ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0682-2860
Current Organisation
Deakin University
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Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1159/000067584
Abstract: There are sex differences in the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress, but the source of these differences is unknown. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine-vasopressin neurones located in the paraventricular nucleus and these, in turn, are regulated by neural systems that include afferent noradrenergic and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-producing neural pathways. We tested the hypothesis that concentrations of noradrenaline and NPY will be elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) s led from the third cerebral ventricle in response to stress, and these responses will differ in males and females. We collected concurrent s les of CSF (1 ml) from the third ventricle and blood (5 ml) from the jugular vein from gonadectomised rams (n = 7) and ewes (n = 5) at 10-min intervals for 3 h. This procedure was conducted on a day when no stress was imposed and on a day when audiovisual stress was imposed for 5 min after 1 h of s ling. Following the audiovisual stress, plasma concentrations of cortisol and CSF concentrations of noradrenaline were elevated (p 0.05), but CSF concentrations of NPY did not change. Adrenaline was not detected in s les of CSF. The rise in plasma cortisol following the stress was greater (p 0.05) in ewes than in rams, but there were no sex differences in the rise in noradrenaline. Basal concentrations of NPY in the CSF were higher (p 0.05) in rams than in ewes. We conclude that the sex differences in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in sheep are not likely to be due to differences in the level of noradrenergic and/or NPY input to the hypothalamus.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-019-7717-X
Abstract: Emerging evidence shows sedentary behaviour may be associated with mental health outcomes. Yet, the strength of the evidence linking sedentary behaviour and stress is still unclear. This study aimed to synthesise evidence regarding associations between time spent in sedentary behaviour and stress in adults. A systematic search was conducted (January 1990 – September 2019). Following PRISMA guidelines, an evaluation of methodological quality, and best-evidence synthesis of associations between time in sedentary behaviour (including sitting time, TV viewing, computer use) and stress were presented. Twenty-six studies reporting on data from n = 72,795 people (age 18-98y, 62.7% women) were included. Across the studies ( n = 2 strong-, n = 10 moderate- and n = 14 weak-quality), there was insufficient evidence that overall time spent in sedentary behaviour and sitting time were associated with stress, particularly when using self-report measures of sedentary behaviour or stress. There was strong evidence of no association between TV viewing, or computer use and stress. Amongst studies using objective measures of sedentary behaviour and/or stress there was also strong evidence of no association. Although previous research suggested sedentary behaviour may be linked to mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, the evidence for an association between various types of sedentary behaviour and stress is limited in quality, and associations are either inconsistent or null. High-quality longitudinal/interventional research is required to confirm findings and determine the direction of associations between different contexts (i.e. purpose) and domains (i.e. leisure, occupational, transport) of sedentary behaviour and stress.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 26-04-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S000711451000098X
Abstract: Psychological stress is a common feature of modern day societies, and contributes to the global burden of disease. It was proposed by Henry over 20 years ago that the salt intake of a society reflects the level of stress, and that stress, through its effect on increasing salt intake, is an important factor in the development of hypertension. This review evaluates the evidence from animal and human studies to determine if stress does induce a salt appetite and increase salt consumption in human subjects. Findings from animal studies suggest that stress may drive salt intake, with evidence for a potential mechanism via the sympatho-adrenal medullary system and/or the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis. In contrast, in the few laboratory studies conducted in human subjects, none has found that acute stress affects salt intake. However, one study demonstrated that life stress (chronic stress) was associated with increased consumption of snack foods, which included, but not specifically, highly salty snacks. Studies investigating the influence of chronic stress on eating behaviours are required, including consumption of salty foods. From the available evidence, we can conclude that in free-living, Na-replete in iduals, consuming Na in excess of physiological requirements, stress is unlikely to be a major contributor to salt intake.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.2165/11588770-000000000-00000
Abstract: Maintaining low body weight for the sake of performance and aesthetic purposes is a common feature among young girls and women who exercise on a regular basis, including elite, college and high-school athletes, members of fitness centres, and recreational exercisers. High energy expenditure without adequate compensation in energy intake leads to an energy deficiency, which may ultimately affect reproductive function and bone health. The combination of low energy availability, menstrual disturbances and low bone mineral density is referred to as the 'female athlete triad'. Not all athletes seek medical assistance in response to the absence of menstruation for 3 or more months as some believe that long-term amenorrhoea is not harmful. Indeed, many women may not seek medical attention until they sustain a stress fracture. This review investigates current issues, controversies and strategies in the clinical management of bone health concerns related to the female athlete triad. Current recommendations focus on either increasing energy intake or decreasing energy expenditure, as this approach remains the most efficient strategy to prevent further bone health complications. However, convincing the athlete to increase energy availability can be extremely challenging. Oral contraceptive therapy seems to be a common strategy chosen by many physicians to address bone health issues in young women with amenorrhoea, although there is little evidence that this strategy improves bone mineral density in this population. Assessment of bone health itself is difficult due to the limitations of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to estimate bone strength. Understanding how bone strength is affected by low energy availability, weight gain and resumption of menses requires further investigations using 3-dimensional bone imaging techniques in order to improve the clinical management of the female athlete triad.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 19-08-2009
