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0000-0001-8215-4051
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Murdoch University
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Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2010
Abstract: Swine dysentery is a contagious mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease caused by the intestinal spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae that colonizes and induces inflammation of the cecum and colon. It has been reported that a diet containing chicory root and sweet lupin can prevent swine dysentery. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inulin in the chicory root rather than galactans in lupins was responsible for protective effects. An experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was undertaken using pigs fed barley- and triticale-based diets, with the main effects being protein source [185 g/kg of canola meal (decreased galactans) or 220 g/kg of lupins (greater galactans)] and inulin supplementation (0 or 80 g/kg). Forty Large White × Landrace pigs weighing 21 ± 3 kg, with 10 pigs per diet, were allowed to adapt to the diets for 2 wk, and then each pig was challenged orally 4 times with a broth culture containing B. hyodysenteriae on consecutive days. Pigs were killed when they showed clinical signs of dysentery or 6 wk postchallenge. Pigs fed diets without inulin had 8.3 times greater risk (P = 0.017) of developing swine dysentery and were 16 times more likely (P = 0.004) to have colon contents that were culture-positive for B. hyodysenteriae, compared with the pigs fed a diet with 80 g/kg of inulin. Diets containing lupins did not prevent pigs from developing clinical swine dysentery however, inclusion of lupins or inulin or both in the diets delayed the onset of disease compared with the diet based mainly on canola meal (P < 0.05). Diet did not influence the total concentration of organic acids in the ileum, cecum, or upper and lower colon however, the molar proportions of the organic acids were influenced (P 0.05) by diet. However the pH values of the ileal digesta were decreased in pigs fed the diet with both lupins and inulin compared with the diet containing only lupins (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that diets supplemented with highly fermentable carbohydrates from inulin protected pigs against developing swine dysentery.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2005
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/AN12053
Abstract: A completely randomised block experiment was conducted using 216 female pigs (Large White × Landrace, six pigs en and 12 replicate pens/treatment), at an average liveweight (LW) of 22.6 kg ± 0.56 (mean ± s.e.m.), to examine the effect of feeding strategies on performance during the grower–finisher phase. Pigs were blocked and randomly allocated to the following treatments on the basis of initial LW: (1) phase-feeding: diets changed when the average LW of pigs in the pen reached 20, 50 or 80 kg (2) blend: diets changed weekly to meet the requirements of the average LW of pigs in the pen and (3) single: the same diet fed throughout (formulated to meet the requirements of the pig at 60 kg LW). The experimental diets were fed from 22 to 102 kg LW. Between 68 and 98 days of age, pigs fed the single diet grew more slowly (P 0.001) due to poorer feed conversion (P 0.001) than did pigs fed the phase-feeding or blend diets. However, between 99 and 133 days of age, pigs fed the single diet utilised feed more efficiently (P 0.001) than did pigs fed the phase-feeding and blend diets. Therefore, there was no significant effect of the feeding strategies on overall growth performance (P 0.05) and there was no significant difference in carcass quality (P 0.05) among treatment groups. However, it was 3.74% and 3.51% cheaper to use the blend- and single-diet feeding strategies, respectively, than it was to use a phase-feeding program (P = 0.002). The present experiment has shown that blend-feeding could be a strategy to reduce the cost of production. Feeding a single diet appears to have merit and may have appeal for certain circumstances however, it would need to be investigated further before being implemented commercially.
Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal-Oberth e.V.
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.25967/480058
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-10-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEATSCI.2015.08.007
Abstract: A 4 × 3 factorial experiment (n=8 pigs per treatment combination) was conducted with 96 female Landrace × Large White pigs to examine the required level of dietary vitamin E and optimum feeding duration before slaughter to maximise muscle vitamin E content in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. The respective factors were four dietary levels of vitamin E (supplemented as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate 35, 300, 500, and 700 IU/kg) and three feeding durations (14, 28 and 42 days before slaughter). Vitamin E concentration in the LTL was maximised at 6 mg/kg, which was achieved by feeding a 700 IU vitamin E diet for 28 days before slaughter (P<0.001). There was no further increase in the vitamin E content of the LTL by feeding the high vitamin E diet more than 28 days before slaughter.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507868462
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine whether adding oat hulls to weaner pig diets based on extruded rice or unprocessed wheat influenced post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) and protein fermentation in the large intestine. Ninety-six male piglets (5·16 ( sem 0·08) kg) were allocated to (i) extruded rice plus animal proteins (RAP) (ii) RAP with added oat hulls (20 g/kg) (iii) wheat plus animal proteins (WAP) (iv) WAP with added oat hulls (20 g/kg). Blood and faecal s les were collected on days 7 and 14 after weaning at about age 21 d. Pigs fed RAP had more PWD than pigs fed WAP ( P 0·05). Oat hull supplementation to diet RAP decreased the incidence of PWD ( P 0·05). The total-tract digestibility of DM, starch and energy was higher in rice-based diets than in wheat-based diets ( P 0·001) however, oat hulls decreased digestibility of DM and gross energy ( P 0·001). Pigs fed RAP had higher plasma creatinine concentrations ( P 0·01), which were positively correlated to cumulative β-haemolytic Escherichia coli scores after weaning ( R 2 0·928 P = 0·015). Addition of oat hulls decreased plasma urea concentrations only in pigs fed RAP (interaction P 0·05). Pigs fed RAP had lower faecal total biogenic amine concentrations than pigs fed WAP ( P 0·001). Oat hull supplementation tended to decrease total biogenic amine concentrations ( P = 0·103). These data indirectly suggest that a mostly insoluble dietary fibre source such as oat hulls can decrease PWD in dietary situations where there may be a misbalance of carbohydrate to protein entering the hindgut.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1071/AN15289
Abstract: This experiment tested the hypothesis that pigs challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli (ETEC) will improve performance by dietary supplementation of sulfur amino acids (SAA) and tryptophan (Trp) above the current recommended levels in the immediate post-weaning period. Male pigs (n = 96) weighing 6.2 ± 0.78 kg (mean ± s.d.) and weaned at 21 days were stratified into one of four treatments based on weaning weight (n = 24). Four diets were formulated [11.2 MJ NE/kg 20.1% crude protein, 1.25% standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys)] according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two levels of SID SAA : Lys ratio (0.52 vs 0.60) and two levels of SID Trp : Lys ratio (0.16 vs 0.24). Diets did not contain any antimicrobial compounds. Pigs were in idually housed and were fed diets for 14 days after weaning. Pigs were infected with ETEC (3.44 × 108 CFU/mL, serotype O149 : K91 : K88) on Days 5, 6, and 7 after weaning. Pigs were bled on Days 5, 8 and 14 and subsequently analysed for plasma levels of acute-phase proteins, urea, cytokines (Days 5 and 8 only) and amino acids (Days 5 and 8 only). Increasing Trp (P = 0.036) and SAA (P = 0.028) improved feed conversion ratio, and combined supplementation of SAA and Trp further improved FCR than in idual supplementation of either SAA or Trp (P = 0.092). Dietary treatments had no impact on the incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea (P 0.05). Increasing SAA increased shedding of ETEC on Days 12 and 14 after weaning (P 0.019). Increasing dietary Trp reduced the intensity of inflammation (as measured by APP Index = [(C-reactive protein × PigMAP)/apolipoprotein A1]) immediately after infection with ETEC (P 0.05), while increasing dietary SAA reduced the APP index on 24 h and 7 days after ETEC infection (P 0.05). Increasing dietary SAA reduced plasma levels of interferon-gamma regardless of dietary Trp or day of s ling (P = 0.043). Increasing dietary SAA decreased plasma urea (PU) levels on Days 5, 8 and 14 (P 0.05). These data indicate that Trp supplementation reduced the intensity of inflammation and SAA supplementation decreased the pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma response and improved protein utilisation, as measured by PU, whereas supplementation with both Trp and SAA improved feed conversion ratio.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1080/17450390802327811
