ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5310-6640
Current Organisation
University of Tasmania
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Psychology | Health Promotion | Health, Clinical And Counselling Psychology | Gender Specific Studies
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-02-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2023.1119726
Abstract: Improvements in global public health require universal health care supported by a health workforce with competencies appropriate for local population needs–the right capabilities, in the right place, and at the right time. Health inequities persist in Tasmania, and Australia more broadly, most notably for those people living in rural and remote areas. The article describes the curriculum design thinking approach being used to codesign and develop a connected system of education and training to target intergenerational change in the allied health (AH) workforce capacity in Tasmania, and beyond. A curriculum design thinking process is engaging AH participant groups (faculty, AH professionals, and leaders across health, education, aged and disability sectors) in a series of focus groups and workshops. The design process deals with four questions: What is? What if? What wows? and What works? It also involves Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver phases that continue to inform the development of the new suite of AH education programs. The British Design Council's Double Diamond model is used to organize and interpret stakeholder input. During the initial design thinking discover phase, stakeholders identified four overarching problems: rurality, workforce challenges, graduate skill set shortfalls, and clinical placements and supervision. These problems are described in terms of relevance to the contextual learning environment in which AH education innovation is occurring. The develop phase of design thinking continues to involve working collaboratively with stakeholders to codesign potential solutions. Solutions to date include AH advocacy, a transformative visionary curriculum, and an interprofessional community-based education model. In Tasmania, innovative educational innovations are catalyzing attention and investment in the effective preparation of AH professionals for practice to deliver improved public health outcomes. A suite of AH education that is deeply networked and engaged with Tasmanian communities is being developed to drive transformational public health outcomes. These programs are playing an important role in strengthening the supply of allied health professionals with the right capabilities for metropolitan, regional, rural, and remote Tasmania. They are situated in a broader AH education and training strategy that supports the ongoing development of the AH workforce to better meet the therapy needs of people in Tasmanian communities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 30-04-2015
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1159/000321968
Abstract: An understanding of physical growth and maturation is relevant to many disciplines, including exercise and sport science, anthropology, human biology, medicine, psychology and education. Growth and maturation is governed by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. There is increasing evidence that physical activity plays an important role in normal growth, development, health and well-being of children and youth, however, caution is required in the activity setting so that growth and maturation is not jeopardized. To appreciate the impact of physical activity and/or exercise on growth and maturation, a thorough understanding of the general principles of auxology is useful. Following an introduction to terminology, an overview of physical growth and development is provided in the context of morphological changes. Detailed information is provided regarding in idual variability in growth and development along with sexual dimorphism. A small degree of sexual dimorphism exists at birth however striking differences develop during the pubertal years. Sexual dimorphism in body composition is largely regulated by endocrine factors with critical roles played by growth hormone and gonadal steroids.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-02-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JCM10040835
Abstract: Exposure to untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, and increased adiposity in GDM-exposed infants is suggested as a plausible mediator of this increased risk of later-life metabolic disorders. Evidence is equivocal regarding the impact of good glycaemic control in GDM mothers on infant adiposity at birth. We systematically reviewed studies reporting fat mass (FM), percent fat mass (%FM) and skinfold thicknesses (SFT) at birth in infants of mothers with GDM controlled with therapeutic interventions (IGDMtr). While treating GDM lowered FM in newborns compared to no treatment, there was no difference in FM and SFT according to the type of treatment (insulin, metformin, glyburide). IGDMtr had higher overall adiposity (mean difference, 95% confidence interval) measured with FM (68.46 g, 29.91 to 107.01) and %FM (1.98%, 0.54 to 3.42) but similar subcutaneous adiposity measured with SFT, compared to infants exposed to normal glucose tolerance (INGT). This suggests that IGDMtr may be characterised by excess fat accrual in internal adipose tissue. Given that intra-abdominal adiposity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, future studies should distinguish adipose tissue distribution of IGDMtr and INGT.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-02-2013
Abstract: Exercise could indirectly affect body weight by exerting changes on various components of appetite control, including nutrient and taste preferences, meal size and frequency, and the drive to eat. This review summarizes the evidence on how exercise affects appetite and eating behavior and in particular answers the question, “Does exercise induce an increase in food intake to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure?” Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that there is no automatic increase in food intake in response to acute exercise and that the response to repeated exercise is variable. The review will also identify areas of further study required to explain the variability. One limitation with studies that assess the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight control is that only mean data are presented—the in idual variability tends to be overlooked. Recent evidence highlights the importance of characterizing the in idual variability by demonstrating exercise-induced changes in appetite. In iduals who experience lower than theoretically predicted reductions in body weight can be characterized by hedonic (eg, pleasure) and homeostatic (eg, hunger) features.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2018.11.015
Abstract: Ratings of subjective appetite and food hedonics provide valuable information about energy and macronutrient intake. Ensuring reproducibility of measures of subjective appetite, and food liking and wanting is essential for accurate understanding about their implementation in intervention studies. Nineteen participants participated in two separate 10-h test days consisting of 6 test meals. Subjective appetite was measured in the fasted state and periodically across the test day in a postprandial state. Liking and wanting were measured using the Leeds Food Preferences Questionnaire (LFPQ) immediately before and after breakfast, immediately before the second meal, and at the end of the test day. Reproducibility of appetite scores was similar to those previously reported in males, however females tended to have consistently higher CVs, wider CRs and wider 95% CIs. Variability in food hedonics was of a similar magnitude to subjective appetite with CVs for fasting explicit liking and wanting between 15.3 and 33.4%, correlations for both implicit and explicit liking and wanting between 0.18 and 0.87 and CRs indicating 95% of between-day changes for any given in idual should fall within ±43.4 mm of the mean change. Averages of food hedonics during the test day reduced CVs, improved correlations and reduced CRs. Despite no mean change in preceding energy and nutrient intake, in idual changes in prior energy and macronutrient intake appeared to influence in idual between-day changes in appetite and food hedonics, and appetite and food hedonics were intricately linked. Larger subject numbers may be required for appetite studies with female participants due to greater appetite variability. The LFPQ as a tool for measuring implicit and explicit liking and wanting is sufficiently reproducible and improved by averaging multiple measures across a day.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-11-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2011
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 19-05-2012
Abstract: Does exercise promote weight loss? One of the key problems with studies assessing the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight management and obesity is that mean data are presented and the in idual variability in response is overlooked. Recent data have highlighted the need to demonstrate and characterise the in idual variability in response to exercise. Do people who exercise compensate for the increase in energy expenditure via compensatory increases in hunger and food intake? The authors address the physiological, psychological and behavioural factors potentially involved in the relationship between exercise and appetite, and identify the research questions that remain unanswered. A negative consequence of the phenomena of in idual variability and compensatory responses has been the focus on those who lose little weight in response to exercise this has been used unreasonably as evidence to suggest that exercise is a futile method of controlling weight and managing obesity. Most of the evidence suggests that exercise is useful for improving body composition and health. For ex le, when exercise-induced mean weight loss is <1.0 kg, significant improvements in aerobic capacity (+6.3 ml/kg/min), systolic (-6.00 mm Hg) and diastolic (-3.9 mm Hg) blood pressure, waist circumference (-3.7 cm) and positive mood still occur. However, people will vary in their responses to exercise understanding and characterising this variability will help tailor weight loss strategies to suit in iduals.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 17-11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PEC.2010.03.001
Abstract: Walking is commonly recommended to help with weight management. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components to quantify the impact of increasing exercise-induced energy expenditure (ExEE) on other components of TEE. Thirteen obese women underwent an 8-week walking group intervention. TEE was quantified using doubly labeled water, ExEE was quantified using heart rate monitors, daily movement was assessed by accelerometry and resting metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry. Four of the 13 participants achieved the target of 1500kcalwk(-1) of ExEE and all achieved 1000kcalwk(-1). The average ExEE achieved by the group across the 8 weeks was 1434+/-237kcalwk(-1). Vigorous physical activity, as assessed by accelerometry, increased during the intervention by an average of 30min per day. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) decreased, on average, by 175kcald(-1) (-22%) from baseline to the intervention and baseline fitness was correlated with change in NEAT. Potential alterations in non-exercise activity should be considered when exercise is prescribed. The provision of appropriate education on how to self-monitor daily activity levels may improve intervention outcomes in groups who are new to exercise. Strategies to sustain incidental and light physical activity should be offered to help empower in iduals as they develop and maintain healthy and long-lasting lifestyle habits.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-03-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0264744
Abstract: Many factors can negatively impact perinatal outcomes, including inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG). Despite having the greatest potential to influence maternal and infant health, there is a lack of consensus regarding the GWG consistent with a healthy pregnancy. To date, GWG in Northern Tasmania remains understudied. We investigated how maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is related to weight gain during pregnancy and weight retention post-partum, and how maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is related to the mode of delivery. Approximately 300 Tasmanian mothers (n = 291 for mode of delivery and n = 282 for GWG) were included in this study. Analysis of variance and chi square tests were conducted to assess differences in BW of mothers across BMI categories and differences between categorical variables respectively. Based on pre-pregnancy BMI, mothers were assigned to one of three groups, with healthy weight ( kg m -2 ), with overweight (25–29.9 kg m -2 ), or with obesity ( kg m -2 ). Pre-pregnancy BMI and body weight (BW) were significantly associated (p .001) with post-partum BW at 3 and 6 months. Only 25% of mothers with a normal weight BMI, 34% with overweight and 13% with obesity, achieved the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for GWG. Interestingly, a number of women in our cohort lost weight during gestation (1.5, 9 and 37% in , 25–29.9 and kg m -2 groups, respectively). Further, women with obesity showed the lowest level of BW fluctuation and retained less weight post-partum. The highest number of caesarean sections were observed in mothers who exceeded GWG recommendations. Most mothers either exceeded or failed to achieve IOM recommendations for GWG. To improve the generalisability of these findings, this study should be replicated in a larger representative s le of the Tasmanian maternal population.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2013
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 31-05-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511001681
Abstract: Overweight and obesity in Asian children are increasing at an alarming rate therefore a better understanding of the relationship between BMI and percentage body fat (%BF) in this population is important. A total of 1039 children aged 8–10 years, encompassing a wide BMI range, were recruited from China, Lebanon, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. Body composition was determined using the 2 H dilution technique to quantify total body water and subsequently fat mass, fat-free mass and %BF. Ethnic differences in the BMI–%BF relationship were found for ex le, %BF in Filipino boys was approximately 2 % lower than in their Thai and Malay counterparts. In contrast, Thai girls had approximately 2·0 % higher %BF values than in their Chinese, Lebanese, Filipino and Malay counterparts at a given BMI. However, the ethnic difference in the BMI–%BF relationship varied by BMI. Compared with Caucasian children of the same age, Asian children had 3–6 units lower BMI at a given %BF. Approximately one-third of the obese Asian children (%BF above 25 % for boys and above 30 % for girls) in the study were not identified using the WHO classification and more than half using the International Obesity Task Force classification. Use of the Chinese classification increased the sensitivity. Results confirmed the necessity to consider ethnic differences in body composition when developing BMI cut-points and other obesity criteria in Asian children.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2015
Abstract: The three-compartment (3-C) model of physique assessment (fat mass, fat-free mass, water) incorporates total body water (TBW) whereas the two-compartment model (2-C) assumes a TBW of 73.72%. Deuterium dilution (D 2 O) is the reference method for measuring TBW but is expensive and time consuming. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS SFB7) estimates TBW instantaneously and claims high precision. Our aim was to compare SFB7 with D 2 O for estimating TBW in resistance trained males (BMI kg/m 2 ). We included TBW BIS estimates in a 3-C model and contrasted this and the 2-C model against the reference 3-C model using TBW D2O . TBW of 29 males (32.4 ± 8.5 years 183.4 ± 7.2 cm 92.5 ± 9.9 kg 27.5 ± 2.6 kg/m 2 ) was measured using SFB7 and D 2 O. Body density was measured by BODPOD, with body composition calculated using the Siri equation. TBW BIS values were consistent with TBW D2O (SEE = 2.65L TE = 2.6L) as were %BF values from the 3-C model (BODPOD + TBW BIS ) with the 3-C reference model (SEE = 2.20% TE = 2.20%). For subjects with TBW more than 1% from the assumed 73.72% ( n = 16), %BF from the 2-C model differed significantly from the reference 3-C model (Slope 0.6888 Intercept 5.093). The BIS SFB7 measured TBW accurately compared with D 2 O. The 2C model with an assumed TBW of 73.72% introduces error in the estimation of body composition. We recommend TBW should be measured, either via the traditional D 2 O method or when resources are limited, with BIS, so that body composition estimates are enhanced. The BIS can be accurately used in 3C equations to better predict TBW and BF% in resistance trained males compared with a 2C model.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-08-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514001718
Abstract: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and isotope dilution technique have been used as reference methods to validate the estimates of body composition by simple field techniques however, very few studies have compared these two methods. We compared the estimates of body composition by DXA and isotope dilution ( 18 O) technique in apparently healthy Indian men and women (aged 19–70 years, n 152, 48 % men) with a wide range of BMI (14–40 kg/m 2 ). Isotopic enrichment was assessed by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy. The agreement between the estimates of body composition measured by the two techniques was assessed by the Bland–Altman method. The mean age and BMI were 37 ( sd 15) years and 23·3 ( sd 5·1) kg/m 2 , respectively, for men and 37 ( sd 14) years and 24·1 ( sd 5·8) kg/m 2 , respectively, for women. The estimates of fat-free mass were higher by about 7 (95 % CI 6, 9) %, those of fat mass were lower by about 21 (95 % CI − 18, − 23) %, and those of body fat percentage (BF%) were lower by about 7·4 (95 % CI − 8·2, − 6·6) % as obtained by DXA compared with the isotope dilution technique. The Bland–Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement that indicated poor agreement between the methods. The bias in the estimates of BF% was higher at the lower values of BF%. Thus, the two commonly used reference methods showed substantial differences in the estimates of body composition with wide limits of agreement. As the estimates of body composition are method-dependent, the two methods cannot be used interchangeably.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1080/02640411003602027
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of exercise prescribed with the amount completed between two different modes of training intervention and between the sexes. Thirty-two men (mean age = 39.1 years, body mass index = 32.9 kg x m(-2)) and women (mean age = 39.6 years, body mass index = 32.1 kg x m(-2)) were prescribed traditional resistance training or light-resistance circuit training for 16 weeks. Lean mass and fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 1 and 16. A completion index was calculated to provide a measure of the extent to which participants completed exercise training relative to the amount of exercise prescribed. The absolute amount of exercise completed by the circuit training group was significantly greater than the amount prescribed (P < 0.0001). The resistance training group consistently under-completed relative to the amount prescribed, but the difference was not significant. The completion index for the circuit training group (26 +/- 21.7%) was significantly different from that of the resistance training group (-7.4 +/- 3.0%). The completion index was not significantly different between men and women in either group. These data suggest that overweight and obese in iduals participating in light-resistance circuit training complete more exercise than is prescribed. Men and women do not differ in the extent to which they over- or under-complete prescribed exercise.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MCE.2015.09.014
Abstract: Energy restriction induces physiological effects that hinder further weight loss. Thus, deliberate periods of energy balance during weight loss interventions may attenuate these adaptive responses to energy restriction and thereby increase the efficiency of weight loss (i.e. the amount of weight or fat lost per unit of energy deficit). To address this possibility, we systematically searched MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PubMed and Cinahl and reviewed adaptive responses to energy restriction in 40 publications involving humans of any age or body mass index that had undergone a diet involving intermittent energy restriction, 12 with direct comparison to continuous energy restriction. Included publications needed to measure one or more of body weight, body mass index, or body composition before and at the end of energy restriction. 31 of the 40 publications involved 'intermittent fasting' of 1-7-day periods of severe energy restriction. While intermittent fasting appears to produce similar effects to continuous energy restriction to reduce body weight, fat mass, fat-free mass and improve glucose homeostasis, and may reduce appetite, it does not appear to attenuate other adaptive responses to energy restriction or improve weight loss efficiency, albeit most of the reviewed publications were not powered to assess these outcomes. Intermittent fasting thus represents a valid--albeit apparently not superior--option to continuous energy restriction for weight loss.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-05-2020
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 31-03-2010
DOI: 10.2337/DC09-2336
Abstract: To examine the feasibility of an in idualized exercise program to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women. The study was a pilot randomized controlled trial with obese pregnant women (intervention group, in idualized exercise program [n = 25] control group, usual care [n = 25]). Average weekly energy expenditure (MET hours per week and kilocalories per week) of exercise-specific activity was assessed during pregnancy using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Fasting glucose and insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed at baseline and 20, 28, and 36 weeks' gestation. Of the women in the intervention group, 16 of 22 (73%) achieved more than 900 kcal/week of exercise-based activity at 28 weeks compared with 8 of 19 women in the control group (42%), P = 0.047. However, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) did not differ between the groups. This intervention was feasible and prompted a modest increase in physical activity. However, we are not confident that this intervention would be sufficient to prevent GDM.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 20-05-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513001451
