anaerobic Exercise Performance.

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 2021

DOI: 10.1123/IJSPP.2021-0060

Abstract: Purpose : To prescribe training loads to improve performance, one must know how an athlete is responding to loading. The maximal rate of heart-rate increase (rHRI) during the transition from rest to exercise is linearly related to changes in endurance exercise performance and can be used to infer how athletes are responding to changes in training load. Relationships between rHRI and anaerobic exercise performance have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between rHRI and anaerobic exercise performance. Methods : Eighteen recreational strength and power athletes (13 male and 5 female) were tested on a cycle ergometer for rHRI, 6-second peak power output, anaerobic capacity (30-s average power), and blood lactate concentration prior to (PRE), and 1 (POST1) and 3 (POST3) hours after fatiguing high-intensity interval cycling. Results : Compared with PRE, rHRI was slower at POST1 (effect size [ES] = −0.38, P = .045) but not POST3 (ES = −0.36, P = .11). PPO was not changed at POST1 (ES = −0.12, P = .19) but reduced at POST3 (ES = −0.52, P = .01). Anaerobic capacity was reduced at POST1 (ES = −1.24, P .001) and POST3 (ES = −0.83, P .001), and blood lactate concentration was increased at POST1 (ES = 1.73, P .001) but not at POST3 (ES = 0.75, P = .11). rHRI was positively related to PPO ( B = 0.19, P = .03) and anaerobic capacity ( B = 0.14, P = .005) and inversely related to blood lactate concentration ( B = −0.22, P = .04). Conclusions : rHRI is linearly related to acute changes in anaerobic exercise performance and may indicate how athletes are responding to training to guide the application of training loads.

Associations between markers of health and playing golf in an Australian population

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 04-2019

DOI: 10.1136/BMJSEM-2019-000517

Abstract: To investigate associations between markers of health and playing golf in an Australian population. Secondary analysis of data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey to compare selected health outcomes between golfers (n=128) and non-golfers (n=4999). Golfers were older than non-golfers (mean±SD 57.7±14.2 years, 48.5±17.6 years, p .05). A higher proportion of golfers were overweight or obese compared with non-golfers (76% vs 64%, p .05), and golfers were more likely to have been diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) at some time in their life (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 7.8). However, neither the risk of being overweight or obese (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.2) or having been diagnosed with IHD (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8 to 5.8), were significant after controlling for age. Golfers were more physically active than non-golfers (8870±3810 steps/day vs 7320±3640 steps/day, p .05) and more likely to report high health-related quality of life (HRQoL) than non-golfers (OR 1.8 95% CI 1.0 to 3.3), but not after adjusting for physical activity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.2). Compared with non-golfers, golfers were more likely to be overweight or obese and to have been diagnosed with IHD, but not after adjusting for golfers being older. Golfers were more likely to report a higher HRQoL, but not after adjusting for golfers being more physically active. There may be an association between golfers being more physically active than non-golfers and reporting a higher HRQoL.

Nut consumption for vascular health and cognitive function

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-05-2014

DOI: 10.1017/S0954422414000079

Abstract: Nuts are rich in many nutrients that can benefit multiple cardiometabolic functions, including arterial compliance, blood pressure, inflammation, glucoregulation and endothelial vasodilatation. Impaired vasodilatation may contribute to impaired cognitive performance due to poor cerebral perfusion. The present narrative review examines associations between nut consumption, vascular health and cognitive function. It includes a systematic search which identified seventy-one epidemiological or intervention studies in which effects of chronic nut consumption on blood pressure, glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function, arterial compliance, inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive performance were evaluated. Weighted mean changes were estimated where data were available they indicate that nut consumption reduces blood pressure and improves glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function and inflammation, whilst a limited number of studies suggest that nut consumption may also improve cognitive performance. Further clinical trials are warranted to explore relationships between nut consumption, endothelial function and cognitive function.

Differing Physiological Adaptations Induced by Dry and Humid Short-Term Heat Acclimation

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1123/IJSPP.2018-0707

Abstract: Purpose : To investigate the effect of a 5-day short-term heat acclimation (STHA) protocol in dry (43°C and 20% relative humidity) or humid (32°C and 80% relative humidity) environmental conditions on endurance cycling performance in temperate conditions (21°C). Methods : In a randomized, cross-over design, 11 cyclists completed each of the two 5-day blocks of STHA matched for heat index (44°C) and total exposure time (480 min), separated by 30 days. Pre- and post-STHA temperate endurance performance (4-min mean maximal power, lactate threshold 1 and 2) was assessed in addition, a heat stress test was used to assess in idual levels of heat adaptation. Results : Differences in endurance performance were unclear. Following dry STHA, gross mechanical efficiency was likely reduced (between-condition effect size dry vs humid −0.59 90% confidence interval, −1.05 to −0.15), oxygen uptake was likely increased for a given workload (0.64 [0.14 to 1.07]), and energy expenditure likely increased (0.59 [0.17 to 1.03]). Plasma volume expansion at day 5 of acclimation was similar (within-condition outcome 4.6% [6.3%] and 5.3% [5.1%] dry and humid, respectively) but was retained for 3 to 4 days longer after the final humid STHA exposure (−0.2% [8.1%] and 4.5% [4.2%] dry and humid, respectively). Sweat rate was very likely increased during dry STHA (0.57 [0.25 to 0.89]) and possibly increased (0.18 [−0.15 to 0.50]) during humid STHA. Conclusion : STHA induced ergent adaptations between dry and humid conditions, but did not result in differences in temperate endurance performance.

Predicting maximal aerobic speed through set distance time-trials

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-08-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-015-3233-6

Abstract: Knowledge of aerobic performance capacity allows for the optimisation of training programs in aerobically dominant sports. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a measure of aerobic performance however, the time and personnel demands of establishing MAS are considerable. This study aimed to determine whether time-trials (TT), which are shorter and less onerous than traditional MAS protocols, may be used to predict MAS. 28 Australian Rules football players completed a test of MAS, followed by TTs of six different distances in random order, each separated by at least 48 h. Half of the participants completed TT distances of 1200, 1600 and 2000 m, and the others completed distances of 1400, 1800 and 2200 m. Average speed for the 1200 and 1400 m TTs were greater than MAS (P 0.08). Average speed for all TT distances correlated with MAS (r = 0.69-0.84 P < 0.02), but there was a negative association between the difference in average TT speed and MAS with increasing TT distance (r = -0.79 P < 0.01). Average TT speed over the 2000 m distance exhibited the best agreement with MAS. MAS may be predicted from the average speed during a TT for any distance between 1200 and 2200 m, with 2000 m being optimal. Performance of a TT may provide a simple alternative to traditional MAS testing.

Long‐term effects of very low‐carbohydrate and high‐carbohydrate weight‐loss diets on psychological health in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-03-2016

DOI: 10.1111/JOIM.12501

Abstract: Very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diets are used for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management, but their effects on psychological health remain largely unknown. This study examined the long-term effects of an LC diet on psychological health. One hundred and fifteen obese adults [age: 58.5 ± 7.1 years body mass index: 34.6 ± 4.3 kg m(-2) HbA1c : 7.3 ± 1.1%] with T2DM were randomized to consume either an energy-restricted (~6 to 7 MJ), planned isocaloric LC or high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HC) diet, combined with a supervised exercise programme (3 days week(-1) ) for 1 year. Body weight, psychological mood state and well-being [Profile of Mood States (POMS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SAI)] and diabetes-specific emotional distress [Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Questionnaire] and quality of life [QoL Diabetes-39 (D-39)] were assessed. Overall weight loss was 9.5 ± 0.5 kg (mean ± SE), with no difference between groups (P = 0.91 time × diet). Significant improvements occurred in BDI, POMS (total mood disturbance and the six subscales of anger-hostility, confusion-bewilderment, depression-dejection, fatigue-inertia, vigour-activity and tension-anxiety), PAID (total score) and the D-39 dimensions of diabetes control, anxiety and worry, sexual functioning and energy and mobility, P < 0.05 time. SAI and the D-39 dimension of social burden remained unchanged (P ≥ 0.08 time). Diet composition had no effect on the responses for the outcomes assessed (P ≥ 0.22 time × diet). In obese adults with T2DM, both diets achieved substantial weight loss and comparable improvements in QoL, mood state and affect. These results suggest that either an LC or HC diet within a lifestyle modification programme that includes exercise training improves psychological well-being.

Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 07-08-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S000711450999153X

Abstract: Heart rate (HR) variability and large arterial compliance can be improved using fish oils. DHA, a component of fish oil, has cardiovascular health benefits, but its effect on HR variability (HRV) and arterial compliance is yet to be quantified. Sixty-seven overweight or obese adults (thirty-six males and thirty-one females 53 ( sem 2) year BMI 31·7 ( sem 1·1) kg/m 2 ) were randomly allocated to consume either 6 g/d sunola oil (control n 17), fish oil (260 mg DHA+60 mg EPA per g) at doses of 2 g/d ( n 16), 4 g/d ( n 17) or 6 g/d ( n 17). Blood pressure, HR and compliance of large and small arteries were measured while supine at baseline and after 12 weeks in all participants, and HRV was assessed in a subgroup of forty-six participants. There was no effect of fish oil on blood pressure, small artery compliance or HR. However, the low frequency:high frequency ratio of HRV decreased with increasing doses of fish oil ( r − 0·34, P = 0·02), while large artery compliance increased ( r 0·34, P = 0·006). Moreover, the changes in these biomarkers were significantly correlated ( r − 0·31, P = 0·04) and may reflect fish oil-induced improvements in arterial function and cardiac autonomic regulation.

Perceived exercise barriers are reduced and benefits are improved with lifestyle modification in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-03-2016

DOI: 10.1186/S12905-016-0292-8

Detrended fluctuation analysis detects altered coordination of running gait in athletes following a heavy period of training

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2018.09.002

Abstract: To investigate whether functional overreaching affects locomotor system behaviour when running at fixed relative intensities and if any effects were associated with changes in running performance. Prospective intervention study. Ten trained male runners completed three training blocks in a fixed order. Training consisted of one week of light training (baseline), two weeks of heavy training designed to induce functional overreaching, and ten days of light taper training designed to allow athletes to recover from, and adapt to, the heavy training. Locomotor behaviour, 5-km time trial performance, and subjective reports of training status (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) questionnaire) were assessed at the completion of each training block. Locomotor behaviour was assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis of stride intervals during running at speeds corresponding to 65% and 85% of maximum heart rate (HR Time trial performance (effect size ±95% confidence interval (ES): 0.16±0.06 p<0.001), locomotor behaviour at 65% HR Locomotor behaviour during running at 65% HR

Exercise for the treatment and management of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of the literature

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 27-04-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-789X.2010.00758.X

Longitudinal haematological responses to training load and heat acclimation preceding a male team pursuit cycling world record

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 30-12-2022

DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2150896

Abstract: This evaluated relationships between changes in training load, haematological responses, and endurance exercise performance during temperate and heat acclimation (HA) training preceding a male team cycling pursuit world record (WR). Haemoglobin mass (Hb

Descriptors of Sensation Confirm the Multidimensional Nature of Desire to Void

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 19-11-2015

DOI: 10.1002/NAU.22520

Abstract: To collect and categorize descriptors of "desire to void" sensation, determine the reliability of descriptor categories and assess whether descriptor categories discriminate between people with and without symptoms of overactive bladder. This observational, repeated measures study involved 64 Australian volunteers (47 female), aged 50 years or more, with and without symptoms of overactive bladder. Descriptors of desire to void sensation were derived from a structured interview (conducted on two occasions, 1 week apart). Descriptors were recorded verbatim and categorized in a three-stage process. Overactive bladder status was determined by the Overactive Bladder Awareness Tool and the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score. McNemar's test assessed the reliability of descriptors volunteered between two occasions and Partial Least Squares Regression determined whether language categories discriminated according to overactive bladder status. Post hoc Chi squared analysis and relative risk calculation determined the size and direction of overactive bladder prediction. Thirteen language categories (Urgency, Fullness, Pressure, Tickle/tingle, Pain/ache, Heavy, Normal, Intense, Sudden, Annoying, Uncomfortable, Anxiety, and Unique somatic) encapsulated 344 descriptors of sensation. Descriptor categories were stable between two interviews. The categories "Urgency" and "Fullness" predicted overactive bladder status. Participants who volunteered "Urgency" descriptors were twice as likely to have overactive bladder and participants who volunteered "Fullness" descriptors were almost three times as likely not to have overactive bladder. The sensation of desire to void is reliably described over sessions separated by a week, the language used reflects multiple dimensions of sensation, and can predict overactive bladder status.

Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-ana

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 14-02-2022

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-022-01644-9

Abstract: Studies investigating the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and creatine kinase (CK) have reported mixed results in physically active populations. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of CWI on recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and CK following an acute bout of exercise in physically active populations. Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. A systematic search was conducted in September 2021 using Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EmCare and Embase databases. Studies were included if they were peer reviewed and published in English, included participants who were involved in sport or deemed physically active, compared CWI with passive recovery methods following an acute bout of strenuous exercise and included athletic performance, athlete perception and CK outcome measures. Studies were ided into two strenuous exercise subgroups: eccentric exercise and high-intensity exercise. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression analyses were completed with water temperature and exposure durations as continuous moderator variables. Fifty-two studies were included in the meta-analyses. CWI improved the recovery of muscular power 24 h after eccentric exercise (SMD 0.34 [95% CI 0.06–0.62]) and after high-intensity exercise (SMD 0.22 [95% CI 0.004–0.43]), and reduced serum CK (SMD − 0.85 [95% CI − 1.61 to − 0.08]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. CWI also improved muscle soreness (SMD − 0.89 [95% CI − 1.48 to − 0.29]) and perceived feelings of recovery (SMD 0.66 [95% CI 0.29–1.03]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. There was no significant influence on the recovery of strength performance following either eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Meta-regression indicated that shorter time and lower temperatures were related to the largest beneficial effects on serum CK (duration and temperature dose effects) and endurance performance (duration dose effects only) after high-intensity exercise. CWI was an effective recovery tool after high-intensity exercise, with positive outcomes occurring for muscular power, muscle soreness, CK, and perceived recovery 24 h after exercise. However, after eccentric exercise, CWI was only effective for positively influencing muscular power 24 h after exercise. Dose–response relationships emerged for positively influencing endurance performance and reducing serum CK, indicating that shorter durations and lower temperatures may improve the efficacy of CWI if used after high-intensity exercise. Emma Moore is supported by a Research Training Program (Domestic) Scholarship from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Education and Training. Open Science Framework: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SRB9D.

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in red meat

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2007

DOI: 10.1111/J.1747-0080.2007.00201.X

Site M0079

Publisher: International Ocean Discovery Program

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.14379/IODP.PROC.381.105.2019

Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise training on oxidative stress and endothelial function in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-10-2008

DOI: 10.1111/J.1463-1326.2008.00863.X

Six-week transition to minimalist shoes improves running economy and time-trial performance

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.04.013

Abstract: This study investigated if gradually introducing runners to minimalist shoes during training improved running economy and time-trial performance compared to training in conventional shoes. Changes in stride rate, stride length, footfall pattern and ankle plantar-flexor strength were also investigated. Randomised parallel intervention trial. 61 trained runners gradually increased the amount of running performed in either minimalist (n=31) or conventional (n=30) shoes during a six-week standardised training program. 5-km time-trial performance, running economy, ankle plantar-flexor strength, footfall pattern, stride rate and length were assessed in the allocated shoes at baseline and after training. Footfall pattern was determined from the time differential between rearfoot and forefoot (TD The minimalist shoe group improved time-trial performance (effect size (ES): 0.24 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.48 p=0.046) and running economy (ES 0.48 95%CI: 0.22, 0.74 p<0.001) more than the conventional shoe group. There were no minimalist shoe training effects on ankle plantar-flexor concentric (ES: 0.11 95%CI: -0.18, 0.41 p=0.45), isometric (ES: 0.23 95%CI: -0.17, 0.64 p=0.25), or eccentric strength (ES: 0.24 95%CI: -0.17, 0.65 p=0.24). Minimalist shoes caused large reductions in TD Gradually introducing minimalist shoes over a six-week training block is an effective method for improving running economy and performance in trained runners.

Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-03-2009

DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2009.42

Abstract: This review addresses the effect of overweight and obese weight status on pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting HRQOL and weight status in youth (<21 years), published before March 2008. Twenty-eight articles were identified. Regression of HRQOL against body mass index (BMI) using pooled data from 13 studies utilizing the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory identified an inverse relationship between BMI and pediatric HRQOL (r=-0.7, P=0.008), with impairments in physical and social functioning consistently reported. HRQOL seemed to improve with weight loss, but randomized controlled trials were few and lacked long-term follow-up. Little is known about the factors associated with reduced HRQOL among overweight or obese youth, although gender, age and obesity-related co-morbidities may play a role. Few studies have examined the differences in HRQOL between community and treatment-seeking s les. Pooled regressions suggest pediatric self-reported HRQOL can be predicted from parent proxy reports, although parents of obese youths tend to perceive worse HRQOL than children do about themselves. Thus, future research should include both pediatric and parent proxy perspectives.

Long-term effects of weight loss with a very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on flow mediated dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2016.07.908

Abstract: Very-low carbohydrate diets can improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, compared to traditional higher carbohydrate, low fat (HighCHO) diets, they have been associated with impaired endothelial function (measured by flow mediated dilatation [FMD]) that is possibly related to saturated fat. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-month hypocaloric very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat (LowCHO) diet compared to an isocaloric HighCHO diet. One hundred and fifteen obese patients with T2DM (age:58.4 ± 0.7 [SEM] yr, BMI:34.6 ± 0.4 kg/m(2), HbA1c:7.33 [56.3 mmol/mol] ± 0.10%) were randomised to consume an energy restricted LowCHO diet (Carb:Pro:Fat:Sat-Fat 14:28:58: < 10% energy n = 58) or isocaloric HighCHO diet (53:17:30: < 10% n = 57) whilst undertaking exercise (60 min, 3/wk). Bodyweight, HbA1c and FMD were assessed. Seventy eight participants completed the intervention (LowCHO = 41, HighCHO = 37). Both groups experienced similar reductions in weight and HbA1c (-10.6 ± 0.7 kg, -1.05 ± 0.10% p < 0.001 time, p ≥ 0.48 time × diet). FMD did not change (p = 0.11 time, p = 0.20 time × diet). In patients with obesity and T2DM, HighCHO diet and LowCHO diet have similar effects on endothelial function.

Tackling obesity in aged-care homes: the effects of environmental cues

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 31-05-2022

DOI: 10.1108/EJM-07-2021-0512

Abstract: Obesity among elderly consumers precipitates undesirable health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the effects of environmental cues on food intake of elderly consumers in an aged-care facility. A longitudinal study conducted over 17 weeks in situ within an aged-care facility with 31 residents investigated how auditory (soothing music), olfactory (floral-scented candle) and visual (infographic on health benefits of the main meal component) cues influenced food intake quantity during a meal, while accounting for portion size effect (PSE). Analysing the cross-sectional results of in idual treatments and rounds did not reveal any consistent patterns in the influence of the three environmental cues. Longitudinal analyses, however, showed that the presence of auditory and olfactory cues significantly increased food intake, but the visual cue did not. Moreover, PSE was strong. Extending research into environmental factors from a commercial to a health-care setting, this study demonstrates how the presence of auditory and olfactory, but not cognitive cues, increased food intake behaviour among elderly consumers. It also shows that a cross-sectional approach to such studies would have yielded inconclusive or even misleading findings. Merely serving more would also lead to higher food intake amount. Environmental factors should be a part of health-care providers’ arsenal to manage obesity. They are practical and relatively inexpensive to implement across different health-care settings. However, the same environmental factors would have opposite desired-effects with normal or underweight residents, and hence, aged-care facilities need to separate the dining experience (or mealtime) of obese and other residents. Quantity served should also be moderated to discourage overeating. While studies into managing obesity, particularly among older adults, have mainly focused on techniques such as pharmacotherapy treatments with drugs, dietary management or even lifestyle change, less attention has been given to the influence of environmental cues. This study, executed in situ within an aged-care facility, provided evidence of the importance of considering the impact of environmental factors on food intake to help reduce obesity.

Increases in Plasma Lutein through Supplementation Are Correlated with Increases in Physical Activity and Reductions in Sedentary Time in Older Adults

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 03-03-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6030974

Soya isoflavone supplementation enhances spatial working memory in men

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 06-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509990201

Abstract: Females perform better in certain memory-related tasks than males. Sex differences in cognitive performance may be attributable to differences in circulating oestrogen acting on oestrogen β receptors (ERβ) which are prevalent in brain regions such as the hippoc us, frontal lobe and cortex that mediate cognitive functions. Since soya isoflavones are known to activate ERβ, chronic isoflavone supplementation in males may improve cognitive performance in memory-related tasks. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial was conducted in thirty-four healthy men to investigate the effect of isoflavone supplementation on cognitive function. Volunteers were randomised to take four capsules/d containing soya isoflavones (116 mg isoflavone equivalents/d: 68 mg daidzein, 12 mg genistein, 36 mg glycitin) or placebo for 6 weeks, and the alternate treatment during the following 6 weeks. Assessments of memory (verbal episodic, auditory and working), executive function (planning, attention, mental flexibility) and visual-spatial processing were performed at baseline and after each treatment period. Isoflavone supplementation significantly improved spatial working memory ( P = 0·01), a test in which females consistently perform better than males. Compared with placebo supplementation, there were 18 % fewer attempts ( P = 0·01), 23 % fewer errors ( P = 0·02) and 17 % less time ( P = 0·03) required to correctly identify the requisite information. Isoflavones did not affect auditory and episodic memory (Paired Associate Learning, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Task, Backward Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing), executive function (Trail Making and Initial Letter Fluency Task) or visual-spatial processing (Mental Rotation Task). Isoflavone supplementation in healthy males may enhance cognitive processes which appear dependent on oestrogen activation.

Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-02-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-016-0484-2

Abstract: Autonomic regulation of heart rate (HR) as an indicator of the body's ability to adapt to an exercise stimulus has been evaluated in many studies through HR variability (HRV) and post-exercise HR recovery (HRR). Recently, HR acceleration has also been investigated. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of negative adaptations to endurance training (i.e., a period of overreaching leading to attenuated performance) and positive adaptations (i.e., training leading to improved performance) on autonomic HR regulation in endurance-trained athletes. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Academic Search Premier databases from inception until April 2015. Included articles examined the effects of endurance training leading to increased or decreased exercise performance on four measures of autonomic HR regulation: resting and post-exercise HRV [vagal-related indices of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals (RMSSD), high frequency power (HFP) and the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability (SD1) only], and post-exercise HRR and HR acceleration. Of the 5377 records retrieved, 27 studies were included in the systematic review and 24 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Studies inducing increases in performance showed small increases in resting RMSSD [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.58 P < 0.001], HFP (SMD = 0.55 P < 0.001) and SD1 (SMD = 0.23 P = 0.16), and moderate increases in post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.60 P < 0.001), HFP (SMD = 0.90 P < 0.04), SD1 (SMD = 1.20 P = 0.04), and post-exercise HRR (SMD = 0.63 P = 0.002). A large increase in HR acceleration (SMD = 1.34) was found in the single study assessing this parameter. Studies inducing decreases in performance showed a small increase in resting RMSSD (SMD = 0.26 P = 0.01), but trivial changes in resting HFP (SMD = 0.04 P = 0.77) and SD1 (SMD = 0.04 P = 0.82). Post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.64 P = 0.04) and HFP (SMD = 0.49 P = 0.18) were increased, as was HRR (SMD = 0.46 P < 0.001), while HR acceleration was decreased (SMD = -0.48 P < 0.001). Increases in vagal-related indices of resting and post-exercise HRV, post-exercise HRR, and HR acceleration are evident when positive adaptation to training has occurred, allowing for increases in performance. However, increases in post-exercise HRV and HRR also occur in response to overreaching, demonstrating that additional measures of training tolerance may be required to determine whether training-induced changes in these parameters are related to positive or negative adaptations. Resting HRV is largely unaffected by overreaching, although this may be the result of methodological issues that warrant further investigation. HR acceleration appears to decrease in response to overreaching training, and thus may be a potential indicator of training-induced fatigue.

