ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9224-6408
Current Organisation
University of Tasmania
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Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Date: 09-2022
DOI: 10.5382/ECONGEO.4919
Abstract: The ongoing global transition to low- and zero-CO2 energy generation and transport will require more raw materials and metals than ever produced before in human history to develop the necessary infrastructure for solar and wind power generation, electric power grid distribution, and electric vehicle componentry, including batteries. In addition to numerous critical elements, this transition will also require increased production of a range of other metals. This includes copper, with increased production of this metal providing the minerals industry with enhanced opportunities to secure the additional supply of associated or potential by-product elements. These include tellurium, selenium, bismuth, and antimony (among others), some of which are already predominantly produced as by-products from copper anode slimes. This study examines the geologic origins of over 240 active copper mines and over 200 electrolytic and electrowinning copper refineries worldwide. Although porphyry copper deposits dominate the copper supply trend, significant amounts of copper are supplied from the mining of sediment-hosted, massive sulfide, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) mineral deposits. We integrate sources of copper concentrate with publicly available operational data for 32 copper electrorefineries to evaluate the geologic controls on the by-product supply potential of tellurium, selenium, bismuth, and antimony from copper anode slimes. These data represent some 32% of worldwide copper refineries and indicate that electrolytic refining of copper has the potential to supply ~777 t/yr tellurium, ~4,180 t/yr selenium, ~1,497 t/yr antimony, and 1,632 t/yr bismuth if 100% recovery of the by-product critical element proxies outlined in this study could be achieved. This is compared to current global production of ~490, ~2,900, ~153,000, and ~17,000 t/yr from all sources (rather than just copper by-products), respectively. Our analysis shows that there is no correlation between by-product potential and the amount of refined copper cathode production per year, but instead, the geologic origin of the copper concentrates is the key control on refinery by-product potential. This is exemplified by the fact that copper anode slimes derived from concentrates sourced from magmatic sulfide and VMS orebodies have an order of magnitude higher tellurium concentrations than those derived from porphyry deposits, reflecting the different abundances of tellurium within these mineral systems. These results are not surprising but demonstrate the possibilities for the development of robust proxies for by-product critical element supply potential using downstream data from copper (and potentially other base and precious metal) refineries. Equally significant, this study demonstrates the importance of downstream-up assessments of critical element potential as a complement to the more typical upstream-down deportment analyses undertaken to date. Finally, this type of approach allows the more accurate targeting of key parts of the metal supply chain with the capacity to increase by-product critical element production, rather than diluted or scattered approaches that assume that by-product metals are derived from one or two mineral deposit types (e.g., porphyry systems for the copper sector).
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 22-05-2015
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-06-2020
DOI: 10.3390/MIN10070588
Abstract: The Vindhyan Basin in central India preserves a thick (~5 km) sequence of sedimentary and lesser volcanic rocks that provide a valuable archive of a part of the Proterozoic (~1800–900 Ma) in India. Here, we present an analysis of key sedimentary pyrite textures and their trace element and sulfur isotope compositions in the Bijaigarh Shale (1210 ± 52 Ma) in the Vindhyan Supergroup, using reflected light microscopy, LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP-SI, respectively. A variety of sedimentary pyrite textures (fine-grained disseminated to aggregates, framboids, lags, and possibly microbial pyrite textures) are observed reflecting quiet and strongly anoxic water column conditions punctuated by occasional high-energy events (storm incursions). Key redox sensitive or sensitive to oxidative weathering trace elements (Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Se) and ratios of (Se/Co, Mo/Co, Zn/Co) measured in sedimentary pyrites from the Bijaigarh Shale are used to infer atmospheric redox conditions during its deposition. Most trace elements are depleted relative to Proterozoic mean values. Sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite, measured using SHRIMP-SI, show an increase in δ34S as we move up stratigraphy with positive δ34S values ranging from 5.9‰ (lower) to 26.08‰ (upper). We propose limited sulphate supply caused the pyrites to incorporate the heavier isotope. Overall, we interpret these low trace element signatures and heavy sulfur isotope compositions to indicate relatively suppressed oxidative weathering on land during the deposition of the Bijaigarh Shale.