Abstract: Meal-induced thermogenesis (MIT) research findings have been highly inconsistent, in part, due to the variety of durations and protocols used to measure MIT. In the present study, we aimed to determine the following: (1) the proportion of a 6 h MIT response completed at 3, 4 and 5 h (2) the associations between the shorter durations and the 6 h measures (3) whether shorter durations improved the reproducibility of the measurement. MIT was measured in response to a 2410 kJ mixed composition meal in ten in iduals (five males and five females) on two occasions. Energy expenditure was measured continuously for 6 h post-meal using indirect calorimetry, and MIT was calculated as the increase in energy expenditure above the pre-meal RMR. On average, 76, 89 and 96 % of the 6 h MIT response was completed within 3, 4 and 5 h, respectively, and MIT at each of these time points was strongly correlated with the 6 h MIT response (range for correlations, r 0·990–0·998 P 0·01). The between-day CV for the 6 h measurement was 33 %, but it was significantly lower after 3 h of measurement (CV 26 % P = 0·02). Despite variability in the total MIT between days, the proportion of MIT that was completed at 3, 4 and 5 h was reproducible (mean CV: 5 %). While 6 h are typically required to measure the complete MIT response, the 3 h measures provide sufficient information about the magnitude of the MIT response and may be applicable for testing in iduals on repeated occasions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-02-2021
DOI: 10.1113/EP089301
Abstract: What is the central question of this study? The extent to which genetics determines adaptation to endurance versus resistance exercise is unclear. Previously, a ergent selective breeding rat model showed that genetic factors play a major role in the response to aerobic training. Here, we asked: do genetic factors that underpin poor adaptation to endurance training affect adaptation to functional overload? What is the main finding and its importance? Our data show that heritable factors in low responders to endurance training generated differential gene expression that was associated with impaired skeletal muscle hypertrophy. A maladaptive genotype to endurance exercise appears to dysregulate biological processes responsible for mediating exercise adaptation, irrespective of the mode of contraction stimulus. Divergent skeletal muscle phenotypes result from chronic resistance‐type versus endurance‐type contraction, reflecting the principle of training specificity. Our aim was to determine whether there is a common set of genetic factors that influence skeletal muscle adaptation to ergent contractile stimuli. Female rats were obtained from a genetically heterogeneous rat population and were selectively bred from high responders to endurance training (HRT) or low responders to endurance training (LRT n = 6/group generation 19). Both groups underwent 14 days of synergist ablation to induce functional overload of the plantaris muscle before comparison to non‐overloaded controls of the same phenotype. RNA sequencing was performed to identify Gene Ontology biological processes with differential (LRT vs. HRT) gene set enrichment. We found that running distance, determined in advance of synergist ablation, increased in response to aerobic training in HRT but not LRT (65 ± 26 vs. −6 ± 18%, mean ± SD, P 0.0001). The hypertrophy response to functional overload was attenuated in LRT versus HRT (20.1 ± 5.6 vs. 41.6 ± 16.1%, P = 0.015). Between‐group differences were observed in the magnitude of response of 96 upregulated and 101 downregulated pathways. A further 27 pathways showed contrasting upregulation or downregulation in LRT versus HRT in response to functional overload. I n conclusion, low responders to aerobic endurance training were also low responders for compensatory hypertrophy, and attenuated hypertrophy was associated with differential gene set regulation. Our findings suggest that genetic factors that underpin aerobic training maladaptation might also dysregulate the transcriptional regulation of biological processes that contribute to adaptation to mechanical overload.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2011
Abstract: To develop and cross-validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) prediction equations of total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) for Asian pre-pubertal children from China, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. Height, weight, age, gender, resistance and reactance measured by BIA were collected from 948 Asian children (492 boys and 456 girls) aged 8-10 years from the five countries. The deuterium dilution technique was used as the criterion method for the estimation of TBW and FFM. The BIA equations were developed using stepwise multiple regression analysis and cross-validated using the Bland-Altman approach. The BIA prediction equation for the estimation of TBW was as follows: TBW=0.231 × height(2)/resistance+0.066 × height+0.188 × weight+0.128 × age+0.500 × sex-0.316 × Thais-4.574 (R (2)=88.0%, root mean square error (RMSE)=1.3 kg), and for the estimation of FFM was as follows: FFM=0.299 × height(2)/resistance+0.086 × height+0.245 × weight+0.260 × age+0.901 × sex-0.415 × ethnicity (Thai ethnicity =1, others = 0)-6.952 (R (2)=88.3%, RMSE=1.7 kg). No significant difference between measured and predicted values for the whole cross-validation s le was found. However, the prediction equation for estimation of TBW/FFM tended to overestimate TBW/FFM at lower levels whereas underestimate at higher levels of TBW/FFM. Accuracy of the general equation for TBW and FFM was also valid at each body mass index category. Ethnicity influences the relationship between BIA and body composition in Asian pre-pubertal children. The newly developed BIA prediction equations are valid for use in Asian pre-pubertal children.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2006
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-07-2018
DOI: 10.3390/HEALTHCARE6030085
Abstract: Very low energy diets (VLEDs), commonly achieved by replacing all food with meal replacement products and which result in fast weight loss, are the most effective dietary obesity treatment available. VLEDs are also cheaper to administer than conventional, food-based diets, which result in slow weight loss. Despite being effective and affordable, these diets are underutilized by healthcare professionals, possibly due to concerns about potential adverse effects on body composition and eating disorder behaviors. This paper describes the rationale and detailed protocol for the TEMPO Diet Trial (Type of Energy Manipulation for Promoting optimal metabolic health and body composition in Obesity), in a randomized controlled trial comparing the long-term (3-year) effects of fast versus slow weight loss. One hundred and one post-menopausal women aged 45–65 years with a body mass index of 30–40 kg/m2 were randomized to either: (1) 16 weeks of fast weight loss, achieved by a total meal replacement diet, followed by slow weight loss (as for the SLOW intervention) for the remaining time up until 52 weeks (“FAST” intervention), or (2) 52 weeks of slow weight loss, achieved by a conventional, food-based diet (“SLOW” intervention). Parameters of body composition, cardiometabolic health, eating disorder behaviors and psychology, and adaptive responses to energy restriction were measured throughout the 3-year trial.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1159/000365833
Abstract: b i Objective: /i /b While there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity (PA) and health benefit, little is known about the effectiveness of different PA prescriptions on total daily PA. b i Aim: /i /b To test, under real-life conditions and using an objective, non-invasive measurement technique (accelerometry), the effect of prescribing additional physical activity (walking only) of different durations (30, 60 and 90 min/day) on compliance (to the activity prescribed) and compensation (to total daily PA). Participants in each group were prescribed 5 sessions of walking per week over 4 weeks. b i Methods: /i /b normal-weight and overweight women (mean BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m sup /sup , height 165 ± 1 cm, weight 68 ± 2 kg and mean age 27 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned to 3 prescription groups: 30, 60 or 90 min/day PA. b i Results: /i /b Walking duration resulted in an almost linear increase in the number of steps per day during the prescription period from an average of about 10,000 steps per day for the 30-min prescription to about 14,000 for the 90-min prescription. Compliance was excellent for the 30-min prescription but decreased significantly with 60-min and 90-min prescriptions. In parallel, degree of compensation subsequent to exercise increased progressively as length of prescription increased. b i Conclusion: /i /b A 30-min prescription of extra walking 5 times per week was well tolerated. However, in order to increase total PA further, much more than 60 min of walking may need to be prescribed in the majority of in iduals. While total exercise ‘volume' increased with prescriptions longer than 30 min, compliance to the prescription decreased and greater compensation was evident.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 15-10-2013
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00777.2013
Abstract: Lean body mass (LBM) and muscle mass remain difficult to quantify in large epidemiological studies due to the unavailability of inexpensive methods. We therefore developed anthropometric prediction equations to estimate the LBM and appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Healthy volunteers ( n = 2,220 36% women age 18-79 yr), representing a wide range of body mass index (14–44 kg/m 2 ), participated in this study. Their LBM, including ALST, was assessed by DXA along with anthropometric measurements. The s le was ided into prediction (60%) and validation (40%) sets. In the prediction set, a number of prediction models were constructed using DXA-measured LBM and ALST estimates as dependent variables and a combination of anthropometric indices as independent variables. These equations were cross-validated in the validation set. Simple equations using age, height, and weight explained % variation in the LBM and ALST in both men and women. Additional variables (hip and limb circumferences and sum of skinfold thicknesses) increased the explained variation by 5–8% in the fully adjusted models predicting LBM and ALST. More complex equations using all of the above anthropometric variables could predict the DXA-measured LBM and ALST accurately, as indicated by low standard error of the estimate (LBM: 1.47 kg and 1.63 kg for men and women, respectively), as well as good agreement by Bland-Altman analyses (Bland JM, Altman D. Lancet 1: 307–310, 1986). These equations could be a valuable tool in large epidemiological studies assessing these body compartments in Indians and other population groups with similar body composition.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-02-2014
DOI: 10.1111/NURE.12097
Abstract: The double burden of childhood undernutrition and adult-onset adiposity in transitioning societies poses a significant public health challenge. The development of suboptimal lean body mass (LBM) could partly explain the link between these two forms of malnutrition. This review examines the evidence on both the role of nutrition in “developmental programming” of LBM and the nutritional influences that affect LBM throughout the life course. Studies from developing countries assessing the relationship of early nutrition with later LBM provide important insights. Overall, the evidence is consistent in suggesting a positive association of early nutritional status (indicated by birth weight and growth during first 2 years) with LBM in later life. Evidence on the impact of maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on later LBM is inconsistent. In addition, the role of nutrients (protein, zinc, calcium, vitamin D) that can affect LBM throughout the life course is described. Promoting optimal intakes of these important nutrients throughout the life course is important for reducing childhood undernutrition as well as for improving the LBM of adults.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/BS.AFNR.2015.06.001
Abstract: Much recent interest has focused on the relationship between physical activity and health and supported with an abundance of scientific evidence. However, the concept of Exercise is Medicine™ copromoted by the American College of Sports Medicine and American Medical Association and similar august bodies worldwide is far from new--the importance of exercise for health has been reported for centuries. Participation in regular physical activity and exercise provides numerous benefits for health with such benefits typically varying according to the volume completed as reflected by intensity, duration, and frequency. Evidence suggests a dose-response relationship such that being active, even to a modest level, is preferable to being inactive or sedentary. Greatest benefits are commonly associated with the previously sedentary in idual assuming a more active lifestyle. There is an apparent linear relationship between physical activity and health status and as a general rule, increases in physical activity and fitness result in additional improvements in health status. This narrative review provides a selective appraisal of the evidence for the importance of physical activity for health, commencing with a baseline historical perspective followed by a summary of key health benefits associated with an active lifestyle.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 14-07-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515002044
Abstract: Although a number of studies have examined the role of gastric emptying (GE) in obesity, the influences of habitual physical activity level, body composition and energy expenditure (EE) on GE have received very little consideration. In the present study, we compared GE in active and inactive males, and characterised relationships with body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and EE. A total of forty-four males (active n 22, inactive n 22 BMI 21–36 kg/m 2 percentage of fat mass 9–42 %) were studied, with GE of a standardised (1676 kJ) pancake meal being assessed by the [ 13 C]octanoic acid breath test, body composition by air displacement plethysmography, RMR by indirect calorimetry, and activity EE (AEE) by accelerometry. The results showed that GE was faster in active compared with inactive males (mean half-time ( t 1/2 ): active 157 ( sd 18) and inactive 179 ( sd 21) min, P 0·001). When data from both groups were pooled, GE t 1/2 was associated with percentage of fat mass ( r 0·39, P 0·01) and AEE ( r − 0·46, P 0·01). After controlling for habitual physical activity status, the association between AEE and GE remained, but not that for percentage of fat mass and GE. BMI and RMR were not associated with GE. In summary, faster GE is considered to be a marker of a habitually active lifestyle in males, and is associated with a higher AEE level and a lower percentage of fat mass. The possibility that GE contributes to a gross physiological regulation (or dysregulation) of food intake with physical activity level deserves further investigation.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-02-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10020239
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1159/000355598
Abstract: b i Aim: /i /b Worldwide obesity levels have increased unprecedentedly over the past couple of decades. Although the prevalence, trends and associated socio-economic factors of the condition have been extensively reported in Western populations, less is known regarding South Asian populations. b i Methods: /i /b A review of articles using Medline with combinations of the MeSH terms: ‘Obesity', ‘Overweight' and ‘Abdominal Obesity' limiting to epidemiology and South Asian countries. b i Results: /i /b Despite methodological heterogeneity and variation according to country, area of residence and gender , the most recent nationally representative and large regional data demonstrates that without any doubt there is a epidemic of obesity, overweight and abdominal obesity in South Asian countries. Prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity (based on Asian cut-offs: overweight ≥ 23 kg/m sup /sup , obesity ≥ 25 kg/m sup /sup ) ranged from 3.5% in rural Bangladesh to over 65% in the Mal es. Abdominal obesity was more prevalent than general obesity in both sexes in this ethnic group. Countries with the lowest prevalence had the highest upward trend of obesity. Socio-economic factors associated with greater obesity in the region included female gender, middle age, urban residence, higher educational and economic status. b i Conclusion: /i /b South Asia is significantly affected by the obesity epidemic. Collaborative public health interventions to reverse these trends need to be mindful of many socio-economic constraints in order to provide long-term solutions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JOCD.2015.08.002
Abstract: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is an accepted time-efficient method of body composition assessment for total body and regional fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and bone mineral content (BMC), but for longitudinal monitoring the measurements must be sufficiently reliable. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of a new positioning protocol (Nana et al) with the current reference (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]) protocol and investigate their within-protocol precision. Thirty healthy adults (16 females and 14 males) underwent 4 whole-body DXA scans in succession with full repositioning between scans. The scan order was randomized, with 2 scans undertaken in accordance with the current NHANES protocol and 2 using the Nana et al protocol. Magnitudes of typical errors of measurement and changes in the mean of DXA body composition estimates were assessed as standardized effect sizes. The Nana et al protocol repositioning produced trivial typical errors for total body across all LM estimates except for FM in the arms and trunk which were moderately substantial. The NHANES protocol produced similar typical errors for all measurements in LM except for FM and BMC in the trunk and arms which were substantially larger than the smallest worthwhile effect. The difference between protocols produced substantially large typical errors in estimations of both total body FM and regional FM and BMC, but differences in LM were all less than the smallest worthwhile effect. Although both protocols demonstrated acceptable intratest reliability, the Nana et al protocol produced enhanced precision in regional (arms and trunk) FM and BMC. The protocols were substantially different in body composition assessment especially for FM and thus should not to be interchanged. Anecdotally, subjects felt more comfortable and supported during the scan with the Nana et al protocol.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-01-2019
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1561951
Abstract: Optimising dietary energy intake is essential for effective sports nutrition practice in rugby athletes. Effective dietary energy prescription requires careful consideration of athletes' daily energy expenditure with the accurate prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) important due to its influence on total energy expenditure and in turn, energy balance. This study aimed to (a) measure rugby athletes RMR and (b) report the change in RMR in developing elite rugby players over a rugby preseason subsequent to changes in body composition and (c) explore the accurate prediction of RMR in rugby athletes. Eighteen developing elite rugby union athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.7 years, body mass 101.2 ± 14.5 kg, stature 184.0 ± 8.4 cm) had RMR (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) measured at the start and end of a rugby preseason ∼14 weeks later. There was no statistically significant difference in RMR over the preseason period (baseline 2389 ± 263 kcal·day
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-08-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU13179552
Abstract: This work suggests a solution for preventing/eliminating the predicted Sea Level Rise (SLR) by seawater desalination and storage through a large number of desalination plants distributed worldwide it also comprises that the desalinated seawater can resolve the global water scarcity by complete coverage for global water demand. Sea level rise can be prevented by desalinating the additional water accumulated into oceans annually for human consumption, while the excess amount of water can be stored in dams and lakes. It is predicted that SLR can be prevented by desalination plants. The chosen desalination plants for the study were Multi-Effect Desalination (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants that are powered by renewable energy using wind and solar technologies. It is observed that the two main goals of the study are fulfilled when preventing an SLR between 1.0 m and 1.3 m by 2100 through seawater desalination, as the amount of desalinated water within that range can cover the global water demand while being economically viable.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2016
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508966095
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine differences in predicting total and regional adiposity using the waist:height ratio (WHtR) calculated using different ‘waist’ measurements. Body composition of ninety-five males and 121 female Australian adults (aged 20 years and above) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The WHtR was calculated using: (1) the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the top of the iliac crest (WHtR-W), and (2) at the level of the umbilicus (WHtR-A). Relationships between calculated WHtR and measured body composition, such as percentage body fat (%BF) and percentage trunk fat (%TF) were determined. Values obtained from WHtR-A were significantly greater than WHtR-W in both groups ( P 0·05). While no correlation differences between WHtR-W and WHtR-A in relation to body composition variables were observed, females showed significantly lower correlation with lean mass compared with BMI. Regression analyses showed that neither WHtR had an age influence on %TF estimation. Estimated %BF and %TF were comparable for both WHtR and also with estimated values using a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 . Sensitivity of excess %BF and %TF increased by using WHtR-A, particularly in females. In conclusion, the umbilicus measurement may be better than using the narrowest site in the WHtR calculation, particularly in females. To improve the screening ability of the WHtR and make comparisons between studies easier there may be a need to standardise the measurement location. Further studies are recommended to confirm the findings across different ethnic groups.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2007.08.010
