ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0872-3647
Current Organisations
Flinders University
,
University of Portsmouth
,
University of Tasmania
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Cognitive Science | Forensic Psychology | Decision Making | Computer Perception, Memory and Attention
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Expanding Knowledge in Law and Legal Studies | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences |
Related Links
Publications
The potential relationship between loot box spending, problem gambling, and obsessive-compulsive gamers
Publisher: Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
Date: 05-10-2023
Abstract: Loot boxes are digital containers of randomised rewards available in many video games. In iduals with problem gambling symptomatology spend more on loot boxes than in iduals without such symptoms. This study investigated whether other psychopathological symptomatology, specifically symptoms of obsessive-compulsive behaviour and hoarding may also be associated with increased loot box spending. In a large cross-sectional, cross-national survey ( N = 1,049 after exclusions), participants recruited from Prolific, living in Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, and the United States, provided self-reported loot box spending, obsessive-compulsive and hoarding symptomatology, problem gambling symptomatology, and consumer regret levels. There was a moderate positive relationship between loot box spending and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and hoarding. Additionally, greater purchasing of loot boxes was associated with increased consumer regret. Results identified that those with OCD and hoarding symptomatology may spend more on loot boxes than in iduals without OCD and hoarding symptomatology. This information helps identify disproportionate spending to more groups of vulnerable players and may assist in helping consumers make informed choices and also aid policy discussions around the potentialities of harm.
Using ecphoric confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces: The effects of retention interval and distinctiveness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-03-2012
DOI: 10.3758/S13423-012-0239-5
Abstract: Theories of confidence processing for recognition judgments suggest that confidence indexes the degree of match between a presented stimulus and an image in memory (ecphoric similarity). Recent research has demonstrated that having participants rate their confidence that a face had been previously seen provides an equivalent or a better index of the stimulus's status than does eliciting a simple binary response (Sauer, Brewer, & Weber, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137: 528-547, 2008). Using a face recognition paradigm, we manipulated retention interval and stimulus distinctiveness to directly test the suggestion that confidence indexes ecphoric similarity and to probe the boundary conditions for using confidence ratings to discriminate seen from unseen faces. Consistent with the proposed ecphoric basis for confidence ratings, mean confidence was higher for previously seen than for unseen faces, and conditions conducive to the formation of strong memories improved confidence-based discrimination. In all conditions, after the application of a classification algorithm, confidence ratings provided a more sensitive index of face status (i.e., seen or unseen) than did binary responses.
No evidence that alcohol intoxication impairs judgments of learning in face recognition
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-02-2019
DOI: 10.1002/ACP.3534
Multiple confidence estimates as indices of eyewitness memory.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1037/A0012712
Abstract: Eyewitness identification decisions are vulnerable to various influences on witnesses' decision criteria that contribute to false identifications of innocent suspects and failures to choose perpetrators. An alternative procedure using confidence estimates to assess the degree of match between novel and previously viewed faces was investigated. Classification algorithms were applied to participants' confidence data to determine when a confidence value or pattern of confidence values indicated a positive response. Experiment 1 compared confidence group classification accuracy with a binary decision control group's accuracy on a standard old-new face recognition task and found superior accuracy for the confidence group for target-absent trials but not for target-present trials. Experiment 2 used a face mini-lineup task and found reduced target-present accuracy offset by large gains in target-absent accuracy. Using a standard lineup paradigm, Experiments 3 and 4 also found improved classification accuracy for target-absent lineups and, with a more sophisticated algorithm, for target-present lineups. This demonstrates the accessibility of evidence for recognition memory decisions and points to a more sensitive index of memory quality than is afforded by binary decisions.
