ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0901-1975
Current Organisation
Deakin University
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Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2004
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 21-11-2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2009
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1123/JAPA.15.1.26
Abstract: An intervention designed to enhance preaction self-efficacy beliefs (i.e., beliefs about ability to initiate behavior despite anticipated barriers during the initiation period) was tested in patients with spondylosis in relation to initiation of exercises recommended by a consultant in orthopedic rehabilitation. Sixty patients (age 28–83 years 44% men) with spondylosis who had not previously performed exercises recommended for degenerative spine diseases were randomly assigned to a control (education session) or intervention group. Three weeks later, intervention patients performed recommended exercises more frequently than controls. Regression analysis for all patients showed that preintervention, preaction self-efficacy predicted exercise. Age and preintervention self-efficacy moderated the intervention effects. Among older patients, only those with weak preintervention, preaction self-efficacy beliefs benefited from the intervention, whereas among younger patients, only those with strong preintervention, preaction self-efficacy beliefs benefited from the intervention.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2008
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2001
DOI: 10.1177/01461672012711014
Abstract: Two studies explored the relationship between past behavior, personality traits, intentions, and behavior. Study 1 (N = 181) considered intentions to engage in goal-directed activity (health protection). Cognitions specified by the Theory of Planned Behavior were examined as mediators of the relationship between past behavior, personality, and intentions. The effect of conscientiousness on intention was partially mediated by cognitions, whereas the effect of past behavior was partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Study 2 (N = 123) examined predictions of intentions and self-reported behavior in relation to both health protection and exercise, a more specific behavior. In both cases, the effect of conscientiousness on intention was totally mediated, whereas the effect on behavior was partially mediated. Similarly, the effects of past behavior on intentions were totally mediated, whereas the effects on behavior were partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Thus, combining personality traits and cognitions provided a more sufficient account of the determinants of intentions and behavior.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/BJHP.12379
Abstract: Although many health interventions are delivered in groups, it is unclear how group context can be best used to promote health-related behaviour change and what change processes are most helpful to participants. This study explored participants' experiences of attending type 2 diabetes prevention and management programme, and their perceptions of how group participation influenced changes in diet and physical activity. Qualitative. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 20 participants (twelve men) from nine groups in the Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis in NVivo. Participants benefited from in idual change processes, including information provision, structuring and prioritizing health goals, action planning, self-monitoring, and receiving feedback. They also benefited from group processes, including having a common purpose, sharing experiences, making social comparisons, monitoring and accountability, and providing and receiving social support in the groups. Participants' engagement with, and benefits from, the groups were enhanced when there was a supportive group context (i.e., group cohesion, homogeneous group composition, and a positive group atmosphere). Optimal facilitation to develop an appropriate group context and initiate effective change processes necessitated good facilitator interpersonal and professional skills, credibility and empathy, and effective group facilitation methods. Participants reported developing a sense of responsibility and making behaviour changes that resulted in improvements in health outcomes and weight loss. This study highlights the role of in idual and group processes in facilitating health-promoting behaviour change, and the importance of group context and optimal facilitation in promoting engagement with the programme. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Many health interventions, including programmes to help prevent or manage diabetes and facilitate weight loss, are delivered in groups. Such group-based behaviour-change interventions are often effective in facilitating psychological and behaviour change. There is considerable research and theory on in idual change processes and techniques, but less is known about which change processes and techniques facilitate behaviour change in group settings. What does this study add? This study contributes to our understanding of how participating in group-based health programmes may enhance or impede in idual behaviour change. It identified in idual (intrapersonal) and group (interpersonal, facilitated through group interaction) change processes that were valued by group participants. The findings also show how these change processes may be affected by the group context. A diagram summarizes the identified themes helping to understand interactions between these key processes occurring in groups. The study offers an insight into participants' views on, and experiences of, attending a group-based diabetes prevention and management programme. Thus, it helps better understand how the intervention might have helped them (or not) and what processes may have influenced intervention outcomes. Key practical recommendations for designing and delivering group-based behaviour-change interventions are presented, which may be used to improve future group-based health interventions.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1097/00129234-200407000-00006
Abstract: Clinical pathways have been implemented in many healthcare settings as a link between evidence and practice. Most published research concludes that when clinical pathways are implemented and used by health professionals, there is a positive impact on health outcomes. However, some research also suggests that utilization of clinical pathways by health professionals is low and that implementation strategies for linking evidence with clinical practice often prove to be weak or ineffective. This paper describes a before and after study to determine whether an interdisciplinary, genuinely collaborative, and evidence-based process of clinical pathway implementation resulted in increased documented use of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) clinical pathway by health professionals in a regional Australian hospital. Underpinning the design and implementation process was the belief that true team involvement would lead to ownership, acceptance, and, ultimately, to increased usage of the pathway. Documented clinical pathway usage was measured in two ways: (1) the presence of the AMI clinical pathway in the medical records of patients diagnosed with an AMI and (2) the proportion of the AMI clinical pathway completed when it was present in the medical record. A total of 195 medical records of those diagnosed with an AMI were audited before (n = 124) and after (n = 71) the implementation process. The interdisciplinary, truly collaborative, and evidence-based implementation process resulted in a statistically significant increase in documented usage of the AMI pathway (22.6% vs. 57.7% p <.000). Results indicate that involvement of key users in the design and implementation of a clinical pathway significantly increases staff utilization of the document.
Publisher: Mark Allen Group
Date: 12-2000
DOI: 10.12968/IJPN.2000.6.10.9048
Abstract: This study examined the way in which a terminal cancer prognosis was negotiated by patients and their lay carers, and the complexities involved in managing a context of awareness. In idual semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 16 patients and 14 lay carers. These were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a grounded theory approach. The process started with being given bad news, when the concept of life was no longer open-ended. The need to maintain hope influenced the amount of information sought by patients and their families and was an important strategy in helping patients cope with the knowledge of their disease. Levels of awareness appeared to be influenced less by setting, than by the way the prognosis was managed within in idual families. Difficulties facing patients and carers in knowing how to communicate with each other within a context of open awareness suggest that they need help in learning how to do this. Achieving an environment to enable this requires private space and staff skilled in enabling and facilitating the complexities of communication between patients and their carers.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-03-2011
Abstract: To examine the predictive utility of psychological correlates of alcohol consumption identified in previous (US-dominated) research for a UK student s le and construct an integrative model predictive of alcohol dependency in a s le of first-year undergraduate students. A self-report questionnaire completed by 230 students measured stable and modifiable correlates of alcohol dependence. Stable correlates included age when first regularly drinking (age of onset), personality traits and religiosity. Modifiable measures included drinking motives, self-efficacy, alcohol-related expectancies, prototype perceptions and normative beliefs. The final multivariate model highlighted the importance of age of onset, sensation-seeking and a series of social cognitive measures including: social drinking motives, confidence in the ability to drink within government guidelines (self-efficacy) and the perceived quantity and frequency of alcohol consumed by university friends. Beta-coefficients indicated that self-efficacy and social drinking motives were particularly important predictors. A significant interaction was observed between age of onset and self-efficacy. Earlier onset was associated with higher levels of alcohol dependence for low and moderate, but not high levels of self-efficacy. The model presented here could be used to identify students at risk of alcohol dependence and inform the design of c us-based interventions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2016.04.014
Abstract: To explore the relationships between commute mode, neighbourhood public transport connectivity and subjective wellbeing. The study used data on 3630 commuters in London from wave two of Understanding Society (2010/11). Multivariate linear regressions were used to investigate how commute mode and neighbourhood public transport connectivity were associated with subjective wellbeing for all London commuters and for public transport commuters only. Subjective wellbeing was operationalized in terms of both a positive expression (life satisfaction measured by a global single-item question) and a more negative expression (mental distress measured by the General Health Questionnaire). Logistic regression was also used to explore the predictors of public transport over non-public transport commutes. After accounting for potentially-confounding area-level and in idual-level socioeconomic and commute-related variables, only walking commutes (but not other modes) were associated with significantly higher life satisfaction than car use but not with lower mental distress, compared to driving. While better public transport connectivity was associated with significantly lower mental distress in general, train users with better connectivity had higher levels of mental distress. Moreover, connectivity was unrelated to likelihood of using public transport for commuting. Instead, public transport commutes were more likely amongst younger commuters who made longer distance commutes and had comparatively fewer children and cars within the household. The findings highlight the heterogeneity of relationships between commute mode, public transport connectivity and subjective wellbeing and have implications for intervention strategies and policies designed to promote commuting behaviour change.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/J.1537-2995.2012.03810.X
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of adverse events (i.e., needle reactions, fatigue, and vasovagal reactions) and feelings of distress and anxiety on retention of first-time blood donors. All effects were explored separately for men and women. First-time blood donors (n = 2438) received a questionnaire, asking them about their experience of adverse events, subjective distress, and anxiety at their first donation. Provision of a second donation was checked approximately 18 months later. After exclusion of nonresponders and donors who did not experience an adverse event, 1278 first-time donors were included in the logistic regression analyses. Nine percent of donors who experienced an adverse event at their first donation did not return for a second donation. Vasovagal reactions decreased retention in both males and females (men-odds ratio [OR], 0.45 95% CI, 0.23-0.89 women-OR, 0.71 95% CI, 0.51-0.98). Fatigue decreased retention in males only (OR, 0.62 95% CI, 0.42-0.91), and subjective distress decreased retention in females only (OR, 0.77 95% CI, 0.65-0.92). In addition to decreasing vasovagal reactions, retention interventions could productively target coping with fatigue and reducing subjective distress after adverse reactions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2018
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2005
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-04-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-09-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1423-0410.2008.01079.X
Abstract: Social influence shapes behaviour and donors are ambassadors for blood banks. Donors are role models for family and friends and, therefore, so may be able to help with donor recruitment. A questionnaire was used to assess donors' willingness to engage in donor recruitment. Measures included willingness to recruit new donors and antecedents of recruitment motivation based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). More than half of our participants were willing to try to recruit friends and family (57%). Self-efficacy was the most important correlate of intention to recruit as were cognitive attitude and experience with the blood bank. The findings suggest that the TPB provides a good basis for understanding cognitive antecedents of donors' willingness to recruit other donors. Results suggest that using existing donors to recruit new donors could be an efficient and cost-effective way to recruit additional donors. This approach warrants further investigation.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2013
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.828293
Abstract: Efforts to discourage excessive alcohol use among young people can only be effective if the target audience is exposed to, attends to, and comprehends key messages. The aim of this study was to examine age and sex differences in drinking motives to better inform development of targeted interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm. Thirty in idual interviews and 12 group interviews were conducted with English 13-25 year olds. Interviewees gave multiple motivations for drinking - especially those related to image and reputation, and played down the health implications of heavy drinking. Negative aspects of drinking - caring for drunk friends, being cared for when drunk and suffering through hangovers with friends - were considered to offer opportunities for closer interpersonal bonding than other social activities. Respondents distanced themselves from 'problem' drinkers, but disapproved of others' problematic drinking or antisocial behaviour. Narrative messages demonstrating the social consequences of excessive consumption were preferred to single, static messages emphasising risk or harm. Interviewees noted that interventions must use an engaging tone or pitch: they considered many c aigns to be patronising or preaching. A lack of consensus between age and sex groups highlighted a need for multifaceted, multi-modal approaches that utilise mobile technologies and new media.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2016
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2002
Abstract: To categorize and quantify the content of publicly available safer sex promotion leaflets in the UK and Germany and to assess the extent to which this content corresponds to the cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use identified by theory-based research. A content analysis using a 45 category coding manual was undertaken. The manual included 20 'correlate-representative' categories identifying text promoting the strongest cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use. Overall inter-coder reliability was high. Few content differences were observed between the German and UK s les. Leaflets from both countries highlighted information on how people become infected with HIV and advice to contact health care professionals. Few mentioned delaying or abstaining from sexual intercourse. Only 25% of leaflets included text that referred to more than 10 of the 20 correlate-representative categories. Moreover, using one standard deviation above the mean as an indication of frequent inclusion, two-thirds of leafets failed to target frequently more than two of the 20 correlate-representative categories. Some safer sex promotion leaflets frequently promote the strongest cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use. In general, however, the recommendations of researchers investigating psychological correlates of condom use have not shaped the content of safer sex promotion leaflets.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/APHW.12120
Abstract: Small groups are used to promote health, well-being, and personal change by altering members' perceptions, beliefs, expectations, and behaviour patterns. An extensive cross-disciplinary literature has articulated and tested theories explaining how such groups develop, function, and facilitate change. Yet these theoretical understandings are rarely applied in the development, description, and evaluation of health-promotion, group-based, behaviour-change interventions. Medline database, library catalogues, search engines, specific journals and reference lists were searched for relevant texts. Texts were reviewed for explanatory concepts or theories describing change processes in groups, which were integrated into the developing conceptual structure. This was designed to be a parsimonious conceptual framework that could be applied to design and delivery. Five categories of interacting processes and concepts were identified and defined: (1) group development processes, (2) dynamic group processes, (3) social change processes, (4) personal change processes, and (5) group design and operating parameters. Each of these categories encompasses a variety of theorised mechanisms explaining in idual change in small groups. The final conceptual model, together with the design issues and practical recommendations derived from it, provides a practical basis for linking research and theory explaining group functioning to optimal design of group-based, behaviour-change interventions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/APHW.12121