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of feeding pigs low protein (LP) diets for different lengths of time after weaning on indices of protein fermentation, the incidence of postweaning diarrhoea (PWD), growth performance, and total-tract apparent digestibility. Sixty weaner pigs weighing 6.1 +/- 0.13 kg (mean +/- SEM) were used in a completely randomised design having five treatments: (i) a high protein diet (HP, 243 g/kg CP) fed for 14 d after weaning (HP14) (ii) a low protein diet (LP, 173 g CP/kg) fed for 5 d after weaning (LP5) (iii) LP diet fed for 7 d after weaning (LP7) (iv) LP diet fed for 10 d after weaning (LP10), and (v) LP diet fed for 14 d after weaning (LP14). All diets were supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan and threonine, with all LP diets additionally fortified with crystalline isoleucine and valine to conform to a proposed ideal amino acid (AA) pattern. A second-stage diet (215 g CP/kg) was fed to pigs at the conclusion of each treatment. None of the diets contained antimicrobial compounds. Feeding a LP diet, regardless of duration of feeding, decreased plasma urea nitrogen (p < 0.001) and faecal ammonia-nitrogen (p 0.05) growth performance up to 106 days after weaning compared to pigs fed the HP diet. Total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and crude protein were similar (p > 0.05) between treatments. Our data suggest that feeding a LP diet, supplemented with AA to conform to an ideal AA pattern, for 7-10 days after weaning can reduce PWD in pigs fed antibiotic-free diets without compromising production.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-09-2015
DOI: 10.1111/ASJ.12275
Abstract: Numerous experiments have demonstrated that feeding a lower protein diet decreases protein fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reduces the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). However, there is a lack of holistic evidence underpinning the relationship between feeding a lower protein diet and PWD in relation to physiological responses and protein fermentation in the GIT. The scope of this article, therefore, will: (i) focus on the impact of dietary protein levels on selected indices of GIT health in weaned pigs without and with experimental infection with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli and (ii) attempt to conduct regression analysis to examine the relationships between dietary-origin protein intake, nitrogen fermentation indices, fecal consistency and the incidence of PWD. We used datasets generated from a series of four intensive experiments in weaned pigs. The collective results derived from these datasets indicate that restriction of daily protein intake to less than 60 g through feeding a lower protein diet for as little as 7 days after weaning reduced the incidence of PWD commensurate with a reduction in protein fermentation indices.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-06-2020
DOI: 10.1093/JAS/SKAA190
Abstract: Dietary tryptophan (Trp) is a precursor for serotonin, a neuromediator involved in stress responses. Tryptophan competes with other large neutral amino acids (LNAA: tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine) to cross the blood–brain barrier therefore, the regulation of circulating LNAA can influence Trp availability in the cortex and serotonin biosynthesis. The hypothesis examined in this study was that increased supplementation of dietary Trp and a reduction in LNAA for weaned pigs experimentally infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4) will increase Trp availability in plasma and reduce indices of the stress response, which will translate to reduced production losses. At 21 ± 3 d of age (mean ± SEM), 96 male pigs (Large White × Landrace) weighing 6.3 ± 0.98 kg (mean ± SEM) were in idually penned and allocated to a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with respective factors being 1) four dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp and LNAA contents, being HTrpHLNAA (Low Trp-High LNAA 0.24% SID Trp: 5.4% SID LNAA), HTrpHLNAA (Low Trp-Low LNAA 0.24% SID Trp: 4.6% SID LNAA), HTrpHLNAA (High Trp-High LNAA 0.34% SID Trp: 5.4% SID LNAA), and HTrpHLNAA (High Trp-Low LNAA 0.34% SID Trp: 4.6% SID LNAA), and 2) without/with ETEC infection. Pigs were orally infected with 0.8 mL (3.6 × 109 CFU/mL) ETEC at days 7 and 8 after weaning. Pigs fed diets high in Trp irrespective of the level of LNAA (HTrpHLNAA and HTrpLLNAA) had higher plasma Trp concentrations (P & 0.001) and a Trp:LNAA ratio (P & 0.001) before infection and 6 d after infection. Following infection, noninfected pigs had higher plasma Trp (P = 0.03) and a Trp:LNAA ratio (P = 0.004) compared with pigs infected with ETEC. Plasma cortisol levels after infection were higher in ETEC-infected pigs (P = 0.05) and altering dietary Trp and LNAA concentrations did not influence (P & 0.05) plasma cortisol. Pigs fed diet HTrpLLNAA had higher serum serotonin levels 24 h after infection (P = 0.02) compared with pigs fed diets LTrpLLNAA and HTrpHLNAA. Similarly, pigs fed diet HTrpLLNAA had a higher (P = 0.02) average daily gain during the 3-wk study. Overall, average daily feed intake tended to be higher in pigs fed an HTrpLLNAA diet compared with the other diets (P = 0.08). These results suggest that the increased supplementation of dietary Trp with reduced LNAA increased circulating Trp levels that, in turn, likely caused higher serum serotonin levels, irrespective of infection with ETEC, and improved aspects of post-weaning performance.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2016
Abstract: Pigs immunized against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) have increased carcass fatness compared to entire males however, the timing of this increase in fatness after the second immunization against GnRF has not been determined. An experiment was conducted to identify and compare the growth performance, body composition, and physiological changes in immunocastrated males (IC males) at different BW and feeding levels. A total of 64 pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the treatments being 1) sex (entire males or IC males), 2) initial BW (45.9 kg [light] or 78.3 kg [heavy]), and 3) feeding regime (2.5 times maintenance [restricted] or ad libitum). The pigs were in idually housed, and the diets were fed for 4 wk after the second immunization against GnRF until slaughter at either 68.4 kg BW (light) or 105.8 kg BW (heavy). Immunocastrated males on a restricted feed intake had a lower ADG compared to entire males from d 15 to 28 and d 0 to 28 ( 0.011 and 0.011, respectively). Fat deposition was not affected by sex from d 0 to 14, but from d 15 to 28 IC males deposited 45 g/d more fat than entire males ( = 0.025). Immunocastrated male pigs fed ad libitum deposited 87 g/d more fat from d 15 to 28 than entire males fed ad libitum ( = 0.036). However, there was no difference in fat deposition between IC males and entire males when feed intake was restricted from d 15 to 28. Plasma urea nitrogen levels were greater in IC males compared to entire males from d 7 after the second immunization against GnRF ( 0.05 for d 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28). Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 were lower for IC males compared to entire males on d 3, 7, 10, and 28 ( 0.05 for all days). The following conclusions were made: 1) when pigs are immunized at a light BW (50 kg) and/or are on a restricted feed intake, they have a reduced propensity to deposit fat however, the restriction in feed intake adversely affects growth rate. 2) The majority of fat deposition for males immunized at heavy BW (80 kg) occurs from d 15 to 28 after the second immunization against GnRF.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-11-2015
DOI: 10.3390/ANI5040403
Publisher: CABI Publishing
Date: 2007
Abstract: Lupins are a valuable source of protein that can partially replace traditional proteins of animal origin such as meat and bone meal and fish meal. Lupins also have been used as alternatives for soyabean meal (SBM) and other oilseed meals in some countries such as Australia and northeastern Europe where use of locally-grown lupins in pig diets is cost-effective. However, the presence of high levels of antinutritional factors (ANF), such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), oligosaccharides, protease inhibitors, tannins, saponins and alkaloids, have h ered progressive use of lupins in pig diets. Advances in lupin breeding programmes have contributed to the release of varieties with improved digestibility and lower ANF contents. The scope of this review is to evaluate the nutritional value of current varieties of lupins and to summarize recent nutritional concepts covering the strengths and weaknesses of lupins as ingredients in pig diets. The topics discussed will include: (1) chemical characteristics of currently available lupin species (2) energy and amino acid availability (3) performance and carcass composition response to lupin-based diets (4) ANF in lupins and (5) processing of lupins to improve nutrient digestibility.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Date: 09-2020
DOI: 10.2514/1.C035897
Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal-Oberth e.V.