Undermining position effects in choices from arrays, with implications for police lineups
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1037/XAP0000109
Abstract: Choices from arrays are often characterized by position effects, such as edge-aversion. We investigated position effects when participants attempted to pick a suspect from an array similar to a police photo lineup. A reanalysis of data from 2 large-scale field studies showed that choices made under realistic conditions-closely matching eyewitness identification decisions in police investigations-displayed edge-aversion and bias to choose from the top row (Study 1). In a series of experiments (Studies 2a-2c and 3), participants guessing the location of a suspect exhibited edge-aversion regardless of whether the lineup was constructed to maximize the chances of the suspect being picked, to ensure the suspect did not stand out, or randomly. Participants favored top locations only when the lineup was constructed to maximize the chances of the suspect being picked. In Studies 4 and 5, position effects disappeared when (a) response options were presented in an array with no obvious center, edges, or corners, and (b) instructions stated that the suspect was placed randomly. These findings show that position effects are influenced by a combination of task instructions and array shape. Randomizing the location of the suspect and modifying the shape of the lineup array may reduce misidentification. (PsycINFO Database Record
The relationship between problem gambling, excessive gaming, psychological distress and spending on loot boxes in Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—A cross-national survey
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-03-2020
Showup identification decisions for multiple perpetrator crimes: Testing for sequential dependencies
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-12-2018
Registered Replication Report
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2014
Abstract: Trying to remember something now typically improves your ability to remember it later. However, after watching a video of a simulated bank robbery, participants who verbally described the robber were 25% worse at identifying the robber in a lineup than were participants who instead listed U.S. states and capitals—this has been termed the “verbal overshadowing” effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). More recent studies suggested that this effect might be substantially smaller than first reported. Given uncertainty about the effect size, the influence of this finding in the memory literature, and its practical importance for police procedures, we conducted two collections of preregistered direct replications (RRR1 and RRR2) that differed only in the order of the description task and a filler task. In RRR1, when the description task immediately followed the robbery, participants who provided a description were 4% less likely to select the robber than were those in the control condition. In RRR2, when the description was delayed by 20 min, they were 16% less likely to select the robber. These findings reveal a robust verbal overshadowing effect that is strongly influenced by the relative timing of the tasks. The discussion considers further implications of these replications for our understanding of verbal overshadowing.
The Infamous Relationship Between Violent Video Game Use and Aggression: Uncharted Moderators and Small Effects Make It a Far Cry from Certain
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2018
Why loot boxes could be regulated as gambling
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-06-2020
Uniforms affect the accuracy of children's eyewitness identification decisions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1002/JIP.104
Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Problem Gambling, Excessive Gaming and Loot Box Purchasing.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 15-07-2020
Abstract: Loot boxes are purchasable randomised rewards contained in some video games. Concerns have been raised that these share psychological and structural features with traditional forms of gambling, and that they may exacerbate excessive video gameplay. Here, we quantitatively summarise two specific research areas regarding loot box spending using meta-analyses. We examined the relationships between loot box spending and (1) problem gambling (15 studies), and (2) excessive gaming (7 studies). We found significant small-to-moderate positive correlations between loot box spending and gambling symptomology, r = 0.26, and excessive gaming, r = 0.25. However, a Trim and Fill analysis increased the estimated relationship between loot box spending and problem gambling symptomology to a moderate association (r = 0.37). Fail-safe N scores indicated that more than 8360 (gambling) and 700 (gaming) studies with a mean effect size of zero would be required to alter the significance of the finding. Our results suggest a small but replicable and potentially clinically relevant relationship between gambling symptomology and loot box spending that is at least as large, if not larger than, the relationship between excessive gaming symptoms and loot box spending. Further research should examine the potential for statistical interactions between these constructs.
Effects of eye-closure on confidence-accuracy relations in eyewitness testimony
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2015
Cultural tightness does not predict action on the collective threat of climate change
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Acute physical exercise can influence the accuracy of metacognitive judgments
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-08-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-48861-3
Abstract: Acute exercise generally benefits memory but little research has examined how exercise affects metacognition (knowledge of memory performance). We show that a single bout of exercise can influence metacognition in paired-associate learning. Participants completed 30-min of moderate-intensity exercise before or after studying a series of word pairs ( cloud - ivory ), and completed cued-recall ( cloud -? Experiments 1 & 2) and recognition memory tests ( cloud -? spoon ivory drill choir Experiment 2). Participants made judgments of learning prior to cued-recall tests (JOLs predicted likelihood of recalling the second word of each pair when shown the first) and feeling-of-knowing judgments prior to recognition tests (FOK predicted likelihood of recognizing the second word from four alternatives). Compared to no-exercise control conditions, exercise before encoding enhanced cued-recall in Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2 and did not affect recognition. Exercise after encoding did not influence memory. In conditions where exercise did not benefit memory, it increased JOLs and FOK judgments relative to accuracy (Experiments 1 & 2) and impaired the relative accuracy of JOLs (ability to distinguish remembered from non-remembered items Experiment 2). Acute exercise seems to signal likely remembering this has implications for understanding the effects of exercise on metacognition, and for incorporating exercise into study routines.