Abstract: Many weight-loss interventions are delivered in groups but evidence on their effectiveness, and characteristics associated with effectiveness, is limited. We synthesised evidence on (1) design and delivery of group-based weight-loss interventions (2) effectiveness and (3) associations between intervention characteristics, change techniques, and effectiveness. Five online databases were searched to May 2017 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of group-based diet and/or physical activity interventions for overweight/obese adults (BMI ≥ 25). Intervention characteristics were synthesised narratively. Mean differences (MD) in weight loss were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis, and sub-group analyses were conducted to identify moderators of effectiveness. Forty-seven RCTs reporting 60 evaluations of group-based interventions were included. MD in weight loss between intervention and control groups was -3.49 [95% CI -4.15, -2.84], -3.44 [-4.23, -2.85], and -2.56 kg [-3.79, -1.33] at follow-ups closest to 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Explicitly targeting weight loss, men-only groups providing feedback and dietary goals were significantly associated with greater effectiveness (p < .05). Diet and physical activity interventions delivered in groups are effective in promoting clinically meaningful weight loss at 12 months. Intervention design and effectiveness vary considerably between studies, and evidence on what optimises the effectiveness of group-based weight-loss interventions remains limited.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1111/AP.12059
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2003
DOI: 10.1002/PER.488
Abstract: A prospective study explored the relationship between personality traits (as defined by the five factor model), type of motivation (as defined by self‐determination theory), and goal‐specific cognitions (including those specified by the theory of planned behaviour) as antecedents of degree performance amongst undergraduate students. A s le of 125 students completed a questionnaire two to three months before their final examinations. Structural equation modelling was used to explore relationships. Intention and perceived behavioural control explained 32% of the variance in final degree marks, with intention being the strongest predictor. Controlling for theory of planned behaviour variables, anticipated regret, good‐student identity, controlled extrinsic motivation, Conscientiousness, and Openness had direct significant effects on intention. In total, 65% of the variance in intention was explained. The resultant model illustrates how personality traits may affect examination performance by means of mediators such as intention, anticipated regret, student identity, and autonomous intrinsic motivation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-05-2019
Abstract: Caregivers frequently provide support to people living with long-term conditions. However, there is paucity of evidence of interventions that support caregivers in their role. Rehabilitation EnAblement in Chronic Heart Failure (REACH-HF) is a novel home-based, health-professional-facilitated, self-management programme for patients with heart failure (HF) and their caregivers. Based on the random allocation of in idual adult patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and left ventricular ejection fraction % within the past five years, the caregiver of patients was allocated to receive the REACH-HF intervention over 12 weeks (REACH-HF group) or not (control group). Caregiver outcomes were generic health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), Family Caregiver Quality of Life Scale questionnaire (FamQol), Caregiver Burden Questionnaire HF (CBQ-HF), Caregiver Contribution to Self-care of HF Index questionnaire (CC-SCHFI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Outcomes were compared between groups at 4, 6 and 12 months follow-up. Twenty caregivers receiving REACH-HF were purposively selected for qualitative interviews at 4 and 12 months. Compared with controls (44 caregivers), the REACH-HF group (53 caregivers) had a higher mean CC-SCHFI confidence score at 12 months (57.5 vs 62.8, adjusted mean difference: 9.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.8–16.8, p = 0.016). No significant between group differences were seen in other caregiver outcomes. Qualitative interviews showed that most caregivers who received the REACH-HF intervention made positive changes to how they supported the HF patient they were caring for, and perceived that they had increased their confidence in the caregiver role over time. Provision of the REACH-HF intervention for caregivers of HF patients improved their confidence of self-management and was perceived for some to be helpful in supporting their caregiver role.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-08-2015
DOI: 10.1111/BJHP.12114
Abstract: This study explored young adults' experiences of using e-health internet-based computer or mobile phone applications (apps) and what they valued about those apps. A qualitative design was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a community s le of 19 young adults who had used a publicly available phone or internet-based application. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Participants valued an attractive user interface. Structure, ease of use, personalised features and accessibility (including dual phone-computer access) were all important to participants and users indicated that continued use depended on these design features. Many believed that a focus on calorie counting was too limiting. Some users mentioned behaviour change strategies and known behaviour change techniques utilised by apps including self-monitoring, goal setting and behavioural feedback. Only a few users reported positive changes in physical activity levels. Use of particular design features and application of evidence-based behaviour change techniques could optimise continued use and the effectiveness of internet/smart phone interventions. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? E-health is increasingly used to deliver weight loss/control programs. Most e-health programs have not been founded on evidence-based designs and it is unclear what features and functions users find useful or not so useful. What does this study add? Weight loss app users valued structure, ease of use, personalised features and accessibility. Goal setting and feedback on calorie intake/energy balance were the most widely used behaviour change techniques. Designers should consider an extensive food database, a food scanner, and provision of diaries.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1037/HEA0000757
Abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials designed to promote smoking cessation among cancer survivors to (a) assess how effective interventions are at increasing quit rates, and (b) determine which intervention strategies are associated with effect sizes. Out of 10,848 records that were located using computerized searches and informal sources, 21 interventions met the inclusion criteria for the review. We developed a bespoke taxonomy of 36 categories of techniques designed to change smoking behavior, and coded s le, intervention, and methodological characteristics. Random effects meta-analysis and metaregressions were conducted. The s le-weighted average effect size for smoking cessation was d+ = .030, and was not significantly different from zero (95%CI = -.042 to .101). Effect sizes exhibited both publication bias and small s le bias. Metaregressions indicated that, out of the many potential moderators that were tested, just a single intervention feature was associated with effect sizes. Interventions delivered solely by nurses exhibited larger effects compared to interventions from other sources. The present review indicates that current smoking cessation interventions for cancer survivors are ineffective. High-quality and effective interventions are needed. We offer suggestions regarding promising intervention strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-01-2014
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12109
Abstract: The aims of this study were to examine young people's belief in the effectiveness of various alcohol control strategies and to identify demographic, attitudinal and behavioural correlates of perceived effectiveness. An online questionnaire hosted on a secure server was completed by 1418 men and women aged 16-21 years living in South-East England. It assessed the perceived effectiveness of various alcohol control strategies. Key correlates included sensation seeking, impulsivity, conscientiousness, alcohol outcome expectancies, drink refusal self-efficacy, perceived peer alcohol use and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores. The most effective strategies were perceived to be enforcing responsible service legislation, strictly monitoring late-night licensed premises and teaching alcohol refusal skills. Greater belief in the effectiveness of alcohol control strategies was expressed by older participants, those who consumed less alcohol and those who expected more negative outcomes from alcohol consumption. The data suggest that in order to increase the perceived effectiveness of alcohol control strategies, we may need to address young people's beliefs about the negative outcomes of alcohol use. Strategies that young people believe are effective may be easier to implement, but this does not imply that unpopular but effective strategies should not be tried.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-10-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2007
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-10-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1002/CASP.695
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-11-2014
DOI: 10.1111/DMCN.12326
Abstract: The aim of this review was to systematically review and synthesize observational evidence of associations between children's naturally varying contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards disability. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases. Studies were included if they measured children's contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards disability. Qualitative research and studies that experimentally varied the amount of contact children had were excluded. Data were synthesized in a narrative review. There were 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria: 22 of these reported a statistically significant association between contact with people with disabilities and more positive attitudes towards disability two studies reported a negative association between contact and attitudes and 11 studies reported no association. Incomplete reporting of the methods and results across studies limited the conclusions that could be drawn. Studies identified in this review generally indicate that children's contact with people with disabilities is associated with more positive attitudes towards disability. There is a need for more rigorous research to examine the effect of children's contact with people with disabilities on their attitudes towards disability.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-08-2016
DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1074727
Abstract: To explore the association between children's self-reported contact with people with disabilities and attitudes towards them, as well the potential mediating influence of anxiety about interacting with people with disabilities and empathy for them. 1881 children, aged 7-16 years, from 20 schools in South West England completed a survey assessing their contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards them. Anxiety about interacting with people with disabilities and empathy towards them were examined as potential mediators. Gender, school year, perceived similarity between people with and without disabilities, proportion of children with additional needs at the school and socioeconomic status (SES) were assessed as moderators. A random effects ("multilevel") regression model was used to test the contact-attitude association and moderation, and path analysis was used to test for mediation. Participants with more self-reported contact reported more positive attitudes towards disability (p < 0.001). Less anticipated anxiety and greater empathy together mediated around a third of this association. Only school year moderated the contact-attitude association (affective attitudes), with stronger contact-attitude associations in primary school children than secondary school children. Self-reported contact was observed to be associated with more positive attitudes towards disability, which was partially mediated by empathy and anxiety. Providing opportunities for contact with people with disabilities that reduces anxiety and increases empathy may improve attitudes to disability and merits evaluation in interventions. Children who reported greater levels of contact with people with disabilities had more positive attitudes towards disability. Anxiety about interacting with people with disabilities and empathy towards them partially mediated the contact-attitude associations. Providing opportunities for contact with people with disabilities, reducing anxiety and increasing empathy may improve children's attitudes to disability.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2001
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-01-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-12-2008
DOI: 10.1080/08870440701619726
Abstract: A condom use promotion leaflet was designed for use with older teenagers in schools. The text targeted a series of cognitive and behavioural antecedents of condom use identified in the literature. Given previous evidence that motivational incentives can enhance the effectiveness of health promotion leaflets, the leaflet was presented in conjunction with a quiz and prize draw. Students were randomly assigned to either the intervention condition or a (no leaflet or incentive) control condition. Measures were taken immediately, pre-intervention and 4 weeks later from 404 students. The 20-min intervention successfully promoted six of the eight measured cognitions, namely (1) attitude towards using condoms with a new partner (2) attitude towards using condoms with a steady partner (3) normative beliefs in relation to preparatory actions (4) self-efficacy in relation to both preparatory actions and (5) condom use (6) intention to use condoms, as well as three measured preparatory actions, that is, purchasing condoms, carrying condoms and discussing condom use. The intervention did not increase condom use with steady or new partners but power to test intervention impact on condom use was curtailed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1080/08870440802521110
Abstract: The Expert Patient Programme (EPP) is a lay-led, group-based, self-management training course available through the UK National Health Service for persons with long-term health conditions. Thirty-two patients who attended EPP courses in East London were interviewed about their experiences. Grounded theory coding of transcripts was employed to identify recurring accounts. Thematic analysis was used to theorise and organise participants' accounts, identifying commonly reported changes, helpful techniques and disappointments and frustrations. Results highlighted the role of information provision, especially face-to-face information exchange as well as the impact of in-class instruction and modelling of physical skills. Personal goal setting, using graded tasks, self-monitoring and goal review were regarded as the most useful techniques. Adoption and use of these self-management techniques depended on the establishment of an empathic and self-validating interpersonal context. Findings also imply that EPP may not be ideal for all participants and suggested modifications and improvements are discussed.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1071/SH11042
Abstract: Background This paper aims to demonstrate how an online planning intervention to enhance contraceptive and condom use among adolescents was viewed by sexual health professionals. It identifies feedback that has facilitated improvement of the intervention both in terms of potential effectiveness and sustainability in practice. The data illustrate how professionals’ feedback can enhance intervention development. Method: Ten practitioners (two male eight female) representing a range of roles in sexual health education and healthcare were given electronic copies of the prototype intervention. Interviews were conducted to elicit feedback. Transcripts of the interviews were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Practitioners provided positive feedback about the intervention content, use of on-line media, the validity of planning techniques and the inclusion of males in contraceptive planning. Issues with rapport building, trust, privacy, motivation, and time and resources were raised, however, and the promotion of condom carrying was contentious. Conclusions: Professionals’ feedback provided scope for developing the intervention to meet practitioners’ concerns, thus enhancing likely feasibility and acceptability in practice. Ways in which particular feedback was generalisable to wider theory-based and online intervention development are explored. Some responses indicated that health practitioners would benefit from training to embed theory-based interventions into sexual health education and healthcare.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-05-2013
Abstract: Older women are more likely to delay presentation with breast cancer, which contributes to poorer survival. We evaluated a written intervention that was designed to provide women with the knowledge, motivation, confidence and skills to present promptly with breast cancer symptoms. We assessed acceptability and understanding of the intervention by interviewing 43 women. We used their responses to refine the intervention. We tested the effect of the intervention on breast cancer awareness, confidence and intentions to check breasts and perceived barriers to help-seeking using a self-report questionnaire administered to 61 women prior to and one month after receiving the intervention. Quantitative data were analysed using the McNemar test. Women were not made anxious by the intervention and understood its messages. At one month, a greater proportion of women knew that breast cancer risk increases with age, identified ≥5 non-lump symptoms and reported breast checking at least monthly in comparison to before the intervention was implemented. The intervention does not induce anxiety, is understandable, and appears to increase breast cancer awareness. The results provide justification for a more rigorous trial to test efficacy.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2018-026039
