ORCID Profile
0000-0002-3975-2213
Current Organisation
Murdoch University
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2013
DOI: 10.1002/OBY.20335
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1039/C2MD20040F
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-2018
Abstract: This study examined the effect of 2 forms of exercise on glucose tolerance and the concurrent changes in markers associated with the interleukin (IL)-6 pathways. Fifteen sedentary, overweight males (29.0 ± 3.1 kg/m 2 ) completed 2 separate, 3-day trials in randomised and counterbalanced order. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT 75 g) was performed at the same time on each day of the trial. Day 2 of each trial consisted of a single 30-min workload-matched bout of either high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE alternating 100% and 50% of peak oxygen uptake) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME 60 % of peak oxygen uptake) completed 1 h prior to the OGTT. Venous blood s les were collected before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 25 h after exercise for measurement of insulin, C-peptide, IL-6, and the soluble IL-6 receptors (sIL-6R soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130)). Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was calculated from capillary blood s les collected throughout the OGTT. Exercise resulted in a modest (4.4% p = 0.003) decrease in the glucose AUC when compared with the pre-exercise AUC however, no differences were observed between exercise conditions (p = 0.65). IL-6 was elevated immediately after and 1 h after exercise, whilst sgp130 and sIL-6R concentrations were reduced immediately after exercise. In summary, exercise was effective in reducing glucose AUC, which was attributed to improvements that took place between 60 and 120 min into the OGTT, and was in parallel with an increased ratio of IL-6 to sIL-6R, which accords with an increased activation via the “classical” IL-6 signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that acute HIIE did not improve glycaemic response when compared with CME.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-09-2014
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2013.167
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 18-09-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514002128
Abstract: A frequent eating pattern may alter glycaemic control and augment postprandial insulin concentrations in some in iduals due to the truncation of the previous postprandial period by a subsequent meal. The present study examined glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) responses in obese in iduals when meals were ingested in a high-frequency pattern (every 2 h, 6M) or in a low-frequency pattern (every 4 h, 3M) over 12 h. It also examined these postprandial responses to high-frequency, high-protein meals (6M HP ). In total, thirteen obese subjects completed three 12 h study days during which they consumed 6276 kJ (1500 kcal): (1) 3M – 15 % protein and 65 % carbohydrate (2) 6M – 15 % protein and 65 % carbohydrate (3) 6M HP – 45 % protein and 35 % carbohydrate. Blood s les were collected every 10 min and analysed for glucose, insulin, C-peptide and GIP. Insulin total AUC (tAUC) and peak insulin concentrations ( P 0·05) were higher in the 3M condition than in the 6M condition, but there were no differences in glucose tAUC between the conditions. The 6M HP regimen (glucose: 3569 ( se 83) mmol/l × min (64·3 ( se 1·5) g/dl × min), insulin: 1·577 ( se 0·146) pmol/l (22·7 ( se 2·1) μIU/dl) for 12 h) lowered glucose and insulin excursions more so over 12 h than either the 3M regimen (glucose: 3913 ( se 78) mmol/l × min (70·5 ( se 1·4) g/dl × min), insulin: 2·195 ( se 0·146) pmol/l × min (31·6 ( se 2·1) μIU/dl × min) for 12 h) or the 6M regimen (glucose: 3902 ( se 83) mmol/l × min (70·3 ( se 1·5) g/dl × min), insulin: 1·861 ( se 0·174) pmol/l × min (26·8 ( se 2·5) μIU/dl × min) for 12 h P 0·01). Insulin secretion, GIP concentrations and the glucose:insulin ratio were not altered by meal frequency or composition. In obese subjects, ingestion of meals in a low-frequency pattern does not alter glucose tAUC, but increases postprandial insulin responses. The substitution of carbohydrates with protein in a frequent meal pattern results in tighter glycaemic control and reduced postprandial insulin responses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-09-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-017-0787-Y
Abstract: A large body of epidemiological and experimental data exploring the relationship between physical activity (PA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are now available. Despite observational evidence supporting a role for PA in delaying the onset of AD, randomised controlled trials have reported mixed findings, likely due to the heterogeneity in study cohorts, outcome measures, and the adopted PA intervention. The primary objective of this narrative review is to evaluate the extant evidence on the relationship between PA, cognitive decline and AD in older populations. The interaction between PA and the putative mechanisms underlying AD progression, including genetic factors and amyloid-β levels will be explored. In this context, particular attention will be given to studies assessing PA in the early clinical and preclinical, asymptomatic stages of AD. Based on current evidence, clinical considerations for implementation of exercise-based interventions are discussed, along with limitations of previous research and directions for future studies.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001732
Abstract: The timing of exercise relative to meal consumption has recently been identified as potentially moderating the effectiveness of exercise on glycemic responses in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature related to exercise timing, relative to meal consumption, and glycemic control in in iduals with T2DM. Systematic searches in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov Registry databases were performed to identify articles published in English from inception to October 2017. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated the quality of studies using the Cochrane Collaboration Data Collection Form and the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, respectively. A qualitative synthesis was performed on the included studies, and results summarized in tables. Nineteen randomized controlled trials with a total of 346 participants were included. Improvements in glycemia (glucose concentrations and glucose area under the curve) and insulin area under the curve appeared more consistent when exercise was performed during the postmeal period as compared with the premeal period however, this observation was largely based on indirect comparisons between studies. There is some evidence from randomized controlled trials that exercise performed 30 min after meal consumption may convey greater improvements in glycemic control for in iduals with T2DM. However, there are only two studies that have directly assessed the role of exercise timing on glycemic management, and adopted methodologies are heterogeneous. Future low-risk trials in this field are warranted.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00499.2018