Pitfalls in using eyewitness confidence to diagnose the accuracy of an individual identification decision
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1037/LAW0000203
Boundary Conditions for the Practical Importance of Small Effects in Long Runs: A Comment on Funder and Ozer (2019)
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-10-2020
Violent and non-violent virtual reality video games: Influences on affect, aggressive cognition, and aggressive behavior. Two pre-registered experiments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
The effects of peripheral message cues on clinicians' judgments about clients' psychological status
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-02-2011
Mock-juror evaluations of traditional and ratings-based eyewitness identification evidence.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1037/LHB0000235
Abstract: Compared to categorical identifications, culprit likelihood ratings (having the witness rate, for each lineup member, the likelihood that the in idual is the culprit) provide a promising alternative for assessing a suspect's likely guilt. Four experiments addressed 2 broad questions about the use of culprit likelihood ratings evidence by mock-jurors. First, are mock-jurors receptive to noncategorical forms of identification evidence? Second, does the additional information provided by ratings (relating to discrimination) affect jurors' evaluations of the identification evidence? Experiments 1 and 1A manipulated confidence (90% vs. 50%) and discrimination (good, poor, no information) between participants. Evaluations were influenced by confidence, but not discrimination. However, a within-participant manipulation of discrimination (Experiment 2) demonstrated that evidence of good discrimination enhanced the persuasiveness of moderate levels of confidence, while poor discrimination reduced the persuasiveness of high levels of confidence. Thus, participants can interpret ratings-based evidence, but may not intuit the discrimination information when evaluating ratings for a single identification procedure. Providing detailed instructions about interpreting ratings produced clear discrimination effects when evaluating a single identification procedure (Experiment 3). Across 4 experiments, we found no evidence that mock-jurors perceived noncategorical identification evidence to be less informative than categorical evidence. However, jurors will likely benefit from instruction when interpreting ratings provided by a single witness. (PsycINFO Database Record
CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-10-2017
DOI: 10.1002/ACP.3372
Is public awareness and perceived threat of climate change associated with governmental mitigation targets?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2018
Video-Games Do Not Negatively Impact Adolescent Academic Performance in Science, Mathematics or Reading
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 03-04-2014
The effects of divided attention at study and reporting procedure on regulation and monitoring for episodic recall
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTPSY.2016.05.015
Abstract: Eyewitnesses regulate the level of detail (grain size) reported to balance competing demands for informativeness and accuracy. However, research to date has predominantly examined metacognitive monitoring for semantic memory tasks, and used relatively artificial phased reporting procedures. Further, although the established role of confidence in this regulation process may affect the confidence-accuracy relation for volunteered responses in predictable ways, previous investigations of the confidence-accuracy relation for eyewitness recall have largely overlooked the regulation of response granularity. Using a non-phased paradigm, Experiment 1 compared reporting and monitoring following optimal and sub-optimal ( ided attention) encoding conditions. Participants showed evidence of sacrificing accuracy for informativeness, even when memory quality was relatively weak. Participants in the ided (cf. full) attention condition showed reduced accuracy for fine- but not coarse-grained responses. However, indices of discrimination and confidence diagnosticity showed no effect of ided attention. Experiment 2 compared the effects of ided attention at encoding on reporting and monitoring using both non-phased and 2-phase procedures. Divided attention effects were consistent with Experiment 1. However, compared to those in the non-phased condition, participants in the 2-phase condition displayed a more conservative control strategy, and confidence ratings were less diagnostic of accuracy. When memory quality was reduced, although attempts to balance informativeness and accuracy increased the chance of fine-grained response errors, confidence provided an index of the likely accuracy of volunteered fine-grained responses for both condition.