Abstract: To identify and explore change processes explaining the effects of the Rehabilitation Enablement in Chronic Heart Failure (REACH-HF) intervention taking account of reach, amount of intervention received, delivery fidelity and patient and caregiver perspectives. Mixed methods process evaluation parallel to a randomised controlled trial using data from the intervention group (REACH-HF plus usual care). Four centres in the UK (Birmingham, Cornwall, Gwent and York). People with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and their caregivers. The REACH-HF intervention consisted of a self-help manual for patients with HFrEF and caregivers facilitated over 12 weeks by trained healthcare professionals. The process evaluation used multimodal mixed methods analysis. Data consisted of audio recorded intervention sessions demographic data intervention fidelity scores for intervention group participants (107 patients and 53 caregivers) qualitative interviews at 4 and 12 months with a s le of 19 patients and 17 caregivers. Quantitative data: intervention fidelity and number, frequency and duration of intervention sessions received. Qualitative data: experiences and perspectives of intervention participants and caregivers. Intervention session attendance with facilitators was high. Fidelity scores were indicative of adequate quality of REACH-HF intervention delivery, although indicating scope for improvement in several areas. Intervention effectiveness was contingent on matching the intervention implementation to the concerns, beliefs and goals of participants. Behaviour change was sustained when shared meaning was established. Respondents’ comorbidities, socio-economic circumstances and existing networks of support also affected changes in health-related quality of life. By combining longitudinal mixed methods data, the essential ingredients of complex interventions can be better identified, interrogated and tested. This can maximise the clinical application of research findings and enhance the capacity of multidisciplinary and multisite teams to implement the intervention. ISRCTN25032672 Pre-results.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 17-01-2022
DOI: 10.2196/32627
Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major problem globally. First-line management comprises education and self-management strategies. Online support groups may be a low-cost method of facilitating self-management. The aim of this randomized controlled pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility of the study design and implementation of an evidence-informed, expert-moderated, peer-to-peer online support group (My Knee Community) for people with knee OA. The impacts on psychological determinants of self-management, selected self-management behaviors, and health outcomes were secondary investigations. This mixed methods study evaluated study feasibility (participant recruitment, retention, and costs), experimental intervention feasibility (acceptability and fidelity to the proposed design, including perceived benefit, satisfaction, and member engagement), psychological determinants (eg, self-efficacy and social support), behavioral measures, health outcomes, and harms. Of a total of 186, 63 (33.9%) participants (41/63, 65% experimental and 22/63, 35% control) with self-reported knee OA were recruited from 186 volunteers. Experimental group participants were provided membership to My Knee Community, which already had existing nonstudy members, and were recommended a web-based education resource (My Joint Pain). The control group received the My Joint Pain website recommendation only. Participants were not blinded to their group allocation or the study interventions. Participant-reported data were collected remotely using web-based questionnaires. A total of 10 experimental group participants also participated in semistructured interviews. The transcribed interview data and all forum posts by the study participants were thematically analyzed. Study feasibility was supported by acceptable levels of retention however, there were low levels of engagement with the support group by participants: 15% (6/41) of participants did not log in at all the median number of times visited was 4 times per participant only 29% (12/41) of participants posted, and there were relatively low levels of activity overall on the forum. This affected the results for satisfaction (overall mean 5.9/10, SD 2.7) and perceived benefit (17/31, 55%: yes). There were no differences among groups for quantitative outcomes. The themes discussed in the interviews were connections and support, information and advice, and barriers and facilitators. Qualitative data suggest that there is potential for people to derive benefit from connecting with others with knee OA by receiving support and assisting with unmet informational needs. Although a large-scale study is feasible, the intervention implementation was considered unsatisfactory because of low levels of activity and engagement by members. We recommend that expectations about the support group need to be made clear from the outset. Additionally, the platform design needs to be more engaging and rewarding, and membership should only be offered to people willing to share their personal stories and who are interested in learning from the experiences of others. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001230145 anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377958
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1149/2.0871606JES
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-08-2016
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-11-2016
DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2015.1096946
Abstract: Many older people perceive ageing negatively, describing it in terms of poor or declining health and functioning. These perceptions may be related to older adults' health. The aim of this review was to synthesise existing research on the relationship between older adults' perceptions of ageing and their health and functioning. A systematic search was conducted of five electronic databases (ASSIA, CINAHL, IBSS, MEDLINE and PsycINFO). Citations within identified reports were also searched. Observational studies were included if they included perceptions of ageing and health-related measures involving participants aged 60 years and older. Study selection, data extraction and quality appraisal were conducted using predefined criteria. Twenty-eight reports met the criteria for inclusion. Older adults' perceptions of ageing were assessed with a variety of measures. Perceptions were related to health and functioning across seven health domains: memory and cognitive performance, physical and physiological performance, medical conditions and outcomes, disability, care-seeking, self-rated health, quality of life and death. How ageing is perceived by older adults is related to their health and functioning in multiple domains. However, higher quality and longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate this relationship.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 15-08-2014
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 1999
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.90
Abstract: Despite increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS, there has been no systematic review of correlates of condom use among heterosexual s les. To rectify this, the present study used meta-analysis to quantify the relationship between psychosocial variables and self-reported condom use. Six hundred sixty correlations distributed across 44 variables were derived from 121 empirical studies. Variables were organized in terms of the labeling, commitment, and enactment stages of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (Catania, Kegeles, & Coates, 1990). Findings showed that demographic, personality, and labeling stage variables had small average correlations with condom use. Commitment and enactment stage variables fared better, with attitudes toward condoms, behavioral intentions, and communication about condoms being the most important predictors. Overall, findings support a social psychological model of condom use highlighting the importance of behavior-specific cognitions, social interaction, and preparatory behaviors rather than knowledge and beliefs about the threat of infection.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-12-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-01-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-02-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-11-2017
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1037/HEA0000163
Abstract: This article illustrates how qualitative methods can be used in the development and evaluation of behavior change interventions. Although many c aigns advise young people to drink responsibly, few clarify how to convert this general advice into specific behavioral strategies. Resilience-based approaches argue that treating young non-drinkers and moderate drinkers as "experts" in responsible alcohol use may facilitate co-creation of acceptable interventions that focus on how to change behavior. Four distinct phases of intervention development were linked to past research and future developments. First, analysis of correlates of alcohol use using data from a survey of 1,412 people aged 16-21 indicated that alcohol harm-reduction interventions should help young people to develop skills and strategies to resist alcohol. Second, interpretative phenomenological analysis of 25 interviews with people purposively selected from among the survey s le identified general strategies and specific tactics used by young people to manage opportunities to drink. Third, insights from the first 2 phases and past qualitative research guided development of video resources to be use in school-based alcohol education to illustrate strategies and tactics for moderate or non-use of alcohol. Fourth, 18 focus groups with students and teachers were used to evaluate the video: structured thematic analysis indicated that after revision the video would be a valuable addition to school-based alcohol education. Findings from the 4 phases highlight the value of using different qualitative and quantitative methods as part of a program of work designed to inform the development, refinement, and evaluation of health psychology interventions.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.507
Abstract: The trial investigates the effects of augmenting an established weight-reduction intervention with implementation intention prompts. Fifty-five overweight or obese women (ages 18 to 76 years body mass index from 25.28 to 48.33) enrolled in a commercial weight reduction program were randomly assigned to either an implementation intention prompt or a control condition. Data were collected twice, with a time gap of 2 months. The primary outcome was participants' change in weight and body mass index from preintervention to follow-up. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant Time = Condition interaction: On average, implementation intention prompt participants lost 4.2 kg (95% confidence interval = 3.19, 5.07), whereas control participants lost 2.1 kg (95% confidence interval = 1.11, 3.09). The change in frequency of planning mediated the effects of the intervention on weight and body mass index change. Among obese or overweight women participating in a commercial weight loss program, those who learn to form implementation intentions can achieve greater weight reduction. Planning facilitation is a key mechanism explaining enhanced weight loss generated by implementation intention formation.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379
Abstract: Without standardized definitions of the techniques included in behavior change interventions, it is difficult to faithfully replicate effective interventions and challenging to identify techniques contributing to effectiveness across interventions. This research aimed to develop and test a theory-linked taxonomy of generally applicable behavior change techniques (BCTs). Twenty-six BCTs were defined. Two psychologists used a 5-page coding manual to independently judge the presence or absence of each technique in published intervention descriptions and in intervention manuals. Three systematic reviews yielded 195 published descriptions. Across 78 reliability tests (i.e., 26 techniques applied to 3 reviews), the average kappa per technique was 0.79, with 93% of judgments being agreements. Interventions were found to vary widely in the range and type of techniques used, even when targeting the same behavior among similar participants. The average agreement for intervention manuals was 85%, and a comparison of BCTs identified in 13 manuals and 13 published articles describing the same interventions generated a technique correspondence rate of 74%, with most mismatches (73%) arising from identification of a technique in the manual but not in the article. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing standardized definitions of BCTs included in behavioral interventions and highlight problematic variability in the reporting of intervention content.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-03-2015
Abstract: To identify the needs of caregivers supporting a person with heart failure and to inform the development of a caregiver resource to be used as part of a home-based self-management programme. A qualitative study informed by thematic analysis involving 26 caregivers in in idual interviews or a focus group. Three distinct aspects of caregiver support in heart failure management were identified. Firstly, caregivers identified needs about supporting management of heart failure including: coping with the variability of heart failure symptoms, what to do in an emergency, understanding and managing medicines, providing emotional support, promoting exercise and physical activity, providing personal care, living with a cardiac device and supporting depression management. Secondly, as they make the transition to becoming a caregiver, they need to develop skills to undertake difficult discussions about the role communicate with health professionals manage their own mental health, well-being and sleep and manage home and work. Thirdly, caregivers require skills to engage social support, and voluntary and formal services while recognising that the long-term future is uncertain. The identification of the needs of caregiver has been used to inform the development of a home-based heart failure intervention facilitated by a trained health care practitioner.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.2044-8341.1998.TB00993.X
Abstract: A recent debate in the British Journal of Medical Psychology has considered the role of social cognitive models, such as the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour, in understanding HIV-preventive behaviour. In this paper we clarify some of the assumptions involved in applications of social cognitive models. We briefly review available evidence on the capacity of such models to predict HIV-preventive sexual behaviour and outline a number of criteria for judging their predictive success. The importance of behavioural prediction for the development of effective HIV-preventive behavioural interventions is discussed and recent evaluations of interventions based on these models are reviewed. We conclude that the models are effective in predicting HIV-preventive behaviours and provide empirically supported theoretical guidance on psychological changes likely to result in HIV-preventive behaviour change. In addition we argue that, to date, evaluations of theoretically specified interventions are encouraging. Further development and rigorous testing of HIV/AIDS interventions based on social cognitive models is recommended.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-08-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S12160-015-9727-Y
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the frequency of identification as well as the inter-coder and test-retest reliability of identification of behavior change techniques (BCTs) in written intervention descriptions. Forty trained coders applied the "Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy version 1" (BCTTv1) to 40 intervention descriptions published in protocols and repeated this 1 month later. Eighty of 93 defined BCTs were identified by at least one trained coder, and 22 BCTs were identified in 16 (40 %) or more of 40 descriptions. Good inter-coder reliability was observed across 80 BCTs identified in the protocols: 66 (80 %) achieved mean prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) scores of 0.70 or greater, and 59 (74 %) achieved mean scores of 0.80 or greater. There was good within-coder agreement between baseline and 1 month, demonstrating good test-retest reliability. BCTTv1 can be used by trained coders to identify BCTs in intervention descriptions reliably. However, some frequently occurring BCT definitions require further clarification.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1037/A0016136
Abstract: Meta-analyses of behavior change (BC) interventions typically find large heterogeneity in effectiveness and small effects. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of active BC interventions designed to promote physical activity and healthy eating and investigate whether theoretically specified BC techniques improve outcome. Interventions, evaluated in experimental or quasi-experimental studies, using behavioral and/or cognitive techniques to increase physical activity and healthy eating in adults, were systematically reviewed. Intervention content was reliably classified into 26 BC techniques and the effects of in idual techniques, and of a theoretically derived combination of self-regulation techniques, were assessed using meta-regression. Valid outcomes of physical activity and healthy eating. The 122 evaluations (N = 44,747) produced an overall pooled effect size of 0.31 (95% confidence interval = 0.26 to 0.36, I(2) = 69%). The technique, "self-monitoring," explained the greatest amount of among-study heterogeneity (13%). Interventions that combined self-monitoring with at least one other technique derived from control theory were significantly more effective than the other interventions (0.42 vs. 0.26). Classifying interventions according to component techniques and theoretically derived technique combinations and conducting meta-regression enabled identification of effective components of interventions designed to increase physical activity and healthy eating.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-03-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S12160-013-9486-6
Abstract: CONSORT guidelines call for precise reporting of behavior change interventions: we need rigorous methods of characterizing active content of interventions with precision and specificity. The objective of this study is to develop an extensive, consensually agreed hierarchically structured taxonomy of techniques [behavior change techniques (BCTs)] used in behavior change interventions. In a Delphi-type exercise, 14 experts rated labels and definitions of 124 BCTs from six published classification systems. Another 18 experts grouped BCTs according to similarity of active ingredients in an open-sort task. Inter-rater agreement amongst six researchers coding 85 intervention descriptions by BCTs was assessed. This resulted in 93 BCTs clustered into 16 groups. Of the 26 BCTs occurring at least five times, 23 had adjusted kappas of 0.60 or above. "BCT taxonomy v1," an extensive taxonomy of 93 consensually agreed, distinct BCTs, offers a step change as a method for specifying interventions, but we anticipate further development and evaluation based on international, interdisciplinary consensus.