DOI: 10.1159/000151543
Abstract: We have shown that cortisol infusion reduced the luteinizing hormone (LH) response to fixed hourly GnRH injections in ovariectomized ewes treated with estradiol during the non-breeding season (pituitary-cl model). In contrast, cortisol did not affect the response to 2 hourly invariant GnRH injections in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ovariectomized ewes during the breeding season. To understand the differing results in these animal models and to determine if cortisol can act directly at the pituitary to suppress responsiveness to GnRH, we investigated the importance of the frequency of GnRH stimulus, the presence of estradiol and stage of the circannual breeding season. In experiment 1, during the non-breeding season, ovariectomized ewes were treated with estradiol, and pulsatile LH secretion was restored with i.v. GnRH injections either hourly or 2 hourly in the presence or absence of exogenous cortisol. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ovariectomized ewes in which GnRH was injected i.v. every 2 h. Experiment 2 was conducted during the non-breeding season and saline or cortisol was infused for 30 h in a cross-over design. Experiment 3 was conducted during the non-breeding and breeding seasons and saline or cortisol was infused for 30 h in the absence and presence of estradiol using a cross-over design. S les were taken from all animals to measure plasma LH. LH pulse litude was reduced by cortisol in the pituitary cl model with no difference between the hourly and 2-hourly GnRH pulse mode. In the absence of estradiol, there was no effect of cortisol on LH pulse litude in GnRH-replaced ovariectomized hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ewes in either season. The LH pulse litude was reduced in both seasons in experiment 3 when cortisol was infused during estradiol treatment. We conclude that the ability of cortisol to reduce LH secretion does not depend upon the frequency of GnRH stimulus and that estradiol enables cortisol to act directly on the pituitary of ovariectomized hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ewes to suppress the responsiveness to GnRH this effect occurs in the breeding and non-breeding seasons.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 28-07-2010
DOI: 10.1210/EN.2010-0234
Abstract: Sex differences in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in sheep appear to be dependent on the stressor encountered and occur irrespective of the presence of gonadal steroids. We tested the hypotheses that cortisol responses to exercise, endotoxin, wetting (experiment 1), and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress differ between gonadectomized male and female sheep. At weekly intervals (in experiment 1), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n = 6/group) to control conditions, to exercise stress, to iv injection of endotoxin, and to wetting stress. In a second experiment (experiment 2), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n = 5/group) to control conditions or to isolation/restraint stress. In both experiments, we measured plasma concentrations of cortisol before, during, and after stress at a frequency of at least 15 min with s les collected (from an indwelling jugular catheter) at a greater frequency around the time of the stressor. Cortisol responses to wetting (experiment 1) and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress were significantly higher in females compared with males but in response to exercise (experiment 1) and endotoxin (experiment 1) stress, there were no differences between the sexes. For some stressors, there are sex differences in sheep in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis that are independent of the presence of the sex steroids, but the existence of these sex differences and the direction of these sex differences differs, depending on the stressor imposed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-03-2016
DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2016.1160282
Abstract: Disadvantaged communities provide adverse psychosocial exposures that have been linked to high levels of stress, and this may provide one explanatory pathway linking socioeconomic disadvantage to obesity. This study used hair cortisol analysis to quantify associations between stress and body mass index (BMI), and between hair cortisol and perceived psychological stress levels, in women and children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Participants were a volunteer s le of 70 women from the Resilience for Eating and Activity Despite Inequality study, including 30 maternal-child pairs. Women self-reported body weight, height and perceived psychological stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and provided hair s les for themselves and their child. Children's body weight and height were measured. Following extraction, hair cortisol levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multiple linear regression models examined associations between stress and BMI, and between hair cortisol and perceived stress levels in women and children. Women's hair cortisol levels were not associated with their BMI or PSS scores. Women's PSS scores were positively associated with their BMI (p = 0.015). Within maternal-child pairs, mothers and children's hair cortisol levels were strongly positively associated (p = 0.006). Maternal hair cortisol levels and PSS scores were unrelated to their child's zBMI. Children's hair cortisol levels were not associated with their zBMI or with their mother's PSS score. Findings suggest that cortisol-based and perceived psychological measures of stress may be distinct among women and children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Perceived psychological measures may be more important predictors of weight-related risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2013.05.028
Abstract: Anxiety is the most prevalent type of mental disorder and a significant health concern. Cross-sectional studies have detected a positive association between obesity and anxiety. What is less clear is whether weight loss can reduce anxiety. We sought to answer three questions: 1. Can weight loss improve symptoms of anxiety in the overweight and obese population? 2. Does the macronutrient content of energy-restricted diets that induce weight loss affect anxiety? 3. Is the change in anxiety related to the amount of weight lost? We investigated the findings from seven interventional studies, which induced weight loss by dietary intervention, in overweight and obese in iduals, using established anxiety assessment tools. Mean weight loss ranged from 0.7 to 18.6 kg (SD 4.5) and in three of the studies, anxiety fell by 9.2% to 11.4% and did not change in four studies. When macronutrient content was considered, only one of four interventional studies and one pilot study reported a beneficial effect of a moderate-fat diet on anxiety. There appears to be no strong evidence to indicate that diet-induced weight loss has a beneficial effect on anxiety, however, none of the diet-induced weight loss studies assessed had a detrimental effect on anxiety.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1996