Abstract: Although complex in nature, a number of metabolites have been implicated in the onset of exercise-induced fatigue. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the plasma metabolome and specifically, to identify candidate metabolites associated with the onset of fatigue during prolonged cycling. Eighteen healthy and recreationally active men (mean ± SD age: 24.7 ± 4.8 yr mass 67.1 ± 6.1 kg body mass index: 22.8 ± 2.2 peak oxygen uptake: 40.9 ± 6.1 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) were recruited to this study. Participants performed a prolonged cycling time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at an intensity corresponding to a fixed blood lactate concentration (3 mmol/l). Plasma s les collected at 10 min of exercise, before fatigue (last s le before fatigue min before fatigue), immediately after fatigue (point of exhaustion), and 20 min after fatigue were assessed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach. Eighty metabolites were putatively identified, with 68 metabolites demonstrating a significant change during the cycling task (duration: ~80.9 ± 13.6 min). A clear multivariate structure in the data was revealed, with the first principal component (36% total variance) describing a continuous increase in metabolite concentration throughout the TTE trial and recovery, whereas the second principal component (14% total variance) showed an increase in metabolite concentration followed by a recovery trajectory, peaking at the point of fatigue. Six clusters of correlated metabolites demonstrating unique metabolite trajectories were identified, including significant separation in the metabolome between prefatigue and postfatigue time points. In accordance with our hypothesis, free-fatty acids and tryptophan contributed to differences in the plasma metabolome at fatigue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Metabolites have long been implicated in the onset of fatigue. This study applied a metabolomic approach to track 80 plasma-borne metabolites during a cycle to fatigue task. Of these, 68 metabolites demonstrated significant change, with the plasma metabolome at fatigue being clearly distinguishable from other time points. Six unique clusters of metabolites were identified, and free fatty acids were strongly associated with fatigue onset therein lending support to the central fatigue hypothesis.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: To examine the influence of manipulating aerobic contribution after whole-blood removal on pacing patterns, performance, and energy contribution during self-paced middle-distance cycling. Seven male cyclists (33 ± 8 y) completed an incremental cycling test followed 20 min later by a 4-min self-paced cycling time trial (4MMP) on 6 separate occasions over 42 d. The initial 2 sessions acted as familiarization and baseline testing, after which 470 mL of blood was removed, with the remaining sessions performed 24 h, 7 d, 21 d, and 42 d after blood removal. During all 4MMP trials, power output, oxygen uptake, and aerobic and anaerobic contribution to power were determined. 4MMP average power output significantly decreased by 7% ± 6%, 6% ± 8%, and 4% ± 6% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d after blood removal, respectively. Compared with baseline, aerobic contribution during the 4MMP was significantly reduced by 5% ± 4%, 4% ± 5%, and 4% ± 10% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d, respectively. The rate of decline in power output on commencement of the 4MMP was significantly attenuated and was 76% ± 20%, 72% ± 24%, and 75% ± 35% lower than baseline at 24 h, 21 d, and 42 d, respectively. Removal of 470 mL of blood reduces aerobic energy contribution, alters pacing patterns, and decreases performance during self-paced cycling. These findings indicate the importance of aerobic energy distribution during self-paced middle-distance events.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1748-1716.2010.02106.X
Abstract: Fructose intake has increased concurrent with sugar intake and this increase has been implicated in contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Recent evidence suggests a role for uric acid (UA) as a potential mediator via suppression of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The aim of this study was to explore this hypothesis by measuring changes in UA concentration and systemic NO bioavailability as well as endothelial function in response to acute ingestion of a glucose-fructose beverage. Ten young (26.80 +/- 4.80 years), non-obese (body mass index: 25.1 +/- 2.55 kg m(-2) percent body fat: 13.5 +/- 6.9%) male subjects ingested either a glucose (100 g dextrose in 300 mL) or isocaloric glucose-fructose (glucose : fructose 45 : 55 g in 300 mL) beverage. Blood was s led pre- and every 15-min post-ingestion per 90 min and assayed for glucose, lactate, fructose, total nitrate/nitrate, UA and blood lipids. Forearm blood flow and pulse-wave velocity were recorded prior to and at 30 and 45 min time intervals post-ingestion, respectively, while heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded every 15 min. The glucose-fructose ingestion was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plasma lactate concentration and altered free fatty acid levels when compared with glucose-only ingestion. However, UA was not significantly different (P = 0.08) between conditions (AUC: -1018 +/- 1675 vs. 2171 +/- 1270 micromol L(-1) per 90 min for glucose and glucose-fructose conditions respectively). Consequently, no significant (P < 0.05) difference in endothelial function or systemic NO bioavailability was observed. Acute consumption of a fructose-containing beverage was not associated with significantly altered UA concentration, endothelial function or systemic NO bioavailability.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-10-2022
DOI: 10.1111/DME.14729
Abstract: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) occurs in about half of people with diabetes, of whom a quarter may develop chronic pain. Pain may remain for years yet be difficult to treat because the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. There is consensus that processing excessive glucose leads to oxidative stress, interfering with normal metabolism. In this narrative review, we argue that oxidative stress may also contribute to pain. We reviewed literature in PubMed published between January 2005 and August 2021. In diabetes, hyperglycaemia and associated production of reactive species can directly increase pain signalling and activate sensory neurons or the effects can be indirect, mediated by mitochondrial damage and enhanced inflammation. Furthermore, pain processing in the central nervous system is compromised in painful DPN. This is implicated in central sensitisation and dysfunctional pain modulation. However, central pain modulatory function is understudied in diabetes. Future research is required to clarify whether central sensitisation and/or disturbances in central pain modulation contribute to painful DPN. Positive results would facilitate early detection and future treatment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2020