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 14-04-2016
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2005
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-1998
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-07-2018
DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1349325
Abstract: Older adults' negative beliefs about ageing are related to their health and functioning, but little is known about how perceptions of ageing (POA) relate to frailty status. This study aimed to explore the relationship between POA and frailty. Secondary analysis of data used were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Waves 2 and 5. A POA score was based on participants' responses to 12 statements using a five-point Likert scale at baseline, and a Frailty Index (FI) score was calculated for each participant for both waves. Multiple linear regression models were conducted to assess the relationship between POA and frailty cross-sectionally and longitudinally in models controlled for age, gender, depression symptoms, and socioeconomic status. Older adults with more negative POA had greater frailty (β = .12, p < .001). Negative POA predicted greater frailty 6 years later (β = .03, p < .05). Future work regarding the mechanisms of this relationship is needed to identify ways of intervening to improve health.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1999
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-06-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2010.495157
Abstract: Health-risk communications frequently target self-efficacy in order to encourage adaptive responses. Research has also indicated that self-affirmation may be a useful supplementary or alternative intervention technique. This study compared the effects of self-efficacy, self-affirmation and a combination of these techniques for two risk messages. Young British females (N=677) read about ultraviolet light and skin cancer or skin ageing ('photoageing') and were randomly assigned to a single intervention (self-affirmation/self-efficacy), the combined intervention or no intervention. The efficacy intervention led to greater message acceptance and perceived risk in both the cancer and photoageing conditions, while the only main effect of self-affirmation was on acceptance of the photoageing message. However, self-affirmation moderated the effect of efficacy information. For photoageing messages, efficacy information was associated with greater message acceptance only amongst self-affirmed participants, but the opposite occurred for skin cancer messages. Although these findings should be interpreted cautiously, they imply that health promoters should select efficacy information if only one intervention is used but that self-affirmation can influence responsiveness to efficacy interventions for particular messages.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1996
DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1996.9914985
Abstract: Scottish teenagers (N = 690) participated in a survey concerning the relationship between religiosity, gender, and social judgments of sexual activity. Respondents estimated the number of sexual partners of 20-year old men and women and made evaluative judgments of sexually active men and women on positive and negative dimensions. On both tasks, evidence was obtained for the operation of a double standard. Women were expected to have fewer sexual partners than men, and their sexual activity was judged more negatively on evaluatively negative dimensions. Contrary to findings of previous studies in this area, gender differences in endorsement of the double standard were not found. Only moderate support was found for the view that religiosity contributes to different standards of sexual behavior for men and women, although religiosity had significantly greater influence on judgments made by women than on judgments made by men.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2014
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.1037/HEA0000712
Abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of physical activity interventions among cancer survivors to (a) quantify the magnitude of intervention effects on physical activity and (b) determine what combination of intervention strategies maximizes behavior change. Out of 32,626 records that were located using computerized searches, 138 independent tests ( The s le-weighted average effect size for physical activity interventions was The present review indicates that interventions have a small but significant effect on physical activity among cancer survivors and offers insights into how the effectiveness of future interventions might be improved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1348/014466603322595248
Abstract: Three studies tested the hypothesis that anticipated regret (AR) increases consistency between exercise intentions and behaviour. Study 1 employed a longitudinal survey design (N = 384). Measures specified by the theory of planned behaviour, past behaviour, and AR were used to predict self-reported exercise behaviour 2 weeks later. AR moderated the intention-behaviour relationship such that participants were most likely to exercise if they both intended to exercise and anticipated regret if they failed to exercise. Study 2 used an experimental design to examine the effect of focusing on AR prior to reporting intentions (N = 229). Exercise was measured 2 weeks later and the AR-focus manipulation was found to moderate the intention-behaviour relationship in a similar manner to that observed in Study 1. In Study 3 (N = 97), moderation was replicated and was shown to be mediated by the temporal stability of intention.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-04-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2004
Abstract: Reviews have called for integrative, theoretically informed models of the 'hundreds of associations' (Miller & Slap, 1989, p. 131) between psychosocial measures and adolescent smoking (e. g. Tyas & Pederson, 1998). Such a model was tested. A prospective, classroom-based survey measuring previously identified correlates of smoking allowed comparison of the strength of relationships between antecedents and smoking status six months later. The prospective s le included 225 13 to 14-year-olds. Measures of behaviour-specific cognitions derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)-as well as personality, self-esteem, parental support and parental control, sociodemographic factors, and descriptive norms-were included. Relationships between antecedents were explored using path analyses. High initial rates of smoking were observed. Of the variance in smoking six months later, 56% was explained by seven direct predictors: intention, perceived ease of smoking, estimated number of friends smoking, percentage of older brothers smoking, self-esteem, extraversion and car access. Results emphasize the importance of behaviour-specific cognitions specified by the TPB but suggest that other factors, including extraversion and self-esteem, need to be included in models of the antecedents of smoking. The findings also imply that some antecedents, such as parental support, may indirectly influence adolescent smoking through their effect on other variables.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00455-9
Abstract: Cases of 'imported malaria' into countries where malaria is not endemic are increasing and evidence suggests that non-use of malaria prophylaxis and lack of adherence are contributing to this increase. Non-adherence may be especially likely because chemoprophylaxis regimens require travellers to continue to take medication for 4 weeks after their return from a malarious region. This study investigated the extent to which cognition measures specified by the theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model could distinguish between those who reported greater or lesser adherence after their return. Cognitions were measured using a brief questionnaire on the day of departure from the malarious region and reports of adherence were collected between 5 and 7 weeks later. Data from two longitudinal s les of UK tourists returning from The Gambia were analysed 106 mefloquine users and 61 chloroquine and proguanil users. Results suggested that malaria prophylaxis adherence could be improved. 22.5% of mefloquine users and 31% of chloroquine and proguanil users reported adherence for 3 weeks or less. A model based on the theory of planned behaviour explained approximately 50% of the variance in reported adherence amongst mefloquine users and 40% amongst chloroquine and proguanil users, comparing favorably with other published applications of the theory. Findings suggest that targeting key cognitions could enhance adherence on return from malarious regions. Enhancing perceived control over adherence may be important as well as emphasising susceptibility to malaria infection. Reassuring mefloquine users concerning potential side effects of the drug may also encourage adherence on return. Implications for future research are discussed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-02-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-10-2018
Abstract: Cardiac rehabilitation improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduces hospitalizations in patients with heart failure, but international uptake of cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure remains low. The aim of this multicentre randomized trial was to compare the REACH-HF (Rehabilitation EnAblement in CHronicHeart Failure) intervention, a facilitated self-care and home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme to usual care for adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The study primary hypothesis was that the addition of the REACH-HF intervention to usual care would improve disease-specific HRQoL (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire (MLHFQ)) at 12 months compared with usual care alone. The study recruited 216 participants, predominantly men (78%), with an average age of 70 years and mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 34%. Overall, 185 (86%) participants provided data for the primary outcome. At 12 months, there was a significant and clinically meaningful between-group difference in the MLHFQ score of –5.7 points (95% confidence interval –10.6 to –0.7) in favour of the REACH-HF intervention group ( p = 0.025). With the exception of patient self-care ( p 0.001) there was no significant difference in other secondary outcomes, including clinical events ( p 0.05) at follow-up compared with usual care. The mean cost of the REACH-HF intervention was £418 per participant. The novel REACH-HF home-based facilitated intervention for HFrEF was clinically superior in disease-specific HRQoL at 12 months and offers an affordable alternative to traditional centre-based programmes to address current low cardiac rehabilitation uptake rates for heart failure.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0021386
Abstract: A sustainable, evidence-based intervention to motivate current blood donors to recruit new donors was evaluated using a quasi-experimental, in-service trial at three donation centers. Participating blood donors in three conditions (N = 734), received (1) an evidence-based leaflet designed to enhance recruitment motivation and five postcards facilitating recruitment and donor registration, (2) five postcards alone, or (3) no materials. Self-reported donor recruitment by donors was measured at 1-week and 6-week follow-up. At 1-week and at 6-week follow-up, donors in both intervention conditions reported talking to more people about donation and asking more people to donate than control participants. Intervention participants also reported persuading more people to register as a donor than control participants. Results indicated that postcards plus leaflet was somewhat more effective than the postcards alone. Donors' intentions to recruit at 1-week follow-up mediated the behavioral effects at 6-week follow-up. Motivating and facilitating recruitment of new blood donors through existing donors has the potential to continually replenish the donor population.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JASP.12328
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2004
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-03-2015
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.H1099
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-1996
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/A0026838
Abstract: A review of 13 years of research into antecedents of university students' grade point average (GPA) scores generated the following: a comprehensive, conceptual map of known correlates of tertiary GPA assessment of the magnitude of average, weighted correlations with GPA and tests of multivariate models of GPA correlates within and across research domains. A systematic search of PsycINFO and Web of Knowledge databases between 1997 and 2010 identified 7,167 English-language articles yielding 241 data sets, which reported on 50 conceptually distinct correlates of GPA, including 3 demographic factors and 5 traditional measures of cognitive capacity or prior academic performance. In addition, 42 non-intellective constructs were identified from 5 conceptually overlapping but distinct research domains: (a) personality traits, (b) motivational factors, (c) self-regulatory learning strategies, (d) students' approaches to learning, and (e) psychosocial contextual influences. We retrieved 1,105 independent correlations and analyzed data using hypothesis-driven, random-effects meta-analyses. Significant average, weighted correlations were found for 41 of 50 measures. Univariate analyses revealed that demographic and psychosocial contextual factors generated, at best, small correlations with GPA. Medium-sized correlations were observed for high school GPA, SAT, ACT, and A level scores. Three non-intellective constructs also showed medium-sized correlations with GPA: academic self-efficacy, grade goal, and effort regulation. A large correlation was observed for performance self-efficacy, which was the strongest correlate (of 50 measures) followed by high school GPA, ACT, and grade goal. Implications for future research, student assessment, and intervention design are discussed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-05-2016
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1172979
Abstract: Many self-directed weight-loss interventions have been developed using a variety of delivery formats (e.g., internet and smartphone) and change techniques. Yet, little research has examined whether self-directed interventions can exclusively promote weight loss. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were systematically reviewed for randomised controlled trials evaluating self-directed interventions in relation to weight-loss outcomes in adults. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Twenty-seven trials incorporating 36 comparisons met our inclusion criteria. Participants using self-directed interventions lost significantly more weight (MD = -1.56 kg, CI -2.25, -0.86 ranging from 0.6 to 5.3 kg) compared to those in the minimal intervention or no-treatment groups (3.1-month follow-up median). The majority of interventions were internet based (18 evaluations) and these were effective at 3 months (MD = -1.74 kg, CI -2.65, -0.82 ranging from 0.6 to 4.8 kg) (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI -0.72, -0.24, I(2) = 82% p < .0001 16 evaluations) and 6 months follow-up (MD = -2.71 kg, CI -4.03, -1.39 ranging from 2.2 to 5.3 kg) (SMD = -0.59, 95% CI -0.99, -0.19, I(2) = 76% p = .004 4 evaluations). Self-directed weight-loss interventions can generate modest weight loss for up to 6 months but may need to be supplemented by other interventions to achieve sustained and clinically meaningful weight loss.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-03-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2016.06.038
Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are more common in young people and men who have sex with men (MSM) and effective in-service interventions are needed. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of waiting-room-delivered, self-delivered and brief healthcare-provider-delivered interventions designed to reduce STIs, increase use of home-based STI testing, or reduce STI-risk behavior was conducted. Six databases were searched between January 2000 and October 2014. 17,916 articles were screened. 23 RCTs of interventions for young people met our inclusion criteria. Significant STI reductions were found in four RCTs of interventions using brief one-to-one counselling (2 RCTs), video (1 RCT) and a STI home-testing kit (1 RCT). Increase in STI test uptake was found in five studies using video (1 RCT), one-to-one counselling (1 RCT), home test kit (2 RCTs) and a web-based intervention (1 RCT). Reduction in STI-risk behavior was found in seven RCTs of interventions using digital online (web-based) and offline (computer software) (3 RCTs), printed materials (1 RCT) and video (3 RCTs). Ten RCTs of interventions for MSM met our inclusion criteria. Three tested for STI reductions but none found significant differences between intervention and control groups. Increased STI test uptake was found in two studies using brief one-to-one counselling (1 RCT) and an online web-based intervention (1 RCT). Reduction in STI-risk behavior was found in six studies using digital online (web-based) interventions (4 RCTs) and brief one-to-one counselling (2 RCTs). A small number of interventions which could be used, or adapted for use, in sexual health clinics were found to be effective in reducing STIs among young people and in promoting self-reported STI-risk behavior change in MSM.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-09-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-01-2015
DOI: 10.1111/BJHP.12090
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-01-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-07-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-08-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2011
Publisher: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Date: 02-2021
DOI: 10.3310/PGFAR09010