Abstract: Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as an indicator of obesity, although in both clinical and research settings the use of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) is commonplace. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between BMI, BIA and percentage body fat to determine whether either is a superior indicator of obesity in men with schizophrenia. The reference method of deuterium dilution was used to measure total body water and, subsequently, percentage body fat in 31 men with schizophrenia. Comparisons with the classification of body fat using BMI and BIA were made. The correlation between percentage body fat and BMI was 0.64 whereas the correlation between percentage body fat and BIA was 0.90. The sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between obese and overweight participants was 0.55 and 0.80 for BMI and 0.86 and 0.75 for BIA. BIA proved to be a better indicator of obesity than BMI. BMI misclassified a large proportion of men with schizophrenia as overweight when they had excess adiposity of sufficient magnitude to be considered as obese. Because of the widespread use of BMI as an indicator of obesity among people with schizophrenia, the level of obesity among men with schizophrenia may be in excess of that previously indicated.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2002
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200209000-00004
Abstract: To enable more targeted exercise prescription for the obese, the purpose of this study was to consider relationships between relative indices of (.)VO(2peak), (.)VO(2)R, HR(peak), and HRR in a s le of obese adults. In particular, the study aimed to determine whether %HRR was equivalent to %(.)VO(2peak) or %(.)VO(2)R. A further aim was to evaluate whether the %(.)VO(2peak)-%HR(peak) relationship defined by the ACSM holds in the obese population, or whether there is a deviation in this relationship as is noted in in iduals with low functional capacity. Finally, the study aimed to determine the degree of variability in relative workload relating to lactate threshold (LT). Thirty-two sedentary obese adults, 17 women and 15 men (42.1 +/- 9.6 yr 37.4 +/- 5.7 kg.m) attended a testing session each week for 3 wk. The three sessions involved 1) familiarization with testing protocols 2) graded treadmill tests to evaluate submaximal and peak cardiorespiratory capacity and 3) assessment of body composition via deuterium dilution, and resting HR (HR(rest)) and oxygen consumption ((.)VO(2rest)) collected during assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR) via a ventilated hood system. The primary findings were that in the obese: 1) the %HR(peak)-%(.)VO(2peak) relationship was significantly greater than the ACSM recommendations, 2) the %HRR was equivalent with (.)VO(2)R not %(.)VO(2peak), and 3) exercise prescription at fixed percentages of (.)VO(2peak) or HR(peak) corresponded with wide ranges of exercise intensities in relation to LT. The relationships between cardiorespiratory parameters defined in normal weight populations differ to some degree in the obese, and this has implications both for optimizing exercise intensity for weight loss and exercise adherence in obese adults.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2013.05.003
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between self-perception of body weight, weight loss approaches and measured body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among Sri Lankan adults. A nationally representative s le of 600 adults aged ≥18 years was selected using a multi-stage random cluster s ling technique. An interviewer-administrated questionnaire was used to assess demographic characteristics, body weight perception, abdominal obesity perception and details of weight losing practices. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured and Asian anthropometric cut-offs for BMI and WC were applied. Body weight mis-perception was common among Sri Lankan adults. Two-thirds of overweight males and 44.7% females considered themselves as ‘about right weight’, moreover, 4.1% and 7.6% overweight men and women reported themselves as being ‘underweight’. Over one third of both male and female obese subjects perceived themselves as ‘about right weight’ or ‘underweight’. Nearly 32% of centrally obese men and women perceived that their WC is about right. People who perceived themselves as overweight or very overweight (n = 154) only 63.6% tried to lose weight (n = 98), and one quarter of adults sought advice from professionals (n = 39). Body weight misperception was common among underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese adults in Sri Lanka. Over 2/3 of overweight and 1/3 of obese Sri Lankan adults believe they are in right weight category or are under weight.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-04-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509311733
Abstract: The objective was to compare ethnic differences in anthropometry, including size, proportions and fat distribution, and body composition in a cohort of seventy Caucasian (forty-four boys, twenty-six girls) and seventy-four urban Indigenous (thirty-six boys, thirty-eight girls) children (aged 9–15 years). Anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, eight skinfolds, thirteen girths, six bone lengths and five bone breadths) and body composition assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were conducted. Body composition variables including total body fat percentage and percentage abdominal fat were determined and together with anthropometric indices, including BMI (kg/m 2 ), abdominal:height ratio (AHtR) and sum of skinfolds, ethnic differences were compared for each sex. After adjustment for age, Indigenous girls showed significantly ( P 0·05) greater trunk circumferences and proportion of overweight and obesity than their Caucasian counterparts. In addition, Indigenous children had a significantly greater proportion ( P 0·05) of trunk fat. The best model for total and android fat prediction included sum of skinfolds and age in both sexes ( % of variation). Ethnicity was only important in girls where abdominal circumference and AHtR were included and Indigenous girls showed significantly ( P 0·05) smaller total/android fat deposition than Caucasian girls at the given abdominal circumference or AHtR values. Differences in anthropometric and fat distribution patterns in Caucasian and Indigenous children may justify the need for more appropriate screening criteria for obesity in Australian children relevant to ethnic origin.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2004
DOI: 10.1177/107110070402500811
Abstract: Background: Studies using footprint-based estimates of arch height have indicated that obesity results in a lowered medial longitudinal arch in children. However, the potentially confounding effect of body composition on indirect measures of arch height, such as the arch index, has not been investigated. Methods: This study assessed the body composition of 12 male and 12 female adults (mean age: 39.9 ± 8.1 years, height: 1.724 ± 0.101 m weight: 95.1 ± 13.7 kg, and BMI: 31.9 ± 3.0kg/m 2 ) using bioelectrical impedance analysis to produce a two-component model of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). The dynamic arch index also was determined from electronic footprints captured during gait using a capacitive pressure distribution platform with a resolution of 4 sensors/cm 2 . Results: While significant correlations were noted between FFM and the area of both the hindfoot ( r = .75, p .05) and forefoot ( r = .72, p .05), the midfoot area was correlated only with FM ( r = .54, p .05). Similarly, the arch index was significantly correlated with the FM percentage ( r = .67, p .05). Conclusions: The findings of this pilot study suggest that body composition influences arch index values in overweight and obese subjects. Consequently, body composition may be a confounding factor in interpreting footprint based estimates of arch height and, as such, these estimates would best be used with supplementary measures of body composition.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.EATBEH.2004.05.001
Abstract: The present study examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, body dissatisfaction, and eating behaviours of 10- to 18-year-old children and adolescents. The study participants (N = 768) were categorised as Caucasian (74.7%), Chinese or Vietnamese (18.2%), and Italian or Greek (7.0%), and high (82%), middle (8.6%), and low SES (9.4%) according to parents' occupations. The chi(2), Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression model were used to determine the interaction between variables. Females and older participants were more likely to desire a body figure that was thinner than their perceived current figure. Furthermore, the same groups were also more likely to be preoccupied with eating problems (females 7.1% vs. males 1.4% for participants aged 15-18 years, 7.8% vs. participants aged 10-14 years, 3.9%). The body dissatisfaction gender difference was females 42.8% vs. males 11.8%, and participants aged 15-18 years 41.7% vs. those aged 10-14 years, 28.3%. Participants whose parents were managers rofessionals were more likely to desire a body figure that was thinner than their perceived current figure than those from white-collar and blue-collar families. This was also the case for Caucasian Australians compared to those from Chinese or Vietnamese backgrounds. In conclusion, age and gender differences in body image and problems in eating behaviour were evident among children and adolescents. However, there was no significant SES and ethnic difference in the proportion of participants with eating problems and body dissatisfaction.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200544100-00004
Abstract: Lean bodyweight (LBW) has been recommended for scaling drug doses. However, the current methods for predicting LBW are inconsistent at extremes of size and could be misleading with respect to interpreting weight-based regimens. The objective of the present study was to develop a semi-mechanistic model to predict fat-free mass (FFM) from subject characteristics in a population that includes extremes of size. FFM is considered to closely approximate LBW. There are several reference methods for assessing FFM, whereas there are no reference standards for LBW. A total of 373 patients (168 male, 205 female) were included in the study. These data arose from two populations. Population A (index dataset) contained anthropometric characteristics, FFM estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA - a reference method) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data. Population B (test dataset) contained the same anthropometric measures and FFM data as population A, but excluded BIA data. The patients in population A had a wide range of age (18-82 years), bodyweight (40.7-216.5 kg) and BMI values (17.1-69.9 kg/m2). Patients in population B had BMI values of 18.7-38.4 kg/m2. A two-stage semi-mechanistic model to predict FFM was developed from the demographics from population A. For stage 1 a model was developed to predict impedance and for stage 2 a model that incorporated predicted impedance was used to predict FFM. These two models were combined to provide an overall model to predict FFM from patient characteristics. The developed model for FFM was externally evaluated by predicting into population B. The semi-mechanistic model to predict impedance incorporated sex, height and bodyweight. The developed model provides a good predictor of impedance for both males and females (r2 = 0.78, mean error [ME] = 2.30 x 10(-3), root mean square error [RMSE] = 51.56 [approximately 10% of mean]). The final model for FFM incorporated sex, height and bodyweight. The developed model for FFM provided good predictive performance for both males and females (r2 = 0.93, ME = -0.77, RMSE = 3.33 [approximately 6% of mean]). In addition, the model accurately predicted the FFM of subjects in population B (r2 = 0.85, ME = -0.04, RMSE = 4.39 [approximately 7% of mean]). A semi-mechanistic model has been developed to predict FFM (and therefore LBW) from easily accessible patient characteristics. This model has been prospectively evaluated and shown to have good predictive performance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2013.09.002
Abstract: To understand whether any change in gastric emptying (GE) is physiologically relevant, it is important to identify its variability. Information regarding the variability of GE in overweight and obese in iduals is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of GE in overweight and obese males. Fifteen overweight and obese males [body mass index 30.3 (4.9) kg/m(2)] completed two identical GE tests 7 days apart. GE of a standard pancake breakfast was assessed by (13)C-octanoic acid breath test. Data are presented as mean (±SD). There were no significant differences in GE between test days (half time (t1/2): 179 (15) and 176 (19 min), p = 0.56 lag time (tlag): 108 (14) and 104 (8) min, p = 0.26). Mean intra-in idual coefficient of variation for t1/2 was 7.9% and tlag 7.5%. Based on these findings, to detect a treatment effect in a paired design with a power of 80% and α = 0.05, minimum mean effect sizes for t1/2 would need to be ≥14.4 min and tlag ≥ 8.1 min. These data show that GE is reproducible in overweight and obese males and provide minimum mean effect sizes required to detect a hypothetical treatment effect in this population.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2018
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2017.206
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-022-13001-6
Abstract: The interconnectedness of physical inactivity and sedentarism, obesity, non-communicable disease (NCD) prevalence, and socio-economic costs, are well known. There is also strong research evidence regarding the mutuality between well-being outcomes and the neighbourhood environment. However, much of this evidence relates to urban contexts and there is a paucity of evidence in relation to regional communities. A better understanding of available physical activity (PA) infrastructure, its usage, and community perceptions regarding neighbourhood surroundings, could be very important in determining requirements for health improvement in regional communities. The aims of this research were to 1. Explore and evaluate the public’s perception of the PA environment and 2. Evaluate the quantity, variety, and quality of existing PA infrastructure in regional Northwest (NW) Tasmania. A mixed methods approach guided data collection, analysis, and presentation. Quality of PA infrastructure was assessed using the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) instrument and public perception about PA environment was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Environmental (IPAQ-E) module. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive summative methods and a team-based researcher triangulation approach was utilised for qualitative data. Overall, a wide array of high-quality PA infrastructure (with minimal incivilities such as auditory annoyance, litter, graffiti, dog refuse, and vandalism etc.) was available. Survey respondents rated neighbourhoods positively. The overall quality of PA infrastructure, rated on a scale from 0 to 3, was assessed as high (all rated between 2 to 3) with minimal incivilities (rated between 0 and 1.5). Of note, survey respondents confirmed the availability of numerous free-to-access recreational tracks and natural amenities across the 3 local government areas (LGAs) studied. Importantly, most respondents reported minimal disruption to their routine PA practices due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This exploratory research confirmed the availability of a wide range of high-quality PA infrastructure across all three LGAs and there was an overwhelming public appreciation of this infrastructure. The challenge remains to implement place-based PA interventions that address extant barriers and further increase public awareness and utilisation of high-quality PA infrastructure.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-07-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-02-2014
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWT332
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13554
Abstract: Current global trends in physical activity levels demonstrate that the world is not on track to achieve the 2030 target set by the Global Action Plan. The Action Plan posited that physical activity should be an integral component of “daily lives” of all in iduals “across the life course.” Potential contributions to achieve global physical activity goals include the utilization of compositional data analysis and life course epidemiology to provide a framework for the composite nature of physical activity and complex life course relationships. Combining these two traditionally disconnected fields represents a paradigm shift in physical activity research. Here, we discuss how these combined fields enable a reinterpretation of previous research findings and explore their impact on policy and potential advantages and challenges. Careful consideration needs to be given to the implications of both fields remaining disconnected and the alternate option of consolidation to realize ambitions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2006.236
Abstract: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is increased 24 hours after high-intensity aerobic exercise lasting 60 minutes, whereas results have been inconsistent after resistance training and aerobic exercise of shorter duration. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of 40 minutes of high-intensity aerobic vs. resistance exercise on REE 19 to 67 hours after exercise. REE was compared 19, 43, and 67 hours after 40 minutes of aerobic training (AT 80% maximum heart rate) or resistance training (RT 10 repetitions at 80% maximum strength, two sets and eight exercises). Twenty-three black and 22 white women were randomly assigned to AT, RT, or no training (controls). Exercisers trained 25 weeks. REE was measured after a 12-hour fast. There was a significant time x group interaction for REE when adjusted for fat-free mass and fat mass, with post hoc tests revealing that the 50-kcal difference between 19 and 43 hours (1310 +/- 196 to 1260 +/- 161 kcal) and the 34-kcal difference between 19 and 67 hours (1310 +/- 196 to 1276 +/- 168 kcal) were significant for AT. No other differences were found, including RT (19 hours, 1256 +/- 160 43 hours, 1251 +/- 160 67 hours, 1268 +/- 188 kcal). Urine norepinephrine increased with training only in AT. After adjusting for fat-free mass, REE Delta between 19 and both 43 and 67 hours was significantly related to urine norepinephrine (r = 0.76, p < 0.01 and 0.68, p < 0.03, respectively). Consistent with findings on longer duration AT, these results show that 40 minutes of AT elevates REE for 19 hours in trained black and white women. This elevation did not occur with 40 minutes of RT. Results suggest that differences are, in part, due to increased sympathetic tone.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 20-07-2022
Abstract: ocial and behavioral determinants of health are increasingly recognized as central to effective person-centered intervention in clinical practice, disease management, and public health. Accordingly, social prescribing (SP) has received increased attention in recent times. The r ant global prevalence of obesity indicates that the customary, reductionistic, and disease-oriented biomedical approach to health service delivery is inadequate/ineffective at arresting the spread and mitigating the damaging consequences of the condition. There is an urgent need to shift the focus from reactive downstream disease-based treatments to more proactive, upstream, preventive action. In essence, this requires more effort to affect the paradigm shift from the traditional “biomedical approach of care” to a “biopsychosocial model” required to arrest the increasing prevalence of obesity. To this end, an SP approach, anchored in systems thinking, could be an effective means of moderating prevalence and consequences of obesity at a community level. he proposed SP intervention has the following three key objectives: (1) build a sustainable program for Circular Head based on SP, peer education, and health screening to minimize the incidence of obesity and related lifestyle diseases (2) increase service and workforce connectivity and collaboration and initiate the introduction of new services and activities for obesity prevention and community health promotion and (3) enhance health and well-being and minimize preventable adverse health outcomes of obesity and related lifestyle diseases through enhancement of food literacy and better nutrition, enhancement of physical literacy and habitual personal activity levels, and improvement of mental health, community connectedness, and reduction of social isolation. his paper describes a prospective SP strategy aimed at obesity prevention in Circular Head, a local government area in Northwest (NW) Tasmania. SP is a prominent strategy used in the Critical Age Periods Impacting the Trajectory of Obesogenic Lifestyles Project, which is an initiative based in NW Tasmania focused on assessing obesity prevention capacity. A social prescription model that facilitates the linkage of primary health screening with essential health care, education, and community resources through a dedicated “navigator” will be implemented. Four interlinked work packages will be implemented as part of the initial plan with each either building on existing resources or developing new initiatives. multimethod approach to triangulate insights from quantitative and qualitative research that enables the assessment of impact on in iduals, community groups, and the health care system will be implemented within the initial pilot phase of the project. iterature is replete with rhetoric advocating complex system approaches to curtail obesity. However, real-life ex les of whole-of-systems interventions operationalized in ways that generate relevant evidence or effective policies are rare. The erse approach for primary prevention of obesity-related lifestyle diseases and strategies for improvement of health and well-being described in this instance will contribute toward closing this evidence gap. > RR1-10.2196/41280
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15051190