DOI: 10.1007/S11065-020-09426-8
Abstract: Some studies have linked bilingualism with a later onset of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Not all studies have observed such relationships, however. Differences in study outcomes may be due to methodological limitations and the presence of confounding factors within studies such as immigration status and level of education. We conducted the first systematic review with meta-analysis combining cross-sectional studies to explore if bilingualism might delay symptom onset and diagnosis of dementia, AD, and MCI. Primary outcomes included the age of symptom onset, the age at diagnosis of MCI or dementia, and the risk of developing MCI or dementia. A secondary outcome included the degree of disease severity at dementia diagnosis. There was no difference in the age of MCI diagnosis between monolinguals and bilinguals [mean difference: 3.2 95% confidence intervals (CI): −3.4, 9.7]. Bilinguals vs. monolinguals reported experiencing AD symptoms 4.7 years (95% CI: 3.3, 6.1) later. Bilinguals vs. monolinguals were diagnosed with dementia 3.3 years (95% CI: 1.7, 4.9) later. Here, 95% prediction intervals showed a large dispersion of effect sizes (−1.9 to 8.5). We investigated this dispersion with a subgroup meta-analysis comparing studies that had recruited participants with dementia to studies that had recruited participants with AD on the age of dementia and AD diagnosis between mono- and bilinguals. Results showed that bilinguals vs. monolinguals were 1.9 years (95% CI: −0.9, 4.7) and 4.2 (95% CI: 2.0, 6.4) older than monolinguals at the time of dementia and AD diagnosis, respectively. The mean difference between the two subgroups was not significant. There was no significant risk reduction (odds ratio: 0.89 95% CI: 0.68–1.16) in developing dementia among bilinguals vs. monolinguals. Also, there was no significant difference (Hedges’ g = 0.05 95% CI: −0.13, 0.24) in disease severity at dementia diagnosis between bilinguals and monolinguals, despite bilinguals being significantly older. The majority of studies had adjusted for level of education suggesting that education might not have played a role in the observed delay in dementia among bilinguals vs. monolinguals. Although findings indicated that bilingualism was on average related to a delayed onset of dementia, the magnitude of this relationship varied across different settings. This variation may be due to unexplained heterogeneity and different sources of bias in the included studies. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42015019100.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00254-4
Abstract: The finding that during recovery from high intensity exercise, rats have the capacity to replenish their muscle glycogen stores even in the absence of food intake has provided us with an experimental model of choice to explore further this process. Our objective here is to share those questions arising from research carried out by others and ourselves on rats and humans that are likely to be of interest to comparative biochemists hysiologists. On the basis of our findings and those of others, it is proposed that across vertebrate species: (1). the capacity of muscles to replenish their glycogen stores from endogenous carbon sources is dependent on the type of physical activity and animal species (2). lactate and amino acids are the major endogenous carbon sources mobilized for the resynthesis of muscle glycogen during recovery from exercise, their relative contributions depending on the duration of recovery and type of exercise (3). the relative contributions of lactate glyconeogenesis and hepatic/renal gluconeogenesis to muscle glycogen synthesis is species- and muscle fiber-dependent and (4). glycogen synthase and phosphorylase play an important role in the control of the rate of glycogen synthesis post-exercise, with the role of glucose transport being species-dependent.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-02-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41366-018-0043-Z
Abstract: To examine the association between insulin sensitivity and adiposity in children stratified according to their body mass index (BMI: normal weight, NW overweight or obese, OW/OB) and body-fat percentage (BF%: adipose or NonAdipose), and determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) ameliorates any deleterious associations. This prospective cohort study comprises a cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of data collected at baseline and 2 years later on children (7.7-13.4 years) attending public school in Denmark. Levels of CRF were measured using the Andersen test, whereas BF% was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured and the homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) used to assess insulin sensitivity. Approximately 8% of children classified as normal weight by BMI had high BF% (NW + Adipose). Children with high BF% had significantly higher insulin (NW + adipose: 32.3% OW/OB + Adipose: 52.2%) and HOMA-IR scores (NW + Adipose: 32.3% OW/OB + Adipose: 55.3%) than children classified as NW without high BF% (reference group NW + NonAdipose). Adjusting for CRF reduced this difference, but did not completely ameliorate these associations. Longitudinally, children with high BF% (OW/OB + Adipose or NW + Adipose) had significantly worse insulin sensitivity 2 years later than NW + NonAdipose children (All p < 0.001). The few children (n = 14) who improved their BMI or BF% during the 2 years follow-up, no longer had significantly worse insulin sensitivity than children with NW + NonAdipose. High BF% in children is associated with significantly lower insulin sensitivity even when BMI is considered NW. Longitudinally, insulin sensitivity is lower in children with high BF% with or without high BMI. The CRF was a significant covariate in these models, but CRF did not completely ameliorate the effects of high BF% on insulin sensitivity.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1039/C003476B