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.25967/490012
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.2527/JAS.53819
Abstract: Forty-two in idually housed entire male pigs weighing 37.5 ± 0.15 kg (mean ± SEM) were used in a randomized block design having 7 dietary treatments (n = 6). The dietary treatments were 5 semisynthetic diets containing 350 g/kg of soybean (Glycine max) meal (SBM) with variable heat treatments (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 min autoclaved at 135°C), a protein free (N-free) diet, and an enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (EHC) diet. Heat treatment linearly decreased (P < 0.001) total Lys content from 27.5 to 19.2 g/kg and reactive Lys content from 23.4 to 11.7 g/kg. Apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestible total and reactive Lys contents linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing severity of heat treatment and were accurately predictable (P < 0.001) from total and reactive Lys content in heat-damaged SBM. These data indicate that excessive heat processing of SBM reduced both the content (P < 0.001) and digestibility (P < 0.001) of total and reactive Lys in SBM.
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal-Oberth e.V.
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.25967/490026
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-01-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508191231
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of lupin particle size on amino acid (AA) and energy digestibility and fermentation characteristics in pigs. Expt 1 examined the effects of lupin variety (cv. Tanjil and Mandelup) and lupin particle size (746, 888, 1099 and 1136 μm) on the total-tract apparent digestibility of dietary components in 63·5 ( sd 7·28) kg pigs. While variety had no effect on total-tract apparent digestibility, decreasing particle size of lupins linearly increased total-tract apparent digestibility of crude protein of diets containing 350 g lupins per kg ( P 0·01). Expt 2 examined the effect of lupin particle size (567, 995, 1198, 1250 and 1304 μm) on digestion and fermentation characteristics in 29·8 ( sd 2·9) kg pigs. Pigs were fed the respective diets ad libitum for the first 2 weeks and fed at three times maintenance energy level in the third week. Pigs were euthanised under sedation at 46·7 ( sd 4·21) kg to collect digesta s les along the intestinal tract. Decreasing particle size increased apparent ileal and total-tract digestible N ( P 0·01) and the apparent and standardised ileal digestible AA content ( P 0·05– 0·001) of lupins. Decreasing particle size of lupins linearly decreased the molar proportion of straight-chain volatile fatty acids (sum of acetic, propionic and butyric acids VFA APB ), while branched-chain fatty acids (sum of valeric, caproic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids) were linearly increased ( P 0·001). The results demonstrated that particle size of lupins is a critical factor influencing nutrient, especially AA, utilisation efficiency and fermentation characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1071/AR02048
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to examine varietal, environmental, and storage influences on total phosphorus (P), phytate-P content, and phytase activity in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia. In Expt�1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment examined the influence of wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto, Westonia), growing region (high, medium, low rainfall zone), and harvest year (1999, 2000). In Expt 2, the effect of storage for 6 months on the P composition of the wheats was examined. The total P and phytate-P concentrations ranged from 1.66 to 4.48 g/kg (DM) and from 1.05 to 3.32 g/kg (DM), with mean values of 2.64 (s.e. ±0.142) and 1.79 g/kg (s.e. ±0.127), respectively. Phytase activity ranged from 327 to 811 phytase activity units (FTU)/kg, with a mean value of 563 FTU/kg (s.e. ±29.6). Phytate-P content was significantly correlated with total P concentration (r = 0.97, P 0.001). Harvest year tended to influence the total P and phytate-P content (P = 0.079 and P = 0.082, respectively) of the wheats, whereas wheat variety had a significant effect on the phytase activity (P 0.05). Precipitation level (mm) was positively correlated to total P and phytate-P contents (P 0.05). Storage for 6 months after harvest did not change the P content of wheat.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Date: 05-01-2020
DOI: 10.2514/6.2020-1502
Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal-Oberth e.V.
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.25967/480102
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-06-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S13272-021-00522-W
Abstract: The paper presents the derivation of a new equivalent skin friction coefficient for estimating the parasitic drag of short-to-medium range fixed-wing unmanned aircraft. The new coefficient is derived from an aerodynamic analysis of ten different unmanned aircraft used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and search and rescue missions. The aircraft is simulated using a validated unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes approach. The UAV’s parasitic drag is significantly influenced by the presence of miscellaneous components like fixed landing gears or electro-optical sensor turrets. These components are responsible for almost half of an unmanned aircraft’s total parasitic drag. The new equivalent skin friction coefficient accounts for these effects and is significantly higher compared to other aircraft categories. It is used to initially size an unmanned aircraft for a typical reconnaissance mission. The improved parasitic drag estimation yields a much heavier unmanned aircraft when compared to the sizing results using available drag data of manned aircraft.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
DOI: 10.3382/JAPR/PFW019
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/AN10087
Abstract: Two hundred and twenty-four crossbred male pigs (Large White × Landrace, initial bodyweight 27.2 kg ± 0.22) were used to determine the influence of dietary Australian sweet lupin (ASL) inclusion level and enzyme supplementation on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment was a 4 × 2 factorial design with the respective factors being ASL inclusion level (Lupinus angustifolius L., cv. Mandelup 200, 250, 300 and 350 g/kg, in replacement of soybean meal) and enzyme supplementation (without or with supplemental enzyme Allzyme SSF). Pigs (7 pigs per pen × 4 replicates per treatment = 28 pigs per enzyme by lupin-level combination) were fed grower diets between 27 and 50 kg, finisher diets between 50 and 75 kg and pre-sale diets between 75 and 107 kg, and daily gain and feed intake were measured weekly. At ~107 kg liveweight, the pigs were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir and carcass composition was measured. Meat quality (pH, surface exudate, drip loss, cooking loss, meat colour and shear force) was measured from selected pigs (n = 18) fed the lowest and highest lupin diets without enzyme supplementation. Increasing the ASL inclusion level to 350 g/kg did not alter (P 0.05) growth performance of pigs and did not influence (P 0.05) carcass composition and meat quality. Likewise, addition of supplemental enzyme had no effect (P 0.05) on growth performance and carcass composition. Lack of performance response to added enzyme complex is likely due either to the use of enzyme complex that was not substrate-specific for the lupin non-starch polysaccharides or to the high specification of the experimental diets, which was inevitable when increasing inclusion levels of lupins. The results show that a current variety (Mandelup) of ASL can be used in grower/finisher diets up to 350 g/kg without compromising growth, carcass composition or meat quality of pigs.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/AN17598
Abstract: Disease and enhanced microbial load are considered to be major factors limiting the performance and overall efficiency of feed use by pigs in Australian piggeries. It is recognised that pigs exposed to conventional housing systems with high microbial loads grow 10–20% more slowly than do gnotobiotic pigs or pigs kept in ‘clean’ environments. Consequently, a proportion of pigs in any production cycle are continuously being challenged by their immediate environment, which can cause an immune response to be mounted. Such a process is physiologically expensive in terms of energy and protein (comprised of amino acids), with, for ex le, the enhanced rate of protein turnover associated with the production of immune cells, antibodies and acute-phase proteins increasing energy expenditure by 10–15% of maintenance needs and protein requirements by 7–10%. The requirements for lysine, tryptophan, sulfur-containing amino acids and threonine can be increased by a further 10%. The over-stimulation of the immune response with excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines causes excessive production primarily of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which contributes to anorexia, fever and increased proteolysis, and a concomitant reduction in pig performance. Prostaglandin E2 is produced from dietary and cell-membrane phospholipids via secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) to produce arachidonic acid, which is catalysed by the COX-2 enzyme. Negating the negative effects of PGE2 appears not to adversely affect the ability of the immune system to combat pathogens, but improves pig performance. There are negative outcomes for pig health and productivity through both under- and over-stimulation of the immune response. This review briefly outlines the impact of immune stimulation on pigs and discusses strategies to optimise the immune response for pig health and performance.
Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal-Oberth e.V.
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.25967/480227
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2015
Abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that vitamin E (Vit E) and omega-3 fatty acids will additively attenuate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 in immune system–stimulated growing–finishing pigs. A total of 80 mixed sex pigs weighing 50.7 ± 0.76 kg (mean ± SE) were blocked and stratified based on sex and BW to a 2 × 2 factorial design with the respective factors being 1) without and with 300 IU Vit E and 2) without and with 25% replacement of tallow to linseed oil as a source of n-3 fatty acids. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicate pens with 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts) per pen. All pigs were challenged with an intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS O111:B4) twice weekly over the 6-wk experiment. After LPS challenge, pigs fed a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids had fewer (P < 0.05) white blood cells and tended to show both a reduced (P < 0.10) proportion of lymphocytes and IgG concentration compared with pigs fed a diet without any supplements. Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids reduced (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) serum concentrations of cortisol and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), respectively. The serum concentration of PGE2 was decreased (P < 0.05) with supplementation of both Vit E and n-3 fatty acids however, the extent of the reduction was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed an n-3 fatty acid–supplemented diet. However, there were no additive effects of the combined supplementation of Vit E and n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2. The results suggest that n-3 fatty acids independently attenuate production of TNF-α and PGE2 in immune system–stimulated growing–finishing pigs.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.25967/480226
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-04-2020
DOI: 10.1007/S13272-020-00449-8
Abstract: For short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft, a parallel hybrid-electric propulsion system potentially offers superior performance compared to a conventional propulsion system, because the short-take-off power requirement is much higher than the cruise power requirement. This power-matching problem can be solved with a balanced hybrid propulsion system. However, there is a trade-off between wing loading, power loading, the level of hybridization, as well as range and take-off distance. An optimization method can vary design variables in such a way that a minimum of a particular objective is attained. In this paper, a comparison between the optimization results for minimum mass, minimum consumed primary energy, and minimum cost is conducted. A new initial sizing algorithm for general aviation aircraft with hybrid-electric propulsion systems is applied. This initial sizing methodology covers point performance, mission performance analysis, the weight estimation process, and cost estimation. The methodology is applied to the design of a STOL general aviation aircraft, intended for on-demand air mobility operations. The aircraft is sized to carry eight passengers over a distance of 500 km, while able to take off and land from short airstrips. Results indicate that parallel hybrid-electric propulsion systems must be considered for future STOL aircraft.
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Date: 24-06-2018
DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-4229
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Date: 05-2022
DOI: 10.2514/1.C035907
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1071/EA07288
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to examine the nutritive value of yellow lupins for weaner pigs. Using a completely randomised block design, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the optimum inclusion level for yellow lupins (cv. Wodjil) in the diet of weaner pigs (6.14 kg ± 0.278). Experiment 2 was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine whether supplementation of an enzyme preparation (VegPro) either in a soybean meal-based diet (0 g/kg yellow lupins) or in a yellow lupin-based diet (150 g/kg) improved performance of piglets (6.17 kg ± 0.317). In Experiment 1, the feed conversion ratio significantly increased at week 1 (linear effect, P = 0.040) and at week 3 (quadratic effect, P = 0.010) as the concentration of yellow lupins increased in the diet. In Experiment 2, supplementation with the enzyme preparation improved the feed conversion ratio in the pigs fed the lupin-based diet only but not in the pigs fed the soybean meal-based diet in week 2 (interaction P = 0.001). The results indicate that the optimum inclusion levels of yellow lupins for piglets immediately after weaning was 150 g/kg, and supplementation of a multi-enzyme preparation to a yellow lupin-based diet for the weaner pigs improved performance relative to the soybean meal-based diet.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.2514/1.C035428
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 28-05-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-09-2019
DOI: 10.1093/JAS/SKZ303
Abstract: An infection model with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) harboring the F4 fimbriae can be used to assess the impacts that various challenges associated with weaning (e.g., dietary, psychological, environmental) have on the expression of postweaning diarrhea. The objective of this study was to develop a novel inoculation method for administering an ETEC culture that would induce a higher proportion of ETEC-F4 diarrhea, in pigs that genetically showed ETEC-F4 susceptibility or resistance. The study was designed as a factorial arrangement of treatments with the factors being 1) partially susceptible or resistant to ETEC-F4 based on genetic testing, and 2) 4 challenge treatments, being a) a conventional liquid broth method using a drenching gun [Positive control (PC)], b) a Syringe method, c) a Capsule method, and d) Negative control [pigs not challenged (NC)]. At 21 ± 3 d of age (mean ± SEM), 48 male castrate pigs (Large White × Landrace) weighing approximately 7.0 ± 1.18 kg were allocated to 4 treatment groups in 2 replicate pens (6 pigs per pen). Initial ETEC-F4 susceptibility was based on a DNA marker test and each treatment group had 9 partially susceptible and 3 resistant pigs. On days 7 and 8 after weaning, pigs were challenged with ETEC (serotype O149:K88 toxins LT1, ST1, ST2, and EAST). On each inoculation day the PC pigs were orally dosed with 9 mL 7.12 × 109 colony-forming unit (CFU), the Syringe pigs with 0.8 mL 6.72 × 109 CFU, the Capsule pigs were orally administered 2 capsules containing 0.8 mL 3.28 × 109 CFU, and the NC pigs 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. Approximately 72 h after infection, 44, 22, 78, and 0% of partially susceptible pigs in the PC, the Syringe, the Capsule, and the NC group had developed ETEC-F4 diarrhea (P = 0.007). Partially susceptible pigs had a higher diarrhea index (DI) compared to resistant pigs (31.5 vs. 4.8, P 0.001). The NC group had a lower DI compared to the PC and Capsule pigs (3.9, 38.1, and 40.3, respectively, P 0.005). Following infection, genetically resistant pigs in the Capsule group had a DI of zero and the partially susceptible pigs had a DI of 55.6 (P = 0.014). This study showed that genetically screening pigs and using a Capsule to deliver ETEC-F4 can increase cases of diarrhea and the efficiency of the challenge model. Taken together, these methods have the potential to reduce the number of pigs needed in future experimental infection studies.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-07-2019
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-08-2019
DOI: 10.3390/EN12153036