Abstract: School environments can create healthy settings to foster children’s health and well-being. School gardening is gaining popularity as an intervention for healthier eating and increased physical activity. We used a systematic realist approach to investigate how school gardens improve health and well-being outcomes for school-aged children, why, and in what circumstances. The context and mechanisms of the specific school gardening interventions (n = 24) leading to positive health and well-being outcomes for school-aged children were assessed. The impetus of many interventions was to increase fruit and vegetable intake and address the prevention of childhood obesity. Most interventions were conducted at primary schools with participating children in Grades 2 through 6. Types of positive outcomes included increased fruit and vegetable consumption, dietary fiber and vitamins A and C, improved body mass index, and improved well-being of children. Key mechanisms included embedding nutrition-based and garden-based education in the curriculum experiential learning opportunities family engagement and participation authority figure engagement cultural context use of multi-prong approaches and reinforcement of activities during implementation. This review shows that a combination of mechanisms works mutually through school gardening programs leading to improved health and well-being outcomes for school-aged children.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 28-02-2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114517000551
Abstract: Two, three and four compartment (2C, 3C and 4C) models of body composition are popular methods to measure fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) in athletes. However, the impact of food and fluid intake on measurement error has not been established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate standardised (overnight fasted, rested and hydrated) v . non-standardised (afternoon and non-fasted) presentation on technical and biological error on surface anthropometry (SA), 2C, 3C and 4C models. In thirty-two athletic males, measures of SA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) were taken to establish 2C, 3C and 4C models. Tests were conducted after an overnight fast (duplicate), about 7 h later after ad libitum food and fluid intake, and repeated 24 h later before and after ingestion of a specified meal. Magnitudes of changes in the mean and typical errors of measurement were determined. Mean change scores for non-standardised presentation and post meal tests for FM were substantially large in BIS, SA, 3C and 4C models. For FFM, mean change scores for non-standardised conditions produced large changes for BIS, 3C and 4C models, small for DXA, trivial for BOD POD and SA. Models that included a total body water (TBW) value from BIS (3C and 4C) were more sensitive to TBW changes in non-standardised conditions than 2C models. Biological error is minimised in all models with standardised presentation but DXA and BOD POD are acceptable if acute food and fluid intake remains below 500 g.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-11-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-014-0285-4
Abstract: Gastric emptying (GE) could influence exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy intake. GE also could contribute to changes in gastric symptoms and the availability of nutrients during exercise, which will subsequently affect performance. The objective of this review was to determine the effects of acute exercise on GE using a systematic review and meta-analysis. The most common parameters to determine GE were selected, consisting of half-emptying time and volume emptied. Oral-caecal transit time (OCTT) was also examined. Research databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus) were searched through November 2013 for original studies, abstracts, theses and dissertations that examined the influence of acute exercise on GE. Studies were included if they evaluated GE or OCTT during and/or after exercise and involved a resting control trial. Initially, 195 studies were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics and quality and validity, data from 20 studies (35 trials) involving 221 participants (157 men 52 women 12 unknown) were extracted for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were utilised for the three main outcome variables, and effect sizes (ES) are reported as Hedge's g due to numerous small s le sizes. Random-effects modelling revealed non-significant and small/null main effect sizes for volume emptied (ES = 0.195 95% CI -0.25 to 0.64), half-time (ES = -0.109, 95% CI -0.66 to 0.44) and OCTT (ES = 0.089 95% CI -0.64 to 0.82). All analyses exhibited significant heterogeneity and numerous variables moderated the results. There was a dose response of exercise intensity at lower intensities GE was faster, and at high exercise intensities GE was slower. Walking was associated with faster GE and cycling with slower GE. Greater volume of meal/fluid ingested, higher osmolality of beverage and longer exercise duration were also associated with slower GE with exercise. The major limitation is that the majority of studies utilised a liquid bolus administered pre-exercise to determine GE the relationship to post-exercise appetite and energy intake remains unknown. Study populations were also generally active or trained in iduals. Furthermore, our review was limited to English language studies and studies that utilised resting control conditions. These results suggest that exercise intensity, mode, duration and the nature of meal/fluid ingested all influence GE during and after acute exercise. The relationship of GE parameters with appetite regulation after exercise remains largely unexplored. Further integrative studies combining GE and alterations in gut hormones, as well as in populations such as overweight and obese in iduals are needed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-02-2010
Abstract: Waist circumference has been identified as a valuable predictor of cardiovascular risk in children. The development of waist circumference percentiles and cut-offs for various ethnic groups are necessary because of differences in body composition. The purpose of this study was to develop waist circumference percentiles for Chinese children and to explore optimal waist circumference cut-off values for predicting cardiovascular risk factors clustering in this population. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 5529 children (2830 boys and 2699 girls) aged 6-12 years randomly selected from southern and northern China. Blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose were obtained in a subs le (n = 1845). Smoothed percentile curves were produced using the LMS method. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to derive the optimal age- and gender-specific waist circumference thresholds for predicting the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Gender-specific waist circumference percentiles were constructed. The waist circumference thresholds were at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls respectively, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 67% to 83%. The odds ratio of a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among boys and girls with a higher value than cut-off points was 10.349 (95% confidence interval 4.466 to 23.979) and 8.084 (95% confidence interval 3.147 to 20.767) compared with their counterparts. Percentile curves for waist circumference of Chinese children are provided. The cut-off point for waist circumference to predict cardiovascular risk factors clustering is at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls, respectively.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-04-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-018-3861-8
Abstract: High precision body composition assessment methods accurately monitor physique traits in athletes. The acute impact of subject presentation (ad libitum food and fluid intake plus physical activity) on body composition estimation using field and laboratory methods has been quantified, but the impact on interpretation of longitudinal change is unknown. This study evaluated the impact of athlete presentation (standardised versus non-standardised) on interpretation of change in physique traits over time. Thirty athletic males (31.2 ± 7.5 years 182.2 ± 6.5 cm 91.7 ± 10.3 kg 27.6 ± 2.6 kg/m Tests were conducted after an overnight fast (BASEam) and ~ 7 h later after ad libitum food/fluid and physical activity (BASEpm). This procedure was repeated 6 months later (POSTam and POSTpm). Magnitude of changes in the mean was assessed by standardisation. After 6 months of self-selected training and diet, standardised presentation testing (BASEam to POSTam) identified trivial changes from the smallest worthwhile effect (SWE) in fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) for all methods except for BIS (FM) where there was a large change (7.2%) from the SWE. Non-standardised follow-up testing (BASEam to POSTpm) showed trivial changes from the SWE except for small changes in FFM (BOD POD) of 1.1%, and in FM (3C and 4C models) of 6.4 and 3.5%. Large changes from the SWE were found in FFM (BIS, 3C and 4C models) of 2.2, 1.8 and 1.8% and in FM (BIS) of 6.4%. Non-standardised presentation testing (BASEpm to POSTpm) identified trivial changes from the SWE in FFM except for BIS which was small (1.1%). A moderate change from the SWE was found for BOD POD (3.3%) and large for BIS (9.4%) in FM estimations. Changes in body composition utilising non-standardised presentation were more substantial and often in the opposite direction to those identified using standardised presentation, causing misinterpretation of change in physique traits. Standardised presentation prior to body composition assessment for athletic populations should be advocated to enhance interpretation of true change.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1159/000345030
Abstract: Obesity is associated with numerous short- and long-term health consequences. Low levels of physical activity and poor dietary habits are consistent with an increased risk of obesity in an obesogenic environment. Relatively little research has investigated associations between eating and activity behaviors by using a systems biology approach and by considering the dynamics of the energy balance concept. A significant body of research indicates that a small positive energy balance over time is sufficient to cause weight gain in many in iduals. In contrast, small changes in nutrition and physical activity behaviors can prevent weight gain. In the context of weight management, it may be more feasible for most people to make small compared to large short-term changes in diet and activity. This paper presents a case for the use of small and incremental changes in diet and physical activity for improved weight management in the context of a toxic obesogenic environment.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-04-2017
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2017.53
Abstract: Despite increased evidence for the importance of lifestyle modification, physical activity and diet in diabetes prevention and management, habitual physical activity levels have declined in recent decades in China and India. Further, other risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including overweight, obesity and physical inactivity, have also worsened. Here we present evidence for the importance of physical activity and exercise in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes and propose a novel approach to address the challenge of improving lifestyle behaviors in China and India-Movement is Medicine and a P4 (predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory) approach.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-2014
Abstract: Compensatory responses may attenuate the effectiveness of exercise training in weight management. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of moderate- and high-intensity interval training on eating behavior compensation. Using a crossover design, 10 overweight and obese men participated in 4-week moderate (MIIT) and high (HIIT) intensity interval training. MIIT consisted of 5-min cycling stages at ±20% of mechanical work at 45%VO 2 peak, and HIIT consisted of alternate 30-s work at 90%VO 2 peak and 30-s rests, for 30 to 45 min. Assessments included a constant-load exercise test at 45%VO 2 peak for 45 min followed by 60-min recovery. Appetite sensations were measured during the exercise test using a Visual Analog Scale. Food preferences (liking and wanting) were assessed using a computer-based paradigm, and this paradigm uses 20 photographic food stimuli varying along two dimensions, fat (high or low) and taste (sweet or nonsweet). An ad libitum test meal was provided after the constant-load exercise test. Exerciseinduced hunger and desire to eat decreased after HIIT, and the difference between MIIT and HIIT in desire to eat approached significance ( p = .07). Exercise-induced liking for high-fat nonsweet food tended to increase after MIIT and decreased after HIIT ( p = .09). Fat intake decreased by 16% after HIIT, and increased by 38% after MIIT, with the difference between MIIT and HIIT approaching significance ( p = .07). This study provides evidence that energy intake compensation differs between MIIT and HIIT.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 30-10-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2011
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-08-2011
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090199
Abstract: Globally, obesity is affecting an increasing proportion of children. Physical activity plays an important role in the prevention of becoming overweight and obese in childhood and adolescence, and reducing the risk of obesity in adulthood. Puberty and the following adolescent period are acknowledged as particularly vulnerable times for the development of obesity due to sexual maturation and, in many in iduals, a concomitant reduction in physical activity. In many Western settings, a large proportion of children and adolescents do not meet recommended physical activity guidelines and, typically, those who are more physically active have lower levels of body fat than those who are less active. Active behaviours have been displaced by more sedentary pursuits which have contributed to reductions in physical activity energy expenditure. Without appropriate activity engagement there is an increased likelihood that children will live less healthy lives than their parents. Owing to the high risk of overweight adolescents becoming obese adults, the engagement of children and adolescents in physical activity and sport is a fundamental goal of obesity prevention.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2015
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12086
Abstract: The majority of weight loss studies fail to standardize conditions such as diet and exercise via a weight maintenance period prior to commencement of the trial. This study aimed to determine whether a weight stabilization period is necessary to establish stable baseline hormone concentrations. Fifty-one obese male participants with a body mass index of 30-40 kg m(-2) and aged 25-54 years underwent 4 weeks on an energy balance diet that was designed to achieve weight stability. Blood s les were collected in the fasting state at commencement and completion of the 4-week period, and circulating concentrations of 18 commonly measured hormones were determined. During the 4-week weight maintenance period, participants achieved weight stability within -1.5 ± 0.2 kg (-1.4 ± 0.2%) of their initial body weight. Significant reductions in serum insulin (by 18 ± 6.5%) and leptin (by 21 ± 6.0%) levels occurred, but no significant changes were observed for gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones. There were no significant correlations between the change in body weight and the change in circulating concentrations of insulin or leptin over the 4-week period, indicating that the observed changes were not due to weight loss, albeit significant negative correlations were observed between the changes in body weight and plasma ghrelin and peptide YY levels. This study demonstrates the need for baseline weight maintenance periods to stabilize serum levels of insulin and leptin in studies specifically investigating effects on these parameters in the obese. However, this does not apply to circulating levels of gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1519/14123.1
Abstract: Understanding whether metabolic factors are predictive of weight gain is important for developing strategies for prevention of weight gain. Recent research has shown that sleeping and resting energy expenditure are not predictive of weight gain. However, exercise endurance, muscular strength, (31)P MRS muscle metabolic economy, and maximum oxygen uptake are independently related to weight gain. Activity-related energy expenditure and the time spent in physical activity are also related to weight gain, with low physical activity explaining approximately 77% of weight gain at 1 year. In addition, weight maintainers spend 80 minutes per day, whereas weight gainers spend less than 20 minutes per day in physical activity equivalent to an intensity of about 4 METS. It is proposed that strength, aerobic fitness, and physical activity are important factors for reducing the rate of weight gain. Although further research is required, these results are suggestive that weight maintenance programs will be more successful if some relatively high-intensity training is included to complement large amounts of low to moderate intense physical activity.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-01-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Abstract: Energy-conserving processes reported in undernourished women during pregnancy are a recognized strategy for providing the energy required to support fetal development. Women who are obese before conceiving arguably have sufficient fat stores to support the energy demands of pregnancy without the need to provoke energy-conserving mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that obese women would show behavioral adaptation [ie, a decrease in self-selected walking (SSW) speed] but not metabolic compensation [ie, a decrease in resting metabolic rate (RMR) or the metabolic cost of walking] during gestation. RMR, SSW speed, metabolic cost of walking, and anthropometric variables were measured in 23 women aged 31 ± 4 y with a BMI (in kg/m(2)) of 33.6 ± 2.5 (mean ± SD) at ≈15 and 30 wk of gestation. RMR was also measured in 2 cohorts of nonpregnant control subjects matched for the age, weight, and height of the pregnant cohort at 15 (n = 23) and 30 (n = 23) wk. Gestational weight gain varied widely (11.3 ± 5.4 kg), and 52% of the women gained more weight than is recommended. RMR increased significantly by an average of 177 ± 176 kcal/d (11 ± 12% P < 0.0001) however, the within-group variability was large. Both the metabolic cost of walking and SSW speed decreased significantly (P 80% of the cohort, the net oxygen cost of walking decreased in the same proportion of women. Although the increase in RMR was greater than that explained by weight gain, evidence of both behavioral and biological compensation in the metabolic cost of walking was observed in obese women during gestation. The trial is registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN012606000271505.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-05-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S13006-021-00389-X
Abstract: This report evaluated the breastfeeding status in a Tasmanian cohort and its effects on infant and maternal anthropometry and body composition. An observational-cohort analysis of self-reported feeding data from 175 Tasmanian mother-baby dyads (recruited via in-person contact between September 2017 and October 2019), was executed. Only mothers who were ≥ 18 years of age, who had a singleton pregnancy and were able to speak and understand English, were included in the study. Infants outside a gestational age range between 37 + 0 and 41 + 6 weeks were excluded. Infant (using Air Displacement Plethysmography) and maternal body composition was assessed at 0, 3 and 6 months. Analysis of variance with relevant statistical corrections were utilised for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between non-exclusively breastfed (neBF) and exclusively breastfed (eBF) groups. Fat-free mass was significantly higher [ t = 2.27, df = 98, P = 0.03, confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.48] in neBF infants at 6 months (5.59 ± 0.59 vs 5.33 ± 0.50 kg) despite a higher mean fat-free mass in eBF infants at birth (2.89 ± 0.34 vs 3.01 ± 0.35 kg). Weak evidence for different fat mass index trajectories was observed for eBF and neBF infants in the first 6 months of life (ANOVA, F = 2.42, df = 1.9, P = 0.09) with an inversion in fat mass index levels between 3 and 6 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) trajectories were significantly different in eBF and neBF mothers through pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum (ANOVA, F = 5.56, df = 30.14, P = 0.01). Compared with eBF mothers, neBF mothers retained significantly less weight (t = − 2.754, df = 158, P = 0.02, CI -6.64, − 1.09) at 3 months (0.68 ± 11.69 vs 4.55 ± 6.08 kg) postpartum. Prevalence for neBF was incrementally higher in mothers with a normal BMI compared to mothers with obesity, and mothers who underwent surgical or medical intervention during birth were less likely to exclusively breastfeed. Infants with different feeding patterns may display varying growth patterns in early life and sustained breastfeeding can contribute to greater postpartum maternal weight loss.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-08-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2007
Abstract: To investigate the variability in isotopic equilibrium time under field conditions, and the impact of this variability on estimates of total body water (TBW) and body composition. Following collection of a fasting baseline urine s le, 10 women and 10 men were dosed with deuterium oxide (0.05 g/kg body weight). Urine s les were collected every hour for 8 h. The s les were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Time to equilibration was determined using three commonly employed data analysis approaches. Isotopic equilibrium was reached by 50, 80 and 100% of participants at 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively. The mean group equilibration determined using the three different plateau determination methods were 4.8+/-1.5, 3.8+/-0.8 and 4.9+/-1.4 h. Isotopic enrichment, TBW, and percent body fat estimates differed between early (3-5 h), but not later s ling times (5-8 h). Although the three different plateau determination approaches resulted in differences in equilibration time, all suggest that s ling at 6 h or later will decrease the likelihood of error in body composition estimates resultant from incomplete isotopic equilibration in a small proportion of in iduals.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2009.316
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2007
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2007.164