Abstract: As part of ongoing research into the use of vitamin B(12) (B(12) cobalamin Cbl)-based bioconjugate approaches for the oral delivery of peptides roteins, a molecular dynamics (MD) study of the binding of a cyanocobalamin-insulin (CN-Cbl-insulin) conjugate to human transcobalamin(II) (TCII) was recently reported that provides a qualitative picture of how the human insulin protein in its open "T-state" geometry affects CN-Cbl binding to TCII. This initial analysis revealed that the B22-B30 segment of the insulin B-chain acts as a long tether that connects the larger combined insulin A/B region to CN-Cbl when this conjugation is performed at the CN-Cbl ribose 5'-hydroxy position. The experimental support for this model of the binding interaction is provided by the consequences of the successful delivery of the CN-Cbl-insulin conjugate in the production of significantly decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic STZ-rat models. In efforts to provide a more detailed description of the (CN-Cbl)-TCII complex for modeling Cbl-based bioconjugate designs, the (CN-Cbl)-TCII system and a CN-Cbl conjugate incorporating a flexible tether composed of only the B22-B30 segment of human insulin have been examined by MD simulations. The implications of these simulations are discussed in terms of successful conjugate positioning on Cbl, especially when such sites are not apparent from the diffraction studies alone, and the possibilities, as yet not reported, for dual-tethered Cbl bioconjugates for multi-component drug delivery applications.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-01-2020
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002139
Abstract: Despite the acknowledgment of exercise as a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the importance of exercise timing has only recently been considered. This study sought to determine the effect of diurnal exercise timing on glycemic control in in iduals enrolled in a 12-wk supervised multimodal exercise training program. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of diurnal exercise timing on the circadian rhythm of wrist skin temperature. Forty sedentary, overweight adults (mean ± SD, age = 51 ± 13 yr body mass index = 30.9 ± 4.2 kg·m −2 women, n = 23) with and without ( n = 20) T2D diagnosis were randomly allocated to either a morning (amEX) or an evening (pmEX) exercise training group. The supervised 12-wk (3 d·wk −1 ) program, comprised 30 min of moderate-intensity walking and 4 resistance-based exercises (3 sets, 12–18 repetitions each). Glycemic outcomes (glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose) and wrist skin temperature were assessed at baseline and postintervention. Exercise training improved (main effect of time, all P 0.01) all glycemic outcomes however, this was independent of allocation to either the amEX (Hedge’s g , 0.23–0.90) or the pmEX (Hedge’s g , 0.16–0.90) group. Accordingly, the adopted exercise training program did not alter the circadian rhythm of skin temperature. When only T2D in iduals were compared, amEX demonstrated greater effects (all Hedge’s g ) on glycated hemoglobin (amEX, 0.57 pmEX, 0.32), fasting glucose (amEX, 0.91 pmEX, 0.53), and postprandial glucose (amEX, 1.12 pmEX, 0.71) but was not statistically different. Twelve weeks of multimodal exercise training improved glycemic control and postprandial glycemic responses in overweight non-T2D and T2D in iduals. However, no distinct glycemic benefits or alterations in circadian rhythm were associated with morning versus evening exercise, when performed three times per week in this cohort.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-07-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S00592-010-0209-1
Abstract: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with an increased incidence in morbidity and mortality. Although the precise mechanism of diabetes-induced skeletal muscle atrophy remains to be established, several NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory genes have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, activation of NF-κB has previously been shown to be required for cytokine-induced loss of skeletal muscle proteins. Therefore, we investigated activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway, concomitant to insulin signaling activation in skeletal muscle from diabetes-induced rats. Ten rats injected with streptozotocin (STZ) 4 weeks prior to tissue extraction were compared to 10 control rats. Using total, cytosolic and nuclear protein extracts from hindlimb muscles: soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), gastrocnemius (GM) and liver tissue, we assessed key proteins important for the activation of both NF-κB and insulin pathways. Insulin blood concentration decreased to 3.9 ± 1.2 mU/ml following STZ-injection resulting in hyperglycemia (17.9 ± 0.7 mmol/l). SOL, EDL and GM mass decreased, and liver mass increased following STZ injection. NF-κB 65 content in SOL, GM and liver increased in STZ-injected rats, without any change in IκB degradation or IKK phosphorylation. Muscle NF-κB 65 remained bound to IκB and did not translocate or bind to DNA. Although the canonical NF-κB cascade was not activated, STZ induced a decrease in insulin pathway proteins including insulin receptor (IR) and substrate (IRS-1) content and phosphorylation compared to control animals. A downregulation of insulin pathway proteins and muscle atrophy occurred in response to STZ administration, and despite increased p65 content, STZ treatment did not activate the canonical NF-κB cascade. Therefore, it is unlikely that hyperglycemia initiates skeletal muscle atrophy via activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-11-2007
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-06-2020
Abstract: Over a third of adults in the United States have prediabetes, and many of those with prediabetes will progress to type 2 diabetes within 3–5 years. Health insurance status may factor into a proper diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes. This study sought to determine the associations between health insurance and undiagnosed prediabetes and diabetes in a national s le of American adults. Publicly available data from 13,029 adults aged 18–64 years from the 2005–2016 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Health insurance type (Medicaid, Private, Other, None) was self-reported. Prediabetes and diabetes status were assessed with measures of self-report, glycohemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, and two-hour glucose. Covariate-adjusted logistic models were used for the analyses. Overall, 5976 (45.8%) participants had undiagnosed prediabetes, while 897 (6.8%) had undiagnosed diabetes. Having health insurance was associated with decreased odds ratios for undiagnosed prediabetes: 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI: 0.79, 0.95)) for private insurance, 0.84 (CI: 0.73, 0.95) for other insurance, and 0.78 (CI: 0.67, 0.90) for Medicaid. Moreover, having private health insurance was associated with 0.82 (CI: 0.67, 0.99) decreased odds for undiagnosed diabetes. Health insurance coverage and screening opportunities for uninsured in iduals may reduce prediabetes and diabetes misclassifications.