Abstract: Solar energy can be converted into useful energy via photovoltaic cells or with a photothermal absorber. While these technologies are well-developed and commercially viable, significant benefits can be realised by pulling these two technologies together in photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems which can provide both heat and electricity from a single collector. Emerging configurations in the PV/T field aim to incorporate micro and/or nanotechnology to boost total solar utilisation even further. One ex le of this is the nanofluid-based PV/T collector. This type of solar collector utilises nanofluids—suspensions of nanoparticles in traditional heat transfer fluids—as both an optical filter and as a thermal absorber. This concept seeks to harvest the whole solar spectrum at its highest thermodynamic potential through specially engineered nanofluids which transmit the portion of solar spectrum corresponding to the PV response curve while absorbing the rest as heat. Depending on the nanoparticle concentration, employing nanofluids in a flowing system may come with a price—an efficiency penalty in the form of increased pumping power (due to increased viscosity). Similarly, microchannel-based heat exchangers have been shown to increase heat transfer, but they may also pay the price of high pumping power due to additional wall-shear-related pressure drop (i.e., more no-slip boundary area). To develop a novel PV/T configuration which pulls together the advantages of these micro and nanotechnologies with minimal pumping power requirements, the present study experimentally investigated the use of nanofluids in patterned hydrophobic microchannels. It was found that slip with the walls reduced the impact of the increased viscosity of nanofluids by reducing the pressure drop on average 17% relative to a smooth channel. In addition, flowing a selective Ag/SiO2 core–shell nanofluid over a silicon surface (simulating a PV cell underneath the fluid) provided a 20% increase in solar thermal conversion efficiency and ~3% higher stagnation temperature than using pure water. This demonstrates the potential of this proposed system for extracting more useful energy from the same incident flux. Although no electrical energy was extracted from the underlying patterned silicon, this study highlights potential a new development path for micro and nanotechnology to be integrated into next-generation PV/T solar collectors.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2009
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of continual fluctuations in feed intake on grower-finisher pig growth performance and carcass fat-to-lean ratio (F:L). Sixty in idually housed female pigs (Landrace x Large White) with initial BW of 29.8 +/- 0.4 kg were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 feeding regimens (n = 15): 1) ad libitum throughout (AL) 2) 85% of the mean intake of the AL group during the previous week (R) 3) 70% of the mean intake on 1 d, and on the following day, 100% of the amount consumed by the AL group during the preceding week, with this pattern repeated every 2 d throughout (D) and 4) 70% of the mean intake for 3 consecutive days, and 100% of the amount consumed by the AL group for the next 3 d, with this pattern repeated throughout the experiment (3-D). Pigs receiving each treatment were fed the same diets during the weaner (10 to 20 kg), grower (20 to 50 kg), finisher 1 (50 to 70 kg), and finisher 2 (70 kg to slaughter at approximately 104 kg) growth phases. Pigs receiving fluctuated feed intake either by the D or 3-D feeding regimen showed a pattern of growth similar to that of pigs on the R feeding regimen. Pigs on the R and 3-D regimens were lighter at 28 d (P < 0.05) and pigs on the R, D, and 3-D regimens were lighter at 63 d (P < 0.05) than pigs on the AL regimen. Pigs on the R, D, or 3-D feeding regimens had a greater G:F between 15 to 42 d of the experiment than pigs fed AL throughout (P < 0.05). The R, D, and 3-D feeding regimens seemed to have some effect on carcass weight and dressing percentage, and pigs had a decreased P2 (located 65 mm from the midline of the carcass at the last thoracic rib) backfat depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed AL. Pigs on the AL and 3-D feeding regimens had thicker subcutaneous fat at the last lumbar vertebrae on the dorsal edge of the loin than pigs on the R feeding regimen (P < 0.05). Carcass and visceral fat content and the F:L in the carcass and primal cuts, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, were not different among treatments. However, pigs on the AL and 3-D feeding regimens had decreased estimated bone content in the carcass compared with pigs on the R and D feeding regimens (P < 0.05). The results indicated that continual fluctuation in feed intake either every other day or every 3 d had minimal effects on growth and carcass F:L compared with pigs fed the same restricted amount throughout the experiment.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/AN12074
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the responses of entire male and female pigs of the Australian Pig Improvement Co. genotype to dietary lysine. In Experiment 1, a total of 350 [Large White × (Landrace × Duroc)] entire male and female pigs weighing 22.3 ± 0.16 kg (mean ± s.e.m.) were used in a 2 by 5 factorial design with the main treatments being sex (entire males and females) and five levels of standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine to digestible energy ratio (0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 g SID lysine/MJ DE). In Experiment 2, a total of 420 [Large White × (Landrace × Duroc)] entire male and female pigs weighing 49.6 ± 0.34 kg (mean ± s.e.m.) were used in a 2 by 5 factorial design with the main treatments being sex (entire males and females) and five levels of SID lysine to MJ DE ratio (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 g). From 20 to 50 kg liveweight (LW), entire males had a similar average daily gain (ADG), lower feed intake (FI, P 0.001) and better feed to gain ratio (F : G, P 0.001) compared with females. From 50 to 100 kg LW, entire males had a higher ADG (P 0.001), similar FI and improved F : G ratio (P 0.001) compared with females. Data were subjected to the quadratic response model to determine optimum SID lysine requirement for maximum ADG and minimum F : G for the weight ranges 20–35, 35–50, 50–65, 65–80, and 80 to 95 kg LW. For male pigs, maximum ADG was achieved at SID lysine levels of 1.00, 0.87, 0.72, 0.67 and 0.63 g/MJ DE, respectively. Minimum F : G was achieved at SID lysine levels of 1.00, 0.87, 0.80, 0.69 and 0.63 g/MJ DE for the respective weight ranges. For female pigs, maximum ADG was achieved at SID lysine levels of 0.90, 0.84, 0.67, 0.63 and 0.58 g/MJ DE. Minimum F : G for females was achieved at SID lysine levels of 0.86, 0.85, 0.64, 0.66 and 0.40 g/MJ DE for the respective weight ranges. The results suggest that this Australian genotype requires greater dietary SID lysine in the growing and finishing phase than the levels currently used by the Australian industry.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-03-2013
DOI: 10.1111/J.1439-0396.2012.01284.X
Abstract: For the last several decades, antimicrobial compounds have been used to promote piglet growth at weaning through the prevention of subclinical and clinical disease. There are, however, increasing concerns in relation to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and the potential of these and associated resistance genes to impact on human health. As a consequence, European Union (EU) banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in swine and livestock production on 1 January 2006. Furthermore, minerals such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are not feasible alternatives/replacements to antibiotics because their excretion is a possible threat to the environment. Consequently, there is a need to develop feeding programs to serve as a means for controlling problems associated with the weaning transition without using antimicrobial compounds. This review, therefore, is focused on some of nutritional strategies that are known to improve structure and function of gastrointestinal tract and (or) promote post-weaning growth with special emphasis on probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, trace minerals and dietary protein source and level.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/ANI13050863