Abstract: An activity-induced increase in energy expenditure theoretically disturbs energy balance (EB) by creating an acute energy deficit. Compensatory responses could influence the weight loss associated with the energy deficit. In idual variability in compensation for perturbations in EB could partly explain why some in iduals fail to lose weight with exercise. It is accepted that the regulatory system will readily defend impositions that promote a negative EB. Therefore, a criticism of exercise interventions is that they will be ineffective and futile methods of weight control because the acute energy deficit is counteracted. Compensation for exercise-induced energy deficits can be categorized into behavioral or metabolic responses and automatic or volitional. An automatic compensatory response is a biological inevitability and considered to be obligatory. An automatic compensatory response is typically a metabolic consequence (e.g., reduced resting metabolic rate) of a negative EB. In contrast, a volitional compensatory response tends to be deliberate and behavioral, which the in idual intentionally performs (e.g., increased snack intake). The purpose of this review is to highlight the various metabolic and behavioral compensatory responses that could reduce the effectiveness of exercise and explain why some in iduals experience a lower than expected weight loss. We propose that the extent and degree of compensation will vary between in iduals. That is, some in iduals will be predisposed to compensatory responses that render them resistant to the weight loss benefits theoretically associated with an exercise-induced increase in energy expenditure. Therefore, given the inter-in idual variability in behavioral and metabolic compensatory responses, exercise prescriptions might be more effective if tailored to suit in iduals.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-07-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012003011
Abstract: The main aim of the present study was to identify food consumption in Sri Lankan adults based on serving characteristics. Cross-sectional study. Fruits, vegetables, starch, meat, pulses, dairy products and added sugars in the diet were assessed with portion sizes estimated using standard methods. Twelve randomly selected clusters from the Sri Lanka Diabetes and Cardiovascular Study. Six hundred non-institutionalized adults. The daily intake of fruit (0·43), vegetable (1·73) and dairy (0·39) portions were well below national recommendations. Only 3·5 % of adults consumed the recommended 5 portions of fruits and vegetables/d over a third of the population consumed no dairy products and fewer than 1 % of adults consumed 2 portions/d. In contrast, Sri Lankan adults consumed over 14 portions of starch and 3·5 portions of added sugars daily. Almost 70 % of those studied exceeded the upper limit of the recommendations for starch intake. The total daily number of meat and pulse portions was 2·78. Dietary guidelines emphasize the importance of a balanced and varied diet however, a substantial proportion of the Sri Lankan population studied failed to achieve such a recommendation. Nutrition-related diseases in the country may be closely correlated with unhealthy eating habits.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-03-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-05-2016
DOI: 10.1002/OSP4.48
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINDERMATOL.2004.01.002
Abstract: Physical activity is any movement of skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. Long-term success in weight management depends on both physical activity and dietary modification. Exercise has a pivotal role in weight management, optimising body composition by minimising fat-free mass losses and maximising fat mass loss and, enhancing metabolic fitness. The amount and type of exercise needed to obtain health-related benefits may differ from that recommended for fitness benefits. Public health messages about exercise have focused on improvements in general health and fitness rather than on weight loss, prevention of weight gain or weight regain. About 2.5 times more exercise than the US Surgeon General's recommendation is needed to maintain energy balance and thus maintain a certain weight. The challenge is to get the exercise prescription right at an in idual level.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1080/02640410601175428
Abstract: In this study, we examined the effect of stage duration on physiological variables commonly used to determine maximum aerobic performance during cycle ergometry. Ten recreationally trained males (mean age 27.8 +/- 7.1 years BMI 24.3 +/- 2.5 kg x m(-2) VO2max 52.5 +/- 5.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) performed three different stage duration protocols on two separate occasions. Each short stage (SS 1-min stages), long stage (LS 3-min stages), and constant load + short stage (CL + SS 4-min constant load followed by 1-min stages) protocol started at 50 W with increments of 30 W. The physiological variables measured included: time to maximum, maximum workload, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximum heart rate, maximum rating of perceived exertion, maximum blood lactate concentration, and maximum respiratory exchange ratio. The ventilatory threshold was calculated for every trial of the three protocols. There was no difference in VO2max, but maximum heart rate was higher in the LS protocol (P<0.05). Maximum respiratory exchange ratio varied between the protocols (P<0.05), while maximum workload differed between the SS and LS protocols, and the LS and CL + SS protocols (P<0.0001). The physiological variables were comparable between trials for the SS and CL + SS protocols, but maximum workload and VO2max differed for the LS protocol (P<0.05). Workload at the ventilatory threshold was lower for the LS protocol (P<0.05). Heart rate at the ventilatory threshold was different between the LS and CL + SS protocols (P<0.05). Performing a test involving 1- or 3-min stage durations on a single occasion was appropriate for the determination of VO2max and the ventilatory threshold. However, the disparity in heart rate and workload could result in differences in mechanical and physiological work being undertaken. Consistent use of a protocol may alleviate errors during exercise prescription.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 18-11-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2011
Abstract: Ethnic differences in body fat distribution contribute to ethnic differences in cardiovascular morbidities and diabetes. However few data are available on differences in fat distribution in Asian children from various backgrounds. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore ethnic differences in body fat distribution among Asian children from four countries. A total of 758 children aged 8-10 y from China, Lebanon, Malaysia and Thailand were recruited using a non-random purposive s ling approach to enrol children encompassing a wide BMI range. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM, derived from total body water [TBW] estimation using the deuterium dilution technique) and skinfold thickness (SFT) at biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf were collected. After controlling for height and weight, Chinese and Thai children had a significantly higher WC than their Lebanese and Malay counterparts. Chinese and Thais tended to have higher trunk fat deposits than Lebanese and Malays reflected in trunk SFT, trunk/upper extremity ratio or supraspinale/upper extremity ratio after adjustment for age and total body fat. The subscapular/supraspinale skinfold ratio was lower in Chinese and Thais compared with Lebanese and Malays after correcting for trunk SFT. Asian pre-pubertal children from different origins vary in body fat distribution. These results indicate the importance of population-specific WC cut-off points or other fat distribution indices to identify the population at risk of obesity-related health problems.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2006
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2016
Abstract: Increasing the frequency of protein consumption is recommended to stimulate muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise. This study manipulated dietary protein distribution to assess the effect on gains in lean mass during a rugby preseason. Twenty-four developing elite rugby athletes (age 20.1 ± 1.4 years, mass 101.6 ± 12.0 kg M ± SD ) were instructed to consume high biological value (HBV) protein at their main meals and immediately after resistance exercise while limiting protein intake between meals. To manipulate protein intake frequency, the athletes consumed 3 HBV liquid protein supplements (22 g protein) either with main meals (bolus condition) or between meals (frequent condition) for 6 weeks in a 2 × 2 crossover design. Dietary intake and change in lean mass values were compared between conditions by analysis of covariance and correlational analysis. The dietary manipulation successfully altered the protein distribution score (average number of eating occasions containing 20 g of protein) to 4.0 ± 0.8 and 5.9 ± 0.7 ( p .01) for the bolus and frequent conditions, respectively. There was no difference in gains in lean mass between the bolus (1.4 ± 1.5 kg) and frequent (1.5 ± 1.4 kg) conditions ( p = .91). There was no clear effect of increasing protein distribution from approximately 4–6 eating occasions on changes in lean mass during a rugby preseason. However, other dietary factors may have augmented adaptation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 07-08-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-10-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/APP11135888
Abstract: Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder (DesignBuilder Software Ltd, Stroud, UK) was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-2015
Abstract: Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) are depleted in response to an acute bout of exercise in lean endurance-trained in iduals however, it is unclear whether changes in IMCL content are also seen in response to acute and chronic exercise in obese in iduals. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 18 obese men and 5 normal-weight controls to assess IMCL content before and after an hour of cycling at the intensity corresponding with each participant’s maximal whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fat max ). Fat max was determined via indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The same outcome measures were reassessed in the obese group after a 16-week lifestyle intervention comprising dietary calorie restriction and exercise training. At baseline, IMCL content decreased in response to 1 h of cycling at Fat max in controls (2.8 ± 0.4 to 2.0 ± 0.3 A.U., –39%, p = 0.02), but not in obese (5.4 ± 2.1 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 A.U., p = 0.42). The lifestyle intervention lead to weight loss (–10.0 ± 5.4 kg, p 0.001), improvements in maximal aerobic power (+5.2 ± 3.4 mL/(kg·min)), maximal fat oxidation rate (+0.19 ± 0.22 g/min), and a 29% decrease in homeostasis model assessment score (all p 0.05). However, when the 1 h of cycling at Fat max was repeated after the lifestyle intervention, there remained no observable change in IMCL (4.6 ± 1.8 vs. 4.6 ± 1.9 A.U., p = 0.92). In summary, there was no IMCL depletion in response to 1 h of cycling at moderate intensity either before or after the lifestyle intervention in obese men. An effective lifestyle intervention including moderate-intensity exercise training did not impact rate of utilisation of IMCL during acute exercise in obese men.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-07-2011
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1159/000357846
Abstract: The concept of energy gap(s) is useful for understanding the consequence of a small daily, weekly, or monthly positive energy balance and the inconspicuous shift in weight gain ultimately leading to overweight and obesity. Energy gap is a dynamic concept: an initial positive energy gap incurred via an increase in energy intake (or a decrease in physical activity) is not constant, may fade out with time if the initial conditions are maintained, and depends on the ‘efficiency' with which the readjustment of the energy imbalance gap occurs with time. The metabolic response to an energy imbalance gap and the magnitude of the energy gap(s) can be estimated by at least two methods, i.e. i) assessment by longitudinal overfeeding studies, imposing (by design) an initial positive energy imbalance gap ii) retrospective assessment based on epidemiological surveys, whereby the accumulated endogenous energy storage per unit of time is calculated from the change in body weight and body composition. In order to illustrate the difficulty of accurately assessing an energy gap we have used, as an illustrative ex le, a recent epidemiological study which tracked changes in total energy intake (estimated by gross food availability) and body weight over 3 decades in the US, combined with total energy expenditure prediction from body weight using doubly labelled water data. At the population level, the study attempted to assess the cause of the energy gap purported to be entirely due to increased food intake. Based on an estimate of change in energy intake judged to be more reliable (i.e. in the same study population) and together with calculations of simple energetic indices, our analysis suggests that conclusions about the fundamental causes of obesity development in a population (excess intake vs. low physical activity or both) is clouded by a high level of uncertainty.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1152/PHYSIOLGENOMICS.00105.2015
Abstract: Despite numerous attempts to discover genetic variants associated with elite athletic performance, injury predisposition, and elite/world-class athletic status, there has been limited progress to date. Past reliance on candidate gene studies predominantly focusing on genotyping a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms or the insertion/deletion variants in small, often heterogeneous cohorts (i.e., made up of athletes of quite different sport specialties) have not generated the kind of results that could offer solid opportunities to bridge the gap between basic research in exercise sciences and deliverables in biomedicine. A retrospective view of genetic association studies with complex disease traits indicates that transition to hypothesis-free genome-wide approaches will be more fruitful. In studies of complex disease, it is well recognized that the magnitude of genetic association is often smaller than initially anticipated, and, as such, large s le sizes are required to identify the gene effects robustly. A symposium was held in Athens and on the Greek island of Santorini from 14–17 May 2015 to review the main findings in exercise genetics and genomics and to explore promising trends and possibilities. The symposium also offered a forum for the development of a position stand (the Santorini Declaration). Among the participants, many were involved in ongoing collaborative studies (e.g., ELITE, GAMES, Gene SMART, GENESIS, and POWERGENE). A consensus emerged among participants that it would be advantageous to bring together all current studies and those recently launched into one new large collaborative initiative, which was subsequently named the Athlome Project Consortium.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-05-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030005426
Abstract: To know if the magnitude of change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) observed during an intervention is meaningful, it is imperative to first identify the variability that occurs within in iduals from day to day under normal conditions. The 2 most common systems used to measure RMR involve a ventilated hood or a mouthpiece & nose clip to collect expired gases. The variation in measurement using these 2 approaches has not been systematically compared. RMR was measured in 10 healthy adults during 5 separate testing sessions within a 2-week period where usual diet and physical activity were maintained. Each testing session consisted of one measurement of RMR using a ventilated hood system, followed by another using a mouthpiece & nose-clip system. No significant difference in RMR was evident between measurement sessions using either indirect calorimeter. Oxygen consumption and RMR were significantly higher using the mouthpiece & nose-clip system. Average within-in idual coefficient of variation for RMR was significantly lower for the ventilated-hood system. RMR measures were consistently lower using the ventilated-hood system by an average of 94.5 +/- 63.3 kcal. Day-to-day variance was between 2% and 4% for both systems. The use of either system is appropriate for assessing RMR in clinical and research settings, but alternating between systems should be undertaken with caution. A change in RMR must be greater than approximately 6% (96 kcal/d 1.2 kcal/kg/d) or approximately 8% (135 kcal/d 1.7 kcal/kg/d) when using a ventilated-hood system or a mouthpiece & nose-clip system, respectively, to observe any meaningful intervention-related differences within in iduals.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-01-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0261723
Abstract: Skeletal muscle atrophy is a physiological response to disuse, aging, and disease. We compared changes in muscle mass and the transcriptome profile after short-term immobilization in a ergent model of high and low responders to endurance training to identify biological processes associated with the early atrophy response. Female rats selectively bred for high response to endurance training (HRT) and low response to endurance training (LRT n = 6/group generation 19) underwent 3 day hindlimb cast immobilization to compare atrophy of plantaris and soleus muscles with line-matched controls (n = 6/group). RNA sequencing was utilized to identify Gene Ontology Biological Processes with differential gene set enrichment. Aerobic training performed prior to the intervention showed HRT improved running distance (+60.6 ± 29.6%), while LRT were unchanged (-0.3 ± 13.3%). Soleus atrophy was greater in LRT vs. HRT (-9.0 ±8.8 vs. 6.2 ±8.2% P .05) and there was a similar trend in plantaris (-16.4 ±5.6% vs. -8.5 ±7.4% P = 0.064). A total of 140 and 118 biological processes were differentially enriched in plantaris and soleus muscles, respectively. Soleus muscle exhibited ergent LRT and HRT responses in processes including autophagy and immune response. In plantaris, processes associated with protein ubiquitination, as well as the atrogenes ( Trim63 and Fbxo32 ), were more positively enriched in LRT. Overall, LRT demonstrate exacerbated atrophy compared to HRT, associated with differential gene enrichments of biological processes. This indicates that genetic factors that result in ergent adaptations to endurance exercise, may also regulate biological processes associated with short-term muscle unloading.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-2014
Abstract: Maximal fat oxidation (MFO), as well as the exercise intensity at which it occurs (Fat max ), have been reported as lower in sedentary overweight in iduals but have not been studied in trained overweight in iduals. The aim of this study was to compare Fat max and MFO in lean and overweight recreationally trained males matched for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to study the relationships between these variables, anthropometric characteristics, and CRF. Twelve recreationally trained overweight (high fatness (HiFat) group, 30.0% ± 5.3% body fat) and 12 lean males (low fatness (LoFat), 17.2% ± 5.7% body fat) matched for CRF (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O 2max ) 39.0 ± 5.5 vs. 41.4 ± 7.6 mL·kg –1 ·min –1 , p = 0.31) and age (p = 0.93) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. V̇O 2max and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were determined using indirect calorimetry Fat max and MFO were determined with a mathematical model (SIN) and % body fat was assessed by air displacement plethysmography. MFO (0.38 ± 0.19 vs. 0.42 ± 0.16 g·min –1 , p = 0.58), Fat max (46.7% ± 8.6% vs. 45.4% ± 7.2% V̇O 2max , p = 0.71), and fat oxidation rates over a wide range of exercise intensities were not significantly different (p 0.05) between HiFat and LoFat groups. In the overall cohort (n = 24), MFO and Fat max were correlated with V̇O 2max (r = 0.46, p = 0.02 r = 0.61, p = 0.002) but not with % body fat or body mass index (p 0.05). Fat oxidation during exercise was similar in recreationally trained overweight and lean males matched for CRF. Consistently, substrate oxidation rates during exercise were not related to adiposity (% body fat) but were related to CRF. The benefits of high CRF independent of body weight and % body fat should be further highlighted in the management of obesity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2015.02.005
Abstract: Insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and may contribute to obesity cardiomyopathy. The earliest sign of obesity cardiomyopathy is impaired left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, which may be evident in obese children and adolescents. However, the precise metabolic basis of the impaired LV diastolic function remains unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate cardiac structure and LV diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging in overweight and obese (OW) youth and to assess the relative in idual contributions of adiposity, IR, and inflammation to alterations in cardiac structure and function. We studied 35 OW (body mass index standard deviation score 2.0±0.8 non-IR n=19, IR n=16) and 34 non-OW youth (body mass index standard deviation score 0.1±0.7). LV diastolic function was reduced in OW youth compared with non-OW controls, as indicated by lower peak myocardial relaxation velocities (p<0.001) and greater filling pressures (p<0.001). OW youth also had greater LV mass index (p<0.001), left atrial volume index, and LV interventricular septal thickness (LV-IVS both p=0.02). IR-OW youth had the highest LV filling pressures, LV-IVS, and relative wall thickness (all p<0.05). Homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance and C-reactive protein were negative determinants of peak myocardial relaxation velocity and positive predictors of filling pressure. Adiponectin was a negative determinant of LV-IVS, independent of obesity. In conclusion, OW youth with IR and inflammation are more likely to have adverse changes to cardiovascular structure and function which may predispose to premature cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1467-789X.2002.00054.X
Abstract: Obesity is a significant health problem and the incidence of the condition is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Despite significant advances in the knowledge and understanding of the multifactorial nature of the condition, many questions regarding the specific consequences of the disease remain unanswered. For ex le, there is a dearth of information pertaining to the structural and functional limitations imposed by overweight and obesity. A limited number of studies to date have considered plantar pressures under the feet of obese vs. non-obese, the influence of foot structure on performance, gait characteristics of obese children and adults, and relationships between obesity and osteoarthritis. A better appreciation of the implications of increased levels of body weight and/or body fat on movement capabilities of the obese would provide an enhanced opportunity to offer more meaningful support in the prevention, treatment and management of the condition.