Minimal changes in telomere length after a 12-week dietary intervention with almonds in mid-age to older, overweight, and obese Australians: results of a randomised clinical trial

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 11-05-2022

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521001549

Abstract: Diet is a modifiable risk factor for chronic disease and a potential modulator of telomere length (TL). The study aim was to investigate associations between diet quality and TL in Australian adults after a 12-week dietary intervention with an almond-enriched diet (AED). Participants (overweight/obese, 50–80 years) were randomised to an AED ( n 62) or isoenergetic nut-free diet (NFD, n 62) for 12 weeks. Diet quality was assessed using a Dietary Guideline Index (DGI), applied to weighed food records, that consists of ten components reflecting adequacy, variety and quality of core food components and discretionary choices within the diet. TL was measured by quantitative PCR in s les of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and whole blood. There were no significant associations between DGI scores and TL at baseline. Diet quality improved with AED and decreased with NFD after 12 weeks (change from baseline AED + 9·8 %, NFD − 14·3 % P 0·001). TL increased in neutrophils (+9·6 bp, P = 0·009) and decreased in whole blood, to a trivial extent (–12·1 bp, P = 0·001), and was unchanged in lymphocytes. Changes did not differ between intervention groups. There were no significant relationships between changes in diet quality scores and changes in lymphocyte, neutrophil or whole blood TL. The inclusion of almonds in the diet improved diet quality scores but had no impact on TL mid-age to older Australian adults. Future studies should investigate the impact of more substantial dietary changes over longer periods of time.

Effect of 12 Weeks High Oleic Peanut Consumption on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors and Body Composition

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 02-09-2015

DOI: 10.3390/NU7095343

Predictors of Lifestyle Intervention Attrition or Weight Loss Success in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Who Are Overweight or Obese

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 26-02-2019

DOI: 10.3390/NU11030492

Abstract: Background/objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in reproductive-aged women. Weight management is a first-line treatment for PCOS according to international evidence-based guidelines. However, the factors associated with attrition or success in weight loss interventions are not known for women with PCOS. The objective of this study was to identify characteristics associated with attrition and weight loss success in women with PCOS and overweight or obesity undergoing weight loss interventions. Methods: Four randomised controlled clinical weight loss trials comprising energy restricted diets and/or exercise interventions of 2–8 months duration. The interventions were conducted over 2001–2007 in outpatient clinical research centres with n = 221 premenopausal women with PCOS and overweight/obesity recruited through community advertisement. The main outcome measures were attrition and ≥5% weight loss at 2 months and study completion. Results: Weight loss was 5.7 ± 2.9 kg at 2 months and 7.4 ± 5.3 kg after study completion (p 0.001). Attrition was 47.1% and ≥5% weight loss occurred in 62.5% and 62.7% of women at 2 months and study completion respectively. Baseline depressive symptoms (OR 1.07 95% CI 0.88, 0.96, p = 0.032) and lower appointment attendance by 2 months (OR 0.92 95% CI 0.88, 0.96, p 0.001) were independently associated with attrition. Lower appointment attendance over the whole study was independently associated with not achieving ≥5% weight loss at study completion (OR 0.95 95% CI 0.92, 0.99, p = 0.020). Conclusions: Despite high attrition, successful weight loss was achieved by 63% of women with PCOS in a clinical research setting. Higher baseline depressive symptoms were associated with greater attrition and higher appointment attendance was associated with lower attrition and greater weight loss success. These finding have implications for development of successful weight management programs in PCOS.

Knee extensor strength differences in obese and healthy-weight 10-to 13-year-olds

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-12-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-012-2561-Z

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate if obese children have reduced knee extensor (KE) strength and to explore the relationship between adiposity and KE strength. An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states, recruiting obese [N = 107 (51 female, 56 male)] and healthy-weight [N = 132 (56 female, 76 male)] 10- to 13-year-old children. Body mass index, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), isokinetic/isometric peak KE torques (dynamometry) and physical activity (accelerometry) were assessed. Results revealed that compared with their healthy-weight peers, obese children had higher absolute KE torques (P ≤ 0.005), equivocal KE torques when allometrically normalized for fat-free mass (FFM) (P ≥ 0.448) but lower relative KE torques when allometrically normalized for body mass (P ≤ 0.008). Adjustments for maternal education, income and accelerometry had little impact on group differences, except for isometric KE torques relative to body mass which were no longer significantly lower in obese children (P ≥ 0.013, not significant after controlling for multiple comparisons). Percent body fat was inversely related to KE torques relative to body mass (r = -0.22 to -0.35, P ≤ 0.002), irrespective of maternal education, income or accelerometry. In conclusion, while obese children have higher absolute KE strength and FFM, they have less functional KE strength (relative to mass) available for weight-bearing activities than healthy-weight children. The finding that FFM-normalized KE torques did not differ suggests that the intrinsic contractile properties of the KE muscles are unaffected by obesity. Future research is needed to see if deficits in KE strength relative to mass translate into functional limitations in weight-bearing activities.

Monitoring athletic training status using the maximal rate of heart rate increase

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2015.07.006

Abstract: Reductions in maximal rate of heart rate increase (rHRI) correlate with performance reductions when training load is increased. This study evaluated whether rHRI tracked performance changes across a range of training states. Prospective intervention. rHRI was assessed during five min of cycling at 100W (rHRIcyc) and running at 8km/h (rHRIrun) in 13 male triathletes following two weeks of light-training (LT), two weeks of heavy-training (HT) and a two-day recovery period (RP). A five min cycling time-trial assessed performance and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak). Performance likely decreased following HT (Effect size±90% confidence interval=-0.18±0.09), then very likely increased following RP (0.32±0.14). rHRIcyc very likely decreased (-0.48±0.24), and rHRIrun possibly decreased (-0.33±0.48), following HT. Changes in both measures were unclear following RP. Steady-state HR was almost certainly lower (-0.81±0.31) during rHRIcyc than rHRIrun. A large correlation was found between reductions in performance and rHRIrun (r±90% CI=0.65±0.34) from LT to HT, but was unclear for rHRIcyc. Trivial within-subject correlations were found between rHRI and performance, but the strength of relationship between rHRIrun and performance was largely associated with V˙O2peak following LT (r=-0.58±0.38). Performance reductions were most sensitively tracked by rHRIrun following HT. This may be due to rHRIrun being assessed at a higher intensity than rHRIcyc, inferred from a higher steady-state HR and supported by a stronger within-subject relationship between rHRIrun and performance in in iduals with a lower V˙O2peak, in whom the same exercise intensity would represent a greater physiological stress. rHRI assessed at relatively high exercise intensities may better track performance changes.

Study protocol for a 9-month randomised controlled trial assessing the effects of almonds versus carbohydrate-rich snack foods on weight loss and weight maintenance

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 07-2020

DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-036542

Abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate an inverse association between nut consumption and body mass index (BMI). However, clinical trials evaluating the effects of nut consumption compared with a nut-free diet on adiposity have reported mixed findings with some studies reporting greater weight loss and others reporting no weight change. This paper describes the rationale and detailed protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing whether the inclusion of almonds or carbohydrate-rich snacks in an otherwise nut-free energy-restricted diet will promote weight loss during 3 months of energy restriction and limit weight regain during 6 months of weight maintenance. One hundred and thirty-four adults aged 25–65 years with a BMI of 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 will be recruited and randomly allocated to either the almond-enriched diet (AED) (15% energy from almonds) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) (15% energy from carbohydrate-rich snack foods). Study snack foods will be provided. Weight loss will be achieved through a 30% energy restriction over 3 months, and weight maintenance will be encouraged for 6 months by increasing overall energy intake by ~120–180 kcal/day (~500-750kJ/day) as required. Food will be self-selected, based on recommendations from the study dietitian. Body composition, resting energy expenditure, total daily energy expenditure (via doubly labelled water), physical activity, appetite regulation, cardiometabolic health, gut microbiome, liver health, inflammatory factors, eating behaviours, mood and personality, functional mobility and pain, quality of life and sleep patterns will be measured throughout the 9-month trial. The effects of intervention on the outcome measures over time will be analysed using random effects mixed models, with treatment (AED or NFD) and time (baseline, 3 months and 9 months) being the between and within factors, respectively in the analysis. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (201436). Results from this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, national and international presentations. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001861246).

A randomised trial comparing low-fat diets differing in carbohydrate and protein ratio, combined with regular moderate intensity exercise, on glycaemic control, cardiometabolic risk factors, food crav

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.CCT.2015.11.001

Abstract: Hypocaloric low-fat diets, high in protein with moderate carbohydrate (HP) can enhance weight loss, improve glycaemic control and improve cardiometabolic health risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear whether the metabolic benefits observed during weight loss are sustained during energy-balance and weight maintenance. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of HP diets on food cravings, cognitive function and psychological wellbeing in T2DM, despite carbohydrate food cravings, cognitive impairment and depression being associated with hyperglycaemia. Overweight/obese adults with T2DM were randomised to consume either a HP diet (n=32, ~32% protein, 33% carbohydrate, 30% fat) or a higher-carbohydrate diet (HC, n=29, ~22% protein, 51% carbohydrate, 22% fat) for 24 weeks with 30 min of moderate intensity exercise five days/week for the study duration. There were 2 phases: a 12 week weight loss phase followed by a 12 week weight maintenance phase. Primary outcome was glycaemic control (glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1c). Secondary outcomes were cardiometabolic risk factors (body composition, fasting blood pressure, blood lipids, glucose, insulin and C-reactive protein), food cravings, cognitive function (memory psychomotor and executive function and psychological well-being. Outcomes were measured at baseline and the end of each 12-week intervention phase. Data will be analysed as intention-to-treat using linear mixed effects models. This study will examine the effects of two dietary interventions on health outcomes in T2DM during weight loss and notably following weight maintenance where there is a paucity of evidence.

The long-term effect of minimalist shoes on running performance and injury: design of a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 08-2015

DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2015-008307

Expedition 381 summary

Publisher: International Ocean Discovery Program

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.14379/IODP.PROC.381.101.2019

Dairy consumption and cardiometabolic health: outcomes of a 12-month crossover trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-19

Bovine colostrum supplementation during running training increases intestinal permeability.

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 02-12-2009

DOI: 10.3390/NU1020224

Muscle strength gains during resistance exercise training are attenuated with soy compared with dairy or usual protein intake in older adults: A randomized controlled trial.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2015.01.018

Abstract: Maintenance of muscle mass and strength into older age is critical to maintain health. The aim was to determine whether increased dairy or soy protein intake combined with resistance training enhanced strength gains in older adults. 179 healthy older adults (age 61.5 ± 7.4 yrs, BMI 27.6 ± 3.6 kg/m(2)) performed resistance training three times per week for 12 weeks and were randomized to one of three eucaloric dietary treatments which delivered >20 g of protein at each main meal or immediately after resistance training: high dairy protein (HP-D, >1.2 g of protein/kg body weight/d ∼27 g/d dairy protein) high soy protein (HP-S, >1.2 g of protein/kg body weight/d ∼27 g/d soy protein) usual protein intake (UP, <1.2 g of protein/kg body weight/d). Muscle strength, body composition, physical function and quality of life were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Treatments effects were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. 83 participants completed the intervention per protocol (HP-D = 34, HP-S = 26, UP = 23). Protein intake was higher in HP-D and HP-S compared with UP (HP-D 1.41 ± 0.14 g/kg/d, HP-S 1.42 ± 0.61 g/kg/d, UP 1.10 ± 0.10 g/kg/d P 0.06). Increased soy protein intake attenuated gains in muscle strength during resistance training in older adults compared with increased intake of dairy protein or usual protein intake. ACTRN12612000177853 www.anzctr.org.au.

Intake of Lutein-Rich Vegetables Is Associated with Higher Levels of Physical Activity

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 18-09-2015

DOI: 10.3390/NU7095378

Regular consumption ofn-3 fatty acid-enriched pork modifies cardiovascular risk factors

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 07-2008

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508025063

Abstract: The long-chain (LC) n -3 PUFA content of pork, particularly DHA, can be increased by including 15 % PorcOmega ® (a fortified tuna fishmeal product) in pig finisher diets. The aim of the present study was to see whether this enriched pork could deliver cardiovascular health benefits to consumers. In a double-blind intervention trial, thirty-three healthy adult volunteers (sixteen female and seventeen male) were randomised to consume either n -3-enriched or regular (control) pork (a selection of five fresh cuts totalling 1000 g/week) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood s les were collected every 4 weeks and analysed for serum lipids, maximally stimulated thromboxane production and erythrocyte fatty acid composition. The n -3-enriched pork provided subjects with 1·3 g LC n -3 PUFA per week. Erythrocyte DHA levels rose 15 % in the n -3 group and fell 5 % in the control group over 12 weeks ( P = 0·001). Compared with the control group, serum TAG decreased to a greater extent in the n -3 group ( P = 0·02) and serum thromboxane production increased to a lesser extent ( P = 0·004). Changes in the latter were inversely associated with changes in incorporation of DHA into erythrocytes ( r − 0·54 P 0·05). Thus the modest increases in LC n -3 PUFA intake resulting from regular consumption of enriched pork can improve cardiovascular risk factors.

Dose-Dependent Inhibition of the Post-Prandial Glycaemic Response to a Standard Carbohydrate Meal following Incorporation of Alpha-Cyclodextrin

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1159/000090498

Abstract: i Background: /i This study evaluated the dose-response effects of α-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide, on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the consumption of a standard carbohydrate meal. i Methods: /i In a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design, 10 healthy subjects consumed boiled white rice containing 50 g of digestible carbohydrate to which 0 (control), 2, 5 or 10 g of α-cyclodextrin was added. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined prior to and for 2 h after consumption of each meal. i Results: /i The area under the plasma glucose curve was negatively related to the dose of α-cyclodextrin (r sup /sup = 0.97, p = 0.02), with the areas being significantly reduced at the 5- and 10-gram doses compared with the control (p 0.05). α-Cyclodextrin did not affect the area under the plasma insulin curve (p = 0.39). Higher doses of α-cyclodextrin resulted in greater satiety, but were associated with reduced palatability and an increased incidence of minor gastrointestinal complaints (stomach ache, nausea, bloating). i Conclusion: /i α-Cyclodextrin reduces the glycaemic response to a standard carbohydrate meal in a dose-dependent manner and may be useful as an ingredient for reducing the glycaemic impact of such foods.

Bovine colostrum supplementation does not affect plasma buffer capacity or haemoglobin content in elite female rowers.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-2004

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-003-1023-Z

Abstract: It has been reported that bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation improves buffer capacity (beta) during exercise, but whether the improvement results from changes in tissue and/or blood buffer systems has not been determined. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of supplementation with BC on blood buffer systems. Thirteen elite females rowers were supplemented with 60 g.day(-1) of either BC ( n=6) or whey protein (WP, n=7) during 9 weeks of pre-competition training in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. All subjects undertook the study as a group and completed the same training program. Resting haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and plasma buffer capacity (pbeta) (determined by titration with HCl) were measured pre- and post-supplementation. There were no differences in macronutrient intakes ( P>0.56) or training volumes ( P>0.99) between BC and WP during the study period. There were no differences in Hb [BC 13.28 (0.28) mg.dl(-1), WP 13.70 (0.26) mg.dl(-1) P=0.45] or pbeta [BC 14.8 (1.1) nmol HCl.ml(-1).pH(-1), WP 14.8 (0.5) nmol HCl.ml(-1).pH(-1) P=0.68] between groups at week 0. pbeta increased in both groups during the study period ( P<0.001), but the increases were not significantly different between groups ( P=0.52). Hb did not change significantly in either group ( P=0.35). These data indicate that supplementation with BC does not affect pbeta or Hb. We therefore suggest that adaptations in tissue buffer systems are responsible for the previously reported increases in buffer capacity that result from BC supplementation.

Dimensions of sensation assessed in urinary urgency: A systematic review

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 10-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.JURO.2013.04.076

Abstract: Urinary urgency is an adverse sensory experience. Confirmation of the multidimensional nature of other adverse sensory experiences such as pain and dyspnea has improved the understanding of neurophysiological and perceptual mechanisms leading to innovations in assessment and treatment. It has been suggested that the sensation of urgency may include multiple dimensions such as intensity, suddenness and unpleasantness. In this systematic review we determine which dimensions of sensation have been assessed by instruments used to measure urinary urgency. A systematic search was undertaken of MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, Ageline, Web of Science, InformIT Health and Scopus databases to identify studies that included assessments of urinary urge or urgency. Articles were included in the analysis if they were primary studies that described the method used to measure urge/urgency in adults and published in English in peer reviewed publications since January 1, 2000. Articles were excluded from study if urgency was measured only in conjunction with other symptoms (eg frequency or incontinence) or if there was no English version of the instrument. Secondary analyses and systematic reviews were retained to hand search references for additional primary studies. Data were extracted for the instruments used to measure urge/urgency. For each instrument the items specific to urinary urgency were reviewed using a prospectively developed categorization process for the sensory dimension and the measurement metric. Items used to assess urinary urgency were collated in a matrix (sensory dimensions vs assessment metric). The most frequently used dimensions, metrics and combinations were descriptively analyzed. After removal of duplicate articles 1,048 full text articles were screened and 411 were excluded, leaving 637 eligible articles from which data were extracted. A total of 216 instruments were identified which were 1 of 6 types, namely 1) wider symptom questionnaires, 2) urgency specific questionnaires, 3) ordinal scales, 4) visual analog scales, 5) event records or 6) body maps. These 216 instruments contained a total of 309 urgency specific items. Of the instruments 51% did not define a dimension of sensation and 26% did not define the metric used. From the remaining instruments 8 dimensions of sensation and 5 types of metrics were identified. From most common to least common, the sensory dimensions assessed were behavioral response, intensity, suddenness, bother, affective response, unpleasantness, quality (descriptors) and problems associated with sensation. Metrics were magnitude, frequency, presence, time frame or location. The most common sensory dimension/metric combinations were frequency of a behavioral response (14% of items) and magnitude of bother caused by the sensation (8% of items). The hypothesis that urinary urgency is multidimensional is supported by the range of dimensions assessed with available instruments. To clarify the nature of urinary urgency compared with the normal desire to void, prospective studies are required to determine whether sensory dimensions are distinct, and which may delineate between normal and pathological sensation.

An exploratory investigation into the reasons why older people play golf

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 22-02-2016

DOI: 10.1080/2159676X.2016.1148773

Effects of an energy‐restricted low‐carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high‐carbohydrate, low‐fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2‐year randomized clinical trial

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-12-2017

DOI: 10.1111/DOM.13164

Abstract: To examine whether a low-carbohydrate, high-unsaturated/low-saturated fat diet (LC) improves glycaemic control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 115 adults with T2D (mean [SD] BMI, 34.6 [4.3] kg/m A total of 61 (LC = 33, HC = 28) participants completed the study (trial registration: www.anzctr.org.au/, ANZCTR No. ACTRN12612000369820). Reductions in weight (estimated marginal mean [95% CI] LC, -6.8 [-8.8,-4.7], HC, -6.6 [-8.8, -4.5] kg), body fat (LC, -4.3 [-6.2, -2.4], HC, -4.6 [-6.6, -2.7] kg), blood pressure (LC, -2.0 [-5.9, 1.8]/ -1.2 [-3.6, 1.2], HC, -3.2 [-7.3, 0.9]/ -2.0 [-4.5, 0.5] mmHg), HbA1c (LC, -0.6 [-0.9, -0.3], HC, -0.9 [-1.2, -0.5] %) and fasting glucose (LC, 0.3 [-0.4, 1.0], HC, -0.4 [-1.1, 0.4] mmol/L) were similar between groups (P ≥ 0.09). Compared to HC, the LC achieved greater reductions in diabetes medication use (MES LC, -0.5 [-0.6, -0.3], HC, -0.2 [-0.4, -0.02] units P = 0.03), GV (Continuous Overall Net Glycemic Action calculated every 1 hour (LC, -0.4 [-0.6, -0.3], HC, -0.1 [-0.1, 0.2] mmol/L P = 0.001), and 4 hours (LC, -0.9 [-1.3, -0.6], HC, -0.2 [-0.6, 0.1] mmol/L P = 0.02)) triglycerides (LC, -0.1 [-0.3, 0.2], HC, 0.1 [-0.2, 0.3] mmol/L P = 0.001), and maintained HDL-C levels (LC, 0.02 [-0.05, 0.1], HC, -0.1 [-0.1, 0.01] mmol/L P = 0.004), but had similar changes in LDL-C (LC, 0.2 [-0.1, 0.5], HC, 0.1 [-0.2, 0.4] mmol/L P = 0.85), brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (LC, -0.5 [-1.5, 0.5], HC, -0.4 [-1.4, 0.7] % P = 0.73), eGFR and albuminuria. Both diets achieved comparable weight loss and HbA1c reductions. The LC sustained greater reductions in diabetes medication requirements, and in improvements in diurnal blood glucose stability and blood lipid profile, with no adverse renal effects, suggesting greater optimization of T2D management.

Comparison of three bioelectrical impedance methods with DXA in overweight and obese men

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-2006

DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2006.241

Lower energy intake following consumption of Hi-oleic and regular peanuts compared with iso-energetic consumption of potato crisps

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2014.07.015

Abstract: Snack foods can contribute a high proportion of energy intake to the diet. Peanuts are a snack food rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein and fibre which have demonstrated satiety effects and may reduce total energy intake, despite their high energy density. This study examined the effects of consuming Hi-oleic (oleic acid ~75% of total fatty acids) peanuts and regular peanuts (oleic acid ~50% and higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids) compared with a high carbohydrate snack (potato crisps) on satiety and subsequent energy intake. Using a triple crossover study design, 24 participants (61 ± 1 years) consumed iso-energetic amounts (56-84 g) of Hi-oleic or regular peanuts or (60-90 g) potato crisps after an overnight fast. Hunger and satiety were assessed at baseline, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes following snack consumption using visual analogue scales, after which a cold buffet meal was freely consumed and energy intake measured. The same snack was consumed on 3 subsequent days with energy intake assessed from dietary records. This protocol was repeated weekly with each snack food. Total energy intake was lower following consumption of Hi-oleic and regular peanuts compared with crisps, both acutely during the buffet meal (-21% p<.001 and -17% p< .01) and over the 4 days (-11% p< .001 and -9% p< .01). Despite these reductions in energy intake, no differences in perceived satiety were observed. The findings suggest peanuts may be a preferred snack food to include in the diet for maintaining a healthy weight.

Human variation in response to food and nutrients

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 26-11-2020

DOI: 10.1093/NUTRIT/NUAA068

Abstract: The application of science to human nutrition over the centuries has served societies well. One ex le is the identification of key nutrients to overcome nutritional deficiencies, which has enhanced life expectancy. Enhanced life expectancy, however, is associated with an increased prevalence of chronic disorders related to food and nutrition. Findings of studies indicating that in idual responses to nutrients differ substantially between in iduals make it necessary to re-examine the relationship between nutrition and human health. The emergence of new genomic-based technologies illustrates the complexity and scale of the interactions between nutrition and genetic factors. Epigenetic modifications resulting from interactions of the genetic profile, aging, and lifestyle can influence the time course of chronic disorders and contribute to human variability in response to nutritional interventions. Developing a better understanding of human variability as it applies to human nutrition will involve embracing the approaches and principles of complex science.

Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I.

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1080/0264041031000101935

Abstract: In this study, we examined the effects of bovine colostrum on peak vertical jump power (VJpeak), peak cycle power (CPpeak), alactic anaerobic work capacity, resistance exercise one-repetition maxima (1-RM) and plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, 51 males completed 8 weeks of resistance and plyometric training while consuming 60 g x day(-1) of bovine colostrum (n = 26) or concentrated whey protein powder (n = 25). Peak vertical jump power, peak cycle power, alactic anaerobic work capacity, 1-RM and plasma IGF-I were not different between groups at baseline (P > 0.33). Peak vertical jump power and peak cycle power were still not significantly different between groups by week 4 (VJpeak: bovine colostrum, 7231 +/- 488 W whey protein, 7214 +/- 530 W P = 0.99 CPpeak: bovine colostrum, 1272 +/- 202 W whey protein, 1232 +/- 208 W P = 0.99). By week 8, however, peak vertical jump power (bovine colostrum, 7370 +/- 503 W whey powder, 7237 +/- 481 W 95% confidence intervals, 54 to 170 W P < 0.01) and peak cycle power (bovine colostrum, 1400 +/- 215 W whey protein, 1311 +/- 192 W 95% confidence intervals, 20 to 61 W P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the bovine colostrum condition. Alactic anaerobic work capacity and 1-RM increased (P 0.08). Plasma IGF-I did not change in either group (P = 0.55). We conclude that bovine colostrum supplementation during training significantly increased peak anaerobic power, but had no effect on alactic anaerobic work capacity, 1-RM or plasma IGF-I.

DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2008.01.011

Abstract: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) can improve cardiovascular (CV) function. This study examined the effects of n-3 on endurance performance, recovery and CV risk factors in elite Australian Rules football players. 25 players were randomised, double-blind, to 6 g/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil (FO n=12) or sunflower oil (SO n=13) during 5 weeks of training. At baseline erythrocyte n-3 content, resting blood pressure (BP), fasting serum triglycerides (TG) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill running at 10 km/h were assessed. Two treadmill runs (T1 and T2) to exhaustion, separated by 5 min, were then performed at the average speed for a recent 2200 m time-trial. After 5 weeks, erythrocyte n-3 increased (FO 3.8+/-0.6%, SO 0.6+/-0.3% P<0.001) while TG (FO -0.32+/-0.09 mmol l(-1), SO 0.08+/-0.05 mmol l(-1) P<0.001), diastolic BP (FO 1.3+/-1.3 mmHg, SO 6.8+/-1.7 mmHg P=0.04) and HR during submaximal exercise (FO -7.8+/-2.3 beats min(-1), SO -1.9+/-1.9 beats min(-1) P=0.03) decreased in FO compared with SO. Time to exhaustion (TTE) during T1 increased by Week 5 (FO 10.2+/-2.2%, SO 17.3+/-4.3% P<0.001 for time). Recovery (TTE for T2 as % T1) decreased in both groups (FO, -3.4+/-4.5%, SO -8.8+/-3.9% P=0.05 for time). We conclude that 5 weeks of supplementation with FO improved CV function and reduced CV risk factors, but did not improve endurance performance or recovery in elite Australian Rules footballers.

Reduced performance of male and female athletes at 580 m altitude

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 1997

DOI: 10.1007/S004210050138

Treatment of adolescent overweight and obesity

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-2008

DOI: 10.1007/S00431-007-0575-Z

Abstract: Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of obesity, and adolescent weight tracks strongly into adulthood. Previous reviews of treatment strategies have failed to discriminate between adolescents and children, thereby, disregarding the uniqueness of this population. Hence, this review aims to summarise the evidence for treatment approaches for adolescent obesity. Pubmed, OVID, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar were searched for randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews testing treatments for overweight/obese adolescents (aged 12-19 years), published from 1982-2006 in English. Eligible studies had to assess either weight, percentage overweight, body mass index (BMI) or body fat. Thirty-four randomised controlled trials were eligible. The results of this review indicate that the safety and efficacy of surgical and pharmacotherapy treatments for adolescent obesity is uncertain. Diet and physical activity approaches may improve obese status in the short term. However, obesity interventions appear more effective when strategies are combined, rather than when used in isolation. Psychological interventions, such as behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy, show promise in achieving the necessary lifestyle changes for obesity reduction however, long-term follow-up studies are needed. There were multiple limitations in appraising the literature. Inconsistent definitions of overweight/obesity make comparisons between studies difficult. Many studies have not used direct adiposity measures, have failed to assess pubertal status or have not used an exclusive adolescent s le. We conclude that, despite these limitations, current evidence indicates that behavioural and cognitive behavioural strategies combined with diet and physical activity approaches may assist in reducing adolescent obesity,although long-term follow-up studies are needed.

Effects of very low carbohydrate vs. high carbohydrate weight loss diets on psychological health in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-05-2021

DOI: 10.1007/S00394-021-02587-Z

Early myogenic responses to acute exercise before and after resistance training in young men

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2015

DOI: 10.14814/PHY2.12511

Acute effects of a dietary non-starch polysaccharide supplement on cognitive performance in healthy middle-aged adults

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 03-01-2014

DOI: 10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000101

Randomised controlled trial comparing two group-based exercise programmes (team sport vs circuit training) on men’s health: study protocol

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 08-2021

DOI: 10.1136/BMJSEM-2021-001140

Abstract: Physical activity promotes physical, psychological and social health. Despite this, almost half of middle-aged (35–54 years) Australian men are insufficiently active. Exercise adherence is increased with social interaction in a group setting. Team sport can leverage the power of groups and has shown to be more intrinsically motivating than discrete exercise modes. Evaluation of the effect of team sport compared with traditional group exercise on health, particularly psychological and social health, and physical activity levels of middle-aged men is limited. This study aims to compare the effects of team sport participation and group circuit training on physical activity levels and health in insufficiently active middle-aged men. In this parallel randomised controlled trial, n = 128 men aged 35–54 years will complete a 12-week team sport or group circuit exercise programme. Participants must self-report to not be meeting Australian physical activity guidelines or participating in team sport before recruitment. Health-related quality of life, exercise motivation, psychological needs satisfaction, sleep and physical activity levels (accelerometry), blood lipids, glucose and metabolic syndrome risk score will be assessed at baseline, end of the programme and 12 weeks follow-up. Linear mixed effect models will be used. The study has received ethical approval from the University of South Australia’s Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics Protocol 203274). Study results will be disseminated via publication in disciplinary-specific journals, conference presentations, and as part of a Doctoral thesis. ANCTRN12621000483853.

Eggs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Update of Recent Evidence

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-05-2023

DOI: 10.1007/S11883-023-01109-Y

Abstract: This review summarizes recent evidence published since a previous review in 2018 on the association between egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, CVD incidence, and CVD risk factors. No recent randomized controlled trials were identified. Evidence from observational studies is mixed, with studies reporting either an increased risk or no association of highest egg consumption with CVD mortality, and a similar spread of increased risk, decreased risk, or no association between egg intake and total CVD incidence. Most studies reported a reduced risk or no association between egg consumption and CVD risk factors. Included studies reported low and high egg intake as between 0 and 1.9 eggs/week and 2 and ≥14 eggs/week, respectively. Ethnicity may influence the risk of CVD with egg consumption, likely due to differences in how eggs are consumed in the diet rather than eggs themselves. Recent findings are inconsistent regarding the possible relationship between egg consumption and CVD mortality and morbidity. Dietary guidance should focus on improving the overall quality of the diet to promote cardiovascular health.

Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2015

DOI: 10.3945/AJCN.115.112581

Abstract: Few well-controlled studies have comprehensively examined the effects of very-low-carbohydrate diets on type 2 diabetes (T2D). We compared the effects of a very-low-carbohydrate, high-unsaturated fat, low-saturated fat (LC) diet with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HC) diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors in T2D after 52 wk. In this randomized controlled trial that was conducted in an outpatient research clinic, 115 obese adults with T2D [mean ± SD age: 58 ± 7 y body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 34.6 ± 4.3 glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): 7.3 ± 1.1% duration of diabetes: 8 ± 6 y] were randomly assigned to consume either a hypocaloric LC diet [14% of energy as carbohydrate (carbohydrate <50 g/d), 28% of energy as protein, and 58% of energy as fat (<10% saturated fat)] or an energy-matched HC diet [53% of energy as carbohydrate, 17% of energy as protein, and 30% of energy as fat (<10% saturated fat)] combined with supervised aerobic and resistance exercise (60 min 3 d/wk). Outcomes were glycemic control assessed with use of measurements of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, glycemic variability assessed with use of 48-h continuous glucose monitoring, diabetes medication, weight, blood pressure, and lipids assessed at baseline, 24, and 52 wk. Both groups achieved similar completion rates (LC diet: 71% HC diet: 65%) and mean (95% CI) reductions in weight [LC diet: -9.8 kg (-11.7, -7.9 kg) HC diet: -10.1 kg (-12.0, -8.2 kg)], blood pressure [LC diet: -7.1 (-10.6, -3.7)/-6.2 (-8.2, -4.1) mm Hg HC diet: -5.8 (-9.4, -2.2)/-6.4 (-8.4, -4.3) mm Hg], HbA1c [LC diet: -1.0% (-1.2%, -0.7%) HC diet: -1.0% (-1.3%, -0.8%)], fasting glucose [LC diet: -0.7 mmol/L (-1.3, -0.1 mmol/L) HC diet: -1.5 mmol/L (-2.1, -0.8 mmol/L)], and LDL cholesterol [LC diet: -0.1 mmol/L (-0.3, 0.1 mmol/L) HC diet: -0.2 mmol/L (-0.4, 0.03 mmol/L)] (P-diet effect ≥ 0.10). Compared with the HC-diet group, the LC-diet group achieved greater mean (95% CI) reductions in the diabetes medication score [LC diet: -0.5 arbitrary units (-0.7, -0.4 arbitrary units) HC diet: -0.2 arbitrary units (-0.4, -0.06 arbitrary units) P = 0.02], glycemic variability assessed by measuring the continuous overall net glycemic action-1 [LC diet: -0.5 mmol/L (-0.6, -0.3 mmol/L) HC diet: -0.05 mmol/L (-0.2, -0.1 mmol/L) P = 0.003], and triglycerides [LC diet: -0.4 mmol/L (-0.5, -0.2 mmol/L) HC diet: -0.01 mmol/L (-0.2, 0.2 mmol/L) P = 0.001] and greater mean (95% CI) increases in HDL cholesterol [LC diet: 0.1 mmol/L (0.1, 0.2 mmol/L) HC diet: 0.06 mmol/L (-0.01, 0.1 mmol/L) P = 0.002]. Both diets achieved substantial weight loss and reduced HbA1c and fasting glucose. The LC diet, which was high in unsaturated fat and low in saturated fat, achieved greater improvements in the lipid profile, blood glucose stability, and reductions in diabetes medication requirements, suggesting an effective strategy for the optimization of T2D management. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12612000369820.

Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2009

DOI: 10.3945/AJCN.2008.27326

The reliability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral density in the metatarsals

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-08-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S00256-015-2227-0

Abstract: To investigate the reliability of a simple, efficient technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) in the metatarsals using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BMD of the right foot of 32 trained male distance runners was measured using a DXA scanner with the foot in the plantar position. Separate regions of interest (ROI) were used to assess the BMD of each metatarsal shaft (1st-5th) for each participant. ROI analysis was repeated by the same investigator to determine within-scan intra-rater reliability and by a different investigator to determine within-scan inter-rater reliability. Repeat DXA scans were undertaken for ten participants to assess between-scan intra-rater reliability. Assessment of BMD was consistently most reliable for the first metatarsal across all domains of reliability assessed (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥0.97 coefficient of variation [CV] ≤1.5% limits of agreement [LOA] ≤4.2%). Reasonable levels of intra-rater reliability were also achieved for the second and fifth metatarsals (ICC ≥0.90 CV ≤4.2% LOA ≤11.9%). Poorer levels of reliability were demonstrated for the third (ICC ≥0.64 CV ≤8.2% LOA ≤23.6%) and fourth metatarsals (ICC ≥0.67 CV ≤9.6% LOA ≤27.5%). BMD was greatest in the first and second metatarsals (P < 0.01). Reliable measurements of BMD were achieved for the first, second and fifth metatarsals.

Effects of a minimalist shoe on running economy and 5-km running performance

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 11-01-2016

DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1136071

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if minimalist shoes improve time trial performance of trained distance runners and if changes in running economy, shoe mass, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were related to any difference in performance. Twenty-six trained runners performed three 6-min sub-maximal treadmill runs at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes while running economy, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were assessed. They then performed a 5-km time trial. In the minimalist shoe, runners completed the trial in less time (effect size 0.20 ± 0.12), were more economical during sub-maximal running (effect size 0.33 ± 0.14) and decreased stride length (effect size 0.22 ± 0.10) and increased stride rate (effect size 0.22 ± 0.11). All but one runner ran with a rearfoot footfall in the minimalist shoe. Improvements in time trial performance were associated with improvements in running economy at 15 km·h(-1) (r = 0.58), with 79% of the improved economy accounted for by reduced shoe mass (P < 0.05). The results suggest that running in minimalist shoes improves running economy and 5-km running performance.

Development and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Golf Participation Questionnaire for Older Adults (GPQOA)

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 23-03-2018

DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1450920

Vibration Therapy Is No More Effective Than the Standard Practice of Massage and Stretching for Promoting Recovery From Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 07-2015

DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000149

Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 17-12-2022

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-022-01800-1

Tracking Performance Changes With Running-Stride Variability When Athletes Are Functionally Overreached

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 03-2017

DOI: 10.1123/IJSPP.2015-0618

Abstract: Stride-to-stride fluctuations in running-stride interval display long-range correlations that break down in the presence of fatigue accumulated during an exhaustive run. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether long-range correlations in running-stride interval were reduced by fatigue accumulated during prolonged exposure to a high training load (functional overreaching) and were associated with decrements in performance caused by functional overreaching. Ten trained male runners completed 7 d of light training (LT 7 ), 14 d of heavy training (HT 14 ) designed to induce a state of functional overreaching, and 10 d of light training (LT 10 ) in a fixed order. Running-stride intervals and 5-km time-trial (5TT) performance were assessed after each training phase. The strength of long-range correlations in running-stride interval was assessed at 3 speeds (8, 10.5, and 13 km/h) using detrended fluctuation analysis. Relative to performance post-LT 7 , time to complete the 5TT was increased after HT 14 (+18 s P .05) and decreased after LT 10 (–20 s P = .03), but stride-interval long-range correlations remained unchanged at HT 14 and LT 10 ( P .50). Changes in stride-interval long-range correlations measured at a 10.5-km/h running speed were negatively associated with changes in 5TT performance ( r –.46 P = .03). Runners who were most affected by the prolonged exposure to high training load (as evidenced by greater reductions in 5TT performance) experienced the greatest reductions in stride-interval long-range correlations. Measurement of stride-interval long-range correlations may be useful for monitoring the effect of high training loads on athlete performance.

Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, cognition, and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2011.12.009

Abstract: To determine the effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil and a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil versus an ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich safflower oil (control) on literacy and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a randomized controlled trial. Supplements rich in EPA, DHA, or safflower oil were randomly allocated for 4 mo to 90 Australian children 7 to 12 y old with ADHD symptoms higher than the 90th percentile on the Conners Rating Scales. The effect of supplementation on cognition, literacy, and parent-rated behavior was assessed by linear mixed modeling. Pearson correlations determined associations between the changes in outcome measurements and the erythrocyte fatty acid content (percentage of total) from baseline to 4 mo. There were no significant differences between the supplement groups in the primary outcomes after 4 mo. However, the erythrocyte fatty acid profiles indicated that an increased proportion of DHA was associated with improved word reading (r = 0.394) and lower parent ratings of oppositional behavior (r = 0.392). These effects were more evident in a subgroup of 17 children with learning difficulties: an increased erythrocyte DHA was associated with improved word reading (r = 0.683), improved spelling (r = 0.556), an improved ability to ide attention (r = 0.676), and lower parent ratings of oppositional behavior (r = 0.777), hyperactivity (r = 0.702), restlessness (r = 0.705), and overall ADHD symptoms (r = 0.665). Increases in erythrocyte ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically DHA, may improve literacy and behavior in children with ADHD. The greatest benefit may be observed in children who have comorbid learning difficulties.

Dairy consumption and working memory performance in overweight and obese adults

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2012.03.019

Abstract: All in iduals will experience some degree of cognitive impairment in their later years. Diet is one readily modifiable factor that may influence cognitive function and psychological well-being. Very little research has considered the potential role of dairy foods in modulating cognitive and psychological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a high intake of reduced fat dairy food on cognitive performance. Overweight adults with habitually low dairy intakes (< two serves/day) were recruited for a 12 month crossover dietary intervention trial and randomised to a high (four serves/day) or low (one serve/day) intake of reduced fat dairy, crossing over to the alternate diet after 6 months. Participants were tested at the end of each 6 month diet period on multiple measures of cognitive performance, including memory, information processing speed, executive function, attention and abstract reasoning. In 38 participants who completed the trial (average age=52±2 years BMI=31.5±0.8 kg/m(2)), spatial working memory performance was marginally better following 6 months of the high dairy diet compared with the low dairy diet. Increasing the dairy intake of habitually low dairy consumers may have the potential to improve working memory.

A case study of grandparents’ attitudes and perceptions regarding healthy lifestyle behaviours in their young grandchildren

Publisher: MDPI

Date: 09-08-2018

DOI: 10.3390/PROCEEDINGS2120573

Estimating Abdominal Adipose Tissue with DXA and Anthropometry

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-2007

DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2007.629

Abstract: To identify an anatomically defined region of interest (ROI) from DXA assessment of body composition that when combined with anthropometry can be used to accurately predict intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) in overweight/obese in iduals. Forty-one postmenopausal women (age, 49 to 66 years BMI, 26 to 37 kg/m(2)) underwent anthropometric and body composition assessments. ROI were defined as quadrilateral boxes extending 5 or 10 cm above the iliac crest and laterally to the edges of the abdominal soft tissue. A single-slice computed tomography (CT) scan was measured at the L3 to L4 intervertebral space, and abdominal skinfolds were taken. Forward step-wise regression revealed the best predictor model of IAAT area measured by CT (r(2) = 0.68, standard error of estimate = 17%) to be: IAAT area (centimeters squared) = 51.844 + DXA 10-cm ROI (grams) (0.031) + abdominal skinfold (millimeters) (1.342). Interobserver reliability for fat mass (r = 0.994 coefficient of variation, 2.60%) and lean mass (r = 0.986, coefficient of variation, 2.67%) in the DXA 10-cm ROI was excellent. This study has identified a DXA ROI that can be reliably measured using prominent anatomical landmarks, in this case, the iliac crest. Using this ROI, combined with an abdominal skinfold measurement, we have derived an equation to predict IAAT in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. This approach offers a simpler, safer, and more cost-effective method than CT for assessing the efficacy of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing IAAT. However, this warrants further investigation and validation with an independent cohort.

Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 05-2008

DOI: 10.1017/S000711450785344X

Abstract: Consumption of long-chain n -3 PUFA, particularly DHA, has been shown to improve cardiovascular risk factors but the intake required to achieve benefits is unclear. We sought to determine the relationship between DHA intake, increases in erythrocyte DHA content and changes in blood lipids. A total of sixty-seven subjects (thirty-six male, thirty-one female, mean age 53 years) with fasting serum TAG ≥ 1·1 mmol/l and BMI kg/m 2 completed a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention. Subjects consumed 2, 4 or 6 g/d of DHA-rich fish oil (26 % DHA, 6 % EPA) or a placebo (Sunola oil). Fasting blood lipid concentrations and fatty acid profiles in erythrocyte membranes were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks. For every 1 g/d increase in DHA intake, there was a 23 % reduction in TAG (mean baseline concentration 1·9 ( sem 0·1) mmol/l), 4·4 % increase in HDL-cholesterol and 7·1 % increase in LDL-cholesterol. Erythrocyte DHA content increased in proportion to the dose of DHA consumed ( r 0·72, P 0·001) and the increase after 12 weeks was linearly related to reductions in TAG ( r − 0·38, P 0·01) and increases in total cholesterol ( r 0·39, P 0·01), LDL-cholesterol ( r 0·33, P 0·01) and HDL-cholesterol ( r 0·30, P = 0·02). The close association between incorporation of DHA in erythrocytes and its effects on serum lipids highlights the importance of erythrocyte DHA as an indicator of cardiovascular health status.

Redistribution of Mechanical Work at the Knee and Ankle Joints During Fast Running in Minimalist Shoes

Publisher: Journal of Athletic Training/NATA

Date: 10-2016

DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.05

Abstract: Context: Minimalist shoes have been suggested as a way to alter running biomechanics to improve running performance and reduce injuries. However, to date, researchers have only considered the effect of minimalist shoes at slow running speeds. Objective: To determine if runners change foot-strike pattern and alter the distribution of mechanical work at the knee and ankle joints when running at a fast speed in minimalist shoes compared with conventional running shoes. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-six trained runners (age = 30.0 ± 7.9 years [age range, 18−40 years], height = 1.79 ± 0.06 m, mass = 75.3 ± 8.2 kg, weekly training distance = 27 ± 15 km) who ran with a habitual rearfoot foot-strike pattern and had no experience running in minimalist shoes. Intervention(s): Participants completed overground running trials at 18 km/h in minimalist and conventional shoes. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sagittal-plane kinematics and joint work at the knee and ankle joints were computed using 3-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data. Foot-strike pattern was classified as rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot strike based on strike index and ankle angle at initial contact. Results: We observed no difference in foot-strike classification between shoes (χ21 = 2.29, P = .13). Ankle angle at initial contact was less (2.46° versus 7.43° t25 = 3.34, P = .003) and strike index was greater (35.97% versus 29.04% t25 = 2.38, P = .03) when running in minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes. We observed greater negative (52.87 J versus 42.46 J t24 = 2.29, P = .03) and positive work (68.91 J versus 59.08 J t24 = 2.65, P = .01) at the ankle but less negative (59.01 J versus 67.02 J t24 = 2.25, P = .03) and positive work (40.37 J versus 47.09 J t24 = 2.11, P = .046) at the knee with minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes. Conclusions: Running in minimalist shoes at a fast speed caused a redistribution of work from the knee to the ankle joint. This finding suggests that runners changing from conventional to minimalist shoes for short-distance races could be at an increased risk of ankle and calf injuries but a reduced risk of knee injuries.

Effects of almond, dried grape and dried cranberry consumption on endurance exercise performance, recovery and psychomotor speed: protocol of a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 08-2019

DOI: 10.1136/BMJSEM-2019-000560

Abstract: Foods rich in nutrients, such as nitrate, nitrite, L-arginine and polyphenols, can promote the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which may induce ergogenic effects on endurance exercise performance. Thus, consuming foods rich in these components, such as almonds, dried grapes and dried cranberries (AGC), may improve athletic performance. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of these foods may reduce oxidative damage induced by intense exercise, thus improving recovery and reducing fatigue from strenuous physical training. Improvements in NO synthesis may also promote cerebral blood flow, which may improve cognitive function. Ninety-six trained male cyclists or triathletes will be randomised to consume ~2550 kJ of either a mixture of AGC or a comparator snack food (oat bar) for 4 weeks during an overreaching endurance training protocol comprised of a 2-week heavy training phase, followed by a 2-week taper. The primary outcome is endurance exercise performance (5 min time-trial performance) and secondary outcomes include markers of NO synthesis (plasma and urinary nitrites and nitrates), muscle damage (serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes), endurance exercise function (exercise efficiency, submaximal oxygen consumption and substrate utilisation), markers of internal training load (subjective well-being, rating of perceived exertion, maximal rate of heart rate increase and peak heart rate) and psychomotor speed (choice reaction time). This study will evaluate whether consuming AGC improves endurance exercise performance, recovery and psychomotor speed across an endurance training programme, and evaluate the mechanisms responsible for any improvement. ACTRN12618000360213.

Abstracts of the 10th Asia-Pacific Conference on Clinical Nutrition

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-08-2018

DOI: 10.3390/PROCEEDINGS21210573

Abstract: The Asia-Pacific Conference on Clinical Nutrition is a biennial conference held within the Asia-Pacific region. The 2017 meeting was a joint meeting of the Asia-Pacific Society of Clinical Nutrition, the Nutrition Society of Australia and the Nutrition Society of New Zealand. The meeting was hosted by CSIRO Health and Biosecurity in collaboration with the University of South Australia, the University of Adelaide, Flinders University and the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute. The theme of the meeting was Nutrition Solutions for a Changing World. Four hundred and thirty-eight registrants attended the conference and 432 papers were presented. This issue presents the proceedings of this meeting in the form of abstracts for each paper that was presented at the conference.

Comparison of the effects of weight loss from a high-protein versus standard-protein energy-restricted diet on strength and aerobic capacity in overweight and obese men.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-03-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S00394-012-0338-0

Abstract: To compare the effects of two low-fat, hypoenergetic diets differing in carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, on strength and aerobic capacity measures in overweight and obese men. In a parallel design, 56 men (age, 45.5 ± 8.7 years BMI, 33.6 ± 3.9 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to a low-fat, energy-restricted diet (7,000 kJ/day) with either high protein (HP: protein/carbohydrate/fat % energy, 35:40:25) or standard protein (SP, 17:58:25). Body weight, body composition, muscle strength and aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Forty-two participants completed the study (HP, n = 21 SP, n = 21). Both groups experienced similar reductions in body weight (HP, -10.7 ± 5.3 kg [-9.8%] SP, -8.7 ± 3.5 kg [-8.4%]) and fat-free mass (HP, -2.8 ± 3.6 kg SP, -3.2 ± 2.7 kg P 0.14 time × group interaction). There was a trend for a greater reduction in fat mass in the HP diet group, (-7.7 ± 4.3 kg [-21.2%] vs. -5.4 ± 3.3 kg [-15.1%] P < 0.001 time P = 0.06 time × group interaction). Absolute peak oxygen uptake did not change in either group (P = 0.39 time P = 0.50 time × group interaction). Overall, in both groups, relative peak oxygen uptake increased (2.9 ± 2.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1) [8.9%]), peak isometric knee extensor strength increased (14.1 ± 35.7 Nm [7.1%]) and peak handgrip strength decreased (-1.6 ± 4.1 kg [-3%]) (P ≤ 0.02 time for all), with no diet effect (P ≤ 0.23 time × group interaction). In overweight and obese men, both a HP and SP diet reduced body weight and improved body composition with similar effects on strength and aerobic capacity.

The effect of a hypocaloric diet with and without exercise training on body composition, cardiometabolic risk profile, and reproductive function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: The Endocrine Society

Date: 09-2008

DOI: 10.1210/JC.2008-0751

Heart rate recovery improves after weight loss in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.FERTNSTERT.2008.12.003

Abstract: To determine the effects of weight loss on heart rate recovery (HRR) in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A 10-week prospective clinical intervention. Clinical research unit. Fifty-seven overweight and obese women with PCOS (age: 29.8 +/- 0.8 years body mass index [BMI] 36.2 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2)). A dietary plan of 5-6 MJ/day ( approximately 30% energy restricted). Heart rate recovery (defined as the reduction in heart rate after 1 minute from peak heart rate after a graded treadmill test to exhaustion), weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and sex steroids before and after the intervention. The mean percentage of weight loss was (-6.7 +/- 0.4%). There were significant reductions in waist circumference (-6.9 +/- 0.6 cm), blood pressure (-4.9/-2.5 +/- 1.2/1.2 mm Hg), fasting insulin (-3.4 +/- 0.7 mU/L), fasting glucose (-0.17 +/- 0.05 mmol/L), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-0.43 +/- 0.09), T (-0.38 +/- 0.07 nmol/L), free androgen index (-2.86 +/- 0.58), and an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG] (5.86 +/- 1.12 nmol/L). The HRR improved from 30.9 +/- 1.1 to 38.0 +/- 1.1 beats/min and that was related to the reduction in body weight (r = -0.34) and waist circumference (r = -0.27). Weight loss in overweight and obese women with PCOS is associated with improvements in HRR, which suggests improved autonomic function. This highlights the importance of weight loss to reduce the cardiovascular disease risk in these women.

Longer-term effects of minimalist shoes on running performance, strength and bone density: a 20-week follow-up study

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 13-08-2019

DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505958

Abstract: This study investigated whether male runners improve running performance, running economy, ankle plantar flexor strength, and alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density when gradually transitioning to using minimalist shoes for 100% of weekly running. The study was a planned follow-up of runners (n = 50) who transitioned to minimalist or conventional shoes for 35% of weekly structured training in a previous 6-week randomised controlled trial. In that trial, running performance and economy improved more with minimalist shoes than conventional shoes. Runners in each group were instructed to continue running in their allocated shoe during their own preferred training programme for a further 20 weeks while increasing allocated shoe use to 100% of weekly training. At the 20-week follow-up, minimalist shoes did not affect performance (effect size: 0.19 p = 0.218), running economy (effect size: ≤ 0.24 p ≥ 0.388), stride rate or length (effect size: ≤ 0.12 p ≥ 0.550), foot strike (effect size: ≤ 0.25 p ≥ 0.366), or bone mineral density (effect size: ≤ 0.40 p ≥ 0.319). Minimalist shoes increased plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes when runners trained with greater mean weekly training distances (shoe*distance interaction: p = 0.036). After greater improvements with minimalist shoes during the initial six weeks of a structured training programme, increasing minimalist shoe use from 35% to 100% over 20 weeks, when runners use their own preferred training programme, did not further improve performance, running economy or alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density. Minimalist shoes improved plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes in runners with greater weekly training distances.

Heart rate acceleration at relative workloads during treadmill and overground running for tracking exercise performance during functional overreaching

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-09-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-71597-4

Abstract: Maximal rate of heart rate (HR) increase (rHRI) as a measure of HR acceleration during the transition from rest to exercise, or during an increase in workload, tracks exercise performance. rHRI assessed at relative rather than absolute workloads may track performance better, and a field test would increase applicability. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of rHRI assessed at in idualised relative workloads during treadmill and overground running for tracking exercise performance. Treadmill running performance (5 km time trial 5TTT) and rHRI were assessed in 11 male runners following 1 week of light training (LT), 2 weeks of heavy training (HT) and a 10-day taper (T). rHRI was the first derivative maximum of a sigmoidal curve fit to HR data collected during 5 min of treadmill running at 65% peak HR (rHRI65%), and subsequent transition to 85% peak HR (rHRI85%). Participants ran at the same speeds overground, paced by a foot-mounted accelerometer. Time to complete 5TTT likely increased following HT (ES = 0.14 ± 0.03), and almost certainly decreased following T (ES = − 0.30 ± 0.07). Treadmill and field rHRI65% likely increased after HT in comparison to LT (ES ≤ 0.48 ± 0.32), and was unchanged at T. Treadmill and field rHRI85% was unchanged at HT in comparison to LT, and likely decreased at T in comparison to LT (ES ≤ − 0.55 ± 0.50). 5TTT was not correlated with treadmill or field rHRI65% or rHRI85%. rHRI65% was highly correlated between treadmill and field tests across LT, HT and T (r ≥ 0.63), but correlations for rHRI85% were trivial to moderate (r ≤ 0.42). rHRI assessed at relative exercise intensities does not track performance. rHRI assessed during the transition from rest to running overground and on a treadmill at the same running speed were highly correlated, suggesting that rHRI can be validly assessed under field conditions at 65% of peak HR.

Bovine colostrum supplementation does not affect nutrient absorptive capacity in healthy young men

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2003

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUTRES.2003.08.012

Anthropometric estimates of total and regional body fat in children aged 6-17 years

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-09-2012

DOI: 10.1111/APA.12024

Abstract: To develop prediction equations for total and regional (trunk, abdominal, arms and legs) body fat using surface anthropometric measures in children aged 6-17 years. This was a cross-sectional correlation study of 70 Caucasian children aged 6-17 years recruited from a larger randomly s led population-based study. The independent variables included age, mass, height, body mass index, waist and hip girth, and skinfold thicknesses at eight sites. Subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio was also calculated and entered as an independent variable. The dependent variables were total body percentage fat, and fat mass for total body, trunk, abdominal region of interest, arms and legs measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Partial least squares regression was used to determine the best predictive equation for fat percentage or fat mass in each body region in each sex. Sex-specific prediction equations were developed with high coefficients of determination (r(2)), ranging from 0.869 to 0.936 in boys and from 0.900 to 0.979 in girls, absolute bias was low, and limits of agreement were narrow. Equations were developed, which were able to predict total and regional body fat of Caucasian children aged 6-17 years using surface anthropometric measurements with high predictive accuracy.

Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-05-2008

DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2008.66

Abstract: Impaired endothelial function in obesity may reduce blood flow to sites of metabolism, contributing to impaired fat oxidation and insulin resistance. This study investigated the effects of cocoa flavanols and regular exercise, interventions known to improve endothelial function, on cardiometabolic function and body composition in obese in iduals. Overweight and obese adults were randomly assigned to high-flavanol cocoa (HF, 902 mg flavanols), HF and exercise, low-flavanol cocoa (LF, 36 mg flavanols), or LF and exercise for 12 weeks (exercise duration was 3 x 45 min per week at 75% of age-predicted maximum heart rate). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 0 and 12 weeks. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), supine blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma insulin, and glucose levels were assessed at 0, 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Insulin sensitivity/resistance was determined using the modified homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2). A total of 49 subjects (M=18 F=31) completed the intervention. Baseline averages were as follows: body mass index=33.5 kg/m(2) BP=123/76 mm Hg HOMA2=2.4 FMD=4.3% rate of fat oxidation during exercise=0.34 g min(-1) abdominal fat=45.7% of total abdominal mass. Compared to LF, HF increased FMD acutely (2 h post-dose) by 2.4% (P<0.01) and chronically (over 12 weeks P<0.01) by 1.6% and reduced insulin resistance by 0.31% (P<0.05), diastolic BP by 1.6 mm Hg and mean arterial BP by 1.2 mm Hg (P<0.05), independent of exercise. Regular exercise increased fat oxidation during exercise by 0.10 g min(-1) (P<0.01) and reduced abdominal fat by 0.92% (P<0.05). Although HF consumption was shown to improve endothelial function, it did not enhance the effects of exercise on body fat and fat metabolism in obese subjects. However, it may be useful for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.

Lutein Intake and Blood Lutein Concentration Are Positively Associated with Physical Activity in Adults

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 29-08-2018

DOI: 10.3390/NU10091186

Abstract: Lutein is a carotenoid that reduces the risk of some chronic diseases, possibly by altering physical activity behavior. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies examining the relationship between lutein status (dietary intake/blood concentration) and physical activity. Peer-reviewed studies published in Medline, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Embase were included if they reported a measure of association between lutein status and physical activity. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven reported positive associations, three reported mixed results, and three reported no association. Two studies used objective measures of lutein status (blood concentration) and physical activity (accelerometry) and reported positive associations, with correlations of ≥0.36 and differences of ≥57% in physical activity between upper and lower tertiles. Studies using self-report measures reported weaker correlations (r = 0.06 to 0.25), but still more physical activity (18% to ≥600% higher) in those with the highest compared with the lowest lutein status. Higher lutein status may be associated with higher levels of physical activity, which may contribute to a reduced risk of chronic disease.

The effect of diet and exercise on markers of endothelial function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 02-05-2012

DOI: 10.1093/HUMREP/DES138

Abstract: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present with vascular abnormalities, including elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction. There is limited evidence for the effect of lifestyle modification and weight loss on these markers. The aim of this study was to determine if 20 weeks of a high-protein energy-restricted diet with or without exercise in women with PCOS could improve endothelial function. This is a secondary analysis of a subset of 50 overweight/obese women with PCOS (age: 30.3 ± 6.3 years BMI: 36.5 ± 5.7 kg/m(2)) from a previous study. Participants were randomly assigned by computer generation to one of three 20-week interventions: diet only (DO n = 14, ≈ 6000 kJ/day), diet and aerobic exercise (DA n = 16, ≈ 6000 kJ/day and five walking sessions/week) and diet and combined aerobic-resistance exercise (DC n = 20, ≈ 6000 kJ/day, three walking and two strength sessions/week). At Weeks 0 and 20, weight, markers of endothelial function [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)], insulin resistance and hormonal profile were assessed. All three treatments resulted in significant weight loss (DO 7.9 ± 1.2%, DA 11.0 ± 1.6%, DC 8.8 ± 1.1 P < 0.001 for time P = 0.6 time × treatment). sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and PAI-1 levels decreased with weight loss (P≤ 0.01), with no differences between treatments (P ≥ 0.4). ADMA levels did not change significantly (P = 0.06). Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and the free androgen index (FAI) and insulin resistance also improved (P < 0.001) with no differences between treatments (P ≥ 0.2). Reductions in sVCAM-1 were correlated to reductions in testosterone (r = 0.32, P = 0.03) and FAI (r = 0.33, P = 0.02) as well as weight loss (r= 0.44, P = 0.002). Weight loss was also associated with reductions in sICAM-1 (r= 0.37, P = 0.008). Exercise training provided no additional benefit to following a high-protein, hypocaloric diet on markers of endothelial function in overweight/obese women with PCOS.

Self-management for obesity and cardio-metabolic fitness: Description and evaluation of the lifestyle modification program of a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-53

n-3 Fatty acid supplementation and regular moderate exercise: differential effects of a combined intervention on neutrophil function

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 08-2007

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507707286

Abstract: CVD is associated with a cellular inflammatory/immune response. n -3 PUFA and moderate aerobic exercise independently alter cytokine production and leucocyte function. There is limited evidence for the combined effect of these treatments on immune function, particularly in patients with risk factors for CVD. We hypothesised that exercise would enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of n -3 PUFA. In a randomised, placebo-controlled study, fifty volunteers were allocated double-blind to consume either sunflower oil (6 g/d, placebo) or DHA-rich fish oil (6 g/d about 2 g n -3 PUFA 1·6 g DHA /d) for 12 weeks. Volunteers were further randomised to undertake regular exercise (walking 3 d/week for 45 min at 75 % of maximum heart rate) or maintain their usual physical activity for 12 weeks. Immune functions were assessed in blood taken initially and after 12 weeks. There was no effect on cytokine production by T cells and monocytes. Superoxide anion production from stimulated blood neutrophils was decreased by fish oil (19·5 ( sem 8·5) %, P = 0·016) but not by exercise, and this change was negatively correlated with the incorporation of DHA into erythrocytes ( r –0·385, P = 0·047). Participation in regular exercise maintained neutrophil bactericidal activity, which decreased in non-exercising subjects (2·9 ( sem 0·7) %, P = 0·013). Neutrophil chemotaxis and adherence were not significantly affected by exercise, oil, or the combination of the two. Thus the combination of moderate exercise and fish-oil supplementation, which reduces cardiovascular risk, may also help to counteract inflammation.

The running shoe comfort assessment tool (RUN-CAT): Development and evaluation of a new multi-item assessment tool for evaluating the comfort of running footwear

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 06-06-2020

DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1773613

Maximal rate of heart rate increase correlates with fatigue/recovery status in female cyclists

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-10-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-017-3728-4

Abstract: Being able to identify how an athlete is responding to training would be useful to optimise adaptation and performance. The maximal rate of heart rate increase (rHRI), a marker of heart rate acceleration has been shown to correlate with performance changes in response to changes in training load in male athletes however, it has not been established if it also correlates with performance changes in female athletes. rHRI and cycling performance were assessed in six female cyclists following 7 days of light training (LT), 14 days of heavy training (HT) and a 10 day taper period. rHRI was the first derivative maximum of a sigmoidal curve fit to R-R data recorded during 5 min of cycling at 100 W. Cycling performance was assessed as work done (kJ) during time-trials of 5 (5TT) and 60 (60TT) min duration. 5TT was possibly decreased at HT (ES ± 90% confidence interval = - 0.16 ± 0.25 p = 0.60), while, 5TT and 60TT very likely to almost certainly increased from HT to taper (ES = 0.71 ± 0.24 p = 0.007 and ES = 0.42 ± 0.19 p = 0.02, respectively). Large within-subject correlations were found between rHRI, and 5TT (r = 0.65 ± 0.37 p = 0.02) and 60TT (r = 0.70 ± 0.31 p = 0.008). rHRI during the transition from rest to light exercise correlates with training induced-changes in exercise performance in females, suggesting that rHRI may be a useful monitoring tool for female athletes.

High-resolution record reveals climate-driven environmental and sedimentary changes in an active rift

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-40022-W

Abstract: Young rifts are shaped by combined tectonic and surface processes and climate, yet few records exist to evaluate the interplay of these processes over an extended period of early rift-basin development. Here, we present the longest and highest resolution record of sediment flux and paleoenvironmental changes when a young rift connects to the global oceans. New results from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 381 in the Corinth Rift show 10s–100s of kyr cyclic variations in basin paleoenvironment as eustatic sea level fluctuated with respect to sills bounding this semi-isolated basin, and reveal substantial corresponding changes in the volume and character of sediment delivered into the rift. During interglacials, when the basin was marine, sedimentation rates were lower (excepting the Holocene), and bioturbation and organic carbon concentration higher. During glacials, the basin was isolated from the ocean, and sedimentation rates were higher (~2–7 times those in interglacials). We infer that reduced vegetation cover during glacials drove higher sediment flux from the rift flanks. These orbital-timescale changes in rate and type of basin infill will likely influence early rift sedimentary and faulting processes, potentially including syn-rift stratigraphy, sediment burial rates, and organic carbon flux and preservation on deep continental margins worldwide.

Review of dairy consumption and cognitive performance in adults: Findings and methodological issues

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1159/000320987

Abstract: i Background: /i Diet is a modifiable factor that could be targeted as an appropriate intervention to optimise cognitive health and well-being in ageing. i Aim: /i The aim of this systematic review was to consider current evidence for an association between dairy intake and cognitive functioning. i Methods: /i Searches of the electronic databases Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsychInfo were undertaken to identify peer-reviewed journal articles that reported on associations between dairy consumption and cognitive outcomes. i Results: /i Three cross-sectional and 5 prospective studies were identified. Poorer cognitive function and an increased risk for vascular dementia were found to be associated with a lower consumption of milk or dairy products. However, the consumption of whole-fat dairy products may be associated with cognitive decline in the elderly. i Conclusion: /i Methodological variability and study limitations do not enable conclusions regarding optimal dairy intake and cognitive performance to be drawn. Randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm the relationship between dairy intake and cognition.

Improved heart rate recovery despite reduced exercise performance following heavy training: A within-subject analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2015.02.010

Abstract: The recovery of heart rate (HRR) after exercise is a potential indicator of fitness which has been shown to respond to changes in training. This study investigated the within-in idual association between HRR and exercise performance following three different training loads. 11 male cyclists/triathletes were tested after two weeks of light training, two weeks of heavy training and two days of rest. Exercise performance was measured using a 5-min maximal cycling time-trial. HRR was measured over 60s during supine recovery. Exercise performance decreased 2.2±2.5% following heavy training compared with post-light training (p=0.01), and then increased 4.0±4.2% following rest (p=0.004). Most HRR indices indicated a more rapid recovery of heart rate (HR) following heavy training, and reverted to post light training levels following two days of rest. HRR indices did not differ between post-light training and after the rest period (p>0.6). There were inverse within-subject relationships between indices of HRR and performance (r=-0.6, p≤0.004). Peak HR decreased 3.2±5.1bpm following heavy training (p=0.06) and significantly increased 4.9±4.3bpm following recovery (p=0.004). There was a moderate within-subject relationship between peak HR and exercise performance (r=0.7, p≤0.001). Controlling for peak HR reduced the relationships between HRR and performance (r=-0.4-0.5, p<0.05). This study demonstrated that HRR tracks short-term changes in exercise performance within-in iduals, such that increases in HRR are associated with poorer exercise performance following heavy training. Peak HR can be compromised under conditions of fatigue, and needs to be taken into account in HRR analyses.

Effect of lens care systems on the clinical performance of a contact lens

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 04-2013

DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0B013E318288E10C

Use of a ball alignment mark improves putting performance in golf

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 12-2014

DOI: 10.1123/IJGS.2014-0020

Effect of vibration on muscle perfusion: a systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-08-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1475-097X.2012.01161.X

Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 04-12-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S40279-019-01237-Z

Abstract: Treadmills are often used in research, clinical practice, and training. Biomechanical investigations comparing treadmill and overground running report inconsistent findings. This study aimed at comparing biomechanical outcomes between motorized treadmill and overground running. Four databases were searched until June 2019. Crossover design studies comparing lower limb biomechanics during non-inclined, non-cushioned, quasi-constant-velocity motorized treadmill running with overground running in healthy humans (18–65 years) and written in English were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. 33 studies ( n = 494 participants) were included. Most outcomes did not differ between running conditions. However, during treadmill running, sagittal foot–ground angle at footstrike (mean difference (MD) − 9.8° [95% confidence interval: − 13.1 to − 6.6] low GRADE evidence), knee flexion range of motion from footstrike to peak during stance (MD 6.3° [4.5 to 8.2] low), vertical displacement center of mass elvis (MD − 1.5 cm [− 2.7 to − 0.8] low), and peak propulsive force (MD − 0.04 body weights [− 0.06 to − 0.02] very low) were lower, while contact time (MD 5.0 ms [0.5 to 9.5] low), knee flexion at footstrike (MD − 2.3° [− 3.6 to − 1.1] low), and ankle sagittal plane internal joint moment (MD − 0.4 Nm/kg [− 0.7 to − 0.2] low) were longer/higher, when pooled across overground surfaces. Conflicting findings were reported for litude of muscle activity. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, muscle activity, and muscle–tendon outcome measures are largely comparable between motorized treadmill and overground running. Considerations should, however, particularly be given to sagittal plane kinematic differences at footstrike when extrapolating treadmill running biomechanics to overground running. Protocol registration CRD42018083906 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).

Assessing Multiple dimensions of Urgency Sensation: The University of South Australia Urinary Sensation Assessment (USA(2))

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-03-2017

DOI: 10.1002/NAU.22992

Abstract: To develop and assess structure, test-retest reliability, and discriminative validity of a self-report questionnaire (University of South Australia Urinary Sensation Assessment: USA The USA Questionnaires were returned by 189 eligible participants in Study 1 and 211 in Study 2. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three subscales: "urgency," "affective," "fullness." Confirmatory factor analysis supported these subscales. Subscale and total scores were significantly different between groups with and without OAB (P < 0.001). Cohen's d effect sizes (95%CI) were total score 1.8 (0.5-3.1), "urgency" subscale 1.8 (1.3-2.3), "affective" 1.7 (0.95-2.4), and "fullness" 0.75 (0.42-1.09). Total and subscales scores demonstrated test-retest reliability ICCs (95%CIs) of 0.95 (0.9-0.98), 0.96 (0.92-0.98), 0.94 (0.88-0.97), and 0.78 (0.56-0.89). The USA

No difference in net uptake or disposal of lactate by trained and untrained forearms during incremental sodium lactate infusion

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-2001

DOI: 10.1007/S004210100492

Lactate disposal in resting trained and untrained forearm skeletal muscle during high intensity leg exercise

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-1993

DOI: 10.1007/BF00357636

Expedition 381 facies associations

Publisher: International Ocean Discovery Program

Date: 28-02-2019

DOI: 10.14379/IODP.PROC.381.103.2019

University Of South Australia

Location: Australia

View Organisation

United Nations Development Programme In Indonesia

Location: Indonesia

View Organisation

Project LP140101013

Start Date: 2014

End Date: 2016

Funder: Australian Research Council

Development And Application Of An Index For Substantiating Health Benefits Of Omega-3 Enriched Foods

Start Date: 2005

End Date: 2006

Funder: Australian Research Council

Evaluation Of Peanuts As A Source Of Bioactive Nutrients For Enhancement Of Endothelial Function And Cognitive Performance

Start Date: 2010

End Date: 2013

Funder: Australian Research Council

It’s The Amount That Counts: The Impact Of Seven Days Of Sleep Restriction On Predictors Of Type 2 Diabetes.

Start Date: 2015

End Date: 2017

Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council

Building A Cohort Of Indigenous Research Leaders In Community Health Development

Start Date: 2007

End Date: 2012

Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0561211

Start Date: 2005

End Date: 12-2007

Amount: $151,096.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP100200597

Start Date: 07-2010

End Date: 12-2014

Amount: $80,007.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP140101013

Start Date: 06-2015

End Date: 06-2018

Amount: $100,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP200200681

Start Date: 06-2021

End Date: 06-2025

Amount: $315,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council