Abstract: Rates of participation in centre (hospital)-cardiac rehabilitation by patients with heart failure are suboptimal. Heart failure has two main phenotypes differing in underlying pathophysiology: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is characterised by depressed left ventricular systolic function (‘reduced ejection fraction’), whereas heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is diagnosed after excluding other causes of dyspnoea with normal ejection fraction. This programme aimed to develop and evaluate a facilitated home-based cardiac rehabilitation intervention that could increase the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation while delivering the clinical benefits of centre-based cardiac rehabilitation. To develop an evidence-informed, home-based, self-care cardiac rehabilitation programme for patients with heart failure and their caregivers [the REACH-HF (Rehabilitation Enablement in Chronic Heart Failure) intervention]. To conduct a pilot randomised controlled trial to assess the feasibility of a full trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the REACH-HF intervention in addition to usual care in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. To assess the short- and long-term clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the REACH-HF intervention in addition to usual care in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and their caregivers. Intervention mapping to develop the REACH-HF intervention uncontrolled feasibility study pilot randomised controlled trial in those with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction randomised controlled trial with a trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis in those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction qualitative studies including process evaluation systematic review of cardiac rehabilitation in heart failure and modelling to assess long-term cost-effectiveness (in those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction). Four centres in England and Wales (Birmingham, Cornwall, Gwent and York) one centre in Scotland (Dundee) for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Adults aged ≥ 18 years with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction 45%) for the main randomised controlled trial ( n = 216), and those with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45%) for the pilot randomised controlled trial ( n = 50). A self-care, facilitated cardiac rehabilitation manual was offered to patients (and participating caregivers) at home over 12 weeks by trained health-care professionals in addition to usual care or usual care alone. The primary outcome was disease-specific health-related quality of life measured using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included deaths and hospitalisations. The main randomised controlled trial recruited 216 participants with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and 97 caregivers. A significant and clinically meaningful between-group difference in the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score (primary outcome) at 12 months (–5.7 points, 95% confidence interval –10.6 to –0.7 points) favoured the REACH-HF intervention ( p = 0.025). Eight (4%) patients (four in each group) had died at 12 months. There was no significant difference in hospital admissions, at 12 months, with 19 participants in the REACH-HF intervention group having at least one hospital admission, compared with 24 participants in the control group (odds ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 1.51 p = 0.386). The mean cost of the intervention was £418 per participant with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The costs at 12 months were, on average, £401 higher in the intervention group than in the usual care alone group. Model-based economic evaluation, extrapolating from the main randomised controlled trial in those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction over 4 years, found that adding the REACH-HF intervention to usual care had an estimated mean cost per participant of £15,452 (95% confidence interval £14,240 to £16,780) and a mean quality-adjusted life-year gain of 4.47 (95% confidence interval 3.83 to 4.91) years, compared with £15,051 (95% confidence interval £13,844 to £16,289) and 4.24 (95% confidence interval 4.05 to 4.43) years, respectively, for usual care alone. This gave an incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year of £1721. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated 78% probability that the intervention plus usual care versus usual care alone has a cost-effectiveness below the willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. The intervention was well received by participants with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and those with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, as well as their caregivers. Both randomised controlled trials recruited to target, with 85% retention at follow-up. Key limitations included (1) lack of blinding – given the nature of the intervention and the control we could not mask participants to treatments, so our results may reflect participant expectation bias (2) that we were not able to capture consistent participant-level data on level of intervention adherence (3) that there may be an impact on the generalisability of findings due to the demographics of the trial patients, as most were male (78%) and we recruited only seven people from ethnic minorities. Evaluation of the comprehensive, facilitated, home-based REACH-HF intervention for participants with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and caregivers indicated clinical effectiveness in terms of health-related quality of life and patient self-care but no other secondary outcomes. Although the economic analysis conducted alongside the full randomised controlled trial did not produce significant differences on the EuroQol-5 Dimensions or in quality-adjusted life-years, economic modelling suggested greater cost-effectiveness of the intervention than usual care. Our REACH-HF intervention offers a new evidence-based cardiac rehabilitation option that could increase uptake of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure not attracted to or able to access hospital-based programmes. Systematic collection of real-world data would track future changes in uptake of and adherence to alternative cardiac rehabilitation interventions in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and increase understanding of how changes in service delivery might affect clinical and health economic outcomes. The findings of our pilot randomised controlled trial in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction support progression to a full multicentre randomised controlled trial. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN86234930 and ISRCTN78539530. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research Vol. 9, No. 1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-1999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2018
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 05-2018
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess children’s compliance with wrist-worn accelerometry during a randomized controlled trial and to examine whether compliance differed by allocated condition or gender. Methods: A total of 886 children within the Healthy Lifestyles Programme trial were randomly allocated to wear a GENEActiv accelerometer at baseline and 18-month follow-up. Compliance with minimum wear-time criteria (≥10 h for 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) was obtained for both time points. Chi-square tests were used to determine associations between compliance, group allocation, and gender. Results: At baseline, 851 children had usable data, 830 (97.5%) met the minimum wear-time criteria, and 631 (74.1%) had data for 7 days at 24 hours per day. At follow-up, 789 children had usable data, 745 (94.4%) met the minimum wear-time criteria, and 528 (67%) had complete data. Compliance did not differ by gender (baseline: χ 2 = 1.66, P = .2 follow-up: χ 2 = 0.76, P = .4) or by group at follow-up (χ 2 = 2.35, P = .13). Conclusion: The use of wrist-worn accelerometers and robust trial procedures resulted in high compliance at 2 time points regardless of group allocation, demonstrating the feasibility of using precise physical activity monitors to measure intervention effectiveness.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-10-2014
DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2013.847410
Abstract: Primary osteoporosis prevention requires healthy behaviours, such as regular physical exercise and adequate dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin D and protein. Calcium and vitamin D can decrease postmenopausal bone loss and prevent fracture risk. However, there is still a high prevalence of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency in women aged 50+ years. Dietary sources of these nutrients are the preferred choice, and dairy products represent a valuable dietary source of calcium due to the high content, high absorptive rate and relatively low cost. Furthermore, dairy products also contain other key nutrients including vitamin D, phosphorus and protein that contribute to bone health. Studies of women's beliefs and behaviours with respect to osteoporosis highlight poor knowledge of the importance of dietary nutrient intakes and low concern regarding bone health. Osteoporosis educational programmes exist to help women change behaviours relevant to bone health. Such programmes can have positive influences on women's knowledge, attitudes, perceived norms, motivation and behaviours. Increased awareness of the consequences of low calcium and vitamin D intakes may promote women's attitudes towards dietary sources, in particular dairy products, and lead to better adherence to health recommendations. Increasing dietary nutrient intakes through educational initiatives should be further developed to aid the prevention of osteoporosis and the efficacy of osteoporosis management.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-12-2012
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.E8352
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-03-2016
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1537-2995.2011.03447.X
Abstract: This study investigated the possibility of rerecruiting lapsed blood donors. Reasons for donation cessation, motivation to restart donation, and modifiable components of donation motivation were examined. We distinguished between lapsed donors who had passively withdrawn by merely not responding to donation invitations and donors who had contacted the blood bank to actively withdraw. A cross-sectional survey was sent to 400 actively lapsed donors and to 400 passively lapsed donors, measuring intention to restart donation and psychological correlates of restart intention. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. The response rate among actively lapsed donors was higher than among passively lapsed donors (37% vs. 25%). Actively lapsed donors typically ceased donating because of physical reactions, while passively lapsed donors quit because of a busy lifestyle. Nonetheless, 51% of actively lapsed responders and 80% of passively lapsed responders were willing to restart donations. Multiple regression analysis showed that, for passively lapsed donors, cognitive attitude was the strongest correlate of intention to donate in the future (β=0.605, p<0.001), with affective attitude (β=0.239, p<0.05) and self-efficacy (β=0.266, p<0.001) explaining useful proportions of the variance as well. For actively lapsed donors, cognitive attitude was also the strongest correlate of intention (β=0.601, p<0.001), with affective attitude (β=0.345, p<0.001) and moral norm (β=-0.118, p<0.05) explaining smaller proportions of the variance. The majority of lapsed donors indicated a moderate to high intention to restart donations. Interventions focusing on boosting cognitive and affective attitudes and self-efficacy could further raise such intentions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.3310/HTA19990
Abstract: Meeting global health challenges requires effective behaviour change interventions (BCIs). This depends on advancing the science of behaviour change which, in turn, depends on accurate intervention reporting. Current reporting often lacks detail, preventing accurate replication and implementation. Recent developments have specified intervention content into behaviour change techniques (BCTs) – the ‘active ingredients’, for ex le goal-setting, self-monitoring of behaviour. BCTs are ‘the smallest components compatible with retaining the postulated active ingredients, i.e. the proposed mechanisms of change. They can be used alone or in combination with other BCTs’ (Michie S, Johnston M. Theories and techniques of behaviour change: developing a cumulative science of behaviour change. Health Psychol Rev 2012 6 :1–6). Domain-specific taxonomies of BCTs have been developed, for ex le healthy eating and physical activity, smoking cessation and alcohol consumption. We need to build on these to develop an internationally shared language for specifying and developing interventions. This technology can be used for synthesising evidence, implementing effective interventions and testing theory. It has enormous potential added value for science and global health. (1) To develop a method of specifying content of BCIs in terms of component BCTs (2) to lay a foundation for a comprehensive methodology applicable to different types of complex interventions (3) to develop resources to support application of the taxonomy and (4) to achieve multidisciplinary and international acceptance for future development. Four hundred participants (systematic reviewers, researchers, practitioners, policy-makers) from 12 countries engaged in investigating, designing and/or delivering BCIs. Development of the taxonomy involved a Delphi procedure, an iterative process of revisions and consultation with 41 international experts hierarchical structure of the list was developed using inductive ‘bottom-up’ and theory-driven ‘top-down’ open-sort procedures ( n = 36) training in use of the taxonomy (1-day workshops and distance group tutorials) ( n = 161) was evaluated by changes in intercoder reliability and validity (agreement with expert consensus) evaluating the taxonomy for coding interventions was assessed by reliability (intercoder test–retest) and validity ( n = 40 trained coders) and evaluating the taxonomy for writing descriptions was assessed by reliability (intercoder test–retest) and by experimentally testing its value ( n = 190). Ninety-three distinct, non-overlapping BCTs with clear labels and definitions formed Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1). BCTs clustered into 16 groupings using a ‘bottom-up’ open-sort procedure there was overlap between these and groupings produced by a theory-driven, ‘top-down’ procedure. Both training methods improved validity (both p 0.05), doubled the proportion of coders achieving competence and improved confidence in identifying BCTs in workshops (both p 0.001) but did not improve intercoder reliability. Good intercoder reliability was observed for 80 of the 93 BCTs. Good within-coder agreement was observed after 1 month ( p 0.001). Validity was good for 14 of 15 BCTs in the descriptions. The usefulness of BCTTv1 to report descriptions of observed interventions had mixed results. The developed taxonomy (BCTTv1) provides a methodology for identifying content of complex BCIs and a foundation for international cross-disciplinary collaboration for developing more effective interventions to improve health. Further work is needed to examine its usefulness for reporting interventions. This project was funded by the Medical Research Council Ref: G0901474/1. Funding also came from the Peninsula Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 16-11-2015
DOI: 10.2196/JMIR.5129
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2004
DOI: 10.1348/135910704773891096
Abstract: Two studies tested (a) whether anticipated regret (AR) qualifies as an additional predictor of intentions to engage in a health-enhancing behaviour (exercise) after variables from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and past behaviour have been controlled, and (b) whether a manipulation that induces participants to focus on AR causes stronger intentions to exercise. Study 1 employed a cross-sectional questionnaire design Study 2 employed a between-participants experimental design (AR focus vs. no AR focus). Participants (N = 385) completed standard, multi-item, reliable measures of TPB constructs and AR and also reported their past behaviour (Study 1). Participants in Study 2 (N = 70) completed measures of AR and intention salience of AR was manipulated by means of item order. Study 1 showed that even though TPB variables and past behaviour were reliable predictors of intention, and explained 51% of the variance, AR contributed a substantial increment in the variance (5%) even after these predictors had been taken into account. Study 2 showed that participants who were induced to focus on AR prior to intention formation had significantly stronger intentions to exercise compared to controls. The findings indicate that AR predicts a health-enhancing behaviour (as well as the health-risk behaviours examined in previous research) and that effects of AR are independent of TPB variables and past behaviour. The findings also indicate that a simple and inexpensive manipulation of the salience of AR can be used to promote exercise intentions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-09-2013
DOI: 10.1111/J.2044-8287.2012.02088.X
Abstract: Having condoms available has been shown to be an important predictor of condom use. We examined whether or not personal norm and goal enjoyment contribute to predicting having condoms available in the context of cognition specified by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Prospective survey study, with a baseline and follow-up measurement (at 3 months). Data were gathered using an online survey. In total 282 adolescents (mean age = 15.6, 74% female adolescents) completed both questionnaires. At baseline, demographics, sexual experience, condom use, TPB variables, descriptive norm, personal norm, and enjoyment towards having condoms available were measured. At T2 (3 months later) having condoms available was measured. Direct and moderating effects of personal norm and goal enjoyment were examined by means of hierarchical linear regression analyses. Regression analyses yielded a direct effect of self-efficacy and personal norm on condom availability. In addition, moderation of the intention-behaviour relation by goal enjoyment added to the variance explained. The final model explained approximately 35% of the variance in condom availability. Personal norm and goal enjoyment add to the predictive utility of a TPB model of having condoms available and may be useful intervention targets. What is already known about this subject? Having condoms available is an important prerequisite for actual condom use. The theory of planned behaviour has successfully been applied to explain condom availability behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour has been criticized for not adequately taking into account affective motivation. What does this study add? Personal norm and goal enjoyment add to the predictive utility of the model. Personal norm explains condom availability directly, enjoyment increases intention enactment. Personal norm and goal enjoyment therefore are useful intervention targets.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-07-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-04-2015