Memory and the operational witness: Police officer recall of firearms encounters as a function of active response role.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1037/LHB0000159
Abstract: Investigations after critical events often depend on accurate and detailed recall accounts from operational witnesses (e.g., law enforcement officers, military personnel, and emergency responders). However, the challenging, and often stressful, nature of such events, together with the cognitive demands imposed on operational witnesses as a function of their active role, may impair subsequent recall. We compared the recall performance of operational active witnesses with that of nonoperational observer witnesses for a challenging simulated scenario involving an armed perpetrator. Seventy-six police officers participated in pairs. In each pair, 1 officer (active witness) was armed and instructed to respond to the scenario as they would in an operational setting, while the other (observer witness) was instructed to simply observe the scenario. All officers then completed free reports and responded to closed questions. Active witnesses showed a pattern of heart rate activity consistent with an increased stress response during the event, and subsequently reported significantly fewer correct details about the critical phase of the scenario. The level of stress experienced during the scenario mediated the effect of officer role on memory performance. Across the s le, almost one-fifth of officers reported that the perpetrator had pointed a weapon at them although the weapon had remained in the waistband of the perpetrator's trousers throughout the critical phase of the encounter. These findings highlight the need for investigator awareness of both the impact of operational involvement and stress-related effects on memory for ostensibly salient details, and reflect the importance of careful and ethical information elicitation techniques.
The effects of co-witness discussion on confidence and precision in eyewitness memory reports
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-03-2018
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1448872
Abstract: We examined the influence of co-witness discussion on the metacognitive regulation of memory reports. Participants (N = 92) watched a crime video. Later, a confederate confidently agreed with (gave confirming feedback), disagreed with (gave disconfirming feedback), or gave no feedback (control) regarding participants' answers to questions about the video. Participants who received disconfirming feedback reported fewer fine-grain details than participants in the confirming and control conditions on a subsequent, in idual recall test for a different question set. Unexpectedly, this decrease in fine-grain reporting was not accompanied by a decrease in participants' confidence in the accuracy of their fine-grain responses. These results indicate that receiving social comparative feedback about one's memory performance can affect rememberers' metamemorial control decisions, and potentially decrease the level of detail they volunteer in later memory reports. Further research is needed to assess whether these results replicate under different experimental conditions, and to explore the effects of social influences on metamemory.
Eyewitness identification procedures for multiple perpetrator crimes: a survey of police in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-05-2019
Problem gambling and income as predictors of loot box spending
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-01-2022
Children's eyewitness identification performance: Effects of a Not Sure response option and accuracy motivation
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2010
A dynamic model of deciding not to choose
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 20-08-2019
Abstract: We propose a dynamic theory of decisions not to choose between two options. Such “don’t-know” judgements are of theoretical and practical importance in domains ranging from comparative psychology, psychophysics, episodic memory and metacognition to applied areas including educational testing and eyewitness testimony. However, no previous theory has provided a general account of both the time it takes to make both definitive and don't-know responses and their relative frequencies. We tested our theory, the “Multiple Threshold Race” (MTR), in one recognition memory experiments where participants had to pick a previously studied target out of two similar faces and another where targets and lures were tested one at a time. High similarity made decisions difficult, encouraging don't-know responses, and we manipulated similarity through face morphing. We also tested the MTR’s ability to account for other manipulations that aimed to affect the speed and probability of don't-know responses, including increasing penalties for making an error (with no penalty for a don't-know response) and emphasising either response speed or accuracy. We found that there were marked in idual differences in don't-know use, and that the MTR was able to provide a detailed account of the intricate pattern of effects associated with our manipulations, both on average and in terms of in idual differences. We discuss how estimates of MTR’s parameters illuminate the psychological mechanisms that govern the interplay between definitive and don't-know responding.