Abstract: Different cereal types, in combination with different protein sources, are fed to pigs after weaning, but their interactions and possible implications are not well researched. In this study, 84 male weaned piglets were used in a 21-day feeding trial to investigate the effects of feeding either medium-grain or long-grain extruded rice or wheat, in a factorial combination with protein sources of either vegetable or animal origin, on postweaning performance, shedding of β–haemolytic Escherichia coli, and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD). Pigs fed either rice type performed the same (p 0.05) as wheat-fed pigs after weaning. The use of vegetable protein sources reduced growth rate (p 0.001) and feed intake (p = 0.007) and deteriorated the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.028) in weeks two and three compared to pigs fed animal protein sources. The number of antibiotic treatments given for clinical diarrhoea was similar (p 0.05). However, the faecal E. coli score showed a trend for the main effect of protein source, with pigs fed animal proteins showing a higher E. coli score than pigs fed vegetable proteins (0.63 vs. 0.43, p = 0.057). There was also a tendency for an interaction (p = 0.069) between cereal type and protein source (p = 0.069), with this difference being associated with a greater faecal score in pigs fed diets with long-grain rice plus animal proteins and wheat plus animal proteins. Significant interactions occurred for the CTTAD when assessed in week three. In general, pigs fed diets with medium-grain rice or long-grain rice with animal proteins had a higher (p 0.001) CTTAD for dietary components than pigs fed all other diets, and vegetable proteins depressed (p 0.001) CTTAD compared to animal proteins (main effect of protein: p 0.001). In summary, pigs tolerated the extruded rice-based diets well and performed equivalently to pigs fed wheat as the sole cereal, and the use of vegetable proteins decreased the E. coli score.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-2016
DOI: 10.3390/ANI6120078
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1071/AR06094
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of parboiling, extrusion, rice variety, rice : water ratio, and cooling after cooking on the resistant starch (RS) content of rice. When uncooked the medium-grain rice (Amaroo) contained less amylose (18.8 g/100 g, P = 0.001), higher fast digestible starch (FDS) content (21.7 g/100 g, P 0.001), and less RS (0.1 g/100 g, P 0.001) than the long-grain rice (Doongara) (25.6, 15.9, 0.4, respectively). Parboiled rice had the highest FDS (33.9 g/100 g) and RS (0.72 g/100 g) contents, with an amylose content of 25.4 g/100 g. The effects of rice type, rice : water ratio (1 : 1 or 1 : 2 w/w), and post-cooking interventions (freshly dried or dried after cooling for 24 h at 4°C) on the RS content of rice cooked in an autoclave were examined. The RS contents were significantly different among the rice types (0.6, 1.4, 3.7 g/100 g for Amaroo, Doongara, and parboiled rice, respectively, P 0.001). Decreasing the rice : water ratio (1 : 2) and cooling (24 h at 4°C) after cooking significantly increased the RS content (P 0.001). Extrusion decreased the RS content in the high RS rice only (0.42–0.16 g/100 g, P = 0.02). The results indicate that parboiling rice, and the use of a higher-amylose-content rice, a lower rice : water ratio, and cooling after cooking all increase RS content, whereas extrusion decreases the RS content of rice.
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Date: 08-07-2018
DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-5005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2005
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-11-2007
DOI: 10.1080/17450390701664249
Abstract: The experimental objectives were to verify whether a qualitative measure of creep feed consumption using a dye was related to performance, and associate this with teat order. Indigo carmine (5 g/kg) was added to a starter diet between days 12 and 31 (weaning) of lactation. On days 19, 23, 27 and 31, faeces from each piglet were assessed for colouration. Each piglet was categorized as a 'good', 'moderate' or 'small/non' eater of feed. There were no differences in pre-weaning growth rate between categories. Piglets classed as 'good' or 'moderate' eaters in lactation grew fastest (p = 0.009) in the first three days after weaning, but between days 4 and 7, the highest growth rate occurred in 'moderate' eaters. 'Small/ non' eaters grew slower (p < 0.01) between weaning and 28 days after weaning. Piglets drinking milk from anterior teats were heavier at weaning (p < 0.001) and for the first 14 days after weaning (p = 0.104) compared to piglets sucking posterior teats. Data from this study demonstrated that creep feed intake of piglets could qualitatively be assessed using indigo carmine, and that this categorization was related to performance in the immediate post-weaning period.
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Date: 06-01-2019
DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-1812
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.3382/PS/PEV321
Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) requirement of Korean native ducklings for hatch to 21 d of age. A total of 336 one-day-old male Korean native ducklings were used in a completely randomized design having 8 dietary treatments to provide a range of AME content from 2,600 to 3,300 kcal/kg (i.e., 100 kcal/kg disparity). Eight experimental diets containing varying levels of AME were formulated to meet the NRC (1994) nutrient specifications. Ducklings were randomly allocated to 48 pens (6 replicates per treatment and 7 ducklings per pen) and were offered their respective diets on an ad libitum basis for the period of study. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio, energy intake, and protein intake. Two ducklings per pen (n = 6) were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks at the conclusion of the experiment. Data were fitted to both linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models for estimation of the AME requirements for Korean native ducklings for hatch to 21 d of age. The estimated AME requirements were 2,953, 3,007, and 2,950 kcal AME/kg diet for maximum daily gain, daily feed intake, and for minimum feed conversion ratio, respectively.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2016
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of entire male and male pigs immunized against gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF immunocastrates). A total of 420 entire male and immunocastrated (IC) male pigs weighing 60.1 kg BW (SEM 0.49) were used in a 2 × 5 factorial experiment with the main effects being gender (entire males or IC males) and 5 concentrations of SID Lys:DE ratio (0.32, 0.43, 0.54, 0.64, or 0.75 g SID Lys/MJ DE). The diets were fed for 6 wk until slaughter at 107.5 kg BW (SEM 5.72). Over the entire period, IC males had a greater ADG ( < 0.001), greater ADFI ( < 0.001), and lower G:F ( < 0.001) compared with entire males. Immunocastrated males had increased plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations compared with entire males from d 10 to 42 ( < 0.001 for all days). Plasma urea nitrogen concentration also increased as Lys concentrations increased from d 3 to 42 ( < 0.001 for all days). Using the linear-plateau model, the optimal ADG for entire males was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.68, 0.62, 0.54, and 0.58 g/MJ DE whereas optimal G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.72, 0.60, 0.54, and 0.51 g/MJ DE for the time periods d 0 to 14, d 15 to 28, d 29 to 42, and d 0 to 42, respectively. For IC males, optimal ADG was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.64, 0.43, 0.38, and 0.40 g/MJ DE whereas optimal G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.64, 0.43, 0.36, and 0.42 g/MJ DE for the same respective time periods. Using the quadratic polynomial model, maximum ADG for entire males was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.62 and 0.58 g/MJ DE whereas maximum G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.59 and 0.68 g/MJ DE for d 29 to 42 and d 0 to 42, respectively. For IC pigs, maximum ADG was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.69, 0.54, and 0.64 g/MJ DE whereas maximum G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.81, 0.54, and 0.64 g/MJ DE for d 0 to 14, d 29 to 42, and d 0 to 42, respectively. A solution could not be found using the quadratic polynomial model for entire males for d 0 to 14 for both ADG and G:F and for both entire males and IC males for d 15 to 28 within the range of Lys values tested. When both the growth performance and PUN values are considered, the results suggest that IC males show a response to dietary SID Lys similar to that of entire males for 2 wk after the second immunization against GnRF. After this, IC males have a lower requirement for SID Lys than entire males.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-11-2020