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1210/EN.2006-0667
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that there are sex differences in the inhibitory effect of cortisol on pulsatile LH secretion and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in gonadectomized sheep. In experiment 1, pulsatile LH secretion was examined in gonadectomized ewes and rams infused with either saline, a low (250 microg/kg.h) or a high (500 microg/kg.h) dose of cortisol for 30 h. In experiment 2, direct pituitary actions of cortisol were assessed by monitoring LH pulse litude in response to exogenous GnRH in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ewes and rams infused with the low dose of cortisol. In experiment 1, the mean (+/-sem) plasma LH concentration was (P<0.05) reduced significantly during cortisol infusion in both sexes, but the effect was greater in rams. In ewes, LH pulse litude and frequency were reduced (P<0.05) at the high, but not the low, cortisol dose, whereas total LH output (LH pulse litude multiplied by frequency) was reduced (P<0.05) at both doses. In rams, LH pulse frequency and litude and total LH output were (P<0.05) reduced significantly at both cortisol doses. In experiment 2, plasma LH concentration and pulse litude in response to exogenous GnRH were not affected by infusion of cortisol in either sex. We conclude that gonadectomized rams are more sensitive than gonadectomized ewes to the effects of cortisol to inhibit LH secretion and that sex differences exist in the specific actions of cortisol on LH pulses. The results of experiment 2 suggest that intact hypothalamic input to the pituitary is necessary for cortisol to inhibit pituitary responsiveness to GnRH.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4320(98)00057-8
Abstract: It has been proposed that short-term activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis, with a consequent increase in the secretion of cortisol, amy disrupt the endocrine events prior to ovulation and thereby impair reproduction in females. We investigated this concept in gilts in which oestrus was detected by introduction to boars, where intense physical contact is possible, or by applying pressure to the back of gilts (back-pressure test) during fence-line exposure to boars, where intense physical contact is prohibited. We expected that there would be a greater release of cortisol and that reproduction would be inhibited in gilts introduced to boars compared to gilts in which the back-pressure test was used. As expected, introduction of gilts to boars resulted in a significant transient increase in plasma concentrations of cortisol while there was no significant effect of using the back-pressure test on plasma cortisol. Nevertheless, introduction of gilts to boars did not impair reproduction and there was no effect of method of detecting oestrus on duration of oestrus, sexual receptivity, fertility or fecundity. The length of the oestrous cycle was decreased and ovulation rate increased in gilts that were introduced to boars compared to gilts that underwent the back-pressure test, indicating that introduction of gilts to boars may have stimulated these aspects of reproduction. These stimulatory effects may have been due to an increased exposure of gilts to sexual behaviour and stimuli from boars when introduced to boars and/or to stimulatory effects of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis on some aspects of reproduction.
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 05-2001
Abstract: We tested the hypotheses that progesterone enhances the negative feedback actions of testosterone in rams and that this occurs through actions at the hypothalamus. In the first part of this study, blood s les were collected every 10 min for 12 h before and after 7 days of treatment (i.m.) of castrated Romney Marsh rams (n=5 per group) with vehicle, progesterone (4 mg/12 h), testosterone (4 mg/12 h) or a combination of progesterone (4 mg/12 h) and testosterone (4 mg/12 h). In the second part of this study the brains of four gonad-intact Romney Marsh rams were collected, the hypothalamus was sectioned and in situ hybridisation of mRNA for progesterone receptors conducted. After 7 days of treatment with vehicle or progesterone or testosterone alone, there were no changes in the secretion of LH. In contrast, treatment with a combination of progesterone and testosterone resulted in a significant (P .01, repeated measures ANOVA) decrease in mean plasma concentrations of LH, the number of LH pulses per hour and the pre-LH pulse nadir and a significant (P .01) increase in the inter-LH pulse interval. We found cells containing mRNA for progesterone receptors throughout the hypothalamus, including the preoptic area (where most GnRH neurons are located in sheep), the periventricular, ventromedial and arcuate nuclei and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. This study shows that progesterone is capable of acting centrally with testosterone to suppress the secretion of LH in castrated rams and that cells containing mRNA for progesterone receptors are located in the hypothalamus of rams in the vicinity of GnRH neurons.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1159/000117576
Abstract: There is evidence that levels of adipose tissue can influence responses of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to stress in humans and rats but this has not been explored in sheep. Also, little is known about the sympathoadrenal responses to stress in in iduals with relatively different levels of adipose tissue. We tested the hypothesis that the stress-induced activation of the HPA axis and sympathoadrenal system is lower in ovariectomized ewes with low levels of body fat (lean) than ovariectomized ewes with high levels of body fat (fat). Ewes underwent dietary manipulation for 3 months to yield a group of lean ewes (n = 7) with a mean (±SEM) live weight of 39.1 ± 0.9 kg and body fat of 8.9 ± 0.6% and fat ewes (n = 7) with a mean (±SEM) live weight of 69.0 ± 1.8 kg and body fat of 31.7 ± 3.4%. Fat ewes also had higher circulating concentrations of leptin than lean ewes. Blood s les were collected every 15 min over 8 h when no stress was imposed (control day) and on a separate day when 4 h of isolation/restraint was imposed after 4 h of pretreatment s ling (stress day). Plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine did not change significantly over the control day and did not differ between lean and fat ewes. Stress did not affect plasma leptin levels. All stress hormones increased significantly during isolation/restraint stress. The ACTH, cortisol and epinephrine responses were greater in fat ewes than lean ewes but norepinephrine responses were similar. Our results suggest that relative levels of adipose tissue influence the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis and some aspects of the sympathoadrenal system with fat animals having higher responses than lean animals.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1095/BIOLREPROD58.6.1458