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 30-04-2019
DOI: 10.2196/11586
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-03-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-06-2019
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1625282
Abstract: Group-based interventions are widely used to promote health-related behaviour change. While processes operating in groups have been extensively described, it remains unclear how behaviour change is generated in group-based health-related behaviour-change interventions. Understanding how such interventions facilitate change is important to guide intervention design and process evaluations. We employed a mixed-methods approach to identify, map and define change processes operating in group-based behaviour-change interventions. We reviewed multidisciplinary literature on group dynamics, taxonomies of change technique categories, and measures of group processes. Using weight-loss groups as an exemplar, we also reviewed qualitative studies of participants' experiences and coded transcripts of 38 group sessions from three weight-loss interventions. Finally, we consulted group participants, facilitators and researchers about our developing synthesis of findings. The resulting 'Mechanisms of Action in Group-based Interventions' (MAGI) framework comprises six overarching categories: (1) group intervention design features, (2) facilitation techniques, (3) group dynamic and development processes, (4) inter-personal change processes, (5) selective intra-personal change processes operating in groups, and (6) contextual influences. The framework provides theoretical explanations of how change occurs in group-based behaviour-change interventions and can be applied to optimise their design and delivery, and to guide evaluation, facilitator training and further research.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1998
Abstract: Numerous interventions have been designed to promote safer sexual behaviour amongst young people. However, relatively few have proved effective, which is, at least partially, due to the lack of development of theoretically based programmes. An understanding of the origins and control of sexual behaviour can be derived from basic social science research. Unless this is applied to the design of behaviour-change programmes they are unlikely to target the most important determinants of young people's sexual behaviour and are, therefore, unlikely to be effective. This paper outlines some of the key theoretical insights which have been drawn upon in the development of a new sex education programme currently being tested in Scottish schools. The theoretical basis is intentionally eclectic, combining social psychological cognitive models with sociological interpretations, since we are not concerned to advance any particular theory but to find which are most useful in promoting sexual health. First, the social influences on sexual behaviour are considered, and then the way in which these translate into in idual perceptions and beliefs. Finally, the paper attempts to develop a theoretical understanding of sexual interaction and the social contexts of sexual behaviour.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-10-2006
Abstract: A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate a brief research-based intervention designed to promote drinking within recommended limits on Fridays and Saturdays among moderate drinkers. The two-page, leaflet-like intervention included persuasive communication targeting motivational and volitional antecedents of behaviour as specified by an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and implementation intention theory. Participants were randomly allocated to a control group (TPB questionnaire only) or to a group receiving the TPB questionnaire plus leaflet-like intervention. Cognitions and drinking behaviour were measured immediately before the intervention and at 8-weeks follow-up. The pre-intervention questionnaire was distributed to 573 participants of whom 347 (61%) responded at follow-up. Significantly greater reduction in risky drinking on Fridays was observed among women (but not men) in the intervention group at 8-weeks follow-up. No other post-intervention differences were found. A low-cost, readily-produced, written intervention focusing on recommended daily limits reduced risky drinking amongst women on Fridays. Further work on similar interventions is warranted.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-02-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2008
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-08-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-11-2016
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12479
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1037/HEA0000340
Abstract: Goal intentions are the key proximal determinant of behavior in a number of key models applied to predicting health behavior. However, relatively little previous research has examined how characteristics of goals moderate the intention-health-behavior relations. The present research examined the effects of goal priority and goal conflict as moderators of the intention-health-behavior relationship. The main outcome measures were self-reported performance of physical activity (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and other health behaviors (Study 4), and objectively measured physical activity (Study 3). Studies 1 and 4 used prospective correlational designs to predict later behavior from earlier cognitions. Studies 2 and 3 were experimental studies manipulating goal priority and goal conflict. Studies 1 and 2 used between-subjects designs while Studies 3 and 4 used within-subjects designs. Goal priority significantly moderated the intention-health-behavior relationship for physical activity (Study 1) and a range of protective and risk health behaviors (Study 4). Manipulations of goal priority significantly increased the intention-physical-activity relationship when self-reported (Study 2) and objectively measured (Study 3). In contrast, inconsistent effects were observed for goal conflict as an intention-behavior moderator. When goal priority is high, then intentions are strong predictors of health behaviors. Further studies testing manipulations of goal conflict and in particular goal priority in combination with goal intentions are required to confirm their value as a means to change health behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-10-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 04-08-2021
Abstract: steoarthritis (OA) is a major problem globally. First-line management comprises education and self-management strategies. Online support groups may be a low-cost method of facilitating self-management. he aim of this randomized controlled pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility of the study design and implementation of an evidence-informed, expert-moderated, peer-to-peer online support group (My Knee Community) for people with knee OA. The impacts on psychological determinants of self-management, selected self-management behaviors, and health outcomes were secondary investigations. his mixed methods study evaluated study feasibility (participant recruitment, retention, and costs), experimental intervention feasibility (acceptability and fidelity to the proposed design, including perceived benefit, satisfaction, and member engagement), psychological determinants (eg, self-efficacy and social support), behavioral measures, health outcomes, and harms. Of a total of 186, 63 (33.9%) participants (41/63, 65% experimental and 22/63, 35% control) with self-reported knee OA were recruited from 186 volunteers. Experimental group participants were provided membership to My Knee Community, which already had existing nonstudy members, and were recommended a web-based education resource (My Joint Pain). The control group received the My Joint Pain website recommendation only. Participants were not blinded to their group allocation or the study interventions. Participant-reported data were collected remotely using web-based questionnaires. A total of 10 experimental group participants also participated in semistructured interviews. The transcribed interview data and all forum posts by the study participants were thematically analyzed. tudy feasibility was supported by acceptable levels of retention however, there were low levels of engagement with the support group by participants: 15% (6/41) of participants did not log in at all the median number of times visited was 4 times per participant only 29% (12/41) of participants posted, and there were relatively low levels of activity overall on the forum. This affected the results for satisfaction (overall mean 5.9/10, SD 2.7) and perceived benefit (17/31, 55%: i yes /i ). There were no differences among groups for quantitative outcomes. The themes discussed in the interviews were i connections and support /i , i information and advice /i , and i barriers and facilitators /i . Qualitative data suggest that there is potential for people to derive benefit from connecting with others with knee OA by receiving support and assisting with unmet informational needs. lthough a large-scale study is feasible, the intervention implementation was considered unsatisfactory because of low levels of activity and engagement by members. We recommend that expectations about the support group need to be made clear from the outset. Additionally, the platform design needs to be more engaging and rewarding, and membership should only be offered to people willing to share their personal stories and who are interested in learning from the experiences of others. ustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001230145 anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377958
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-10-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-1998
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-12-2008
DOI: 10.1080/13548500802537903
Abstract: In October 2007, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published 'Guidelines for Behaviour change at population, community and in idual levels' (National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. Behaviour change at population, community and in idual levels (Public Health Guidance 6), 2007, from www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/PH6). This article provides a brief overview of, and introduction to, the guidance focussing on three of its recommendations. First, the guidance outlines skills and competencies required by those involved in the design and evaluation of behaviour change interventions (BCIs). Second, it specifies a series of key psychological change targets which should be considered in interventions intended to change in idual behaviour. Third, it highlights the need to plan intervention design and evaluation so that intervention components or techniques are linked directly to causal process which account for change. In addition, the guidance outlines a research agenda. Based on an analysis of the limitations of the available evidence base, research recommendations advise researchers on how to improve the quality of research into BCIs (including evaluations) and thereby advance the science of behaviour change.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2002
Abstract: This paper provides the first detailed data on the heterosexual sexual experience of a large s le of 14-year-olds in Scotland. The paper investigates the prevalence, nature and correlates of early heterosexual intercourse, and the extent and correlates of condom use. Questionnaires were administered in 24 schools under examination conditions (N=7630). Eighteen per cent of boys and 15% of girls reported having had intercourse. Sixty per cent reported condoms were "used throughout". The most important correlate of sexual experience was low level of parental monitoring the key predictor for condom use was whether or not the respondent talked to their partner about protection before having sexual intercourse.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-05-2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 18-03-2019
Abstract: The REACH-HF (Rehabilitation EnAblement in CHronic Heart Failure) trial found that the REACH-HF home-based cardiac rehabilitation intervention resulted in a clinically meaningful improvement in disease-specific health-related quality of life in patients with reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF). The aims of this study were to assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of the addition of REACH-HF intervention or home-based cardiac rehabilitation to usual care compared with usual care alone in patients with HFrEF. A Markov model was developed using a patient lifetime horizon and integrating evidence from the REACH-HF trial, a systematic review/meta-analysis of randomised trials, estimates of mortality and hospital admission and UK costs at 2015/2016 prices. Taking a UK National Health and Personal Social Services perspective we report the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, assessing uncertainty using probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses. In base case analysis, the REACH-HF intervention was associated with per patient mean QALY gain of 0.23 and an increased mean cost of £400 compared with usual care, resulting in a cost per QALY gained of £1720. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated a 78% probability that REACH-HF is cost effective versus usual care at a threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained. Results were similar for home-based cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care. Sensitivity analyses indicate the findings to be robust to changes in model assumptions and parameters. Our cost-utility analyses indicate that the addition of the REACH-HF intervention and home-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes are likely to be cost-effective treatment options versus usual care alone in patients with HFrEF.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-2018
Abstract: Background : Physical activity guidelines state that children should achieve at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on each day of the week. Accurate assessment of adherence to these guidelines should, ideally, include measurement over 7 days. When less than 7 days of data are available, researchers often report the average minutes of MVPA per day as a proxy for 7-day measurement. The aim of this study was to compare prevalence estimates generated by average MVPA per day versus MVPA assessed over 7 days. Methods : Data were collected as part of the Healthy Lifestyles Programme. One class from each school was randomized to wear a GENEActiv accelerometer for 8 days. The percentages of children achieving an average of ≥60 minutes of MVPA per day and those achieving ≥60 minutes of MVPA on each of 7 days were calculated. Results : A total of 807 children provided 7 days of data. When the average MVPA per day was calculated, 30.6% (n = 247) of children accumulated ≥60 minutes of MVPA per day. Only 3.2% (n = 26) accumulated ≥60 minutes of MVPA on every day of the week. Conclusion : Previous studies utilizing average MVPA per day are likely to have overestimated the percentage of children meeting recommendations.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 21-05-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980019000648
Abstract: To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Takeaway Masterclass, a three-hour training session delivered to staff of independent takeaway food outlets that promoted healthy cooking practices and menu options. A mixed-methods study design. All participating food outlets provided progress feedback at 6 weeks post-intervention. Baseline and 6-week post-intervention observational and self-reported data were collected in half of participating takeaway food outlets. North East England. Independent takeaway food outlet owners and managers. Staff from eighteen (10 % of invited) takeaway food outlets attended the training attendance did not appear to be associated with the level of deprivation of food outlet location. Changes made by staff that required minimal effort or cost to the business were the most likely to be implemented and sustained. Less popular changes included using products that are difficult (or expensive) to source from suppliers, or changes perceived to be unpopular with customers. The Takeaway Masterclass appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention for improving cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets for those who attended the training. Further work is required to increase participation and retention and explore effectiveness, paying particular attention to minimising adverse inequality effects.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2009
Abstract: Understanding blood donation motivation among non‐donors is prerequisite to effective recruitment. Two studies explored the psychological antecedents of blood donation motivation and the generalisability of a model of donation motivation across groups differing in age and educational level. An older well‐educated population and a younger less well‐educated population were s led. The studies assessed the role of altruism, fear of blood/needles and donation‐specific cognitions including attitudes and normative beliefs derived from an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Across both s les, results showed that affective attitude, subjective norm, descriptive norm, and moral norm were the most important correlates of blood donation intentions. Self‐efficacy was more important among the younger less well‐educated group. Altruism was related to donation motivation but only indirectly through moral norm. Similarly, fear of blood/needles only had an indirect effect on motivation through affective attitude and self‐efficacy. Additional analyses with the combined data set found no age or education moderation effects, suggesting that this core model of donation‐specific cognitions can be used to inform future practical interventions recruiting new blood donors in the general population.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1002/PON.673