Publisher: Informa Healthcare
Date: 04-12-2010
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.539200
Abstract: Vitamin B(12) (B(12)) is a rare and vital micronutrient for which mammals have developed a complex and highly efficient dietary uptake system. This uptake pathway consists of a series of proteins and receptors, and has been utilized to deliver several bioactive and/or imaging molecules from (99m)Tc to insulin. The current field of B(12)-based drug delivery is reviewed, including recent highlights surrounding the very pathway itself. Despite over 30 years of work, no B(12)-based drug delivery conjugate has reached the market-place, h ered by issues such as limited uptake capacity, gastrointestinal degradation of the conjugate or high background uptake by healthy tissues. Variability in dose response among in iduals, especially across ageing populations and slow oral uptake (several hours), has also slowed development and interest. This review is intended to stress again the great potential, as yet not fully realized, for B(12)-based therapeutics, tumor imaging and oral drug delivery. This review discusses recent reports that demonstrate that the issues noted above can be overcome and need not be seen as negating the great potential of B(12) in the drug delivery field.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1113/EP087159
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2002
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-002-0621-5
Abstract: It is generally acknowledged that even without a glycogen-depleting period of exercise, trained athletes can store maximal amounts of muscle glycogen if fed a carbohydrate-rich diet for 3 days. What has never been examined is whether under these conditions this many days are necessary for the content of muscle glycogen to attain these high levels. To examine this issue, eight endurance-trained male athletes were asked to eat 10 g.day(-1).kg(-1) body mass of high-carbohydrate foods having a high glycaemic index over 3 days, while remaining physically inactive. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to carbohydrate loading and after 1 and 3 days of eating the carbohydrate-rich diet. Muscle glycogen content increased significantly ( P<0.05) from pre-loading levels of [mean (SE)] 95 (5) to 180 (15) mmol.kg(-1) wet mass after only 1 day, and remained stable afterwards despite another 2 days of carbohydrate-rich diet. Densitometric analyses of muscle sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff not only supported these findings, but also indicated that only 1 day of high carbohydrate intake was required for glycogen stores to reach maximal levels in types I, IIa, and IIb muscle fibres. In conclusion, these findings showed that combining physical inactivity with a high intake of carbohydrate enables trained athletes to attain maximal muscle glycogen contents within only 24 h.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147586.85615.C4
Abstract: It is common practice for the staining of muscle glycogen with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to thaw and dry muscle sections before staining. The goal is to investigate whether this thawing step results in a systematic error that is independent of muscle fiber type and muscle physiological state. Muscle s les from six fasted male subjects were obtained before or after 3 min of high-intensity cycling. Each s le was sectioned some sections were assessed for muscle fiber composition, and others were either thawed for 20 min or kept frozen before being PAS-stained for glycogen. The response to a 20-min freeze-thaw cycle was also assessed using rested and exercised rats as our experimental model, and the changes in glycogen were measured enzymatically. The inclusion of a 20-min thawing step resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the weighted average of the optical density of PAS (ODPAS) staining in both the nonexercised (15 +/- 1.4%) and exercised human muscles (15 +/- 1.3%), with the absolute extent being greater in the nonexercised muscle s les (P < 0.05). Moreover, the observed decrease in ODPAS was greatest in Type IIa fibers for both the nonexercised (P < 0.05) and exercised (P < 0.05) muscle s les. The findings in rats suggest that the muscle damage associated with freeze-thawing is responsible for this stimulation of glycogenolysis. For the quantitative histochemical measurement of glycogen content in skeletal muscle, the common practice of thawing unfixed muscle sections before PAS staining should be abandoned because this causes glycogen breakdown, the extent of which varies across muscle fiber types and prior exercise history.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1007/S11065-020-09435-7
Abstract: The original version of this article unfortunately contained the following mistakes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-06-2014
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2013.102
Abstract: To examine the acute effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on energy intake, perceptions of appetite and appetite-related hormones in sedentary, overweight men. Seventeen overweight men (body mass index: 27.7±1.6 kg m(-2) body mass: 89.8±10.1 kg body fat: 30.0±4.3% VO(2peak): 39.2±4.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed four 30-min experimental conditions using a randomised counterbalanced design. CON: resting control, MC: continuous moderate-intensity exercise (60% VO(2peak)), HI: high-intensity intermittent exercise (alternating 60 s at 100% VO(2peak) and 240 s at 50% VO(2peak)), VHI: very-high-intensity intermittent exercise (alternating 15 s at 170% VO(2peak) and 60 s at 32% VO(2peak)). Participants consumed a standard caloric meal following exercise/CON and an ad-libitum meal 70 min later. Capillary blood was s led and perceived appetite assessed at regular time intervals throughout the session. Free-living energy intake and physical activity levels for the experimental day and the day after were also assessed. Ad-libitum energy intake was lower after HI and VHI compared with CON (P=0.038 and P=0.004, respectively), and VHI was also lower than MC (P=0.028). Free-living energy intake in the subsequent 38 h remained less after VHI compared with CON and MC (P≤0.050). These observations were associated with lower active ghrelin (P≤0.050), higher blood lactate (P≤0.014) and higher blood glucose (P≤0.020) after VHI compared with all other trials. Despite higher heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during HI and VHI compared with MC (P≤0.004), ratings of physical activity enjoyment were similar between all the exercise trials (P=0.593). No differences were found in perceived appetite between trials. High-intensity intermittent exercise suppresses subsequent ad-libitum energy intake in overweight inactive men. This format of exercise was found to be well tolerated in an overweight population.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-04-2019
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.13415