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 06-2020
DOI: 10.5382/ECONGEO.4705
Abstract: High-resolution, quantitative imaging of epidote from the Ann Mason fault block, Yerington district, Nevada, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has revealed at least two types of epidote (type 1 and type 2), each with different major and trace element chemistry. Type 1 epidote is coarser grained, typically greater than 50 μm in diameter, and forms euhedral crystals that display twins and sector zones enriched in Fe, Sr, and Mn. Type 2 epidote is finer grained, typically less than 30 μm in diameter, irregularly zoned with respect to Fe and Al, and forms polycrystalline aggregates that include void space. Two sources of intragranular compositional variability are defined in this study—one related to different generations of epidote only visible on the microscale, and the other related to crystallographic features such as sector zones and twins. Intragranular compositional variations within Yerington epidotes highlight the potential importance of detailed s le characterization in complex alteration environments prior to undertaking mineral chemistry studies in the context of resource exploration. Based on statistical analysis of LA-ICP-MS spot data from one s le, the optimal number of spot analyses to adequately represent the range in element concentrations within zoned or twinned crystals is determined to be at least 40.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Publisher: Pleiades Publishing Ltd
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-12-2015
DOI: 10.1002/JCLP.22250
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1039/D1JA00069A
Abstract: The mineral ilmenite is analysed by LA-ICP-MS for elemental and U–Pb isotopic compositions. A methodology is presented for accurate results using the mineral rutile for U–Pb ages and basaltic reference materials for major and trace elements.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.5382/ECONGEO.4654
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/GGR.12478
Abstract: U‐Pb dating of andradite‐grossular garnet (grandite) and rutile by LA‐ICP‐MS can be used to constrain various metamorphic, metasomatic and igneous geological processes. In this study, we examine and compare the impact of different analytical conditions (fluence, pulse width, laser beam size and ablation frequency) on the ablation crater morphology, ablation rates, down‐hole fractionation and U‐Pb ages of grandite and rutile s les of different compositions. The shapes of grandite ablation craters suggest the mineral ablates by classical evaporation with significant melting that cannot be eliminated even at fluences just above the ablation threshold. Grandite garnets with higher andradite proportions have faster ablation rates. The overall low U contents of grandite require using large laser beam sizes to obtain acceptable precision of U‐Pb ages. At such conditions and crater depths 10 μm, fluences of 2.1 and 3.5 J cm ‐2 , laser pulse width of 5 ns and 20 ns, and ablation frequencies between 3.5 and 6.5 Hz, obtain similar and reproducible ages when the proportion of grossular is 35%. Rutile ablation crater morphology shows evidence of melt splashing and thermal stress cracking. They have significant crater bottom features, which increase in relief with lower fluences and a higher number of laser shots, indicating the features are probably energy‐related and making higher fluences, such as 5 J cm ‐2 , necessary for uniform ablation when using 193 nm excimer lasers. The slow ablation rate at low fluences and then steep increase at around 2.0 J cm ‐2 suggests a transition in the ablation mechanism from exfoliation to classical vaporisation. Crater bottom features and other ablation behaviour vary between s les, which could be related to their difference in colour. Although the down‐hole fractionation patterns of the s les are similar at 5 J cm ‐2 , the U‐Pb ages of some s les vary significantly with different analytical conditions and/or measurement sessions, particularly when using laser beam sizes of 30 μm, suggesting differences in mass bias and more variable ablation behaviour. A laser beam size of at least 60 μm is recommended for reproducible U‐Pb dating of rutile.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-06-2023
DOI: 10.1111/GGR.12512
Abstract: A new reference material, STDGL3, for the calibration of in situ analyses of sulfide minerals by LA‐ICP‐MS has been developed and characterised. It represents a lithium‐borate‐based glass containing a mixture of Zn‐ and Fe‐sulfide concentrates doped with several chalcophile elements as well as Zr, Gd, Hf and Ta required for assessing common interferences on Ag, Au and Pt. STDGL3 has a wider range of elements and a better homogeneity compared with existing reference materials for LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of sulfides. Compositional variations for most elements are below 3% RSD, below 5% RSD for Ag, Au and Pt, and below 7% RSD for Se, when performing spot analyses with a 50 μm beam size. Its preparation recipe is reproducible allowing for multiple batches to be made. Use of STDGL3 significantly improves accuracy of sulfide mineral analysis by LA‐ICP‐MS when compared with use of other available reference materials. Performance of STDGL3 was evaluated using several different laser systems. No significant change was observed between 193 nm ArF excimer lasers with 5 and 20 ns pulse widths, but use of 213 and 248 nm lasers displays more systematic differences, especially when analysing galena. Correction coefficients are needed for some elements (Zn and Cd in particular) when analysing sulfide minerals using STDGL3 as a calibration reference material.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-05-2023
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU23-10859
Abstract: The small plutons of anorthosite and associated gabbronorite exposed near Barabar hills form a component of Chotanagpur granite gneiss complex (CGGC) in eastern India. Plagioclase ( vol %) make up the majority of anorthosite rock with minor mafic minerals ( hibole, mica), while orthopyroxene ( vol %), plagioclase (40-50 vol %) and clinopyroxene ( vol %) make up the associated gabbronorite. These are cumulate rocks with anorthosite and gabbronorite showing adcumulate and mesocumulate textures, respectively. Compositionally, plagioclase ranges from anorthite to labradorite (An60-96) in anorthosite and from oligoclase to bytownite (An50-70) in gabbronorite. In gabbronorite, the clinopyroxene composition ranges from diopside to augite (En36-43 Fs12-15 Wo43-47), and the orthopyroxenes are hypersthene (Wo39-40 En46-50 Fe10& #8211 ).Anorthosite show enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, Sr, Th, Pb) with respect to the HFSE (Zr, Ti, Nb and display enrichment in LREE ((La/Yb) N = 2.78-15.29) with positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 1.29-3.45) and variable MREE. A flat to depleted trend for HREE ((Sm/Yb) N = 1.02-2.95) is observed for anorthosites. Associated gabbronorites show enrichment of LREE ((La/Yb) N=1.99-4.93), depleted HREE ((Sm/Yb) N = 0.88-3.24) with negative to positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.78-2.95). Also, the gabbronorite shows enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, Sr, Th, Pb) compared to HFSE (Zr, Ti, Nb). Clinopyroxenes of gabbronorite have low REE abundances (53.29-60.29 ppm). Clinopyroxenes are depleted in light rare earth elements (LREEs) (La/Yb) N = 0.75& #8211 .80 and depleted in LILEs such as Ba, Sr. and also exhibit negative anomalies in Zr and Ti.REE composition of gabbronorite clinopyroxene is constrained between TMF = 15-30% calculated using the equilibrium distribution method (EDM). This is substantiated by whole rock parental melt REE composition calculated using the concentration ratio approach (Nernst equation), the result of which is consistent with those made using EDM. In chondrite normalized plot, the estimated parental melt display (1) near-horizontal trend from Lu to Gd at rock/chondrite = ~100, (2) negative anomaly at Eu, (3) gradual rise from Sm to Ce and (4) slight dip from Ce to La.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Pleiades Publishing Ltd
Date: 26-10-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-05-2023
Publisher: Pleiades Publishing Ltd
Date: 05-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 04-10-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FEART.2022.926114
Abstract: Hyperspectral cathodoluminescence (CL), geochemical, and geochronological characterization of a series of apatite-bearing s les from within and around the Ernest Henry IOCG deposit, NW Queensland, Australia, have revealed complex mineral parageneses and a spectrum of U-Pb ages that point to the effects of multiple geological processes. No two s les are identical, either in geochemistry or texture, despite their relative proximity to one another (all s les within 5 km from Ernest Henry). Hyperspectral CL maps reveal erse internal textures and emissions ranging from near infrared (NIR) to near ultraviolet (UV) with a complex series of spectra in all s les, requiring the fitting more than 40 in idual peaks (both sharp and broad) to capture the observed variability. Imaging analyses via LA-ICPMS show that apatite from the Ernest Henry district is enriched above background in a variety of trace elements, including Na, Mg, Al, Si, V, Mn, As, Sr, Y, the rare Earth elements (REEs), Pb, Th, and U. S les outside the ore zone display chondrite-normalized REE profiles that are consistent with either a magmatic or hydrothermal origin, whereas ore zone apatite exhibits profiles that are decidedly hydrothermal in nature. Moreover, specific zones within ore zone apatite grains are very As-rich (up to 7 wt% As 2 O 5 ), and the effect of such high As on the hyperspectral CL signature of these zones is a pronounced d ening of CL emission, regardless of REE concentrations. Uranium-Pb dating of the same s les ( via LA-ICPMS) has yielded a erse array of overlapping Mesoproterozoic ages ranging from 1,580 ± 34 Ma to 1,533 ± 61 Ma. These results correlate to published ages that constrain hydrothermal alteration in the Ernest Henry area, both before and during Cu-Au mineralization. Collectively, these data highlight the complexity of apatite studies at Ernest Henry, the broader Cloncurry district, and probably analogous terranes elsewhere. A combination of micro-scale methods such as those used in this study are shown to be essential for accurately deciphering geological information contained within petrogenetic indicator minerals.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-11-2011
No related grants have been discovered for Ivan Belousov.