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0240264
Abstract: This study investigated whether the inclusion of a stimbiotic (STB) can improve performance, influence intestinal microbiota and fermentation activity, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in piglets fed a low zinc oxide diet without antimicrobial growth promotors compared to fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) when housed either in good sanitary (GS) or poor sanitary (PS) environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs (28-day-old) were sorted by initial body weight (BW) and allocated to one of six experimental treatments: 1) GS environment without any additive (GS-CTR) 2) GS environment with 0.01% stimbiotic (GS-STB) 3) PS environment (without cleaning and disinfection of a previously populated room) without any additive (PS-CTR) 4) PS environment with 0.01% STB (PS-STB) 5) PS environment with 0.1% MOS (PS-MOS) and 6) PS environment with 0.2% FOS (PS-FOS). Each treatment had six replicates, with four animals each. Three feeding phases, based on corn, wheat, and soybean meal were available ad libitum for the 42-days of the study. Housing piglets under PS conditions negatively influenced performance, increased plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), affected the fecal microbial populations and increased concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) compared to GS. Stimbiotic improved 42-d-BW under PS conditions ( P 0.05) whereas MOS or FOS had no effect. On d35, plasma TNF-α was reduced with STB in PS ( P 0.05). The ratio between VFA:BCFA increased ( P 0.05) with STB, MOS or FOS in PS, and under GS condition, STB also increased the ratio. Stimbiotic increased the proportion of Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis and Clostridiaceae , while MOS and FOS increased Selenomonadaceae , Catabacteriaceae and Fibrobacteraceae . These results indicate that STB shifted the intestinal microbiome to favor fiber fermentation which likely contributed to reduced inflammatory response and improved performance, particularly in piglets reared in PS conditions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.2527/JAS.53821
Abstract: A split plot experiment with 72 male pigs weighing 52.9 ± 0.39 kg (mean ± SEM) was conducted to examine AA partitioning and body protein deposition (PD) in response to increasing dietary sulfur amino acids (SAA) with or without immune system (IS) activation. The main plot was with and without IS activation, and 4 diets containing different amounts of standardized ileal digestible (SID) SAA (SAA to Lys ratios of 0.45, 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75) were the subplots. Activation of IS was achieved by intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS serotype 055:B5, Sigma 30 μg/kg BW) every Monday and Thursday, with control pigs injected with sterile saline. Maximum body PD, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and minimum plasma urea content were achieved at SID SAA:Lys ratio of 0.55 in saline-injected pigs but were achieved at a SID SAA:Lys ratio of 0.75 in IS-activated pigs. Immune system activation increased rectal temperature (P < 0.05), plasma haptoglobin (1.1 vs. 2.0 mg/mL P < 0.001), and the proportion of neutrophils (0.39 vs. 0.42 P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin content (38.4 vs. 36.8 g/L P < 0.01). Increasing dietary SAA had no effects on these variables. Immune system-activated pigs had lower levels of homocysteine (Hcy P < 0.001) and a lower Ser content (P < 0.05). Results showed that increasing dietary SAA as DL-methionine in growing and/or finishing pigs altered plasma AA contents, and that use efficiency of the AA was improved when greater levels of SAA were supplemented in IS-activated pigs.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2009
Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of feeding low protein (LP) diets for 7 or 14 d after weaning or a high protein (HP) diet for 14 d after weaning on postweaning diarrhea (PWD), indices of protein fermentation, and production in pigs infected or not infected per os with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. A total of 72 female pigs weaned at aged 21 d with initial BW of 5.9 +/- 0.12 kg were used in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were 3 feeding regimens associated with different combinations of feeding duration and diet CP level: (i) HP diet (256 g of CP/kg) fed for 14 d after weaning, (ii) LP diet (175 g of CP/kg) fed for 7 d after weaning, and (iii) LP diet fed for 14 d after weaning and infection or noninfection with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli (10(7) cfu/mL, serotype O149:K91:K88) at 72, 96, and 120 h after weaning. The LP diets were fortified with crystalline Ile and Val to achieve an ideal AA pattern. A second-stage diet (213 g of CP/kg) was fed to pigs at the conclusion of each feeding regimen, and the study finished 4 wk after weaning. None of the diets contained antimicrobials. Feeding the LP diets decreased (P < 0.001) plasma urea nitrogen, fecal ammonia nitrogen concentrations, and the incidence of PWD, but increased (P = 0.001) fecal DM content compared with pigs fed HP in the 2-wk period after weaning. Infection increased shedding of beta-hemolytic E. coli (P < 0.001), the incidence of PWD (P < 0.001), and fecal ammonia nitrogen concentrations (P < 0.01), but did not interact with feeding regimen, after weaning. Pigs challenged with E. coli grew more slowly (P < 0.001) and had decreased G:F (P < 0.01) compared with nonchallenged pigs in the 4-wk period after weaning. Feeding an LP diet for 7 or 14 d after weaning markedly reduced the incidence of PWD after infection with beta-hemolytic E. coli. Infection was associated with decreased indices of protein fermentation in the distal gastrointestinal tract but did not compromise the growth of weaner pigs in the 4-wk period after weaning.
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Date: 05-01-2020
DOI: 10.2514/6.2020-1006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1071/AR02183
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to examine varietal and environmental influences on physical characteristics and chemical content in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia. In Expt 1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment examined the relationships between wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto, and Westonia), growing region (high, medium, and low rainfall zone), and 2 harvest years (1999 and 2000). In Expt 2, the effect of storage for 6�months on the chemical composition of the wheats was examined. Wide variations in the content of crude protein (CP, CV 19.4%), total starch (CV 5.45%), total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, CV 9.4%), insoluble NSP (CV 10.4%), and soluble NSP (CV 20.7%) were observed. The crude protein content of wheat was inversely related to total starch content (r = –0.779, P 0.001). Variety influenced fast digestible starch (P 0.001), acid detergent fibre (ADF, P 0.01), total NSP (P 0.05), insoluble NSP (P 0.05), and in vitro extract viscosity (P 0.05). The annual precipitation level (mm) irrespective of growing region was correlated to bushel weight (r = –0.683, P� �0.01), CP (r = –0.631, P 0.01), total starch (r = 0.526, P 0.05), ADF (r = –0.687, P 0.01), lignin (r�=�–0.863, P 0.001), soluble NSP (r = 0.826, P 0.001), and free sugar contents (r = –0.795, P 0.001), indicating the importance of annual rainfall for accumulation of protein, carbohydrates, and lignin in wheats. Harvest year had a strong influence on chemical composition (P 0.05 to .001) and bushel weight (P 0.001) of wheat. Storage for 6 months decreased soluble NSP (P 0.01), ADF (P 0.05), and lignin content (P 0.01), and increased free sugar content (P 0.001).