Impulsivity and loot box engagement
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 24-05-2022
Abstract: Loot boxes (randomized rewards in video games) possess structural similarities to traditional forms of gambling, with a well-documented and robust link between problem gambling symptomatology and loot box spending. In this research, we present two studies investigating the role of impulsivity (an established predictor for problem gambling behaviour) and reward unishment sensitivity in predicting loot box spending. Across two s les, a first recruited from MTurk (n = 342) and a second from Prolific Academic (n = 1142), Positive Urgency and Sensation Seeking (measured using the short UPPS-P) and BAS-Drive (measured using the BIS/BAS) were positively correlated with loot box spending. Combined, results indicate a positive reinforcement process is important in understanding loot box spending but provide evidence against a negative reinforcement mechanism (i.e., purchasing loot boxes to mitigate negative affect). Beyond problem gambling symptomatology, impulsivity may play a role in loot box purchasing, although there appear to be differences between problem gamblers and loot box purchasers in terms of impulsive features implicated.
Refining the blank line-up procedure: How should we instruct eyewitnesses?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-08-2020
DOI: 10.1002/ACP.3719
Divergent meta-analyses do not present uniform evidence that violent video game content increases aggressive behaviour.
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 13-09-2019
Abstract: Whether violent games increase aggression is a contentious issue. The relatively enduring disagreement in the literature about whether violent video games cause increased aggression is reflected in ergent meta-analyses. Though we applaud Mathur and VanderWeele (2019) for attempting to synthesise such ergent meta-analyses to determine an overarching view on the effects of violent media, we argue that their interpretation of the evidence is misguided. Underpinning the notion that the evidence, in general, favours a “violent game effect” lie two problematic assumptions: (a) that the analyses conducted within these meta-analyses are equally methodologically and statistically rigorous and therefore equally valid, and (b) that even tiny effects are veridical. Here, we show that the effects reported by Anderson et al. (2010) appear to overstate the evidence in favour of a relationship between violent game content and aggression, and that bias-corrected models produce only tiny effects (Hilgard et al., 2017). We then compare these smaller effects estimated by Hilgard et al. (2017) and Ferguson (2015) to show that they appear to be in close agreement. Finally, as a reminder that non-zero meta-analytic effect sizes do not guarantee that an effect is meaningful, we compare these effect sizes to the sizes of (significant) yet nonsense effects of Extra Sensory Perception to show that the effects of violent game content on aggression are so small that we should dismiss them as practically meaningless.
Effects of self-isolation and quarantine on loot box spending and excessive gaming—results of a natural experiment
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 03-02-2021
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.10705
Abstract: COVID-19 has prompted widespread self-isolation and citywide/countrywide lockdowns. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has encouraged increased digital social activities such as video game play to counteract social isolation during the pandemic. However, there is active debate about the potential for video game overuse, and some video games contain randomised purchases (loot boxes) that may psychologically approximate gambling. In this pre-registered study, we examined the effects of self-isolation and quarantine on excessive gaming and loot box spending. We recruited 1,144 (619 male, 499 female, 26 other) Australian, Aotearoa New Zealand, and US residents who self reported being quarantined or self-isolating ( n = 447) or not ( n = 619) during the COVID-19 pandemic to a cross-sectional natural experiment. We compared the associations between problem gambling symptomology, excessive gaming and loot box spending for isolated and non-isolated participants. Participants completed the Kessler-10 Psychological Distress Scale, Problem Gambling Severity Index, Internet Gaming Disorder Checklist, a measure of risky engagement with loot boxes, concern about contamination, and reported money spent on loot boxes in the past month, as well as whether they were quarantined or under self-isolation during the pandemic. Although, in our data, excessive gaming and loot box spending were not higher for isolated (self-isolated/ quarantined) compared to non-isolated gamers, the established association between problem gambling symptomology and loot box spending was stronger among isolated gamers than those not isolated. Concerns about being contaminated by germs was also significantly associated with greater excessive gaming and, to a lesser extent, loot box spending irrespective of isolation status. Gamers might be managing concerns about the pandemic with greater video game use, and more problem gamblers may be purchasing loot boxes during the pandemic. It is unclear whether these relationships may represent temporary coping mechanisms which abate when COVID-19 ends. Re-examination as the pandemic subsides may be required. More generally, the results suggest that social isolation during the pandemic may inflate the effect size of some media psychology and gaming effects. We urge caution not to generalise psychological findings from research conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic to be necessarily representative of the magnitude of relationships when not in a pandemic.