Abstract: We investigated the effects of repeated acute activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis, prior to and during estrus, on reproduction in gilts. In idual gilts (n = 24 per treatment) either served as controls or were subjected to daily acute stress ("negative handling," brief electric shock with a battery-operated prodder during confinement with the experimenter) commencing, on average, 8 days prior to estrus. Gilts subjected to negative handling had a significant elevation in plasma concentrations of cortisol that lasted at least 3-4 h, and these gilts were slower than control gilts to approach and interact with the experimenter in a standard test. Nevertheless, reproductive performance--as measured by sexual receptivity and proceptivity, ovulation, the percentage of gilts that became pregnant, the number of embryos 20-21 days after insemination, and the weight of embryos--was not affected by repeated acute activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis. Our results suggest that repeated acute activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis prior to and during estrus does not affect the factors that control estrus and ovulation in gilts.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1152/AJPREGU.00276.2021
Abstract: Although the patterns of response within the sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) system and hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis are interesting and important in their own accord, the overall response to acute psychological stress involves reactivity of both pathways. We tested the hypothesis that consideration of the integrated response of these pathways may reveal dysregulation of the stress systems, which is not evident when considering either system alone. Age-matched lean and overweight/obese men were subjected to a Trier Social Stress Test and reactivity of the SAM system (salivary α-amylase, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) and the HPA axis (salivary cortisol) were measured. Relative reactivity of SAM system and HPA axis was calculated as the ratio between the measures from each pathway. Although analysis of reactivity of in idual stress pathways showed no evidence of dysfunction in overweight/obese compared with lean men, analysis of HPA/SAM reactivity revealed significantly lower cortisol over systolic blood pressure (CoSBP) and cortisol over diastolic blood pressure (CoDBP) reactivity in overweight/obese compared with lean men. Other measures of HPA/SAM reactivity and all measures of SAM/HPA reactivity were unaltered in overweight/obese compared with lean men. These findings suggest that the cortisol response per unit of blood pressure response is blunted in men with elevated adiposity. Furthermore, these findings support a notion of a coordinated overall approach to activation of the stress pathways with the degree of activation in one pathway being related to the degree of activation in the other.
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 03-2006
DOI: 10.1677/JOE.1.06328
Abstract: It is important to understand factors that may influence responses to stress, as these factors may also influence vulnerability to pathologies that can develop when stress responses are excessive or prolonged. It is clear that, in adults, the sex of an in idual can influence the cortisol response to stress in a stressor specific manner. Nevertheless, the stage of development at which these sex differences emerge is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that there are sex differences in the cortisol response to tail docking and ACTH in lambs of 1 and 8 weeks of age. We also established cortisol responses in males when tail docking was imposed alone and in combination with castration at these ages. In experiment 1, 1 and 8 week old male and female lambs were subjected to sham handling, tail docking or, in males, a combination of tail docking and castration. In experiment 2, we administered ACTH (1.0 IU/kg) to male and female lambs at 1 and 8 weeks of age. There were significant cortisol responses to all treatments at both ages. Sex differences in the cortisol responses to tail docking and ACTH developed between 1 and 8 weeks of age, with females having greater responses than males. The data suggest that the mechanism for the sex difference in response to tail docking may involve the adrenal glands. At both ages, in males, the cortisol response to the combined treatment of tail docking and castration was significantly greater than that for tail docking alone.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2005.01.045
Abstract: The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is integral to regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and contains cells producing corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and enkephalin. We used immunohistochemistry to map these peptides and to resolve the extent of co-localization within PVN cells in intact and gonadectomized male and female sheep. Immunoreactive (ir) CRH, AVP and enkephalin cells were mapped in two rams and two ewes at 180 mum intervals throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the PVN. Similar distributions of AVP-ir cells occurred in both sexes whereas CRH-ir and enkephalin-ir cells extended more rostrally in rams. In groups (n=4) of intact and gonadectomized sheep of both sexes, co-localization and distribution of neuropeptides was influenced by sex and gonadectomy. Males had more AVP and CRH cells than females. Intact animals had more AVP cells than gonadectomized animals. There were no differences between groups in the number or percentage of cells that stained for both CRH and AVP or in the number of cells that stained for both CRH and enkephalin. Differences were observed in the percentage of enkephalin cells that contained CRH with males having a greater percentage of co-localized cells than did females. Differences were also observed in the number and percentage of cells that stained for both enkephalin and AVP the number of cells that stained for both neuropeptides was greater in males than in females and greater in intact animals than in gonadectomized animals. Differences were observed in the percentage of AVP cells that contained enkephalin, and in the percentage of enkephalin cells that contained AVP with males having a greater percentage of co-localized cells than did females. We conclude that sex and gonadal status affect peptide distribution in the PVN of the sheep which may provide an anatomical basis for sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress.
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 04-2002
Abstract: There are sex differences in the response to stress and in the influence of stress on reproduction which may be due to gonadal steroids but the nature of these differences and the role of the gonads are not understood. We tested the hypotheses that sex and the presence/absence of gonads (gonadal status) will influence the cortisol response to injection of ACTH, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and isolation/restraint stress, and that sex and gonadal status will influence the secretion of LH in response to isolation/restraint stress. Four groups of sheep were used in each of three experiments: gonad-intact rams, gonadectomised rams, gonad-intact ewes in the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and gonadectomised ewes. In Experiment 1 (n=4/group), jugular blood s les were collected every 10 min for 6 h after 3 h, two animals in each group were injected (i.v.) with ACTH and the remaining two animals were injected (i.v.) with saline. Treatments were reversed 5 days later so that every animal received both treatments. Experiment 2 (n=4/group) used a similar schedule except that insulin was injected (i.v.) instead of ACTH. In Experiment 3 (n=5/group), blood s les were collected every 10 min for 16 h on a control day and again 2 weeks later when, after 8 h of s ling, all sheep were isolated and restrained for 8 h. Plasma cortisol was significantly (P .05) elevated following injection of ACTH or insulin and during isolation/restraint stress. There were no significant differences between the sexes in the cortisol response to ACTH. Rams had a greater (P .05) cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia than ewes while ewes had a greater (P .05) cortisol response to isolation/restraint stress than rams. There was no effect of gonadal status on these parameters. Plasma LH was suppressed (P .05) in gonadectomised animals during isolation/restraint stress but was not affected in gonad-intact animals, and there were no differences between the sexes. Our results show that the sex that has the greater cortisol response to a stressor depends on the stressor imposed and that these sex differences are likely to be at the level of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit rather than at the adrenal gland. Since there was a sex difference in the cortisol response to isolation/restraint, the lack of a sex difference in the response of LH to this stress suggests that glucocorticoids are unlikely to be a major mediator of the stress-induced suppression of LH secretion.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-03-2018
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1530/EC-17-0192
Abstract: The effect of working on-call from home on the sympatho-adrenal medullary system activity is currently unknown. This study had two aims, Aim 1: examine salivary alpha amylase awakening response (AAR) and diurnal salivary alpha amylase (sAA) profile in fire and emergency service workers who operate on-call from home following a night on-call with a call (NIGHT-CALL), a night on-call without a call (NO-CALL) and an off-call night (OFF-CALL), and Aim 2: explore whether there was an anticipatory effect of working on-call from home (ON) compared to when there was an off-call (OFF) on the diurnal sAA profile. Participants wore activity monitors, completed sleep and work diaries and collected seven saliva s les a day for one week. AAR area under the curve with respect to ground (AUC G ), AAR area under the curve with respect to increase (AUC I ), AAR reactivity, diurnal sAA slope, diurnal sAA AUC G and mean 12-h sAA concentrations were calculated. Separate generalised estimating equation models were constructed for each variable of interest for each aim. For Aim 1, there were no differences between NIGHT-CALL or NO-CALL and OFF-CALL for any response variable. For Aim 2, there was no difference between any response variable of interest when ON the following night compared to when OFF the following night ( n = 14). These findings suggest that there is no effect of working on-call from home on sAA, but should be interpreted with caution, as overnight data were not collected. Future research, using overnight heart rate monitoring, could help confirm these findings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.DOMANIEND.2008.11.003
Abstract: Stress disrupts the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in females, but the mechanisms are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that cortisol compromises the ability of estrogen to induce a preovulatory-like LH surge in ovariectomized ewes in both the breeding and nonbreeding season. Luteinizing hormone surges were induced in ovariectomized ewes by treatment with progesterone followed by a surge-inducing estradiol-17beta (E2) stimulus using a crossover design. The experiment was replicated in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Cortisol reduced the incidence of LH surges irrespective of season. Cortisol increased the latency from E2 stimulus to the onset of the surge in the breeding season only and suppressed the LH surge litude during both seasons (P<0.01). We conclude that cortisol can interfere with the LH surge in several ways: delay, blunt, and in extreme cases prevent the E2-induced LH surge. Furthermore, the effect of cortisol to delay the E2-induced LH surge is more pronounced in the breeding season. These results show that cortisol disrupts the positive feedback effect of E2 to trigger an LH surge and suggest the involvement of multiple mechanisms.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-11-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114518003070
Abstract: The present study examined the association between high-quality diet (using the Mediterranean diet (MD) as an ex le) and well-being cross-sectionally and prospectively in Spanish children and adolescents. Participants included 533 children and 987 adolescents at baseline and 527 children and 798 adolescents at 2-year follow-up, included in the UP& DOWN study (follow-up in schoolchildren and adolescents with and without Down’s syndrome). The present study excluded participants with Down’s syndrome. Adherence to an MD was assessed using the KIDMED index. Well-being was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire. Associations between MD adherence and well-being were assessed using multi-level, mixed-effects linear regression. At baseline, MD adherence was positively related to health-related quality of life in secondary school girls and boys ( β =0·41, se 0·10, P ·001 β =0·46, se 0·10, P ·001, respectively) and to positive affect in secondary school girls and boys ( β =0·16, se 0·05, P =0·006 β =0·20, se 0·05, P ·001, respectively) and in primary school boys ( β =0·20, se 0·08, P =0·019). At 2-year follow-up, MD adherence was negatively related to negative affect in secondary school adolescent girls and boys ( β =–0·15, se 0·07, P =0·047 β =–0·16, se 0·06, P =0·019, respectively), and MD adherence was associated with higher positive affect scores in secondary school girls ( β =0·30, se 0·06, P ·001) and in primary school boys ( β =0·20, se 0·09, P =0·023). However, MD adherence at baseline did not predict well-being indicators at 2-year follow-up. In conclusion, higher MD adherence was found to behave as a protective factor for positive well-being in cross-sectional analysis.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1159/000369854
Abstract: b i Background: /i /b To determine the effect of adiposity in males aged 50-70 years on cardiovascular responses to acute psychological stress. b i Methods: /i /b Lean (BMI 20-25 kg/m sup /sup ) (n = 21) and overweight/obese (BMI 27-35 kg/m sup /sup ) (n = 21) men aged 50-70 years were subjected to psychological stress. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac output were measured by a Finometer during resting (60 min), stress (30 min), and recovery (90 min). b i Results: /i /b The lean group had a significantly higher SBP stress reactivity when compared to the overweight/obese group (51.5 ± 3.7% vs. 41.0 ± 2.9% (mean ± SEM) p 0.05). A significant effect of time was observed for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac output (p 0.0001 for all). There were significant time × body type interactions for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac output (p 0.05 for all). Total peripheral resistance during recovery was higher in the lean compared to the overweight/obese group (p 0.05). In the lean group, systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability remained elevated after stress (p 0.05) but returned to resting levels in the overweight/obese group (p 0.05). b i Conclusion: /i /b Moderate adiposity in men was associated with reduced systolic blood pressure % reactivity, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure variability after psychological stress. Overweight/obese men appear to be at no greater risk of unfavorable cardiovascular responses to stress.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.SMRV.2016.06.001
Abstract: On-call work is becoming an increasingly common work pattern, yet the human impacts of this type of work are not well established. Given the likelihood of calls to occur outside regular work hours, it is important to consider the potential impact of working on-call on stress physiology and sleep. The aims of this review were to collate and evaluate evidence on the effects of working on-call from home on stress physiology and sleep. A systematic search of Ebsco Host, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect was conducted. Search terms included: on-call, on call, standby, sleep, cortisol, heart rate, adrenaline, noradrenaline, nor-adrenaline, epinephrine, norepinephrine, nor-epinephrine, salivary alpha amylase and alpha amylase. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, with only one study investigating the effect of working on-call from home on stress physiology. All eight studies investigated the effect of working on-call from home on sleep. Working on-call from home appears to adversely affect sleep quantity, and in most cases, sleep quality. However, studies did not differentiate between night's on-call from home with and without calls. Data examining the effect of working on-call from home on stress physiology were not sufficient to draw meaningful conclusions.
Publisher: Medknow
Date: 2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1210/EN.2005-1632
Abstract: We investigated the effect of the presence and absence of lambs and suckling by lambs to attenuate activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to isolation and restraint stress in lactating sheep. In experiment 1, blood s les were collected every 10 min from nonlactating (n = 5) and lactating (n = 5) ewes for 4 h before and during stress. In experiment 2, ewes (n = 6) were allocated to 1) nonlactating, 2) lactating with lambs absent, 3) lactating with lambs present but unable to suckle, and 4) lactating with lambs present and able to suckle. Blood s les were collected over 8 h with no stress (control day) and for 4 h before and 4 h during stress (stress day). In experiment 1, the mean (±sem) cortisol concentrations increased significantly (P & 0.05) in nonlactating ewes during stress but did not change in lactating ewes. In experiment 2, cortisol did not vary on the control day or pretreatment of the stress day but increased (P & 0.05) during stress in all groups except lactating ewes with lambs present and able to suckle. The greatest cortisol response occurred in nonlactating ewes followed by lactating ewes with lambs absent and lactating ewes with lambs present but unable to suckle. During stress, the ACTH concentrations increased (P & 0.05) in nonlactating ewes and lactating ewes with lambs absent but not in lactating ewes with lambs present. We conclude that the activity of the HPA axis during isolation and restraint is reduced in lactating ewes and that the presence of lambs increases this level of attenuation.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1999
DOI: 10.1095/BIOLREPROD61.3.614
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that sustained and repeated acute elevation of cortisol would impair the LH surge, estrus, and ovulation in gilts. Cortisol was injected intramuscularly, to achieve a sustained elevation of plasma concentrations of cortisol, or intravenously, to achieve an acute elevation of plasma concentrations of cortisol. Control gilts received i.m. injections of oil and i.v. injections of saline. These treatments were administered to gilts (n = 6 per treatment) at 12-h intervals from Days 7 to 11 of the estrous cycle until after estrus ceased or until Day 27 or 28 of the estrous cycle, whichever came first. The repeated acute elevation of cortisol had no effect on the LH surge, estrus, or ovulation. In contrast, when the elevation of cortisol was sustained, the LH surge, estrus, and ovulation were inhibited. We conclude that cortisol is capable of direct actions to impair reproductive processes in female pigs but that plasma concentrations of cortisol need to be elevated for a substantial period for this to occur.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1159/000096372
Abstract: Stress compromises reproductive function and the major physiological system activated during stress is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are produced in neurones of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), drive the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and are also implicated in the suppression of the reproductive axis. We used retrograde tracing and Fos labelling to map the projections from the PVN to the preoptic area (POA) where most gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones are found. Fluorogold (FG) injections were made into the POA of gonadectomised male and female sheep (n = 5/sex), the animals were stressed and the brains recovered for histochemistry. All animals responded to stress with an increase in the number of Fos-labelled nuclei in the PVN. Few retrogradely labelled cells of the PVN were activated by stress. Dual labelling showed that very few FG-labelled cells also stained for corticotrophin-releasing hormone, none for AVP or enkephalin. Dual labelling for FG and Fos in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the arcuate nucleus showed that no FG-labelled cells in the BNST and only few in the ARC were activated by stress. No sex differences were observed in the activation of FG-labelled cells in any of the nuclei examined. We conclude that, although cells of the PVN, BNST and/or arcuate nucleus may affect reproduction via the GnRH cells of the POA, this is unlikely to involve direct input to the POA. If cells of these regions are involved in GnRH suppression during stress, this may occur via interneuronal pathways.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-08-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-05-2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-07-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S12020-015-0687-6
Abstract: It is not clear if higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with lower hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and sympatho-adrenal medullary (SAM) system reactivity to psychological stress in women. The association between cardio-metabolic risk markers and acute physiological responses to psychological stress in women who differ in their cardiorespiratory fitness status has also not been investigated. Women with high (n = 22) and low (n = 22) levels of fitness aged 30-50 years (in the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle) were subjected to a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) at 1500 h. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenaline (Adr), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) were measured in s les collected every 7-15 min from 1400 to 1700 h. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured at the same time points. Low-fit women had elevated serum triglyceride, cholesterol/HDL ratio, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR levels compared with high-fit women. While cortisol, Adr, NA, HR, and blood pressure all demonstrated a significant response to the TSST, the responses of these variables did not differ significantly between high- and low-fit women in response to the TSST. Dopamine reactivity was significantly higher in the low-fit women compared with high-fit women. There was also a significant negative correlation between VO2 max and DA reactivity. These findings suggest that, for low-fit women aged 30-50 years, the response of HPA axis and SAM system to a potent acute psychological stressor is not compromised compared to that in high-fit women.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-01-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13020356
Abstract: Background: In children and adolescents, chronic low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of co- and multi-morbid conditions to mental health disorders. Diet quality is a potential mechanism of action that can exacerbate or ameliorate low-grade inflammation however, the exact way dietary intake can regulate the immune response in children and adolescents is still to be fully understood. Methods: Studies that measured dietary intake (patterns of diet, indices, food groups, nutrients) and any inflammatory biomarkers in children and adolescents aged 2 to19 years and published until November 2020 were included in this systematic review, and were selected in line with PRISMA guidelines through the following databases: Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Global Health, Medline COMPLETE and Web of Science–Core Collection. A total of 53 articles were identified. Results: Results show that adequate adherence to healthful dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, or food groups such as vegetables and fruit, or macro/micro nutrients such as fibre or vitamin C and E, are associated with decreased levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, mainly c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), whereas adherence to a Western dietary pattern, as well as intake of food groups such as added sugars, macro-nutrients such as saturated fatty acids or ultra-processed foods, is associated with higher levels of the same pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusions: This is the first systematic review examining dietary intake and biological markers of inflammation in both children and adolescents. A good quality diet, high in vegetable and fruit intake, wholegrains, fibre and healthy fats ameliorates low-grade inflammation, and therefore represents a promising therapeutic approach, as well as an important element for disease prevention in both children and adolescents.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-04-2019
DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1584178
Abstract: Working on-call with a night call resulted in a depressed (lower) cortisol awakening response (CAR) peak and post-awakening cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground (AUC
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2006.12.045
Abstract: This study investigated sex differences in the stress-induced activation of neurons containing corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and enkephalin in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of gonadectomized male and female sheep. Groups (n=3) of both sexes were either subjected to 90 min isolation and restraint stress (stress group) or were not stressed. Blood s les were taken every 10 min for 90 min prior to and after stress to monitor cortisol levels in plasma. Brains were harvested after 90 min of stress. Stress caused elevation of plasma cortisol levels to a similar extent in both sexes. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for Fos and either CRH, AVP or enkephalin was undertaken to quantify the numbers of neurons staining for CRH, AVP and enkephalin that also immunostained for Fos. Stress increased Fos immunostaining in all cell types. There was a greater proportion of CRH than AVP neurons activated in stressed animals. There were no sex differences in the activation of CRH and AVP neurons although females had a greater proportion of enkephalin cells staining for Fos than males in both control and stressed animals. There were no differences between control and stressed animals in the proportion of cells co-staining for CRH and AVP. We conclude that isolation and restraint stress activates neurons producing CRH, AVP and enkephalin in sheep and that CRH may play a greater role than AVP in regulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion in response to this stressor in sheep. Finally, isolation and restraint stress does not influence co-localization of CRH and AVP in sheep.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 30-10-2018
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114518003148
Abstract: High Na intake and chronically elevated cortisol levels are independently associated with the development of chronic diseases. In adults, high Na intake is associated with high levels of urinary cortisol. We aimed to determine the association between urinary Na and K and urinary cortisol in a cross-sectional s le of Australian schoolchildren and their mothers. Participants were a s le of Australian children ( n 120) and their mothers ( n 100) recruited through primary schools. We assessed Na, K, free cortisol and cortisol metabolites in one 24 h urine collection. Associations between 24 h urinary electrolytes and 24 h urinary cortisol were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models. In children, urinary Na was positively associated with urinary free cortisol ( β =0·31, 95 % CI 0·19, 0·44) and urinary cortisol metabolites ( β =0·006, 95 % CI 0·002, 0·010). Positive associations were also observed between urinary K and urinary free cortisol ( β =0·65, 95 % CI 0·23, 1·07) and urinary cortisol metabolites ( β =0·02, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·031). In mothers, urinary Na was positively associated with urinary free cortisol ( β =0·23, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·50) and urinary cortisol metabolites ( β =0·008, 95 % CI 0·0007, 0·016). Our findings show that daily Na and K intake were positively associated with cortisol production in children and their mothers. Investigation of the mechanisms involved and the potential impact of Na reduction on cortisol levels in these populations is warranted.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 11-2015
Abstract: This research tested the hypothesis that women who had higher levels of physical fitness will have lower hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis (cortisol) and sympatho-adrenal medullary system (blood pressure and heart rate) responses to food intake compared with women who had low levels of physical fitness. Lower fitness (n = 22 maximal oxygen consumption = 27.4 ± 1.0 mL∙kg −1 ·min −1 ) and higher fitness (n = 22 maximal oxygen consumption = 41.9 ± 1.6 mL∙kg −1 ·min −1 ) women (aged 30–50 years in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle) who participated in levels of physical activity that met (lower fitness = 2.7 ± 0.5 h/week) or considerably exceeded (higher fitness = 7.1 ± 1.4 h/week) physical activity guidelines made their own lunch using standardised ingredients at 1200 h. Concentrations of cortisol were measured in blood s les collected every 15 min from 1145–1400 h. Blood pressures and heart rate were also measured every 15 min between 1145 h and 1400 h. The meal consumed by the participants consisted of 20% protein, 61% carbohydrates, and 19% fat. There was a significant overall response to lunch in all of the parameters measured (time effect for all, p 0.01). The cortisol response to lunch was not significantly different between the groups (time × treatment, p = 0.882). Overall, both groups showed the same pattern of cortisol secretion (treatment p = 0.839). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, or heart rate responses (time × treatment, p = 0.726, 0.898, 0.713, and 0.620, respectively) were also similar between higher and lower fitness women. Results suggest that the physiological response to food intake in women is quite resistant to modification by elevated physical fitness levels.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.DOMANIEND.2005.02.031
Abstract: It is generally agreed that stress can impair reproduction. Furthermore, it is often thought that cortisol, which is secreted during stress as a result of activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis, is associated with this stress-induced impairment of reproduction. It has been hypothesized that reproduction in females is particularly susceptible to disruption by acute stress during the series of endocrine events that induce estrus and ovulation. Nevertheless, we found no support for this conjecture when we subjected female pigs to repeated acute stress or repeated acute elevation of cortisol during the period leading up to estrus and ovulation. Conversely, studies have demonstrated that prolonged stress and sustained elevation of cortisol can disrupt reproductive processes in female pigs. Nevertheless, in each study that demonstrated this effect, there were some animals subjected to the prolonged stressor or the sustained elevation of cortisol in which the reproductive parameters that were measured were not affected by the treatment. We propose that reproduction in female pigs is resistant to the effects of acute or repeated acute stress or acute or repeated acute elevation of cortisol even if these occur during the series of endocrine events that induce estrus and ovulation. Furthermore, while reproductive processes in some in iduals are compromised, reproduction in a proportion of female pigs appears to be resistant to the effects of prolonged stress or sustained elevation of cortisol.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 08-2010
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 16-04-2004
Abstract: Homeostasis in the intact organism is achieved implicitly by repeated incremental feedback (inhibitory) and feedforward (stimulatory) adjustments enforced via intermittent signal exchange. In separated systems, neurohormone signals act deterministically on target cells via quantifiable effector-response functions. On the other hand, in vivo interglandular signaling dynamics have not been estimable to date. Indeed, experimentally isolating components of an interactive network definitionally disrupts time-sensitive linkages. We implement and validate analytical reconstruction of endogenous effector-response properties via a composite model comprising ( i ) a deterministic basic feedback and feedforward ensemble structure ( ii ) judicious statistical allowance for possible stochastic variability in in idual biologically interpretable dose–response properties and ( iii ) the sole data requirement of serially observed concentrations of a paired signal (input) and response (output). Application of this analytical strategy to a prototypical neuroendocrine axis in the conscious uninjected horse, sheep, and human ( i ) illustrates probabilistic estimation of endogenous effector dose–response properties and ( ii ) unmasks statistically vivid (2- to 5-fold) random fluctuations in inferred target-gland responsivity within any given pulse train. In conclusion, balanced mathematical formalism allows one to ( i ) reconstruct deterministic properties of interglandular signaling in the intact mammal and ( ii ) quantify apparent signal-response variability over short time scales in vivo . The present proof-of-principle experiments introduce a previously undescribed means to estimate time-evolving signal-response relationships without isotope infusion or pathway disruption.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-01-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.YHBEH.2008.04.005
Abstract: Various stressors suppress pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in ewes and cortisol has been shown to be a mediator of this effect under various conditions. In contrast, little is known about the impact of stress and cortisol on sexual behavior in the ewe. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that both psychosocial stress and stress-like levels of cortisol will reduce the level of attractivity, proceptivity and receptivity in addition to suppressing LH secretion in the ewe. In Experiment 1, a layered stress paradigm of psychosocial stress was used, consisting of isolation for 4 h with the addition of restraint, blindfold and noise of a barking dog (predator stress) at hourly intervals. This stress paradigm reduced LH pulse litude in ovariectomized ewes. In Experiment 2, ovariectomized ewes were artificially induced into estrus with progesterone and estradiol benzoate treatment and the layered stress paradigm was applied. LH was measured and sexual behavior was assessed using T-mazes and mating tests. Stress reduced pulsatile LH secretion, and also reduced attractivity and proceptivity of ewes but had no effect on receptivity. In Experiment 3, ewes artificially induced into estrus were infused with cortisol for 30 h. Cortisol elevated circulating plasma concentrations of cortisol, delayed the onset of estrus and resulted in increased circling behavior of ewes (i.e. moderate avoidance) during estrus and increased investigation and courtship from rams. There was no effect of cortisol on attractivity, proceptivity or receptivity during estrus. We conclude that psychosocial stress inhibits LH secretion, the ability of ewes to attract rams (attractivity) and the motivation of ewes to seek rams and initiate mating (proceptivity), but cortisol is unlikely to be the principal mediator of these effects.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-05-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10050613
No related grants have been discovered for Anne Turner.