Abstract: The study assessed lay understanding of terms used by doctors during cancer consultations. Terms and phrases were selected from 50-videotaped consultations and included in a survey of 105 randomly selected people in a seaside resort. The questionnaire included scenarios containing potentially ambiguous diagnostic rognostic terms, multiple-choice, comprehension questions and figures on which to locate body organs that could be affected by cancer. Respondents also rated how confident they were about their answers. About half the s le understood euphemisms for the metastatic spread of cancer e.g. 'seedlings' and 'spots in the liver' (44 and 55% respectively). Sixty-three per cent were aware that the term 'metastasis' meant that the cancer was spreading but only 52% understood that the phrase 'the tumour is progressing' was not good news. Yet respondents were fairly confident that they understood these terms. Knowledge of organ location varied. For ex le, 94% correctly identified the lungs but only 46% located the liver. The findings suggest that a substantial proportion of the lay public do not understand phrases often used in cancer consultations and that knowledge of basic anatomy cannot be assumed. Yet high confidence ratings indicate that asking if patients understand is likely to overestimate comprehension. Awareness of the unfamiliarity of the lay population with cancer-related terms could prompt further explanation in cancer-related consultations.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2014.04.008
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine whether - in terms of personality characteristics and beliefs--former-drinkers and people who have never consumed alcohol exist on a continuum that includes low-risk drinkers and hazardous drinkers, or are distinct groups. An online questionnaire hosted on a secure server was completed by 1418 young people (642 men and 776 women) aged 16-21 living in South-East England. Participants' scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were used to classify them as non-drinkers, former-drinkers, low-risk drinkers or hazardous drinkers. Multinomial logistic regression identified eight significant multivariate correlates that explained 39% of the variance in men's AUDIT category membership (χ(2)(24) = 263.32, p < .01), and seven significant multivariate correlates that explained 41% of the variance in women's AUDIT category membership (χ(2)(21) = 332.91, p < .01). The results suggest that non-drinkers and former-drinkers are more similar to each other than they are to both low risk and hazardous drinkers. We should not, therefore, treat these groups of young people as representing a drinking continuum. In particular, interventions for high risk young drinkers may be more effective if distinguished from general c aigns intended for all young people.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2001
Abstract: The study aimed to: (1) assess the effectiveness of prenatal smoking cessation interventions, (2) clarify whether the psychological changes targeted by interventions are related to their effectiveness, (3) identify specific intervention components associated with greater effectiveness, and (4) establish whether aspects of evaluation methodology are associated with a greater effectiveness. Differences in proportions of women quitting and odds ratios were calculated for the intervention and control groups. Interventions were categorized in relation to the main intervention target (i.e. cognitive preparation versus increased threat perception), use of follow-up contact, use of in idual cessation counselling and other characteristics. Methodological approaches to evaluation were also categorized. A systematic literature review generated 36 controlled evaluations, including one unpublished study. A meta-analysis was used to relate study classifications to effectiveness. This involved univariate analyses and a multivariate model of the relationship between observed univariate effects. A weighted mean odds ratio of 1.93 indicated a good overall effectiveness. Cognitive preparation interventions achieved higher quit rates (6.5%) compared to interventions focusing on threat perception (2.2%). However, this effect was not maintained in the multivariate analysis. Interventions should employ follow-up, but further research is required to assess the impact of one-to-one counselling. Clarification of the psychological change processes underlying the observed effectiveness of these interventions is required. Future research should seek to identify the active ingredients and cognitive mediators of successful interventions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2007.04.024
Abstract: A randomised control trial evaluated the effectiveness of a theory-based persuasive leaflet designed to encourage students to undertake at least one additional physical exercise session a week. Participants were 503 secondary school students attending a school in South-East England. The leaflet was written to target potentially modifiable cognitive antecedents of exercise specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. It was separately augmented with two cognitive change techniques, resulting in three intervention conditions, leaflet alone leaflet plus motivational quiz, and leaflet plus implementation intention prompt, as well as a no-leaflet control condition. Cognitions and behaviour were measured immediately before and 3 weeks after intervention. The results showed that all three-leaflet interventions significantly increased reported exercise, intention to exercise and related cognitions, compared to the control condition, but did not differ in their impact. Mediation analysis showed that intervention effects on exercise were partially mediated by intentions and perceived behavioural control.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1037/HEA0000337
Abstract: This systematic review aimed to (a) identify and categorize techniques used to modify or manage impulsive processes associated with unhealthy eating behavior, (b) describe the mechanisms targeted by such techniques, and (c) summarize available evidence on the effectiveness of these techniques. Searches of 5 bibliographic databases identified studies, published in English since 1993, that evaluated at least 1 technique to modify impulsive processes affecting eating in adults. Data were systematically extracted on study characteristics, population, study quality, intervention techniques, proposed mechanisms of action, and outcomes. Effectiveness evidence was systematically collated and described without meta-analysis. Ninety-two studies evaluated 17 distinct impulse management techniques. They were categorized according to whether they aimed to (a) modify the strength of impulses or (b) engage the reflective system or other resources in identifying, suppressing, or otherwise managing impulses. Although higher quality evidence is needed to draw definitive conclusions, promising changes in unhealthy food consumption and food cravings were observed for visuospatial loading, physical activity, and if-then planning, typically for up to 1-day follow-up. A wide range of techniques have been evaluated and some show promise for use in weight management interventions. However, larger-scale, more methodologically robust, community-based studies with longer follow-up times are needed to establish whether such techniques can have a long-term impact on eating patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S94878
Publisher: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.3310/HTA23120
Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to represent a major public health challenge. There is evidence that behavioural interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviours can reduce STI rates in patients attending sexual health (SH) services. However, it is not known if these interventions are effective when implemented at scale in SH settings in England. The study (Santé) had two main objectives – (1) to develop and pilot a package of evidence-based sexual risk reduction interventions that can be delivered through SH services and (2) to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to determine effectiveness against usual care. The project was a multistage, mixed-methods study, with developmental and pilot RCT phases. Preparatory work included a systematic review, an analysis of national surveillance data, the development of a triage algorithm, and interviews and surveys with SH staff and patients to identify, select and adapt interventions. A pilot cluster RCT was planned for eight SH clinics the intervention would be offered in four clinics, with qualitative and process evaluation to assess feasibility and acceptability. Four clinics acted as controls in all clinics, participants would be consented to a 6-week follow-up STI screen. SH clinics in England. Young people (aged 16–25 years), and men who have sex with men. A three-part intervention package – (1) a triage tool to score patients as being at high or low risk of STI using routine data, (2) a study-designed web page with tailored SH information for all patients, regardless of risk and (3) a brief one-to-one session based on motivational interviewing for high-risk patients. The three outcomes were (1) the acceptability of the intervention to patients and SH providers, (2) the feasibility of delivering the interventions within existing resources and (3) the feasibility of obtaining follow-up data on STI diagnoses (primary outcome in a full trial). We identified 33 relevant trials from the systematic review, including videos, peer support, digital and brief one-to-one sessions. Patients and SH providers showed preferences for one-to-one and digital interventions, and providers indicated that these intervention types could feasibly be implemented in their settings. There were no appropriate digital interventions that could be adapted in time for the pilot therefore, we created a placeholder for the purposes of the pilot. The intervention package was piloted in two SH settings, rather than the planned four. Several barriers were found to intervention implementation, including a lack of trained staff time and clinic space. The intervention package was theoretically acceptable, but we observed poor engagement. We recruited patients from six clinics for the follow-up, rather than eight. The completion rate for follow-up was lower than anticipated (16% vs. 46%). Fewer clinics were included in the pilot than planned, limiting the ability to make strong conclusions on the feasibility of the RCT. We were unable to conclude whether or not a definitive RCT would be feasible because of challenges in implementation of a pilot, but have laid the groundwork for future research in the area. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16738765. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment Vol. 23, No. 12. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2005
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-10-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 04-2010
Abstract: The prevalence and socioeconomic burden of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and associated co-morbidities are rising worldwide. This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for preventing T2DM. A European multidisciplinary consortium systematically reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of screening and interventions for T2DM prevention using SIGN criteria. Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are the main modifiable risk factors. Age and ethnicity are non-modifiable risk factors. Case-finding should follow a step-wise procedure using risk questionnaires and oral glucose tolerance testing. Persons with impaired glucose tolerance and/or fasting glucose are at high-risk and should be prioritized for intensive intervention. Interventions supporting lifestyle changes delay the onset of T2DM in high-risk adults (number-needed-to-treat: 6.4 over 1.8-4.6 years). These should be supported by inter-sectoral strategies that create health promoting environments. Sustained body weight reduction by >or= 5 % lowers risk. Currently metformin, acarbose and orlistat can be considered as second-line prevention options. The population approach should use organized measures to raise awareness and change lifestyle with specific approaches for adolescents, minorities and disadvantaged people. Interventions promoting lifestyle changes are more effective if they target both diet and physical activity, mobilize social support, involve the planned use of established behaviour change techniques, and provide frequent contacts. Cost-effectiveness analysis should take a societal perspective. Prevention using lifestyle modifications in high-risk in iduals is cost-effective and should be embedded in evaluated models of care. Effective prevention plans are predicated upon sustained government initiatives comprising advocacy, community support, fiscal and legislative changes, private sector engagement and continuous media communication.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 18-11-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S12160-012-9449-3
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of survey administration as a population-level intervention to increase blood donation. Study 1 was a randomized controlled trial of new donors comparing 3,518 who received a questionnaire and 3,490 who did not. Study 2 compared matched, randomly selected s les of active donors 5,789 received a questionnaire, while 6,000 did not. In both studies, the dependent measure was the proportion of donors who attended a blood donation center to give blood within 6 months of survey posting. Study 3 compared data across five similar trials. No difference in volunteering to give blood was observed between those who did and did not receive a questionnaire among either new or active donors, confirming the findings of two other Canadian trials. Despite earlier optimistic findings, there is little evidence to suggest that survey administration per se will be effective in increasing blood supplies. Implications for behavior change mechanisms are discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-02-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-02-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2702.2006.01577.X
Abstract: To identify nurses' beliefs about health promotion and its delivery in routine care of people aged over 65 years. Regardless of age, health promotion interventions can enhance health and, in general, older people are motivated to take such preventive action. The National Service Framework for Older People sets the promotion of healthy living as a standard for UK National Health Service Trusts. However, the delivery of health promotion is 'haphazard' patients aged over 65 years rarely report receiving health promotion, and reports from nurses suggest they are unsure how to deliver effective health promotion. A theory-based survey of all nurses working in a department specializing in the care of people aged over 65 years, 41% of questionnaires were returned. The majority of nurses identified ex les of health promotion and 88% judged health promotion to be effective and worthwhile. Three quarters of the s le viewed health promotion as part of their role and most of the respondents were confident in their ability to provide health promotion. However, the respondents also reported that health promotion was not appropriate for all their patients and considered it an increasingly difficult task as people got older. Organizational barriers to the routine provision of health promotion were identified. Nurses working on wards for people aged over 65 years are mostly positive about integrating health promotion into their everyday work. However, for health promotion to be routinely implemented, all nursing staff need to feel confident in undertaking the task and believe it is worthwhile. Health promotion needs to be awarded greater importance by hospital management to ensure that it does not conflict with other work priorities. Until this happens the provision of health promotion in hospitals will remain sporadic and lack conviction. With an increasing older population nurses need to be confident and proficient at implementing health promotion to patients aged over 65 years. This survey demonstrates that nurses need more training and support to achieve this.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-06-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-02-2017
DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2016.1140833
Abstract: Aim To assess whether the Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards Children with Handicaps (CATCH) 36-item total scale and subscales fit the unidimensional Rasch model. Method The CATCH was administered to 1881 children, aged 7-16 years in a cross-sectional survey. Data were used from a random s le of 416 for the initial Rasch analysis. The analysis was performed on the 36-item scale and then separately for each subscale. The analysis explored fit to the Rasch model in terms of overall scale fit, in idual item fit, item response categories, and unidimensionality. Item bias for gender and school level was also assessed. Revised scales were then tested on an independent second random s le of 415 children. Results Analyses indicated that the 36-item overall scale was not unidimensional and did not fit the Rasch model. Two scales of affective attitudes and behavioural intention were retained after four items were removed from each due to misfit to the Rasch model. Additionally, the scaling was improved when the two most negative response categories were aggregated. There was no item bias by gender or school level on the revised scales. Items assessing cognitive attitudes did not fit the Rasch model and had low internal consistency as a scale. Conclusion Affective attitudes and behavioural intention CATCH sub-scales should be treated separately. Caution should be exercised when using the cognitive subscale. Implications for Rehabilitation The 36-item Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards Children with Handicaps (CATCH) scale as a whole did not fit the Rasch model thus indicating a multi-dimensional scale. Researchers should use two revised eight-item subscales of affective attitudes and behavioural intentions when exploring interventions aiming to improve children's attitudes towards disabled people or factors associated with those attitudes. Researchers should use the cognitive subscale with caution, as it did not create a unidimensional and internally consistent scale. Therefore, conclusions drawn from this scale may not accurately reflect children's attitudes.
Publisher: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.3310/EME06030
Abstract: Theories and meta-analyses have elucidated in idual-level mechanisms of action in behaviour change interventions. Although group-based interventions are commonly used to support health-related behaviour change, such interventions rarely consider theory and research (e.g. from social psychology) on how group-level mechanisms can also influence personal change. The aim was to enhance understanding of mechanisms of action in group-based behaviour change interventions. The objectives were to (1) develop a potentially generalisable framework of change processes in groups, (2) test the framework by analysing group session recordings to identify ex les illustrating group processes and facilitation techniques and (3) explore links between group-level mechanisms and outcomes. In this mixed-methods study, the research team reviewed literature, conducted consultations and analysed secondary data (i.e. delivery materials and 46 audio-recordings of group sessions) from three group-based weight loss interventions targeting diet and physical activity: ‘Living Well Taking Control’ (LWTC), ‘Skills for weight loss Maintenance’ and ‘Waste the Waist’. Quantitative LWTC programme data on participant characteristics, attendance and outcomes (primarily weight loss) were also used. Objectives were addressed in three stages. In stage 1, a framework of change processes in groups was developed by reviewing literature on groups (including theories, taxonomies of types of change techniques, qualitative studies and measures of group processes), analysing transcripts of 10 erse group sessions and consulting with four group participants, four facilitators and 31 researchers. In stage 2, the framework was applied in analysing 28 further group sessions. In stage 3, group-level descriptive analyses of available quantitative data from 67 groups and in-depth qualitative analyses of two groups for which comprehensive quantitative and qualitative data were available were conducted to illustrate mixed-methods approaches for exploring links between group processes and outcomes. Stage 1 resulted in development of the ‘Mechanisms of Action in Group-based Interventions’ (MAGI) framework and definitions, encompassing group intervention design features, facilitation techniques, group dynamic and development processes, interpersonal change processes, selective intrapersonal change processes operating in groups, and contextual factors. In stage 2, a coding schema was developed, refined and applied to identify ex les of framework components in group sessions, confirming the content validity of the framework for weight loss interventions. Stage 3 demonstrated considerable variability in group characteristics and outcomes and illustrated how the framework could be applied in integrating group-level qualitative and quantitative data to generate and test hypotheses about links between group mechanisms and outcomes (e.g. to identify features of more or less successful groups). The framework and ex les were primarily derived from research on weight loss interventions, and may require adaptations/additions to ensure applicability to other types of groups. The mixed-methods analyses were limited by the availability and quality of the secondary data. This study identified, defined, categorised into a framework and provided ex les of group-level mechanisms that may influence behaviour change. The framework and mixed-methods approaches developed provide a resource for designers, facilitators and evaluators to underpin future research on, and delivery of, group-based interventions. This project was funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research partnership.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-11-2015
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 15-07-2019
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 19-02-2014
DOI: 10.2196/JMIR.2857
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-11-2014
DOI: 10.1002/WCC.327
Abstract: Understanding human behavior lies at the heart of responses to climate change. Many environmentally relevant behavior patterns are frequent, stable, and persistent. There is an increasing focus on understanding these patterns less in terms of deliberative processes and more in terms of habits and routines embedded in everyday life. Examinations of the ‘habitual’ nature of environmentally consequential activities have been approached from two theoretically distinct perspectives. From a social psychological perspective, ‘habit’ is studied as an intra‐in idual psychological construct that sustains ingrained behavior patterns in stable settings and obstructs adoption of more environmentally friendly alternatives. Sociologists from the social practice tradition, in contrast, have sought to highlight the ways in which resource‐intensive ‘habitual practices’ become established and maintained in society through a commingling of material, procedural, and socio‐discursive elements. We reflect critically upon key theoretical differences underpinning these two approaches to repetitive behaviors and review empirical work from both traditions that speaks to the relevance of ‘habitual behavior patterns’ central to addressing climate change. Finally, we examine how changes in habits are theorized and operationalized within both social psychological and social practice approaches, and practical implications for promoting environmentally sustainable societies. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:113–128. doi: 10.1002/wcc.327 This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change Behavior Change and Responses
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 08-02-2010
DOI: 10.1001/ARCHINTERNMED.2009.536
Abstract: Poor adherence to medication limits the effectiveness of treatment for human immunodeficiency virus. Systematic reviews can identify practical and effective interventions. Meta-analyses that control for variability in standard care provided to control groups may produce more accurate estimates of intervention effects. To examine whether viral load and adherence success rates could be accurately explained by the active content of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence interventions when controlling for variability in care delivered to controls, databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of HAART adherence interventions published from 1996 to January 2009. A total of 1342 records were retrieved, and 52 articles were examined in detail. Directly observed therapy and interventions targeting specific patient groups (ie, psychiatric or addicted patients, patients <18 years) were excluded, yielding a final s le of 31 trials. Two coders independently retrieved study details. Authors were contacted to complete missing data. Twenty studies were included in the analyses. The content of adherence care provided to control and intervention groups predicted viral load and adherence success rates in both conditions (P < .001 for all comparisons), with an estimated impact of optimal adherence care of 55 percentage points. After controlling for variability in care provided to controls, the capacity of the interventions accurately predicted viral load and adherence effect sizes (R(2) = 0.78, P = .02 R(2) = 0.28, P < .01). Although interventions were generally beneficial, their effectiveness reduced noticeably with increasing levels of standard care. Intervention and control patients were exposed to effective adherence care. Future meta-analyses of (behavior change) interventions should control for variability in care delivered to active controls. Clinical practice may be best served by implementing current best practice.
Publisher: Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1002/PER.732
Abstract: A prospective survey was conducted to identify predictors of university students' grade point average (GPA) using separate s les of female (N = 472) and male (N = 142) students over 9 months. Big five personality traits and achievement motivation were measured. Correlations show that conscientiousness (C) and achievement motivation explained variation in GPA. Latent variable structural equation modelling showed that the effect of C on GPA is fully mediated by achievement motivation for both female and male students. Invariant factor and structural mediation models across the female and male groups are also reported. Finally, the mediation model is shown to remain significant after scholastic achievement is controlled. The findings are interpreted within the framework of Neo‐Socioanalytic theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 13-07-2018
Abstract: mpulsePal is a theory-driven (dual-process), evidence-informed, and person-centered smartphone app intervention designed to help people manage impulsive processes that prompt unhealthy eating to facilitate dietary change and weight loss. he aims of this study were to (1) assess the feasibility of trial procedures for evaluation of the ImpulsePal intervention, (2) estimate standard deviations of outcomes, and (3) assess usability of, and satisfaction with, ImpulsePal. e conducted an in idually randomized parallel two-arm nonblinded feasibility trial. The eligibility criteria included being aged ≥16 years, having a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2, and having access to an Android-based device. Weight was measured (as the proposed primary outcome for a full-scale trial) at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months of follow-up. Participants were randomized in a 2:1 allocation ratio to the ImpulsePal intervention or a waiting list control group. A nested action-research study allowed for data-driven refinement of the intervention across 2 cycles of feedback. e screened 179 participants for eligibility, and 58 were randomized to the intervention group and 30 to the control group. Data were available for 74 (84%, 74/88) participants at 1 month and 67 (76%, 67/88) participants at 3 months. The intervention group (n=43) lost 1.03 kg (95% CI 0.33 to 1.74) more than controls (n=26) at 1 month and 1.01 kg (95% CI −0.45 to 2.47) more than controls (n=43 and n=24, respectively) at 3 months. Feedback suggested changes to intervention design were required to (1) improve receipt and understanding of instructions and (2) facilitate further engagement with the app and its strategies. he evaluation methods and delivery of the ImpulsePal app intervention are feasible, and the trial procedures, measures, and intervention are acceptable and satisfactory to the participants. nternational Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 14886370 www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14886370 (Archived by WebCite at 6WcEpZ51)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-12-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 31-03-2011
DOI: 10.1093/HER/CYR018
Abstract: A cross-sectional study assessed the extent to which indices of social structure, including family socio-economic status (SES), social deprivation, gender and educational/lifestyle aspirations correlated with adolescent condom use and added to the predictive utility of a theory of planned behaviour model. Analyses of survey data from 824 sexually active 16-year-olds (505 women and 319 men) tested three hypotheses. Firstly, social structure measures will correlate with behaviour-specific cognitions that predict condom use. Secondly, cognition measures will not fully mediate the effects of social structural indices and thirdly, the effects of cognitions on condom use will be moderated by social structure indices. All three hypotheses were supported. SES, gender and aspirations accounted for between 2 and 7% of the variance in behaviour-specific cognitions predicting condom use. Aspirations explained a further 4% of the variance in condom use, controlling for cognition effects. Mother's SES and gender added an additional 5%, controlling for aspirations. Overall, including significant moderation effects, of social structure indices increased the variance explained from 20.5% (for cognition measures alone) to 31%. These data indicate that social structure measures should to be investigated in addition to cognitions when modelling antecedents of behaviour, including condom use.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2009
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2003
Abstract: Intention certainty, past behavior, self-schema, anticipated regret, and attitudinal versus normative control all have been found to moderate intention-behavior relations. It is argued that moderation occurs because these variables produce “strong” intentions. Stability of intention over time is a key index of intention strength. Consequently, it was hypothesized that temporal stability of intention would mediate moderation by these other moderators. Participants ( N = 185) completed questionnaire measures of theory of planned behavior constructs and moderator variables at two time points and subsequently reported their exercise behavior. Findings showed that all of the moderators, including temporal stability, were associated with significant improvements in consistency between intention and behavior. Temporal stability also mediated the effects of the other moderators, supporting the study hypothesis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.DHJO.2016.10.003
Abstract: Children with disabilities are often the target of prejudice from their peers. The effects of prejudice include harmful health consequences. The Contact Hypothesis has previously shown to promote positive attitudes towards a range of social groups. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of school-based interventions for improving children's attitudes towards disability through contact with people with disabilities. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases. Studies were included if it evaluated an intervention that aimed to improve children's attitudes towards disability and involved either direct (in-person) or indirect (e.g., extended) contact with people with disabilities. Data were synthesised in a meta-analysis. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 11 found significant effects: six used direct contact, two used extended contact, two used parasocial (media-based) contact and one used guided imagined contact. One parasocial contact intervention found no significant effects. Three meta-analyses showed direct contact (d = 0.55, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.90) and extended contact (d = 0.61, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.07) improved children's attitudes there was no evidence for parasocial contact (d = 0.20, 95% CI -0.01 to 1.40). Direct, extended, and guided imagined contact interventions are effective in improving children's attitudes towards disability there was no evidence for parasocial contact.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/BJHP.12048
Abstract: Kidney donation from a living donor to an unknown recipient has been legal in the UK since 2006. Yet there is little research into the experiences of unspecified kidney donors (UKDs) in interaction with the health care systems. This article explores the experiences of 14 UKDs recruited through four regional transplant co-ordinating centres in England. At interview, they were invited to share their donation stories and discuss the antecedents, social, and psychological processes involved. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed. Transcripts were analysed using a grounded theory approach employing a constant comparison methodology. Themes emerging from the data were named to form categories organized around the central focus of the research, forming an analytical story of UKDs' experiences. Two major categories emerged: 'connected to others' and 'uneasy negotiations with others'. 'Connected to others' encompasses the motivations and psychological and social consequences of UKD. 'Uneasy negotiations with others' refer to the concerns and conflicts that arose during the donation process. This study highlights the importance of social relationships on the process and outcomes of UKD. These UKDs report both intra- and interpersonal benefits from donation. The donation process, however, also created interpersonal stress, and conflicting messages about the acceptability of their donation were experienced in UKDs' personal lives and in their interactions with health care services. Findings are discussed with reference to the wider literature on UKD and altruism and in relation to implications for clinical practice. What is already known on this subject? Unspecified living kidney donation is an under-researched area with only three research papers published worldwide that report on the motivations and experiences of donors. These studies indicate that donors endorse pro-social values and receive positive interpersonal and intrapersonal benefits from donation. What does this study add? UKDs' experiences are made explicit and provide a framework for future research. Social connections (capital) are an important precursor to and outcome from donation. Assumptions of pathological motivations were encountered by donors in their personal life and within the NHS.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-11-2017
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1240625
Abstract: To systematically review systematic reviews of school-based sexual-health and relationship Education (SHRE) programmes and, thereby, identify interventions and intervention components that promote reductions in risky sexual behaviour among young people. Electronic bibliographies were searched systematically to identify systematic reviews of school-based interventions targeting sexual-health. Results were summarised using a narrative synthesis. Thirty-seven systematic reviews (summarising 224 primary randomised controlled trials) met our inclusion and quality assessment criteria. In general, these reviews analysed distinct sets of primary studies, and no comprehensive review of available primary studies was identified. Interventions were categorised into five types that segment this review literature. Unfortunately, many reviews reported weak and inconsistent evidence of behaviour change. Nonetheless, integration of review findings generated a list of 32 design, content and implementation characteristics that may enhance effectiveness of school-based, sexual-health interventions. Abstinence-only interventions were found to be ineffective in promoting positive changes in sexual behaviour. By contrast, comprehensive interventions, those specifically targeting HIV prevention, and school-based clinics were found to be effective in improving knowledge and changing attitudes, behaviours and health-relevant outcomes. School-based interventions targeting risky sexual behaviour can be effective. Particular design, content and implementation characteristics appear to be associated with greater effectiveness. We recommend consideration of these characteristics by designers of school-based sexual-health interventions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1537-2995.2007.01423.X
Abstract: Increasing blood donor recruitment and retention is of key importance to transfusion services. Research within the social and behavioral science traditions has adopted separate but complementary approaches to addressing these issues. This article aims to review both of these types of literature, examine theoretical developments, identify commonalities, and offer a means to integrate these within a single intervention approach. The social and behavioral science literature on blood donor recruitment and retention focusing on theory, interventions, and integration is reviewed. The role of emotional regulation (anticipated anxiety and vasovagal reactions) is central to both the behavioral and the social science approaches to enhancing donor motivation, yet although intentions are the best predictor of donor behavior, interventions targeting enactment of intentions have not been used to increase donation. Implementation intentions (that is, if-then plans formed in advance of acting) provide a useful technique to integrate findings from social and behavioral sciences to increase donor recruitment and retention. After reviewing the literature, implementation intention formation is proposed as a technique to integrate the key findings and theories from the behavioral and social science literature on blood donor recruitment and retention.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-06-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X1500046X
Abstract: Many older adults experience what is clinically recognised as frailty but little is known about the perceptions of, and attitudes regarding, being frail. This qualitative study explored adults' perceptions of frailty and their beliefs concerning its progression and consequences. Twenty-nine participants aged 66–98 with varying degrees of frailty, residing either in their homes or institutional settings, participated in semi-structured interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using a Grounded Theory approach. Self-identifying as ‘frail’ was perceived by participants to be strongly related to their own levels of health and engagement in social and physical activity. Being labelled by others as ‘old and frail’ contributed to the development of a frailty identity by encouraging attitudinal and behavioural confirmation of it, including a loss of interest in participating in social and physical activities, poor physical health and increased stigmatisation. Using both in idual and social context, different strategies were used to resist self-identification. The study provides insights into older adults' perceptions and attitudes regarding frailty, including the development of a frailty identity and its relationship with activity levels and health. The implications of these findings for future research and practice are discussed.
No related grants have been discovered for Charles Abraham.