Gaming Tasks as a Method for Studying the Impact of Warning Messages on Information Behavior
Publisher: Project MUSE
Date: 2020
Author Correction: Why loot boxes could be regulated as gambling
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-08-2020
Eyewitness identifications of multiple culprits: Disconfirming feedback following one lineup decision impairs identification of another culprit.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 05-2020
DOI: 10.1037/LAW0000291
Calibration of Cognitive Tests to Address the Reliability Paradox for Decision-Conflict Tasks
Publisher: Center for Open Science
Date: 22-02-2022
Abstract: Standard, well-established cognitive tasks that produce reliable effects in group comparisons also lead to unreliable measurement when assessing in idual differences. This reliability paradox has been demonstrated in decision-conflict tasks such as the Simon, Flanker, and Stroop tasks, which measure various aspects of cognitive control. We aim to address this paradox by implementing carefully calibrated versions of the standard tests with an additional manipulation to encourage processing of conflicting information, as well as combinations of standard tasks. Over five experiments, we show that a Flanker task and a combined Simon and Stroop task with the additional manipulation produced reliable estimates of in idual differences in under 100 trials per task, which improves on the reliability seen in benchmark Flanker, Simon, and Stroop data. We make these tasks freely available and discuss both theoretical and applied implications regarding how the cognitive testing of in idual differences is carried out.
The effect of retention interval on the confidence–accuracy relationship for eyewitness identification.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10979-009-9192-X
Abstract: Recent research using a calibration approach indicates that eyewitness confidence assessments obtained immediately after a positive identification decision provide a useful guide as to the likely accuracy of the identification. This study extended research on the boundary conditions of the confidence-accuracy (CA) relationship by varying the retention interval between encoding and identification test. Participants (N = 1,063) viewed one of five different targets in a community setting and attempted an identification from an 8-person target-present or -absent lineup either immediately or several weeks later. Compared to the immediate condition, the delay condition produced greater overconfidence and lower diagnosticity. However, for choosers at both retention intervals there was a meaningful CA relationship and diagnosticity was much stronger at high than low confidence levels.
Live presentation for eyewitness identification is not superior to photo or video presentation.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2021
Letter: Loot box limit‐setting: A potential policy to protect video game users with gambling problems?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/ADD.14583
Meta-analysis of the relationship between problem gambling, excessive gaming and loot box spending
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-04-2021
Enhancing endorsement of scientific inquiry increases support for pro-environment policies
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.160360
Abstract: Pro-environment policies require public support and engagement, but in countries such as the USA, public support for pro-environment policies remains low. Increasing public scientific literacy is unlikely to solve this, because increased scientific literacy does not guarantee increased acceptance of critical environmental issues (e.g. that climate change is occurring). We distinguish between scientific literacy (basic scientific knowledge) and endorsement of scientific inquiry (perceiving science as a valuable way of accumulating knowledge), and examine the relationship between people's endorsement of scientific inquiry and their support for pro-environment policy. Analysis of a large, publicly available dataset shows that support for pro-environment policies is more strongly related to endorsement of scientific inquiry than to scientific literacy among adolescents. An experiment demonstrates that a brief intervention can increase support for pro-environment policies via increased endorsement of scientific inquiry among adults. Public education about the merits of scientific inquiry may facilitate increased support for pro-environment policies.