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Date: 24-11-2005
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-05-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.2008.01342.X
Abstract: Obesity associated with atypical antipsychotic medications is an important clinical issue for people with schizophrenia. The purpose of this project was to determine whether there were any differences in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) between men with schizophrenia and controls. Thirty-one men with schizophrenia were in idually matched for age and relative body weight with healthy, sedentary controls. Deuterium dilution was used to determine total body water and subsequently fat-free mass (FFM). Indirect calorimetry using a Deltatrac metabolic cart was used to determine REE and RQ. When corrected for FFM, there was no significant difference in REE between the groups. However, fasting RQ was significantly higher in the men with schizophrenia than the controls. Men with schizophrenia oxidised proportionally less fat and more carbohydrate under resting conditions than healthy controls. These differences in substrate utilisation at rest may be an important consideration in obesity in this clinical group.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 09-2005
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00023.2004
Abstract: The metabolic equivalent (MET) is a widely used physiological concept that represents a simple procedure for expressing energy cost of physical activities as multiples of resting metabolic rate (RMR). The value equating 1 MET (3.5 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 or 1 kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 ) was first derived from the resting O 2 consumption (V̇o 2 ) of one person, a 70-kg, 40-yr-old man. Given the extensive use of MET levels to quantify physical activity level or work output, we investigated the adequacy of this scientific convention. Subjects consisted of 642 women and 127 men, 18–74 yr of age, 35–186 kg in weight, who were weight stable and healthy, albeit obese in some cases. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system, and the energy cost of walking on a treadmill at 5.6 km/h was measured in a subs le of 49 men and 49 women (26–45 kg/m 2 29–47 yr). Average V̇o 2 and energy cost corresponding with rest (2.6 ± 0.4 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 and 0.84 ± 0.16 kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 , respectively) were significantly lower than the commonly accepted 1-MET values of 3.5 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 and 1 kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 , respectively. Body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) accounted for 62% of the variance in resting V̇o 2 compared with age, which accounted for only 14%. For a large heterogeneous s le, the 1-MET value of 3.5 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 overestimates the actual resting V̇o 2 value on average by 35%, and the 1-MET of 1 kcal/h overestimates resting energy expenditure by 20%. Using measured or predicted RMR (ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 or kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 ) as a correction factor can appropriately adjust for in idual differences when estimating the energy cost of moderate intensity walking (5.6 km/h).
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-08-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2002
Abstract: Although physical inactivity is believed to contribute to the rising prevalence of obesity, the role and magnitude of its contribution to weight gain are unknown. We compared total free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weight. Premenopausal, generally sedentary women were studied at their normal weight and 1 y later after no intervention. Two groups were identified on the basis of extreme weight changes: maintainers (n = 27) had a weight gain of less-than-or-equal 3% of their initial body weight ( less-than-or-equal 2 kg/y) and gainers (n = 20) had a weight gain of >10% (>6 kg/y). At baseline and follow-up, evaluations were conducted during 4 wk of diet-controlled, energy-balance conditions. Free-living AEE and physical activity were assessed with the use of doubly labeled water, exercise energy economy and muscle strength with the use of standardized exercise tests, and sleeping EE and substrate utilization with the use of chamber calorimetry. Maintainers lost a mean (plus minusSD) of 0.5 plus minus 2.2 kg/y and gainers gained 9.5 plus minus 2.1 kg/y. Gainers had a lower AEE (P < 0.02), a lower physical activity level (P < 0.01), and less muscle strength (P < 0.001) these differences between groups remained significant from baseline to follow-up. Sleeping EE, exercise economy, and sleeping or 24-h substrate utilization were not significantly different between the 2 groups. A lower AEE in the gainers explained approximately 77% of their greater weight gain after 1 y. The general US population should increase their daily physical activity levels to decrease the rising prevalence of obesity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2005.10.010
Abstract: Despite evidence that 'walking for pleasure' represents the most common leisure-time physical activity, the exercise intensity associated with 'walking for pleasure' in the obese has not been established. Heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE) and walking speed were assessed for 30 obese and 20 non-obese adults as they completed two 2 km-walk tests on alternate days and were compared with a third 2 km walk with subjects walking 'as fast as possible'. Despite both obese (O) and non-obese (NO) groups rating the intensity of 'walking for pleasure' as 'light', HR and RPE data for only the NO group complied with definitions of 'light' intensity effort. 'Walking for pleasure' was characterised by a higher absolute (15 bpm, P < 0.05) and relative (70% of predicted maximum, P < 0.01) HR in the O group, which was representative of the transition between 'moderate' and 'hard' intensity exercise. The findings in the third, maximal trial were comparable across groups for all variables. Adiposity exerts a relative elevation-of-intensity effect on the cardiovascular system at walking speeds consistent with 'walking for pleasure'. 'Walking for pleasure' is sufficient to improve cardiovascular fitness in obese, but not normal-weight, in iduals.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2021.773609
Abstract: Prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity continues to increase in regional areas such as North-West (NW) Tasmania and show no signs of abating. It is possible that limited access to physical activity infrastructure (PAI) and healthier food options are exacerbating the low levels of habitual physical activity and obesity prevalence in these communities. Despite a burgeoning research base, concomitant exploration of both physical activity and food environments in rural and regional areas remain scarce. This research evaluated access (i.e., coverage, variety, density, and proximity) to physical activity resources and food outlets in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) in three NW Tasmanian communities. In all three study areas, the PAI and food outlets were largely concentrated in the main urban areas with most recreational tracks and natural amenities located along the coastline or river areas. Circular Head had the lowest total number of PAI ( n = 43) but a greater proportion (30%) of free-to-access outdoor amenities. There was marked variation in accessibility to infrastructure across different areas of disadvantage within and between sites. For a considerable proportion of the population, free-to-access natural amenities/green spaces and recreational tracks (73 and 57%, respectively) were beyond 800 m from their households. In relation to food accessibility, only a small proportion of the food outlets across the region sells predominantly healthy (i.e., Tier 1) foods (~6, 13, and 10% in Burnie, Circular Head and Devonport, respectively). Similarly, only a small proportion of the residents are within a reasonable walking distance (i.e., 5–10 min walk) from outlets. In contrast, a much larger proportion of residents lived close to food outlets selling predominantly energy-dense, highly processed food (i.e., Tier 2 outlets). Circular Head had at least twice as many Tier 1 food stores per capita than Devonport and Burnie (0.23 vs. 0.10 and 0.06 respectively) despite recording the highest average distance (4.35 and 5.66 km to Tier 2/Tier 1 stores) to a food outlet. As such, it is possible that both food and physical activity environment layouts in each site are contributing to the obesogenic nature of each community.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-06-2016
Abstract: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is one of the most affordable and feasible body composition assessment techniques for clinical and field settings. However, it is important to use an equation appropriate for the study population. This study aimed to propose and validate prediction equations to estimate body composition using BIA for Indonesian men. Total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were determined using the deuterium dilution technique in 292 Indonesian males. Participants were ided equally into development and validation groups to develop prediction equations and to cross-validate the proposed prediction equations, respectively. In addition, selected prediction equations using BIA were cross-validated. The proposed BIA equations were valid in our cross-validation s les. The best performance equations obtained from the absolute measure of body composition (TBW, FFM and FM) showed that r ranged between 0.89 and 0.91 and standard error of the estimate=1.8-2.6 kg. Cross-validation analysis indicated that the proposed equations had a bias of 0.1-0.3 kg, pure error of 1.3-1.8 kg and limits of agreement (mean difference±1.96 s.d.) of -0.26 to 0.13±4.09 to 5.59 kg. Among existing prediction equations examined, those by Deurenberg et al. (1989) and Lukaski et al. (1987) significantly overestimated FM by 4.0 and 3.2 kg, respectively, whereas the equation by Deurenberg et al. (1991) significantly (P<0.001) underestimated FFM by 5.0 kg compared with the reference FFM. The new BIA prediction equations may provide more precise and accurate estimation of body composition in Indonesian men than the existing equations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2005.01.005
Abstract: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is lower than predicted in persons taking atypical antipsychotic medication, and weight management is a significant clinical challenge for some of them. However, to date there have been no published guidelines to assist clinicians in choosing appropriate prediction equations to estimate energy expenditure in persons taking atypical antipsychotic medications. The objectives of this study were to measure REE in a group of men taking the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and to determine whether REE can be accurately predicted for this population using previously published regression equations. REE was measured using indirect calorimetry via a ventilated hood on eight men who had completed at least 6 months of treatment with clozapine. Comparisons between measured REE and predicted REE using five different equations were undertaken. The commonly-used Harris-Benedict and Schofield equations systematically overestimated REE. Predictions of REE from other equations were too variable for clinical use. When estimating energy requirements as part of a weight-management program in men who have been taking clozapine for 6 months, predictions of REE from the equations of Harris-Benedict and Schofield should be reduced by 280 kcal/day.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2006.07.037
Abstract: Subclinical myocardial and vascular dysfunctions occur in subjects with obesity. We investigated whether these changes were reversible with weight loss due to lifestyle intervention. Quantitative assessment of myocardial and vascular functions was performed at baseline and after a minimum of 8 weeks of a lifestyle intervention program in 106 subjects with significant risk factors but no history of cardiovascular disease and normal ejection fractions. Myocardial function was assessed using strain rate, strain, regional myocardial systolic velocity, and diastolic velocity (e(m)). Myocardial reflectivity was assessed by calibrated integrated backscatter. Vascular function was assessed using brachial arterial reactivity and arterial compliance. Exercise capacity was measured by peak oxygen consumption per unit time (VO(2)). Weight loss (-4.5 +/- 2.0%) was achieved by 48 subjects, and 58 maintained or increased weight (+1 +/- 1.5%, p <0.001). Compared with the stable weight group, the weight loss group showed significant improvement in brachial arterial reactivity (8.6 +/- 4.9% vs 6.7 +/- 4.9%, p <0.05), e(m) (6.4 +/- 1.9 vs 5.5 +/- 1.9 cm/s, p <0.01), and reflectivity (calibrated integrated backscatter, 18.3 +/- 4.9 vs 16.2 +/- 5.2 dB, p <0.01). The magnitude of weight change correlated with changes in e(m) (r = 0.36) and calibrated integrated backscatter (r = 0.33). The change in e(m) correlated with peak VO(2) (r = 0.38, p <0.001) and was an independent predictor for peak VO(2) even after adjustment for age and body mass index in a multivariate model (R(2) = 0.45, p <0.001). Weight loss was not associated with a significant change in systolic parameters (regional myocardial systolic velocity, global strain, and strain rate) or arterial compliance.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-05-2022
Abstract: A better understanding of the physical activity (PA) infrastructure in schools, the walkability of neighborhoods close to schools, and the food environments around schools, particularly in rural, socioeconomically challenged areas such as the North-West (NW) of Tasmania, could be important in the wider effort to improve the health of school-age children. Accordingly, this research aimed to assess PA resources, walkability, and food environments in and around schools in three socioeconomically disadvantaged, regional/rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Tasmania, Australia. A census of schools (including assessment of the PA infrastructure quality within school grounds), a walkability assessment, and a census of food outlets surrounding schools (through geospatial mapping) were executed. Most of the schools in the study region had access to an oval, basketball/volleyball/netball court, and free-standing exercise equipment. In all instances (i.e., regardless of school type), the quality of the available infrastructure was substantially higher than the number of incivilities observed. Most schools also had good (i.e., within the first four deciles) walkability. Numerous food outlets were within the walking zones of all schools in the study region, with an abundance of food outlets that predominantly sold processed unhealthy food.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2008.38
Abstract: To determine what effect diet-induced approximately 12 kg weight loss in combination with exercise training has on body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) in premenopausal African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) women. This study was a longitudinal, randomized weight loss clinical intervention, with either aerobic (AT), resistance (RT), or no exercise training (NT). Forty-eight AA and forty-six EA premenopausal overweight (BMI between 27 and 30) women underwent weight loss to a BMI<25. Body composition (densitometry), REE (indirect calorimetry), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and muscular strength (isometric elbow flexion) were evaluated when subjects were in energy balance. AA women lost less fat-free mass (FFM, P<or=0.05) (47.0+/-4.6 to 46.9+/-5.0 kg) than EA women (46.4+/-4.9 to 45.2+/-4.6 kg). Regardless of race, RT maintained FFM (P<or=0.05) following weight loss (46.9+/-5.2 to 47.2+/-5.0 kg) whereas AT (45.4+/-4.2 to 44.4+/-4.1 kg) and NT (47.9+/-4.7 to 46.4+/-5.1 kg) decreased FFM (P<or=0.05). Both AT and NT decreased in REE with weight loss but RT did not. Significant time by group interactions (all P<or=0.05) for strength indicated that RT maintained strength and AT did not. AA women lost less FFM than EA women during equivalent weight losses. However, following weight loss in both AA and EA, RT conserved FFM, REE, and strength fitness when compared to women who AT or did not train.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12787
Abstract: Eating patterns involving intermittent energy restriction (IER) include 'intermittent fasting' where energy intake is severely restricted for several 'fasting' days per week, with 'refeeding' days (involving greater energy intake than during fasting days) at other times. Intermittent fasting does not improve weight loss compared to continuous energy restriction (CER), where energy intake is restricted every day. We hypothesize that weight loss from IER could be improved if refeeding phases involved restoration of energy balance (i.e. not ongoing energy restriction, as during intermittent fasting). There is some evidence in adults with overweight or obesity showing that maintenance of a lower weight may attenuate (completely or partially) some of the adaptive responses to energy restriction that oppose ongoing weight loss. Other studies show some adaptive responses persist unabated for years after weight loss. Only five randomized controlled trials in adults with overweight or obesity have compared CER with IER interventions that achieved energy balance (or absence of energy restriction) during refeeding phases. Two reported greater weight loss than CER, whereas three reported similar weight loss between interventions. While inconclusive, it is possible that achieving energy balance (i.e. avoiding energy restriction or energy excess) during refeeding phases may be important in realizing the potential of IER.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 17-02-2023
DOI: 10.2196/41280
Abstract: Social and behavioral determinants of health are increasingly recognized as central to effective person-centered intervention in clinical practice, disease management, and public health. Accordingly, social prescribing (SP) has received increased attention in recent times. The r ant global prevalence of obesity indicates that the customary, reductionistic, and disease-oriented biomedical approach to health service delivery is inadequate/ineffective at arresting the spread and mitigating the damaging consequences of the condition. There is an urgent need to shift the focus from reactive downstream disease-based treatments to more proactive, upstream, preventive action. In essence, this requires more effort to affect the paradigm shift from the traditional “biomedical approach of care” to a “biopsychosocial model” required to arrest the increasing prevalence of obesity. To this end, an SP approach, anchored in systems thinking, could be an effective means of moderating prevalence and consequences of obesity at a community level. The proposed SP intervention has the following three key objectives: (1) build a sustainable program for Circular Head based on SP, peer education, and health screening to minimize the incidence of obesity and related lifestyle diseases (2) increase service and workforce connectivity and collaboration and initiate the introduction of new services and activities for obesity prevention and community health promotion and (3) enhance health and well-being and minimize preventable adverse health outcomes of obesity and related lifestyle diseases through enhancement of food literacy and better nutrition, enhancement of physical literacy and habitual personal activity levels, and improvement of mental health, community connectedness, and reduction of social isolation. This paper describes a prospective SP strategy aimed at obesity prevention in Circular Head, a local government area in Northwest (NW) Tasmania. SP is a prominent strategy used in the Critical Age Periods Impacting the Trajectory of Obesogenic Lifestyles Project, which is an initiative based in NW Tasmania focused on assessing obesity prevention capacity. A social prescription model that facilitates the linkage of primary health screening with essential health care, education, and community resources through a dedicated “navigator” will be implemented. Four interlinked work packages will be implemented as part of the initial plan with each either building on existing resources or developing new initiatives. A multimethod approach to triangulate insights from quantitative and qualitative research that enables the assessment of impact on in iduals, community groups, and the health care system will be implemented within the initial pilot phase of the project. Literature is replete with rhetoric advocating complex system approaches to curtail obesity. However, real-life ex les of whole-of-systems interventions operationalized in ways that generate relevant evidence or effective policies are rare. The erse approach for primary prevention of obesity-related lifestyle diseases and strategies for improvement of health and well-being described in this instance will contribute toward closing this evidence gap. PRR1-10.2196/41280
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12788
Abstract: Despite longstanding recognition of the benefits of a physically active lifestyle, there remains ambiguity regarding exactly how much exercise should be promoted to raise total energy expenditure (TEE) and improve health. This review provides a brief summary of the dose-response relationship between physical activity and relative risk of morbidity and mortality mechanisms through which exercise drives an increase in TEE the highest reported levels of TEE measured via doubly labelled water and the potential impact of non-compliance and confounders in moderating the contribution of exercise to increase TEE. Cohort studies provide a compelling argument that 'more is better' regarding the exercise dose for increasing TEE, that increasing TEE is protective for health, and that this is mediated through increased cardiorespiratory fitness. However, growing evidence shows that ever increasing volumes of weekly physical activity may reverse the cost-benefit seen with more modest doses. Animal and human studies show that the elevation in TEE associated with increasing exercise volume is commonly less than expected, due to physiological confounders. Further, there is considerable evidence of behavioural non-compliance to planned exercise in all but the most highly motivated athletes. Therefore, inbuilt defence mechanisms may safeguard against TEE being elevated to maximum levels.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2016.04.009
Abstract: Habitual exercise could contribute to weight management by altering processes of food reward via the gut-brain axis. We investigated hedonic processes of food reward in active and inactive men and characterised relationships with gastric emptying and body fat. Forty-four men (active: n=22 inactive: n=22, BMI range 21-36kg/m(2) percent fat mass range 9-42%) were studied. Participants were provided with a standardised fixed breakfast and an ad libitum lunch meal 5h later. Explicit liking, implicit wanting and preference among high-fat, low-fat, sweet and savoury food items were assessed immediately post-breakfast (fed state) and again pre-lunch (hungry state) using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Gastric emptying was assessed by (13)C-octanoic acid breath test. Active in iduals exhibited a lower liking for foods overall and a greater implicit wanting for low-fat savoury foods in the fed state, compared to inactive men. Differences in the fed state remained significant after adjusting for percent fat mass. Active men also had a greater increase in liking for savoury foods in the interval between breakfast and lunch. Faster gastric emptying was associated with liking for savoury foods and with an increase in liking for savoury foods in the postprandial interval. In contrast, greater implicit wanting for high-fat foods was associated with slower gastric emptying. These associations were independent of each other, activity status and body fat. In conclusion, active and inactive men differ in processes of food reward. The rate of gastric emptying may play a role in the association between physical activity status and food reward, via the gut-brain axis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2014.06.025
Abstract: To determine whether changes in appetite and energy intake (EI) can be detected and play a role in the effectiveness of interventions, it is necessary to identify their variability under normal conditions. We assessed the reproducibility of subjective appetite ratings and ad libitum test meal EI after a standardised pre-load in overweight and obese males. Fifteen overweight and obese males (BMI 30.3 ± 4.9 kg/m(2), aged 34.9 ± 10.6 years) completed two identical test days, 7 days apart. Participants were provided with a standardised fixed breakfast (1676 kJ) and 5 h later an ad libitum pasta lunch. An electronic appetite rating system was used to assess subjective ratings before and after the fixed breakfast, and periodically during the postprandial period. EI was assessed at the ad libitum lunch meal. S le size estimates for paired design studies were calculated. Appetite ratings demonstrated a consistent oscillating pattern between test days, and were more reproducible for mean postprandial than fasting ratings. The correlation between ad libitum EI on the two test days was r = 0.78 (P <0.01). Using a paired design and a power of 0.8, a minimum of 12 participants would be needed to detect a 10 mm change in 5 h postprandial mean ratings and 17 to detect a 500 kJ difference in ad libitum EI. Intra-in idual variability of appetite and ad libitum test meal EI in overweight and obese males is comparable to previous reports in normal weight adults. S le size requirements for studies vary depending on the parameter of interest and sensitivity needed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-03-2008
Abstract: To determine the minimum number of days of dietary intake interviews required to reduce the effects of random error (day-to-day variability in dietary intake) when using the multiple-pass, multiple-day, 24-h recall method. Cross-sectional study. University research department. A total of 50 healthy non-smoking overweight and obese (body mass index=26-40 kg/m2) adult men and women aged 39-45 years completed the study. Participants were randomly selected from volunteers for a larger unrelated study. Each participant completed 10, multiple-pass, 24-h recall interviews on randomly chosen days over 4 weeks. The minimum number of record days was determined for each macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, protein) and energy, for each gender, to obtain a 'true' (unobservable) representative intake from reported (observed) dietary intakes. The greatest number of days required to obtain a 'true' representative intake was 8 days. Carbohydrate intakes required the greatest number of days of dietary record among males (7 days), whereas protein required the greatest number of days among females (8 days) in this cohort. Sunday was the day of the week that showed greatest variability in macronutrient intakes. Protein (P<0.05) and fat (P<0.001) intakes were significantly more variable than carbohydrate on Sundays compared with weekdays, for both men and women. A logistically achievable 8 days of dietary intake interviews was sufficient to minimize the effect of random error when using the multiple-pass, 24-h recall dietary intake method. Sunday should be included among the dietary interview days to ensure a 'true' representation of macronutrient intakes. This method can be confidently applied to small cohort studies in which dietary intakes from different groups are to be compared or to investigations of associations between nutrient intakes and disease.
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Date: 30-07-2020
DOI: 10.2337/DC19-2523
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a novel low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), or placebo (PLA) intervention on liver fat, glycemia, and cardiorespiratory fitness using a randomized placebo-controlled design. Thirty-five inactive adults (age 54.6 ± 1.4 years, 54% male BMI 35.9 ± 0.9 kg/m2) with obesity and type 2 diabetes were randomized to 12 weeks of supervised MICT (n = 12) at 60% VO2peak for 45 min, 3 days/week HIIT (n = 12) at 90% VO2peak for 4 min, 3 days/week or PLA (n = 11). Liver fat percentage was quantified through proton MRS. Liver fat reduced in MICT (−0.9 ± 0.7%) and HIIT (−1.7 ± 1.1%) but increased in PLA (1.2 ± 0.5%) (P = 0.046). HbA1c improved in MICT (−0.3 ± 0.3%) and HIIT (−0.3 ± 0.3%) but not in PLA (0.5 ± 0.2%) (P = 0.014). Cardiorespiratory fitness improved in MICT (2.3 ± 1.2 mL/kg/min) and HIIT (1.1 ± 0.5 mL/kg/min) but not in PLA (−1.5 ± 0.9 mL/kg/min) (P = 0.006). MICT or a low-volume HIIT approach involving 12 min of weekly high-intensity aerobic exercise may improve liver fat, glycemia, and cardiorespiratory fitness in people with type 2 diabetes in the absence of weight loss. Further studies are required to elucidate the relationship between exercise-induced reductions in liver fat and improvements in glycemia.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-09-2022
Abstract: Despite increased awareness of its risks, for the most part, contemporary efforts for obesity prevention have been patchy at best. As such, the burgeoning interest in whole-systems approaches (WSAs) that acknowledge the complex, dynamic nature of overweight and obesity and operate across multiple levels of society is particularly timely. Many components of “community capacity building” (CB), an essential but often neglected aspect of obesity prevention, overlap with “best practice principles” in effective/optimal community-based obesity-prevention initiatives. Rhetoric urging WSAs and community CB in public health abounds although operative and efficacious contemporary ex les of these approaches to reducing obesity levels are scarce. The aim of this investigation was to undertake a systematized review of the level of capacity building incorporated in published literature on WSAs targeting obesity to better understand how domains of CB have been incorporated. A PubMed search and a recently published systematic review were utilized to identify WSAs to obesity prevention between 1995–2020. A team-based approach to qualitative thematic data analysis was used to systematically assess and describe each intervention regarding explicit capacity-building practice. Despite not being specifically designed for building capacity, a significant proportion of the WSAs studied in the current report had implemented several CB domains.
Publisher: International Medical Publisher (Fundacion de Neurociencias)
Date: 2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 22-03-2021
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 08-2015
Abstract: Evidence suggests that increasing protein distribution may be desirable to promote muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in combination with resistance exercise. However, there is a threshold above which additional protein consumption has limited benefit for MPS and may promote protein loss due to increased oxidation. This study aimed to measure daily protein intake and protein distribution in a cohort of rugby players. Twenty-five developing elite rugby union athletes (20.5 ± 2.3 years, 100.2 ± 13.3 kg, 184.4 ± 7.4 cm) were assessed at the start and end of a rugby preseason. Using a 7-day food diary the reported daily protein intake was 2.2 ± 0.7 g·kg·day -1 which exceeds daily recommendations. The reported carbohydrate intake was 3.6 ± 1.3 g·kg·day -1 which may reflect a suboptimal intake or dietary underreporting. In general, the rugby athletes were regularly consuming more than 20 g of protein 3.8 ± 0.9 times per day (68 ± 18% of eating occasions). In addition to documenting current dietary intakes, an excess protein estimation score was calculated to determine how frequently the rugby athletes consumed protein above a known effective dose with a margin of error. 2.0 ± 0.9 eating occasions contained protein in excess of doses (20 g) known to promote MPS. Therefore, it is currently unclear whether the consumption of regular large doses of protein will benefit rugby athletes via increasing protein distribution, or whether high protein intakes may have unintended effects including a reduction in carbohydrate and/or energy intake.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-01-2008
Abstract: To measure adherence to a specific exercise prescription (1500 kcal week(-1)) by objectively quantifying unsupervised exercise energy expenditure (ExEE) in obese women. The 16-week lifestyle intervention consisted of weekly meetings with research staff and promotion of increased ExEE (1500 kcal week(-1)) and a decreased dietary intake (-500 kcal day(-1)). Twenty-nine obese females (body mass index=36.8+/-5.0 kg m(-2), body fat=49.6+/-3.7%) from a hospital-based lifestyle intervention were included in the analysis. ExEE was estimated and monitored weekly using heart rate monitoring, and body composition was measured before and after the intervention by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Free-living adherence to the exercise prescription was variable and, on average, modest such that 14% achieved 1500 kcal week(-1), and the average weekly ExEE (768 kcal week(-1)) represented 51.2% of the total amount prescribed. ExEE was correlated with changes in body weight (r=0.65, P<0.001) and fat mass (r=0.65, P<0.001). Achievement of a 5% weight loss target was dependent on the achievement of an ExEE level of 1000 kcal week(-1) (P 1000 kcal week(-1)) lost more weight (-9.9 vs -4.1 kg), more fat mass (-6.8 vs -3.0 kg) and more waist circumference (-9.8 vs -5.6 cm) when compared to 'non-adherers' (<1000 kcal week(-1)). Exercise is an integral component of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing obesity and its complications. However, without accurate and objective measures of ExEE, it is difficult for relationships between exercise and health outcomes to be elucidated. The present study suggests an alternative to self-report to increase the confidence with which conclusions are drawn regarding the role of exercise within lifestyle interventions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2018.12.013
Abstract: The built environment encompasses the major physical spaces, including buildings, streets, homes, schools, parks, playgrounds and other infrastructure in which we live, work and play. In an ideal world, the built environment should support and facilitate a healthy engagement in physical activity across the lifespan. However, in the context of an environment characterized by increased mechanization and urbanization, physical inactivity and higher levels of overweight and obesity, too many settings are not conducive to physical activity and/or are not safe and walkable. In the knowledge that there are multiple challenges to redress the low levels of physical activity seen in many parts of the world, this paper provides some ex les of opportunities for healthy living (HL) in a built environment characteristic of an increasingly urbanized world. Particular foci include opportunities for HL fostered in child-friendly cities, in which walkability is high, and active transport is encouraged and supported.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.METABOL.2018.06.003
Abstract: Assessment of whole body protein turnover (WBPT) can provide fundamental information about protein kinetics which underpins the conservation of lean tissue. Reliability and methodology studies on the measurement of WBPT are scarce. This study aimed to assess the effects of urine collection duration (9 versus 12 h) and the reproducibility of WBPT with the end product method calculated from ammonia as the end product. WBPT was assessed in 21 healthy participants (11M, 10F) on 2 test days. WBPT was assessed using the end product method with a single dose of The CV for protein flux averaged 10% and 12% for 9 and 12-h urine collections respectively. Protein flux, synthesis and balance were significantly higher and protein breakdown significantly lower with 9-h urine collections compared to 12-h collections (P 0.962, P < 0.001 for all variables). The reproducibility of WBPT with ammonia as the end product was similar to previously reported reproducibility of the gold standard precursor technique. The use of a 12-h urine collection is more effective to achieve full turnover of the ammonia free amino acid (AA) pool.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599596
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to verify within- and between-day repeatability and variability in children's oxygen uptake (VO2), gross economy (GE VO2 ided by speed) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill walking based on self-selected speed (SS). Fourteen children (10.1 +/- 1.4 years) undertook three testing sessions over 2 days in which four walking speeds, including SS were tested. Within- and between-day repeatability were assessed using the Bland and Altman method, and coefficients of variability (CV) were determined for each child across exercise bouts and averaged to obtain a mean group CV value for VO2, GE, and HR per speed. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences in within- or between-day CV for VO2, GE, or HR at any speed. Repeatability within- and between-day for VO2, GE, and HR for all speeds was verified. These results suggest that submaximal VO2 during treadmill walking is stable and reproducible at a range of speeds based on children's SS.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1080/17477160701453466
Abstract: To verify the combined effect of body position, apparatus and distraction on children's resting metabolic rate (RMR). Experiments were carried out on 14 children aged 8-12 (mean age = 10.1 years +/- 1.4). Each participant underwent two test sessions, one week apart under three different situations: a) using mouthpiece and nose-clip (MN) or facemask (FM) b) sitting (SEAT) or lying (LY) and c) TV viewing (TV) or no TV viewing. In the first session, following 20 min rest and watching TV, the protocol was: LY: 20 min stabilization 10 min using MN and 10 min using FM. Body position was then changed to seated: 20 min stabilization 10 min using FM 10 min using MN. In the second session, FM and MN order was changed and participants did not watch TV. Data were analysed according to the eight combinations among the three studied parameters. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences for VO2 (p =0.01) and RMR (p =0.02), with TVMNSEAT showing higher values than TVFMLY. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias for VO2, VCO2, respiratory quotient (RQ) and RMR between TVFMLY and TVMNSEAT, respectively, of -17.8+/-14.5 (ml min), -8.8+/-14.5 (ml min), 0.03+/-0.05 and -115.2+/-101.9 (kcal/day). There were no differences in RMR measurements due to body position and apparatus when each variable was isolated. Analyses of distraction in three of four combinations indicated no difference between TV and no TV. Different parameter combinations can result in increased bias and variability, and thereby the reported differences among children's RMR measurement.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2015.05.007
Abstract: Many athletes perform resistance training and consume dietary protein as a strategy to promote anabolic adaptation. Due to its high satiety value, the regular addition of supplemented dietary protein could plausibly displace other key macronutrients such as carbohydrate in an athlete's diet. This effect will be influenced by the form and dose of protein. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of liquid whey protein dose manipulation on subjective sensations of appetite and food intake in a cohort of athletes. Ten male athletes who performed both resistance and aerobic (endurance) training (21.2 ± 2.3 years 181.7 ± 5.7 cm and 80.8 ± 6.1 kg) were recruited. In four counter-balanced testing sessions they consumed a manipulated whey protein supplement (20, 40, 60 or 80 g protein) 1 hour after a standardised breakfast. Subsequent energy intake was measured 3 hours after the protein supplement using an ad libitum test meal. Subjective appetite sensations were measured periodically during the test day using visual analogue scales. All conditions resulted in a significant decrease in ratings of hunger (50-65% P < 0.05) at the time of supplement consumption. However, there were no significant differences between the conditions at any time point for subjective appetite sensations or for energy consumed in the ad libitum meal: 4382 ± 1004, 4643 ± 982, 4514 ± 1112, 4177 ± 1494 kJ respectively. Increasing whey protein supplement dose above 20 g did not result in a measurable increase in satiety or decrease in food intake. However, the inclusion of additional whey protein supplementation where not otherwise consumed could plausibly reduce dietary intake.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-12-2010
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1519/00124278-200702000-00017
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect resistance training has on metabolic economy during typical activities of daily living in a geriatric population. Twenty-nine men and women (age: 66.7 +/- 4.4 years, body mass: 72.3 +/- 11.9 kg) participated in a 26-week heavy-resistance training program. Before and after training, heart rate and expiratory gases were measured for subjects performing 3 tasks that would mimic common everyday activities encountered by this population: (a) walking (WLK) at 3 miles per hour (4.8 km x h(-1)), (b) carrying a box (CAR) to simulate holding a bag of groceries with 1 hand (30% of maximal isometric strength) while walking at 2 miles per hour (3.2 km x h(-1)), and (c) climbing stairs (STR). No time by gender interaction was observed for the WLK, CAR, and STR activities consequently, the values for men and women were pooled. Both strength and fat-free mass increased significantly (p < or = 0.001) after the training protocol, whereas body mass remained constant. Oxygen cost decreased significantly by 6% (p < or = 0.05) only for CAR, whereas the respiratory exchange ratio decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05) for both WLK (0.84-0.81) and STR (0.87-0.83), and heart rate decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05) only for CAR. After the resistance training program, subjects also reported a significant decrease (p < or = 0.05) in perceived exertion during performance of all functional task test conditions. These results suggest that a heavy-resistance training program might affect exercise economy during daily tasks and improve ease of physical activity, thereby providing a possible mechanism for increasing quality of life in an older and geriatric population.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-04-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JCM10081770
Abstract: Excess adiposity in infancy may predispose in iduals to obesity later in life. The literature on determinants of adiposity in infants is equivocal. In this longitudinal cohort study, we investigated pre-pregnancy, prenatal and postnatal determinants of different adiposity indices in infants, i.e., fat mass (FM), percent FM (%FM), fat mass index (FMI) and log-log index (FM/FFMp), from birth to 6 months, using linear mixed-effects regression. Body composition was measured in 322, 174 and 109 infants at birth and 3 and 6 months afterwards, respectively, utilising air displacement plethysmography. Positive associations were observed between gestation length and infant FM, maternal self-reported pre-pregnancy body mass index and infant %FM, and parity and infant %FM and FMI at birth. Surprisingly, maternal intake of iron supplements during pregnancy was associated with infant FM, %FM and FMI at 3 months and FM/FFMp at 6 months. Male infant sex and formula feeding were negatively associated with all adiposity indices at 6 months. In conclusion, pre-pregnancy and pregnancy factors influence adiposity during early life, and any unfavourable impacts may be modulated postnatally via infant feeding practices. Moreover, as these associations are dependent on the adiposity indices used, it is crucial that researchers use conceptually and statistically robust approaches such as FM/FFMp.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-09-2011
Abstract: Zambia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest prevalence rates of HIV, currently estimated at 14%. Poor nutritional status due to both protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition has worsened this situation. In an attempt to address this combined problem, the government has instigated a number of strategies, including the provision of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment coupled with the promotion of good nutrition. High-energy protein supplement (HEPS) is particularly promoted however, the impact of this food supplement on the nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) beyond weight gain has not been assessed. Techniques for the assessment of nutritional status utilising objective measures of body composition are not commonly available in Zambia. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the impact of a food supplement on nutritional status using a comprehensive anthropometric protocol including measures of skinfold thickness and circumferences, plus the criterion deuterium dilution technique to assess total body water (TBW) and derive fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). This community-based controlled and longitudinal study aims to recruit 200 HIV-infected females commencing ARV treatment at two clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. Data will be collected at four time points: baseline, 4-month, 8-month and 12-month follow-up visits. Outcome measures to be assessed include body height and weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, CD4, viral load and micronutrient status. This protocol describes a study that will provide a longitudinal assessment of the impact of a food supplement on the nutritional status of HIV-infected females initiating ARVs using a range of anthropometric and body composition assessment techniques. Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201108000303396.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-10-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-06-2014
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 28-05-2021
Abstract: Background/Objectives: Characterizing compensatory and adaptive responses to exercise assists in understanding changes in energy balance and health outcomes with exercise interventions. This study investigated the effects of a short-term exercise intervention (combining high intensity interval (HII) and continuous exercise) on (1) gastric emptying, appetite and energy intake and (2) other adaptive responses including cardiorespiratory fitness, in inactive men with overweight/obesity. Methods: Fifteen men (BMI: 29.7 ± 3.3 kg/m −2 ) completed a 4-wk supervised exercise intervention, consisting of 5 exercise sessions per week alternating between HII (30 s at 100% VO 2 max followed by 30 s recovery) and continuous (at 50% VO 2 max) training on a cycle ergometer, progressing from 30 to 45 min session duration. Gastric emptying ( 13 C-octanoic acid breath test), appetite (visual analog scale), energy intake ( ad libitum lunch meal), body composition (air displacement plethysmography), non-exercise activity (accelerometery) VO 2 max, blood pressure, and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were measured before and after (≥48 h) the intervention. Results: Gastric emptying, glucose, insulin and ghrelin were unchanged, but energy intake at the ad libitum lunch test meal significantly increased at post-intervention (+171 ± 116 kcal, p & 0.01). Body weight (−0.9 ± 1.1 kg), waist circumference (−2.3 ± 3.5 cm) and percent body fat (−0.9 ± 1.1%) were modestly reduced ( P & 0.05). VO 2 max increased (+4.4 ± 2.1 ml.kg.min −1 ) by 13% and systolic (−6.2 ± 8.4 mmHg) and diastolic (−5.8 ± 2.2 mmHg) blood pressure were significantly reduced ( P ≤ 0.01 for all). Conclusions: Four weeks of exercise training did not alter gastric emptying, indicating gastric emptying may only adapt to a higher volume/longer duration of exercise or changes in other characteristics associated with regular exercise. The combination of HII and continuous exercise training had beneficial effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood pressure and warrants further investigation in larger randomized controlled trials.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 22-08-2022
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7273469
Abstract: The sensor units are considered one of the significant technologies that use solar energy as an assistant power source to the batteries. Despite their advantages over the other forms of renewables, solar energy has an intermittent nature which negatively affects the operation of these units. Reaching an effective operation ensuring sustainable units requires a prior prediction of the harvested solar energy. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) appeared recently as a promising prediction approach with those units. This is attributed to the high accuracy compared to the conventional stochastic and statistical ones. Till now, the optimal neural network that fits with sensor units has not been precisely determined. This paper is aimed at finding the optimal neural network that would be applied with solar-supplied sensor units. This is performed by applying a cascaded input/structure direct optimization. The optimization process handles the aspects of accuracy, computational efforts, and complexity. It mainly identifies the type and number of parameters that would be utilized as inputs in the first stage. Then, it optimizes the structure by addressing the number of hidden layers and hidden neurons. The corresponding analysis has been implemented for premeasured real data over five-year time period. The results showed that the optimal neural network can be achieved by using three input parameters which are the air temperature (AT), the relative humidity (RH), and the zenith angle ( θ z ). For the structure, it has been concluded that the proposed optimal ANN should have two hidden layers with ten neurons in each of them. Lastly, the proposed optimal ANN was verified against the associated prediction error which is minimized to less than 2%.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-1998
DOI: 10.1079/PNS19980015
Abstract: The debate surrounding the level of intensity of exercise that is best for health improvement has potentially clouded the issue of optimal exercise prescription for weight management. Low-intensity activity is potentially superior to moderate to high intensity for improving metabolic risk factors, and accumulated small bouts of physical activity are as effective to this end as single longer bouts, as long as the overall volume of energy expenditure is equivalent. What should not be forgotten however, is that for weight-loss it is the total volume of energy expended that will dictate the size of the energy deficit imposed, not the composition of the exercise per se. Exercise prescription for weight management is a conundrum. Whilst it is the total volume of energy expended that will dictate the magnitude of weight lost, not the composition of the exercise per se, it is the nature of the exercise prescription that will dictate the long-term success of an exercise programme. It is how well the exercise prescription is in idualized that influences tolerance of and interest in the programme and, thus, the adherence to it in the long term.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1998
Abstract: Numerous approaches have been used to improve the science and art of exercise prescription, and particular challenges exist in the prescription of exercise intensity. Traditionally, work in the area has been the province of exercise physiologists interested in the improvement of training programmes for athletes, as opposed to the more widespread recent interest in health-related fitness and physical activity for all. The generalized approach to the provision of guidelines for exercise prescription has meant that in iduals have, at best, prediction equations which provide a wide band of heart rate between which they can work to derive health benefits. This paper explores some of the commonly employed submaximal markers of exercise intensity and proposes a number of approaches for improvements beyond generalized equations.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 21-06-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2006.205
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 32-week personalized Polar weight management program (PWMP) compared with standard care (SC) on body weight, body composition, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese adults. Overweight or obese (29 +/- 2 kg/m(2)) men and women (n = 74) 38 +/- 5 years of age were randomly assigned into either PWMP (men = 20, women = 21) or SC (men = 15, women = 18). Both groups managed their own diet and exercise program after receiving the same standardized nutrition and physical activity advice. PWMP also received a weight management system with literature to enable the design of a personalized diet and exercise weight loss program. Body weight and body composition, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at weeks 0, 16, and 32. Eighty percent of participants completed the 32-week intervention, with a greater proportion of the dropouts being women (PWMP: 2 men vs. 7 women SC: 2 men vs. 4 women). At 32 weeks, PWMP completers had significantly (p < 0.001) greater losses in body weight [6.2 +/- 3.4 vs. 2.6 +/- 3.6 (standard deviation) kg], fat mass (5.9 +/- 3.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 3.6 kg), and waist circumference (4.4 +/- 4.5 vs. 1.0 +/- 3.6 cm). Weight loss and fat loss were explained by the exercise energy expenditure completed and not by weekly exercise duration. More effective weight loss was achieved after treatment with the PWMP compared with SC. The results suggest that the PWMP enables effective weight loss through tools that support self-monitoring without the requirement of more costly approaches to program supervision.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-01-2013
Abstract: Physical symptoms are common in pregnancy and are predominantly associated with normal physiological changes. These symptoms have a social and economic cost, leading to absenteeism from work and additional medical interventions. There is currently no simple method for identifying common pregnancy related problems in the antenatal period. A validated tool, for use by pregnancy care providers would be useful. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a Pregnancy Symptoms Inventory for use by health professionals. A list of symptoms was generated via expert consultation with health professionals. Focus groups were conducted with pregnant women. The inventory was tested for face validity and piloted for readability and comprehension. For test-re-test reliability, the tool was administered to the same women 2 to 3 days apart. Finally, midwives trialled the inventory for 1 month and rated its usefulness on a 10cm visual analogue scale (VAS). A 41-item Likert inventory assessing how often symptoms occurred and what effect they had, was developed. In idual item test re-test reliability was between .51 to 1, the majority (34 items) scoring ≥0.70. The top four “often” reported symptoms were urinary frequency (52.2%), tiredness (45.5%), poor sleep (27.5%) and back pain (19.5%). Among the women surveyed, 16.2% claimed to sometimes or often be incontinent. Referrals to the incontinence nurse increased 8 fold during the study period. The PSI provides a comprehensive inventory of pregnancy related symptoms, with a mechanism for assessing their effect on function. It was robustly developed, with good test re-test reliability, face validity, comprehension and readability. This provides a validated tool for assessing the impact of interventions in pregnancy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJPO-2021-001123
Abstract: This research evaluated (1) differences in body size and composition of Tasmanian infants at birth and 3 and 6 months postpartum compared with WHO child growth standards and (2) body composition changes in Tasmanian infants at the extremes of the weight-for-length (WFL) spectrum. Observational study. A hospital in Northern Tasmania, Australia. 315 healthy infants (~90% Caucasian) born between 2017 and 2019 in Tasmania. Body composition and anthropometric measures at 0, 3 and 6 months. Growth characteristics at birth and growth trajectories from 0 to 6 months were compared against WHO child growth standards for 0–2 years. Overall, growth of Tasmanian infants in the first 6 months of life was similar to the global prescriptive standards. Trajectories of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) accrual in infants from the extremes of the size spectrum appear to converge at the 6-month time point. Infants in the lower extremity demonstrated the most precipitous accrual in percentage FM (and the steepest decline in percentage FFM), compared with all other infants. No significant deviations of growth were observed in Tasmanian infants from 0 to 6 months in comparison to the WHO prescriptive growth standards. Infants below the third percentile WFL showed the most precipitous increase in FM accretion. Periodic comparisons local infants with global standards will enable identification of significant deviations from optimal growth patterns.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2007.06.009
Abstract: We assessed whether whole-body multiple frequency impedance (MFBIA) data obtained at a few discrete frequencies could be used to estimate accurately resistance at 0 (R(0)) and infinite (R(infinity)) frequencies required for prediction of body composition by mixture theory. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured in 157 subjects (77 males, 80 females body mass index [BMI] 17.8-41.7 kg/m(2)) by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Whole-body impedance was measured and R(0) and R(infinity) were calculated by three different methods. FFM predicted using the different values of R(0) and R(infinity) were compared with each other and with the reference DXA values for all subjects stratified according to BMI band (BMI 30 kg/m(2), obese). All BIA procedures predicted an FFM that was slightly but significantly different from DXA-derived values, underestimating by 0.24 to 1.4 kg in the normal-weight subjects and overestimating by 5.3 to 7.1 kg in the obese subjects. Although statistically significant, the different impedance procedures were highly correlated (r > 0.98), with small limits of agreement (approximately +/-2%) when used to predict FFM. Predictive power was associated with BMI, worsening as BMI increased. MFBIA can be used to estimate impedance parameters required for mixture theory prediction of body composition, but this approach requires adjustment for BMI to be accurate.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2012
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2012.109
Abstract: We investigated to what extent changes in metabolic rate and composition of weight loss explained the less-than-expected weight loss in obese men and women during a diet-plus-exercise intervention. In all, 16 obese men and women (41 ± 9 years body mass index (BMI) 39 ± 6 kg m(-2)) were investigated in energy balance before, after and twice during a 12-week very-low-energy diet(565-650 kcal per day) plus exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) intervention. The relative energy deficit (EDef) from baseline requirements was severe (74%-87%). Body composition was measured by deuterium dilution and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were converted into energy equivalents using constants 9.45 kcal per g FM and 1.13 kcal per g FFM. Predicted weight loss was calculated from the EDef using the '7700 kcal kg(-1) rule'. Changes in weight (-18.6 ± 5.0 kg), FM (-15.5 ± 4.3 kg) and FFM (-3.1 ± 1.9 kg) did not differ between genders. Measured weight loss was on average 67% of the predicted value, but ranged from 39% to 94%. Relative EDef was correlated with the decrease in RMR (R=0.70, P<0.01), and the decrease in RMR correlated with the difference between actual and expected weight loss (R=0.51, P<0.01). Changes in metabolic rate explained on average 67% of the less-than-expected weight loss, and variability in the proportion of weight lost as FM accounted for a further 5%. On average, after adjustment for changes in metabolic rate and body composition of weight lost, actual weight loss reached 90% of the predicted values. Although weight loss was 33% lower than predicted at baseline from standard energy equivalents, the majority of this differential was explained by physiological variables. Although lower-than-expected weight loss is often attributed to incomplete adherence to prescribed interventions, the influence of baseline calculation errors and metabolic downregulation should not be discounted.
Start Date: 04-2008
End Date: 12-2010
Amount: $123,701.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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