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a multimodal exercise program to increase trunk muscle morphology and strength in older in iduals, and their associated changes in functional ability. Using a single-blinded parallel-group randomized controlled trial design, 64 older adults (≥60 years) were randomly allocated to a 12-week exercise program comprising walking and balance exercises with or without trunk strengthening/motor control exercises followed by a 6-week walking-only program (detraining 32 per group). Trunk muscle morphology (ultrasound imaging), strength (isokinetic dynamometer), and functional ability and balance (6-Minute Walk Test 30 second Chair Stand Test Sitting and Rising Test Berg Balance Scale, Multi-Directional Reach Test Timed Up and Go Four Step Square Test) were the primary outcome measures. Sixty-four older adults (mean [SD] age: 69.8 [7.5] years 59.4% female) were randomized into two exercise groups. Trunk training relative to walking-balance training increased (mean difference [95% CI]) the size of the rectus abdominis (2.08 [1.29, 2.89] cm
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 08-2012
Abstract: In iduals with asthma frequently suffer with a decrease in quality of life. Yoga has been shown to improve autonomic function in the healthy population and has been used as an alternative therapy to help improve symptoms associated with various diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess whether 10 weeks of yoga training can improve quality of life and heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with asthma. Nineteen (19) females were randomly assigned to a yoga group or a control group for a 10-week intervention while still following guidelines established by their physician. All subjects answered the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) to assess quality of life and performed an isometric handgrip exercise test to assess HRV. Based on the SGRQ, significant improvements (45%, p < 0.05) in quality of life were observed with the yoga training, while no changes were found in the control group. Resting hemodynamic measures improved significantly in the yoga group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The yoga group decreased parasympathetic modulation (HFnu [normalized units]) pre- to postintervention (0.45 ± 0.60 to 0.35 ± 0.06 nu, p<0.05, respectively) in response to the isometric forearm exercise (IFE), whereas the control group did not change. Additionally, the yoga group increased sympathetic (LFnu) (pre 0.47 ± 0.07 to post 0.60 ± 0.07 nu, p < 0.05) and sympathovagal modulation (logLF/HF) (pre 4.61 ± 0.39 to post 5.31 ± 0.44, p < 0.05, respectively) during IFE with no change in the control group. Yoga training improved quality of life in women with mild-to-moderate asthma and resulted in decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic modulation in response to an IFE.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-09-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-01-2009
Abstract: Oral routes of administration for therapeutic peptides and proteins face two major barriers: proteolytic degradation in the stomach and an inadequate absorption mechanism for polypeptides within the intestinal lumen. As a result, peptide-based therapeutics are administered by injection, a painful process associated with lower patient compliance. The development of a means of overcoming these two major obstacles and enabling the successful delivery of peptide therapeutics by the oral route of administration has therefore been the target of extensive scientific endeavor. This Minireview focuses on oral peptide rotein delivery by the dietary uptake pathway for vitamin B(12). Recent progress in this field includes the delivery of erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, and insulin.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-03-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-01-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-023-05133-3
Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -3 (MMP-3), and osteopontin (OPN) are associated with adipose-tissue expansion and development of metabolic disease. The purpose of the current study was to assess the circulating concentration of these markers, along with adiponectin and glucose concentrations, in response to acute exercise in in iduals with overweight or obesity. Fourteen sedentary males with overweight or obesity (29.0 ± 3.1 kg/m 2 ) completed two separate, 3-day trials in randomised and counterbalanced order. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on each day of the trial. Day two of each trial consisted of a single 30 min workload-matched bout of either high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE alternating 100% and 50% of peak pulmonary oxygen uptake, $$\\mathop {\\text{V}}\\limits^{.}$$ V . O 2peak ) or continuous moderate intensity (CME 60% $$\\mathop {\\text{V}}\\limits^{.}$$ V . O 2peak ) cycling completed 1 h prior to the OGTT. Glucose and physical activity were continuously monitored, while MMP-2, MMP-3, OPN and adiponectin were measured pre-, 0 h post-, 1 h post- and 25 h post-exercise. Exercise transiently increased MMP-3 and decreased OPN (both p 0.01), but not MMP-2 or adiponectin. There were no differences in the response of inflammatory markers to the different exercise formats. Exercise increased mean daily glucose concentration and area under the glucose curve during the OGTT on Day 2 and Day 3 (main effect of time p 0.05). Acute cycling exercise decreased OPN, which is consistent with longer term improvements in cardiometabolic health and increased MMP-3, which is consistent with its role in tissue remodelling. Interestingly, exercise performed prior to the morning OGTT augmented the glucose concentrations in males. ACTRN12613001086752.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-01-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-023-05135-1
Abstract: Muscle glucose transport activity increases with an acute bout of exercise, a process that is accomplished by the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. This process remains intact in the skeletal muscle of in iduals with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise training is, therefore, an important cornerstone in the management of in iduals with T2DM. However, the acute systemic glucose responses to carbohydrate ingestion are often augmented during the early recovery period from exercise, despite increased glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Accordingly, the first aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge associated with insulin action and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and apply these to explain the disparate responses between systemic and localized glucose responses post-exercise. Herein, the importance of muscle glycogen depletion and the key glucoregulatory hormones will be discussed. Glucose uptake can also be stimulated independently by hypoxia therefore, hypoxic training presents as an emerging method for enhancing the effects of exercise on glucose regulation. Thus, the second aim of this review is to discuss the potential for systemic hypoxia to enhance the effects of exercise on glucose regulation.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 16-11-2011