How sure are you that this is the man you saw? Child witnesses can use confidence judgments to identify a target.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1037/LHB0000260
Abstract: We tested whether an alternative lineup procedure designed to minimize problematic influences (e.g., metacognitive development) on decision criteria could be effectively used by children and improve child eyewitness identification performance relative to a standard identification task. Five hundred sixteen children (6- to 13-year-olds) watched a video of a target reading word lists and, the next day, made confidence ratings for each lineup member or standard categorical decisions for 8 lineup members presented sequentially. Two algorithms were applied to classify confidence ratings into categorical decisions and facilitate comparisons across conditions. The classification algorithms produced accuracy rates for the confidence rating procedure that were comparable to the categorical procedure. These findings demonstrate that children can use a ratings-based procedure to discriminate between previously seen and unseen faces. In turn, this invites more nuanced and empirical consideration of ratings-based identification evidence as a probabilistic index of guilt that may attenuate problematic social influences on child witnesses' decision criteria. (PsycINFO Database Record
Confidence and Accuracy of Eyewitness Identification
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-03-2015
A dynamic model of deciding not to choose.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2021
DOI: 10.1037/XGE0000770
The Distinctiveness Effect in the Recognition of Whole Melodies
Publisher: University of California Press
Date: 02-2019
Abstract: Distinctive stimuli are better recognized than typical stimuli in many domains (e.g., faces, words). Distinctiveness predicts the point of recognition of a melody (Bailes, 2010), and the recognition of unique tones within a melody (Vuvan, Podolak, & Schmuckler, 2014), yet no studies have examined the role of distinctiveness in recognizing whole melodies. We composed a set of novel melodies according to rules that should result in these being perceived as more or less distinctive. Using computational analysis and human ratings by a group of 36 pilot testers, we established a final stimulus set of 96 novel melodies (48 eightnote, 48 sixteen-note), half of which were high and half low in distinctiveness. A separate group of 26 participants completed a recognition test using this stimulus set. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, we found that greater pitch and interval range, wider intervals, varied contour, and ambiguous tonality within a Western diatonic framework predicted human perception of distinctiveness. However, only a wider modal (most frequent) interval predicted correct recognition. Distinctiveness improved recognition performance in both stimulus lengths however, a significant advantage was only shown for sixteen-note melodies. Thus, the distinctiveness effect as observed across domains generalizes to the recognition of longer, whole melodies.
Face value: testing the utility of contextual face cues for face recognition
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-06-2018
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1489968
Abstract: The presence of multiple faces during a crime may provide a naturally-occurring contextual cue to support eyewitness recognition for those faces later. Across two experiments, we sought to investigate mechanisms underlying previously-reported cued recognition effects, and to determine whether such effects extended to encoding conditions involving more than two faces. Participants studied sets of in idual faces, pairs of faces, or groups of four faces. At test, participants in the single-face condition were tested only on those in idual faces without cues. Participants in the two and four-face conditions were tested using no cues, correct cues (a face previously studied with the target test face), or incorrect cues (a never-before-seen face). In Experiment 2, associative encoding was promoted by a rating task. Neither hit rates nor false-alarm rates were significantly affected by cue type or face encoding condition in Experiment 1, but cuing of any kind (correct or incorrect) in Experiment 2 appeared to provide a protective buffer to reduce false-alarm rates through a less liberal response bias. Results provide some evidence that cued recognition techniques could be useful to reduce false recognition, but only when associative encoding is strong.
Investigating the ease-of-retrieval effect in an eyewitness context
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-02-2021
Using confidence ratings to identify a target among foils
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2012
Timesplitters: Playing video games before (but not after) school on weekdays is associated with poorer adolescent academic performance. A test of competing theoretical accounts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Using metamemory measures and memory tests to estimate eyewitness free recall performance
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-11-2019
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1688835
Abstract: Using a mock witness methodology, we investigated the predictive value of metamemory measures and objective memory tests as indicators of eyewitness free recall performance. Participants (
Video game loot boxes are psychologically akin to gambling
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-06-2018
Daily Videogame Use and Metacognitive Knowledge of Effective Learning Strategies
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1037/PPM0000049
Confidence and varieties of bias
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Caffeine cravings impair memory and metacognition
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-02-2017
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1282968
Abstract: Cravings for food and other substances can impair cognition. We extended previous research by testing the effects of caffeine cravings on cued-recall and recognition memory tasks, and on the accuracy of judgements of learning (JOLs predicted future recall) and feeling-of-knowing (FOK predicted future recognition for items that cannot be recalled). Participants (N = 55) studied word pairs (POND-BOOK) and completed a cued-recall test and a recognition test. Participants made JOLs prior to the cued-recall test and FOK judgements prior to the recognition test. Participants were randomly allocated to a craving or control condition we manipulated caffeine cravings via a combination of abstinence, cue exposure, and imagery. Cravings impaired memory performance on the cued-recall and recognition tasks. Cravings also impaired resolution (the ability to distinguish items that would be remembered from those that would not) for FOK judgements but not JOLs, and reduced calibration (correspondence between predicted and actual accuracy) for JOLs but not FOK judgements. Additional analysis of the cued-recall data suggested that cravings also reduced participants' ability to monitor the likely accuracy of answers during the cued-recall test. These findings add to prior research demonstrating that memory strength manipulations have systematically different effects on different types of metacognitive judgements.