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1071/AN10058
Abstract: The interactive effects of dietary protein level, zinc oxide (ZnO) supplementation and infection with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli (ETEC) on performance responses and gastrointestinal tract characteristics were examined. Ninety-six in idually housed, 21-day-old pigs (1 : 1 gender ratio) with initial bodyweight (BW) of 7.2 ± 0.69 kg, were used in a split plot experiment, with the whole plot being challenge or no challenge with ETEC and the dietary treatments used as subplots and arranged in a completely randomised 2 × 2 factorial design, with the factors being (i) two dietary protein levels (251 versus 192 g/kg crude protein) and (ii) addition or no addition of 2.5 g/kg ZnO. No antibiotic was added to the diet. The ETEC infection decreased average daily gain (P 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (P 0.01). Protein level had no effect on performance of pigs while ZnO supplementation increased (P 0.001) average daily gain and average daily feed intake and hence decreased feed conversion ratio (P 0.001). There were no 2- or 3-way interactions for growth performance indices (P 0.05). Feeding a lower protein diet did not influence (P 0.05) faecal volatile fatty acid concentrations. In non-infected pigs, feeding a lower protein diet caused a lower pH in the jejunum and ileum compared with pigs fed a higher protein diet (P 0.05 and P 0.01, respectively). However, feeding ZnO-supplemented diets increased (P 0.05) the pH in the stomach and caecum compared with feeding diets without ZnO supplementation. Protein level did not alter (P 0.05) empty BW but dietary supplementation with ZnO increased empty BW (P 0.05). Neither protein level nor ZnO supplementation modified small intestinal morphology, although a tendency for an interaction (P 0.1) was detected for jejunal villous height between protein level and ZnO supplementation. The results indicate that feeding ZnO-supplemented diets improved pig performance, and feeding a lower protein diet without ZnO supplementation did not compromise performance nor modify measures of gastrointestinal tract structure and function compared with pigs fed a diet higher in protein after weaning.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.2527/JAS.53900
Abstract: This experiment examined if a higher ratio of dietary Trp:Lys in the absence of antimicrobials improves production indices and modulates diarrhea in weaned pigs infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Effects of the Trp:Lys ratio on plasma levels of Trp and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn) were also examined. In idually housed mixed-sex pigs (n = 72) weaned at 21 d of age (Landrace × Large White initial BW of 6.3 ± 0.32 kg) were stratified into 1 of 6 treatments (n = 12) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of (i) infection or without infection with ETEC and (ii) 3 dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratios of 0.17, 0.21, or 0.26 in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed diets (10.4 MJ NE 1.24% SID Lys 19.5% CP) ad libitum for 3 wk after weaning. Pigs were infected with ETEC (O149:K98:K88) at 72, 96, and 120 h after weaning and then bled on day 11. A Trp:Lys ratio of 0.26 improved (P = 0.021) G:F over the study period compared to other ratios, without an infection effect (P > 0.05). Treatments did not affect ADG or ADFI (P > 0.05). Infection increased (P = 0.039) the diarrhea index and increased fecal consistency scores (P = 0.010). Plasma Trp and Kyn were lower (P 0.05) by infection. In conclusion, in the absence of antimicrobials, increasing the dietary Trp:Lys ratio to 0.26 improved G:F after weaning and increased plasma levels of Trp and Kyn.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-2009
Abstract: Sixty-three male pigs (Landrace x Large White) weighing 49.5 +/- 0.40 kg were used to (1) examine the variation in DE content of Lupinus angustifolius L. in relation to variety and geographical growing region and (2) establish prediction equations for DE content from physical and chemical composition. The pigs were randomly allocated to a 4 x 2 factorial treatment design with respective factors being 4 varieties (cv. Belara, Coromup, Mandelup, and Tanjil) and 2 growing locations (northern and southern agricultural areas of Western Australia). In addition, a wheat control diet was fed as a reference for calculation of lupin DE content. The lupins were ground through a hammer mill fitted with a 4-mm screen to a mean particle size of 888 mum. Pigs were fed their respective experimental diets at 3 times maintenance energy level [3 x (0.458 x BW(0.75))/diet DE] in the study. The DE content of lupins ranged from 13.3 to 15.7 MJ/kg with a mean value of 14.2 MJ/kg. Variety of lupins affected (P < 0.01) the DE content, and lupins grown in the northern agricultural region had a greater DE content than the same lupins grown in the southern agricultural area (P < 0.01). Although the variation in DE content of lupins was mostly caused by significantly greater DE content of cv. Coromup grown in the northern agricultural region, the results suggest that genetic and environmental conditions during the growth of lupins have a significant impact on the utilization of energy in grower pigs. Simple regression analysis showed that prediction of DE content was possible from the proportion of hulls [R(2) = 0.88, residual SD (RSD) = 1.116, P < 0.001], 1,000-seed weight (R(2) = 0.77, RSD = 1.092, P < 0.01), and soluble arabinoxylan content (R(2) = 0.64, RSD = 1.072, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that adding total nonstarch polysaccharide (R(2) = 0.96, RSD = 1.187, P < 0.01) and soluble nonstarch polysaccharide (R(2) = 0.95, RSD = 1.200, P < 0.01) to the equation along with the proportion of hull and 1,000-seed weight significantly improved the accuracy of prediction. Results indicate that the DE content of lupins varies by up to 2.4 MJ/kg and that the DE content can be predicted with a good degree of accuracy using physical and chemical characteristics.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-08-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-03-2017
DOI: 10.3390/ANI7030015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: CABI Publishing
Date: 2007
Abstract: The most effective way to control post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in piglets remains the use of prophylactic and for therapeutic levels of antibiotics. However, increasing concerns about the transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans via the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animals have led to the ban in the European Union of all AGPs in pig diets from 1 January 2006. Consequently, it is important to develop ways of controlling the weaning transition in piglets without the use of antibiotic feed additives. The scope of this review is an examination of the adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract to weaning and the mechanisms of PWD. Furthermore, the addition of organic acids, prebiotics and probiotics as feed additives as well as dietary carbohydrate and protein modulation to minimize PWD will be discussed. Based on the available literature, organic acids can increase post-weaning performance significantly even though it is not possible at times to recognize the most effective dosage, acid or combination of acids. In some cases, prebiotics can increase the numbers of possible beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the gastrointestinal tract however, there is little evidence of this then improving performance and health. The data defining the benefits of probiotics are equivocal however, at least some probiotics seem to be able to improve performance of nursery pigs. Lowering dietary protein content for a short period post-weaning will probably reduce PWD and improve intestinal health of the piglets but performance is compromised if essential amino acid levels and/or ratios are reduced below requirement.
Location: Australia
No related grants have been discovered for Jae Cheol Kim.