DOI: 10.1021/JM2012547
Abstract: hPYY(3-36) injections have shown positive effects on appetite regulations, sparking increased interest in hPYY(3-36) research. Of great interest is oral delivery of hPYY(3-36) that can achieve clinically relevant weight-loss outcomes in what would be a highly patient compliant route. Successful oral delivery of other peptides utilizing the vitamin B12 pathway has been shown but below clinically relevant levels. Herein, we present clinically relevant in vivo oral delivery of B12-hPYY(3-36) conjugates.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-03-2009
Abstract: We recently reported a vitamin B(12) (B(12)) based insulin conjugate that produced significantly decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic STZ-rat models. The results of this study posed a fundamental question, namely what implications does B(12) conjugation have on insulin's interaction with the insulin receptor (IR)? To explore this question we used a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and immunoelectron microscopy, and the results are described herein. This investigation demonstrates that chemical modification of insulin by linking relatively large pendant groups does not inherently interfere with IR recognition. Furthermore, given that we have previously demonstrated a significant drop in blood glucose concentration following the oral administration of the B(12)-insulin bioconjugate used in this work, it is reasonable to conclude that the IR recognition described herein is associated with maintenance of biological activity for insulin. This outcome offers significant research scope for chemical modification of insulin with the purpose of improving oral-uptake efficiency.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPAIN.2022.09.006
Abstract: To investigate links between blood glucose, body fat mass and pain, the effects of acute hyperglycaemia on pain sensitivity and pain inhibition were examined in healthy adults with normal (n = 24) or excess body fat (n = 20) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Effects of hyperglycaemia on heart rate variability and reactive hyperaemia were also explored. For the overall s le, ingesting 75-g glucose enhanced pain sensitivity during 1-minute cold-water immersion of both feet (conditioning stimulus) and weakened the pain inhibitory effect of cold water on pressure pain thresholds (test stimulus). Exploratory subgroup analyses not adjusted for multiple comparisons suggested that this effect was limited to people with excess fat mass. In addition, acute hyperglycaemia suppressed resting heart rate variability only in people with excess fat mass. Furthermore, regardless of blood glucose levels, people with excess fat mass had weaker pain inhibition for pinprick after cold water and reported more pain during 5-minutes of static blood flow occlusion. Neither high blood glucose nor excess body fat affected pinprick-temporal summation of pain or reactive hyperaemia. Together, these findings suggest that hyperglycaemia and excess fat mass interfere with pain processing and autonomic function. Perspective Ingesting 75-g glucose (equivalent to approximately two standard cans of soft drink) interfered with pain-processing and autonomic function, particularly in people with excess body fat mass. As both hyperglycaemia and overweight are risk factors for diabetes, whether these are sources of pain in people with diabetes should be further explored.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2003
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-12-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU14010041
Abstract: Curcumin, a phytochemical from the spice turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to have pain-relieving effects. In this 8-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 101 adults with knee osteoarthritis received either 500 mg twice daily of a standardised curcumin extract (Curcugen®) or placebo. Outcome measures included the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), knee pain ratings, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score for Osteoarthritic Knees (JOA), PROMIS–29, and performance-based testing comprising the 40-m fast-paced walk test, 6-min walk test, timed up-and-go test, and 30-s chair stand test. Compared to the placebo, curcumin significantly reduced the KOOS knee pain score (p = 0.009) and numeric knee pain ratings (p = 0.001). Curcumin was also associated with greater improvements (p ≤ 0.05) than the placebo on the timed up-and-go test, 6-min walk test, and the JOA total score but not the 30-s chair stand test or 40-m fast-paced walk test. Pain-relieving medication was reduced in 37% of participants on curcumin compared to 13% on placebo. The findings support the potential efficacy of curcumin for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee but studies of longer duration, varying treatment doses, differing curcumin extracts, and the use of other objective outcome measures will be helpful to expand on these findings.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-09-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-11116-0
Abstract: Skeletal muscle plays an important role in performing activities of daily living. While the importance of limb musculature in performing these tasks is well established, less research has focused on the muscles of the trunk. The purpose of the current study therefore, was to examine the associations between functional ability and trunk musculature in sixty-four community living males and females aged 60 years and older. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the a priori hypotheses were performed and reported with correlation coefficients and unstandardized beta coefficients ( β ) respectively. The univariate analysis revealed significant correlations between trunk muscle size and functional ability (rectus abdominis: six-minute walk performance, chair stand test, sitting and rising test lumbar multifidus: timed up and go) as well as trunk muscle strength and functional ability (trunk composite strength: six-minute walk performance, chair stand test, Berg balance performance, sitting and rising test). After controlling for covariates (age and BMI) in the multivariate analysis, higher composite trunk strength ( β = 0.34) and rectus abdominis size ( β = 0.33) were associated with better performance in the sitting and rising test. The importance of incorporating trunk muscle training into programs aimed at improving balance and mobility in older adults merits further exploration.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001379
Abstract: Teo, SYM, Newton, MJ, Newton, RU, Dempsey, AR, and Fairchild, TJ. Comparing the effectiveness of a short-term vertical jump vs. weightlifting program on athletic power development. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2741–2748, 2016—Efficient training of neuromuscular power and the translation of this power to sport-specific tasks is a key objective in the preparation of athletes involved in team-based sports. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in center of mass (COM) neuromuscular power and performance of sport-specific tasks after short-term (6-week) training adopting either Olympic-style weightlifting (WL) exercises or vertical jump (VJ) exercises. Twenty-six recreationally active men (18–30 years height: 178.7 ± 8.3 cm mass: 78.6 ± 12.2 kg) were randomly allocated to either a WL or VJ training group and performance during the countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), depth jump (DJ), 20-m sprint, and the 5-0-5 agility test–assessed pre and posttraining. Despite the WL group demonstrating larger increases in peak power output during the CMJ (WL group: 10% increase, d = 0.701 VJ group: 5.78% increase, d = 0.328) and SJ (WL group: 12.73% increase, d = 0.854 VJ group: 7.27% increase, d = 0.382), no significant between-group differences were observed in any outcome measure studied. There was a significant main effect of time observed for the 3 VJs (CMJ, SJ, and DJ), 0- to 5-m and 0- to 20-m sprint times, and the 5-0-5 agility test time, which were all shown to improve after the training (all main effects of time p 0.01). Irrespective of the training approach adopted by coaches or athletes, addition of either WL or VJ training for development of power can improve performance in tasks associated with team-based sports, even in athletes with limited preseason training periods.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1139/H11-121
Abstract: Previous research has shown that resistance and aerobic exercise have differing effects on perceived hunger and circulating levels of appetite-related hormones. However, the effect of resistance and aerobic exercise on actual energy intake has never been compared. This study investigated the effect of an acute bout of resistance exercise, compared with aerobic exercise, on subsequent energy intake and appetite-regulating hormones. Ten active men completed 3 trials in a counterbalanced design: 45 min of resistance exercise (RES free and machine weights), aerobic exercise (AER running), or a resting control trial (CON). Following exercise or CON, participants had access to a buffet-style array of breakfast foods and drinks to consume ad libitum. Plasma concentrations of a range of appetite-regulating hormones were measured throughout each trial. Despite significantly higher energy expenditure with AER compared with RES (p 0.05), there was no difference in total energy intake from the postexercise meal between trials (p = 0.779). Pancreatic polypeptide was significantly higher prior to the meal after both RES and AER compared with CON. In contrast, active ghrelin was lower following RES compared with both CON and AER (p ≤ 0.05), while insulin was higher following RES compared with CON (p = 0.013). In summary, the differential response of appetite-regulating hormones to AER and RES does not appear to influence energy intake in the postexercise meal. However, given the greater energy expenditure associated with AER compared with RES, AER modes of exercise may be preferable for achieving short-term negative energy balance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-01-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41366-018-0300-1
Abstract: School-based physical education (PE) and organised leisure-time sports participation (LTSP) represent important physical activity opportunities for children. We examined the preventive effect of increased PE as well as LTSP on overweight and obesity (OW/OB) in school children. Longitudinal data from children attending 10 primary schools in the Danish municipality of Svendborg, comprising 6 intensive PE (270 min/week) and 4 control (90 min/week) schools were assessed. Age- and sex-specific cut-offs for body mass index (BMI) determined OW/OB status. Associations between OW/OB status and school type (intensive PE or control) or LTSP were investigated using mixed, multilevel logistic regression models. Significant parameter estimates were converted into number needed to treat statistics (NNT). In total, 1009 children (53.3% female mean age 8.4 ± 1.4 years) were included in the analysis, with 892 children (52% female) being normal weight (NW) at baseline. Eighteen (NNT = 17.1 95% CI [11.0, 226.1]) children attending an intensive PE school for 2 years, resulted in one fewer case of OW/OB compared with attendance at a normal PE school. For NW children, prevention of one case of OW/OB requires 36 (NNT = 35.8 95% CI [25.1, 596.3]) children to participate in intensive PE for 2 years in comparison with normal PE. LTSP over 2 years may prevent OW/OB if 15 children participate in one LTSP session/week, 9 in two LTSP sessions/week and 8 in three LTSP sessions/week for normal weight children, 25 children had to participate in one LTSP session/week, 16 in two LTSP sessions/week and 14 in three LTSP sessions/week. We provide the first NNT estimates of school-based PE and LTSP to prevent the onset of OW/OB. PE, and separately, LTSP seem to have both a protective and a treatment effect against OW/OB in children.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-05-2014
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2014.90
Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether increased physical activity (PA) altered glycemic control while ingesting an energy-balanced high-fructose diet. Twenty-two normal-weight men and women (age: 21.2±0.6 years body mass index: 22.6 ±0.6 kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized, cross-over design study in which they ingested an additional 75 g of fructose for 14 days while either maintaining low PA (FR+inactive) ( 12,000 steps/day). Before and following the 2-week loading period, a fructose-rich meal challenge was administered and blood was s led at baseline and for 6 h after the meal and analyzed for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), c-peptide, glucose and insulin concentrations. Plasma insulin, glucose, c-peptide, GIP and GLP-1 concentrations significantly increased in response to the test meal on all test visits (P<0.05). C-peptide incremental area under the curve (AUC) decreased by 10,208 ±120 pmol/l × min for 6 h from pre to post Fr+active intervention (P=0.02) leading to a decrease in plasma insulin total AUC (pre: 58,470.2±6261.0 pmol/l post: 49,444.3±3883.0 pmol/l P=0.04) resulting in a decrease Δpeak[Insulin] (P=0.009). Following the FR+active intervention, GIP total AUC significantly decreased (P=0.005) yet only males had a lower total GLP-1 AUC after both interventions (P=0.049). There were no sex differences in GIP levels. Increased PA attenuates the deleterious effects on glycemic control caused by a high-fructose diet. These changes in glycemic control with PA are associated with decreases in insulin and GIP concentrations.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2021
No related grants have been discovered for Timothy Fairchild.