Computer Mediated Social Comparative Feedback Does Not Affect Metacognitive Regulation of Memory Reports
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 25-08-2017
The effect of the proportion of mismatching trials and task orientation on the confidence–accuracy relationship in unfamiliar face matching.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1037/XAP0000130
Abstract: Unfamiliar, one-to-one face matching has been shown to be error-prone. However, it is unknown whether there is a strong relationship between confidence and accuracy in this task. If there is, then confidence could be used as an indicator of accuracy in real-world face matching settings such as border security, where the objectively correct decision is typically unknown. Two experiments examined the overall confidence-accuracy relationship, as well as the relationship for positive (match) and negative (mismatch) decisions. Furthermore, they tested whether these relationships were affected by factors relevant to applied face matching settings: the proportion of mismatching trials (PMT), and the task orientation of the decision-maker (look for matches, or look for mismatches). Both calibration analyses and signal detection methods were applied to assess performance. The results showed that confidence can have a high correspondence with accuracy overall, regardless of task orientation but with small effects of PMT. Thus, confidence is promising as an indicator of accuracy in face matching. However, PMT systematically produces large detrimental effects on the confidence-accuracy relationships for positive and negative decisions, when considered separately. Signal detection measures help with understanding these effects and proposing future research directions for improving the relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record
Is there a magical time boundary for diagnosing eyewitness identification accuracy in sequential line‐ups?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2008
Confidence and accuracy of lineup selections and rejections: Postdicting rejection accuracy with confidence
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 09-2013
Violent video games: The effects of narrative context and reward structure on in-game and postgame aggression.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1037/XAP0000050
Abstract: The potential influence of video game violence on real-world aggression has generated considerable public and scientific interest. Some previous research suggests that playing violent video games can increase postgame aggression. The generalized aggression model (GAM) attributes this to the generalized activation of aggressive schemata. However, it is unclear whether game mechanics that contextualize and encourage or inhibit in-game violence moderate this relationship. Thus, we examined the effects of reward structures and narrative context in a violent video game on in-game and postgame aggression. Contrary to GAM-based predictions, our manipulations differentially affected in-game and postgame aggression. Reward structures selectively affected in-game aggression, whereas narrative context selectively affected postgame aggression. Players who enacted in-game violence through a heroic character exhibited less postgame aggression than players who enacted comparable levels of in-game violence through an antiheroic character. Effects were not attributable to self-activation or character-identification mechanisms, but were consistent with social-cognitive context effects on the interpretation of behavior. These results contradict the GAM's assertion that violent video games affect aggression through a generalized activation mechanism. From an applied perspective, consumer choices may be aided by considering not just game content, but the context in which content is portrayed.
Pirate Stealth or Inattentional Blindness? The Effects of Target Relevance and Sustained Attention on Security Monitoring for Experienced and Naïve Operators
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 21-01-2014
Related Organisations
University Of Portsmouth
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Related Funding Activities
Learning From The Expert: Can Observing The Oculomotor Behaviour Of Expert Face Processors Improve Training Of Face Matching?
Start Date: 2012
End Date: 2013
Funder: Economic and Social Research Council
View Funded ActivityUnderstanding The Effects Of Gambling-related Mechanisms In Game Design On Problematic Video Gameplay Behaviours
Start Date: 2019
End Date: 2022
Funder: Marsden Fund
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP200100655
Start Date: 2020
End Date: 12-2023
Amount: $296,113.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity